The Louisiana coastal zone, comprising the Mississippi River delta plain stretching nearly 400 km from Sabine Pass at the Texas border east to the Chandeleur Islands at the Mississippi border, represents one of North America’s most important coastal ecosystems in terms of natural resources, human infrastructure, and cultural heritage. At the same time, this region has the highest rates of coastal erosion and wetland loss in the Nation due to a complex combination of natural processes and anthropogenic actions over the past century. Comparison of historical maps dating back to 1855 and recent aerial photography show the Louisiana coast undergoing net erosion at highly variable rates. Rates have increased significantly during the past several decades. Earlier published statewide average shoreline erosion rates were >6 m/yr; rates have increased recently to >10 m/yr. The increase is attributable to collective action of storms, rapid subsidence, and pervasive man-made alterations of the rivers and the coast. In response to the dramatic landloss, regional-scale restoration plans are being developed by a partnership of federal and state agencies for the delta plain that have the objectives of maintaining the barrier islands, reducing wetland loss, and enhancing the natural sediment delivery processes.
\nThere is growing awareness that the sustainability of coastal Louisiana's natural resources and human infrastructure depends on the successful restoration of natural geologic processes. Critical to the long term success of restoration is scientific understanding of the geologic history and processes of the coastal zone region, including interactions between the rivers, wetlands, coast, and inner shelf.
\nA variety of geophysical studies and mapping of Late Quaternary sedimentary framework and coastal processes by U.S. Geological Survey and other scientists during the past 50 years document that the Louisiana delta plain is the product of a complex history of cyclic delta switching by the Mississippi River and its distributaries over the past ~10,000 years that resulted in laterally overlapping deltaic depocenters. The interactions among riverine, coastal, and inner shelf processes have been superimposed on the Holocene transgression resulting in distinctive landforms and sedimentary sequences.
\nFour Holocene shelf-phase delta complexes have been identified using seismic reflection data and vibracores. Each delta complex is bounded by transgressive surfaces. Following each cycle of deposition and abandonment, the delta lobes undergo regional subsidence and marine reworking that forms transgressive coastal systems and barrier islands. Ultimately, the distal end of each of the abandoned delta lobes is marked by submerged marine sand bodies representing drowned barriers. These sand bodies (e.g. Ship Shoal, Outer Shoal, Trinity Shoal, Tiger Shoal, St. Bernard Shoal) offer the largest volumes and highest quality sand for beach nourishment and shoreline and wetlands restoration.
\nThese four large sand shoals on inner continental shelf, representing the reworked remnants of former prograded deltaic headlands that existed on the continental shelf at lower sea level, were generated in the retreat path of the Mississippi River delta plain during the Holocene transgression. Penland and others (1989) have shown these sand bodies represent former shoreline positions associated with lower still stands in sea level. Short periods of rapid relative sea-level rise led to the transgressive submergence of the shorelines which today can be recognized at the -10 m to -20 m isobaths on the Louisiana continental shelf. Trinity Shoal and Ship Shoal represent the -10 m middle-to-late Holocene shoreline trend, whereas Outer Shoal and the St. Bernard Shoals define the -20 m early Holocene shoreline trend (Penland and others, 1989). Collectively, these sand shoals constitute a large volume of high quality sandy sediment potentially suitable for barrier island nourishment and coastal restoration.
\nThe USGS has actively supported coastal and wetlands geologic research for the past two decades in partnership with universities (e.g., Louisiana State University, University of New Orleans), state agencies (e.g. Louisiana Geological Survey, Louisiana Department of Natural Resources), and private organizations (Williams and others, 1992a,b; Williams and Cichon, 1993; List and others, 1994). These studies have focused on regional-scale mapping of coastal and wetland change and developing a better understanding of the processes that cause coastal erosion and wetlands loss, particularly the rapid deterioration of Louisiana's barrier islands, estuaries, and wetlands environments. With a better understanding of these processes, the ability to model and predict erosion and wetlands loss will improve. More accurate predictions will, in turn, allow for proper management of coastal resources. Improved predictions will also allow for better assessments of the utility of different restoration alternatives.
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States\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cfe4b07f02db545b0c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":79783,"text":"sir20065270 - 2006 - Methods for Adjusting U.S. Geological Survey Rural Regression Peak Discharges in an Urban Setting","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:56","indexId":"sir20065270","displayToPublicDate":"2007-04-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5270","title":"Methods for Adjusting U.S. Geological Survey Rural Regression Peak Discharges in an Urban Setting","docAbstract":"A study was conducted of 78 U.S. Geological Survey gaged streams that have been subjected to varying degrees of urbanization over the last three decades. Flood-frequency analysis coupled with nonlinear regression techniques were used to generate a set of equations for converting peak discharge estimates determined from rural regression equations to a set of peak discharge estimates that represent known urbanization. Specifically, urban regression equations for the 2-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, 100-, and 500-year return periods were calibrated as a function of the corresponding rural peak discharge and the percentage of impervious area in a watershed. The results of this study indicate that two sets of equations, one set based on imperviousness and one set based on population density, performed well. Both sets of equations are dependent on rural peak discharges, a measure of development (average percentage of imperviousness or average population density), and a measure of homogeneity of development within a watershed. Average imperviousness was readily determined by using geographic information system methods and commonly available land-cover data. Similarly, average population density was easily determined from census data. Thus, a key advantage to the equations developed in this study is that they do not require field measurements of watershed characteristics as did the U.S. Geological Survey urban equations developed in an earlier investigation.\r\n\r\nDuring this study, the U.S. Geological Survey PeakFQ program was used as an integral tool in the calibration of all equations. The scarcity of historical land-use data, however, made exclusive use of flow records necessary for the 30-year period from 1970 to 2000. Such relatively short-duration streamflow time series required a nonstandard treatment of the historical data function of the PeakFQ program in comparison to published guidelines. Thus, the approach used during this investigation does not fully comply with the guidelines set forth in U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 17B, and modifications may be needed before it can be applied in practice.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20065270","usgsCitation":"Moglen, G.E., and Shivers, D.E., 2006, Methods for Adjusting U.S. Geological Survey Rural Regression Peak Discharges in an Urban Setting: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5270, vi, 55 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065270.","productDescription":"vi, 55 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":191563,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9679,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5270/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db62a0cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moglen, Glenn E.","contributorId":106585,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moglen","given":"Glenn","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":13220,"text":"The Charles E. Via, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":290824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shivers, Dorianne E.","contributorId":106988,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shivers","given":"Dorianne","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":79756,"text":"sir20065150 - 2006 - Organic Compounds and Trace Elements in Fish Tissue and Bed Sediment in the Delaware River Basin, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, New York, and Delaware, 1998-2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:24","indexId":"sir20065150","displayToPublicDate":"2007-04-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5150","title":"Organic Compounds and Trace Elements in Fish Tissue and Bed Sediment in the Delaware River Basin, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, New York, and Delaware, 1998-2000","docAbstract":"As part of the National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) program activities in the Delaware River Basin (DELR), samples of fish tissue from 21 sites and samples of bed sediment from 35 sites were analyzed for a suite of organic compounds and trace elements. The sampling sites, within subbasins ranging in size from 11 to 600 square miles, were selected to represent 5 main land-use categories in the DELR -forest, low-agricultural, agricultural, urban, and mixed use. Samples of both fish tissue and bed sediment were also collected from 4 'large-river' sites that represented drainage areas ranging from 1,300 to 6,800 square miles, areas in which the land is used for a variety of purposes.\r\n\r\nOne or more of the organochlorine compounds-DDT and chlordane metabolites, polychlorinated biphenyls (total PCBs), and dieldrin- were detected frequently in samples collected over a wide geographic area. One or more of these compounds were detected in fish-tissue samples from 92 percent of the sites and in bed-sediment samples from 82 percent of the sites. Concentrations of total DDT, total chlordanes, total PCBs, and dieldrin in whole white suckers and in bed sediment were significantly related to urban/industrial basin characteristics, such as percentage of urban land use and population density.\r\n\r\nSemi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs)-total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), total phthalates, and phenols- were detected frequently in bed-sediment samples. All three types of SVOCs were detected in samples from at least one site in each land-use category. The highest detection rates and concentrations typically were in samples from sites in the urban and mixed land-use categories, as well as from the large-river sites. Concentrations of total PAHs and total phthalates in bed-sediment samples were found to be statistically related to percentages of urban land use and to population density in the drainage areas represented by the sampling sites.\r\n\r\nThe samples of fish tissue and bed sediment collected throughout the DELR were analyzed for a large suite of trace elements, but results of the analyses for eight elements-arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, mercury, and zinc- that are considered contaminants of concern are described in this report. One or more of the eight trace elements were detected in samples from every fish tissue and bed-sediment sampling site, and all of the trace elements were detected in samples from 97 percent of the bed-sediment sites.\r\n\r\nThe concentrations of organic compounds and trace elements in the DELR samples were compared to applicable guidelines for the protection of wildlife and other biological organisms. Concentrations of total DDT, total chlordanes, total PCBs, and dieldrin in fish-tissue samples from 14 sites exceeded one or more of the Wildlife Protective Guidelines established by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Concentrations of one or more organic compounds in samples from 16 bed-sediment sites exceeded the Threshold Effects Concentrations (TEC) of the Canadian Sediment Quality Guidelines, and concentrations of one or more of the eight trace elements in samples from 38 bed-sediment sites exceeded the TEC. (The TEC is the concentration below which adverse biological effects in freshwater ecosystems are expected to be rare.) Concentrations of organic compounds in samples from some bed-sediment sites exceeded the Canadian Probable Effects Concentrations (PEC), and concentrations of trace elements in samples from 18 sites exceeded the PEC. (The PEC is the concentration above which adverse effects to biological organisms are expected to occur frequently).\r\n\r\nConcentrations of organic compounds and trace elements in samples from the DELR were compared to similar data from other NAWQA study units in the northeastern United States and also data from the Mobile River (Alabama) Basin and the Northern Rockies Intermontane Basin study units. Median concentrations of to","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20065150","usgsCitation":"Romanok, K., Fischer, J., Riva-Murray, K., Brightbill, R., and Bilger, M., 2006, Organic Compounds and Trace Elements in Fish Tissue and Bed Sediment in the Delaware River Basin, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, New York, and Delaware, 1998-2000: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5150, xii, 70 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065150.","productDescription":"xii, 70 p.","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195421,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9431,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5150/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -76.5,39 ], [ -76.5,42.5 ], [ -74,42.5 ], [ -74,39 ], [ -76.5,39 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aeee4b07f02db691119","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Romanok, Kristin M. kromanok@usgs.gov","contributorId":3771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Romanok","given":"Kristin M.","email":"kromanok@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":290765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fischer, Jeffrey M. 0000-0003-2996-9272 fischer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2996-9272","contributorId":573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fischer","given":"Jeffrey M.","email":"fischer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":290764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Riva-Murray, Karen","contributorId":85650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riva-Murray","given":"Karen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brightbill, Robin","contributorId":93150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brightbill","given":"Robin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bilger, Michael","contributorId":33802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bilger","given":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":79755,"text":"ds123 - 2006 - Organic Compounds, Trace Elements, Suspended Sediment, and Field Characteristics at the Heads-of-Tide of the Raritan, Passaic, Hackensack, Rahway, and Elizabeth Rivers, New Jersey, 2000-03","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:20","indexId":"ds123","displayToPublicDate":"2007-04-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"123","title":"Organic Compounds, Trace Elements, Suspended Sediment, and Field Characteristics at the Heads-of-Tide of the Raritan, Passaic, Hackensack, Rahway, and Elizabeth Rivers, New Jersey, 2000-03","docAbstract":"Concentrations of suspended sediment, particulate and dissolved organic carbon, trace elements, and organic compounds were measured in samples from the heads-of-tide of the five tributaries to the Newark and Raritan Bays during June 2000 to June 2003. The samples were collected as part of the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Toxics Reduction Workplan/Contaminant Assessment Reduction Program. Samples of streamwater were collected at water-quality sampling stations constructed near U.S. Geological Survey gaging stations on the Raritan, Passaic, Hackensack, Rahway, and Elizabeth Rivers. Sampling was conducted during base-flow conditions and storms. Constituent concentrations were measured to determine the water quality and to calculate the load of sediment and contaminants contributed to the bays from upstream sources.\r\n\r\nWater samples were analyzed for suspended sediment, dissolved organic carbon, particulate organic carbon, and specific conductance. Samples of suspended sediment and water were analyzed for 98 distinct polychlorinated biphenyl congeners, 7 dioxins, 10 furans, 27 pesticides, 26 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and the trace elements cadmium, lead, mercury, and methyl-mercury. Measurements of ultra-low concentrations of organic compounds in sediment and water were obtained by collecting 1 to 3 grams of suspended sediment on glass fiber filters and by passing at least 20 liters of filtered water through XAD-2 resin. The extracted sediment and XAD-2 resin were analyzed for organic compounds by high- and low-resolution gas chromatography mass-spectrometry that uses isotope dilution procedures. Trace elements in filtered and unfiltered samples were analyzed for cadmium, lead, mercury, and methyl-mercury by inductively coupled charged plasma and mass-spectrometry.\r\n\r\nAll constituent concentrations are raw data. Interpretation of the data will be completed in the second phase of the study.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ds123","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Bonin, J., and Wilson, T.P., 2006, Organic Compounds, Trace Elements, Suspended Sediment, and Field Characteristics at the Heads-of-Tide of the Raritan, Passaic, Hackensack, Rahway, and Elizabeth Rivers, New Jersey, 2000-03: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 123, vi, 33 p.; Data Tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds123.","productDescription":"vi, 33 p.; Data Tables","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2000-06-01","temporalEnd":"2003-06-30","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":191949,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9430,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2006/123/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -75,40 ], [ -75,41 ], [ -73,41 ], [ -73,40 ], [ -75,40 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aeee4b07f02db691268","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bonin, Jennifer L. 0000-0002-7631-9734","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-9734","contributorId":59404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bonin","given":"Jennifer L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, Timothy P. 0000-0003-1914-6344 tpwilson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1914-6344","contributorId":3752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Timothy","email":"tpwilson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":290762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":79748,"text":"ofr20071008 - 2006 - Quantifying the Components of Impervious Surfaces","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:12","indexId":"ofr20071008","displayToPublicDate":"2007-04-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1008","title":"Quantifying the Components of Impervious Surfaces","docAbstract":"This study's objectives were to (1) determine the relative contribution of impervious surface individual components by collecting digital information from high-resolution imagery, 1-meter or better; and to (2) determine which of the more advanced techniques, such as spectral unmixing or the application of coefficients to land use or land cover data, was the most suitable method that could be used by State and local governments as well as Federal agencies to efficiently measure the imperviousness in any given watershed or area of interest.\r\n\r\nThe components of impervious surfaces, combined from all the watersheds and time periods from objective one were the following: buildings 29.2-percent, roads 28.3-percent, parking lots 24.6-percent; with the remaining three totaling 14-percent - driveways, sidewalks, and other, where other were any other features that were not contained within the first five.\r\n\r\nResults from objective two were spectral unmixing techniques will ultimately be the most efficient method of determining imperviousness, but are not yet accurate enough as it is critical to achieve accuracy better than 10-percent of the truth, of which the method is not consistently accomplishing as observed in this study. Of the three techniques in coefficient application tested, land use coefficient application was not practical, while if the last two methods, coefficients applied to land cover data, were merged, their end results could be to within 5-percent or better, of the truth. Until the spectral unmixing technique has been further refined, land cover coefficients should be used, which offer quick results, but not current as they were developed for the 1992 National Land Characteristics Data.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071008","isbn":"0607978159","collaboration":"Prepared for the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration; In collaboration with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Assessment","usgsCitation":"Tilley, J.S., and Slonecker, E.T., 2006, Quantifying the Components of Impervious Surfaces: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1008, v, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071008.","productDescription":"v, 34 p.","costCenters":[{"id":246,"text":"Eastern Region Geographic Services","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190706,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9422,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1008/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cc7d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tilley, Janet S. jtilley@usgs.gov","contributorId":480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tilley","given":"Janet","email":"jtilley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":290737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Slonecker, E. Terrence 0000-0002-5793-0503","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5793-0503","contributorId":67175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slonecker","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"Terrence","affiliations":[{"id":36171,"text":"National Civil Applications Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":290738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":79735,"text":"sir20065306 - 2006 - Analysis of the Magnitude and Frequency of Peak Discharges for the Navajo Nation in Arizona, Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:24","indexId":"sir20065306","displayToPublicDate":"2007-03-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5306","title":"Analysis of the Magnitude and Frequency of Peak Discharges for the Navajo Nation in Arizona, Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico","docAbstract":"Estimates of the magnitude and frequency of peak discharges are necessary for the reliable flood-hazard mapping in the Navajo Nation in Arizona, Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico. The Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and Navajo Nation requested that the U.S. Geological Survey update estimates of peak discharge magnitude for gaging stations in the region and update regional equations for estimation of peak discharge and frequency at ungaged sites.\r\n\r\nEquations were developed for estimating the magnitude of peak discharges for recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, and 500 years at ungaged sites using data collected through 1999 at 146 gaging stations, an additional 13 years of peak-discharge data since a 1997 investigation, which used gaging-station data through 1986. The equations for estimation of peak discharges at ungaged sites were developed for flood regions 8, 11, high elevation, and 6 and are delineated on the basis of the hydrologic codes from the 1997 investigation.\r\n\r\nPeak discharges for selected recurrence intervals were determined at gaging stations by fitting observed data to a log-Pearson Type III distribution with adjustments for a low-discharge threshold and a zero skew coefficient. A low-discharge threshold was applied to frequency analysis of 82 of the 146 gaging stations. This application provides an improved fit of the log-Pearson Type III frequency distribution. Use of the low-discharge threshold generally eliminated the peak discharge having a recurrence interval of less than 1.4 years in the probability-density function.\r\n\r\nWithin each region, logarithms of the peak discharges for selected recurrence intervals were related to logarithms of basin and climatic characteristics using stepwise ordinary least-squares regression techniques for exploratory data analysis. Generalized least-squares regression techniques, an improved regression procedure that accounts for time and spatial sampling errors, then was applied to the same data used in the ordinary least-squares regression analyses. The average standard error of prediction for a peak discharge have a recurrence interval of 100-years for region 8 was 53 percent (average) for the 100-year flood. The average standard of prediction, which includes average sampling error and average standard error of regression, ranged from 45 to 83 percent for the 100-year flood. Estimated standard error of prediction for a hybrid method for region 11 was large in the 1997 investigation. No distinction of floods produced from a high-elevation region was presented in the 1997 investigation. Overall, the equations based on generalized least-squares regression techniques are considered to be more reliable than those in the 1997 report because of the increased length of record and improved GIS method.\r\n\r\nTechniques for transferring flood-frequency relations to ungaged sites on the same stream can be estimated at an ungaged site by a direct application of the regional regression equation or at an ungaged site on a stream that has a gaging station upstream or downstream by using the drainage-area ratio and the drainage-area exponent from the regional regression equation of the respective region.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20065306","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Bureau of Indian Affairs","usgsCitation":"Waltemeyer, S.D., 2006, Analysis of the Magnitude and Frequency of Peak Discharges for the Navajo Nation in Arizona, Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5306, iv, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065306.","productDescription":"iv, 42 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125147,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2006_5306.jpg"},{"id":9405,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5306/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db67ffdf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waltemeyer, Scott D.","contributorId":101709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waltemeyer","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":79731,"text":"ofr20061220 - 2006 - Report of the River Master of the Delaware River for the period December 1, 2001 - November 30, 2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-22T20:39:30.89845","indexId":"ofr20061220","displayToPublicDate":"2007-03-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1220","title":"Report of the River Master of the Delaware River for the period December 1, 2001 - November 30, 2002","docAbstract":"A Decree of the United States Supreme Court in 1954 established the position of Delaware River Master within the U.S. Geological Survey. In addition, the Decree authorizes diversions of water from the Delaware River Basin and requires compensating releases from certain reservoirs, owned by New York City, to be made under the supervision and direction of the River Master. The Decree stipulates that the River Master will furnish reports to the Court, not less frequently than annually. This report is the 49th Annual Report of the River Master of the Delaware River. It covers the 2002 River Master report year, that is, the period from December 1, 2001, to November 30, 2002.\r\n\r\nDuring the report year, precipitation in the upper Delaware River Basin was 2.73 in. greater than the long-term average. Combined storage in Pepacton, Cannonsville, and Neversink Reservoirs was at a record low level on December 1, 2001. Reservoir storage increased steadily from mid-winter until late June. Storage declined steadily from early July to mid-October then increased through the end of the year. Delaware River operations were conducted at reduced levels from December 1, 2001, to May 25, 2002, when drought emergency conditions prevailed, and as prescribed by the Decree from May 26, 2002, to November 30, 2002.\r\n\r\nDiversions from the Delaware River Basin by New York City and New Jersey were in compliance with the terms of the Decree or with the reduced limits in effect during drought emergency conditions. Reservoir releases were made as directed by the River Master at rates designed to meet the flow objective for the Delaware River at Montague, New Jersey, on 101 days during the report year. Releases were made at experimental conservation rates-or rates designed to relieve thermal stress and protect the fishery and aquatic habitat in the tailwaters of the reservoirs-on all other days.\r\n\r\nDuring the report year, New York City and New Jersey complied fully with the terms of the Decree, and during drought emergency conditions, with the terms of the 'Interstate Water Management Recommendations of the Parties to the Decree' (DRBC Resolution 83-13), and directives and requests of the River Master.\r\n\r\nAs part of a long-term program, the quality of water in the Delaware Estuary between Trenton, New Jersey, and Reedy Island Jetty, Delaware, was monitored at various locations. Data on water temperature, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen, and pH were collected by electronic instruments at four sites, and data on water temperature and specific conductance were collected at one site. In addition, selected water-quality data were collected at 3 sites on a monthly basis and at 19 sites on a semimonthly basis.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061220","usgsCitation":"Krejmas, B.E., Paulachok, G.N., and Carswell, W., 2006, Report of the River Master of the Delaware River for the period December 1, 2001 - November 30, 2002: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1220, vi, 80 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061220.","productDescription":"vi, 80 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2001-12-01","temporalEnd":"2002-11-30","costCenters":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194861,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":389614,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_81065.htm"},{"id":9398,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1220/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Delaware River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.3667,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -74.40,\n 39 \n ],\n [\n -74.40,\n 42.4333\n ],\n [\n -76.3667,\n 42.4333\n ],\n [\n -76.3667,\n 39\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699b40","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krejmas, Bruce E.","contributorId":102501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krejmas","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Paulachok, Gary N. gnpaulac@usgs.gov","contributorId":3500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paulachok","given":"Gary","email":"gnpaulac@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":290677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carswell, William J. Jr. carswell@usgs.gov","contributorId":1787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carswell","given":"William J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"carswell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":423,"text":"National Geospatial Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":290676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":79725,"text":"ofr20061341 - 2006 - Hydrogeology of the Lloyd aquifer on Long Island, New York— A brief summary of USGS investigations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-07T21:37:42.75512","indexId":"ofr20061341","displayToPublicDate":"2007-03-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1341","title":"Hydrogeology of the Lloyd aquifer on Long Island, New York— A brief summary of USGS investigations","docAbstract":"The four counties of Long Island (fig. 1) are underlain by a wedge-shaped sequence of unconsolidated deposits of Late Cretaceous and Pleistocene age that lie unconformably on crystalline bedrock (fig. 2). A saprolitic (weathered bedrock) zone 20 to 100 ft thick overlies the bedrock in most areas. The sequence of unconsolidated deposits thickens to the south and southeast by about 65 to 100 feet per mile and contains Long Island's fresh ground water.\r\n\r\nLong Island's ground-water system consists of four main aquifers-the upper glacial, the Jameco, the Magothy, and the Lloyd. The Lloyd aquifer underlies nearly all of Long Island (fig. 3), but pumpage from the Lloyd has been limited to the northern and southern coastal areas of the island by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation since about 1955 (Garber, 1986). Coastal areas are exempt where the Lloyd is the only source of potable water. The former Jamaica Water Supply Corporation (now owned by New York City) is a noted exception withdrawing as much as 6 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) since the mid-1930s from the Lloyd in central Queens County.\r\n\r\nThis paper: (1) provides a brief history of U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) studies that provided significant data on the Lloyd, (2) summarizes the hydraulic characteristics of the Lloyd as reported in those studies, and (3) describes present-day monitoring of the Lloyd by the USGS.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061341","usgsCitation":"Chu, A., 2006, Hydrogeology of the Lloyd aquifer on Long Island, New York— A brief summary of USGS investigations: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1341, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061341.","productDescription":"12 p.","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190676,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":388928,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_81064.htm"},{"id":9389,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1341/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Long Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.8231201171875,\n 41.062786068733026\n ],\n [\n -72.25433349609375,\n 41.20758898181025\n ],\n [\n -73.0316162109375,\n 41.00477542222947\n ],\n [\n -73.6138916015625,\n 40.944639085793064\n ],\n [\n -73.90502929687499,\n 40.77846164090355\n ],\n [\n -74.04510498046875,\n 40.66813955408042\n ],\n [\n -74.02862548828125,\n 40.57015381856105\n ],\n [\n -73.9105224609375,\n 40.522150985623796\n ],\n [\n -73.47381591796875,\n 40.576412521044425\n ],\n [\n -73.11126708984375,\n 40.62646106367355\n ],\n [\n -72.16644287109374,\n 40.907285514728756\n ],\n [\n -71.8231201171875,\n 41.062786068733026\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad8e4b07f02db68487a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chu, Anthony 0000-0001-8623-2862 achu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8623-2862","contributorId":2517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chu","given":"Anthony","email":"achu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":79726,"text":"sir20065112 - 2006 - Magnitude and Frequency of Floods in New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:23","indexId":"sir20065112","displayToPublicDate":"2007-03-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5112","title":"Magnitude and Frequency of Floods in New York","docAbstract":"Techniques are presented for estimating the magnitude and frequency of flood discharges on rural, unregulated streams in New York, excluding Long Island. Peak-discharge-frequency data and basin characteristics from 388 streamflow-gaging stations in New York and adjacent states were used to develop multiple linear regression equations for flood discharges with recurrence intervals ranging from 1.25 to 500 years. A generalized least-squares (GLS) procedure was used to develop the regression equations. Separate sets of equations were developed for each of six hydrologic regions of New York; standard errors of prediction range from 14 to 43 percent. Statistically significant explanatory variables in the regression equations include drainage area, main-channel slope, percent basin storage, mean annual precipitation, percent forested area, a basin lag factor, a ratio of main-channel slope to basin slope, mean annual runoff, maximum snow depth, and percentage of basin above 1,200 feet. Drainage areas for the 388 sites used in the analyses ranged from 0.41 to 4,773 square miles.\r\n\r\nMethods of computing flood discharges from the regression equations differ, depending on whether the estimate is for a gaged or ungaged basin, and whether the basin crosses hydrologic-region or state boundaries. Examples of computations are included. Discharge-frequency estimates for an additional 122 streamflow-gaging stations with significant regulation or urbanization (including Long Island) are also included as at-site estimates.\r\n\r\nBasin characteristics, log-Pearson Type III statistics, and regression and weighted estimates of the discharge-frequency relations are tabulated for the streamflow-gaging stations used in the regression analyses. Sensitivity analyses showed that mean-annual precipitation, drainage area, mean annual runoff, and maximum snow depth are the variables to which computed discharges are most sensitive in the regression equations.\r\n\r\nIncluded with the report is a DVD that provides computation procedures and geographic information system spatial datasets to compute basin characteristics used in the regional regression equations and flood-frequency estimates at a specified location on a stream.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20065112","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New York State Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Lumia, R., Freehafer, D.A., and Smith, M.J., 2006, Magnitude and Frequency of Floods in New York: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5112, Available online and on DVD-ROM; Report: viii, 153, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065112.","productDescription":"Available online and on DVD-ROM; Report: viii, 153","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194845,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20065112.PNG"},{"id":9390,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5112/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db62a03f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lumia, Richard rlumia@usgs.gov","contributorId":4579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lumia","given":"Richard","email":"rlumia@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":290663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Freehafer, Douglas A. dfreehaf@usgs.gov","contributorId":5181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freehafer","given":"Douglas","email":"dfreehaf@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":290664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, Martyn J. 0000-0002-1107-9653 marsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1107-9653","contributorId":4474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Martyn","email":"marsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":79706,"text":"ofr20061308 - 2006 - Drainage Areas of Selected Streams in Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:21","indexId":"ofr20061308","displayToPublicDate":"2007-03-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1308","title":"Drainage Areas of Selected Streams in Virginia","docAbstract":"Drainage areas were determined for more than 1,600 basins in the three major river basins of Virginia -- the North Atlantic Slope, South Atlantic Slope, and Ohio River Basins. Drainage areas range from 0.004 square mile to 7,866 square miles. A geographic information system was used to digitize and store data associated with the drainage basins. Drainage divides were digitized from digital U.S. Geological Survey 7.5-minute, 1:24,000-scale, topographic quadrangles using procedures recommended by the Subcommittee on Hydrology, Federal Interagency River Basin Committee. Digital drainage basins were quality assured, polygons of the closed drainage basins were generated, and drainage areas were computed.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061308","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Virginia Department of Transportation and the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality","usgsCitation":"Hayes, D., and Wiegand, U., 2006, Drainage Areas of Selected Streams in Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1308, iii, 53 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061308.","productDescription":"iii, 53 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":191004,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9343,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1308/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db635fcf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hayes, Donald C.","contributorId":52945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"Donald C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wiegand, Ute","contributorId":76412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiegand","given":"Ute","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":79697,"text":"ofr20061365 - 2006 - GP Workbench Manual: Technical Manual, User's Guide, and Software Guide","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:14","indexId":"ofr20061365","displayToPublicDate":"2007-03-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1365","title":"GP Workbench Manual: Technical Manual, User's Guide, and Software Guide","docAbstract":"GP Workbench is an open-source general-purpose geophysical data processing software package written primarily for ground penetrating radar (GPR) data. It also includes support for several USGS prototype electromagnetic instruments such as the VETEM and ALLTEM. The two main programs in the package are GP Workbench and GP Wave Utilities. GP Workbench has routines for filtering, gridding, and migrating GPR data; as well as an inversion routine for characterizing UXO (unexploded ordinance) using ALLTEM data. GP Workbench provides two-dimensional (section view) and three-dimensional (plan view or time slice view) processing for GPR data. GP Workbench can produce high-quality graphics for reports when Surfer 8 or higher (Golden Software) is installed. GP Wave Utilities provides a wide range of processing algorithms for single waveforms, such as filtering, correlation, deconvolution, and calculating GPR waveforms. GP Wave Utilities is used primarily for calibrating radar systems and processing individual traces. Both programs also contain research features related to the calibration of GPR systems and calculating subsurface waveforms. The software is written to run on the Windows operating systems. GP Workbench can import GPR data file formats used by major commercial instrument manufacturers including Sensors and Software, GSSI, and Mala. The GP Workbench native file format is SU (Seismic Unix), and subsequently, files generated by GP Workbench can be read by Seismic Unix as well as many other data processing packages.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061365","usgsCitation":"Oden, C.P., and Moulton, C.W., 2006, GP Workbench Manual: Technical Manual, User's Guide, and Software Guide (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1365, vi, 81 p.; GP Workbench Installer; GP Workbench Source Code, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061365.","productDescription":"vi, 81 p.; GP Workbench Installer; GP Workbench Source Code","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":213,"text":"Crustal Imaging and Characterization Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190519,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9333,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1365/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b1573","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oden, Charles P.","contributorId":91184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oden","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moulton, Craig W. cmoulton@usgs.gov","contributorId":2198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moulton","given":"Craig","email":"cmoulton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":290594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":79689,"text":"tm6E1 - 2006 - JUPITER: Joint Universal Parameter IdenTification and Evaluation of Reliability - An Application Programming Interface (API) for Model Analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-26T17:13:18","indexId":"tm6E1","displayToPublicDate":"2007-03-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"6-E1","title":"JUPITER: Joint Universal Parameter IdenTification and Evaluation of Reliability - An Application Programming Interface (API) for Model Analysis","docAbstract":"he Joint Universal Parameter IdenTification and Evaluation of Reliability Application Programming Interface (JUPITER API) improves the computer programming resources available to those developing applications (computer programs) for model analysis.
The JUPITER API consists of eleven Fortran-90 modules that provide for encapsulation of data and operations on that data. Each module contains one or more entities: data, data types, subroutines, functions, and generic interfaces. The modules do not constitute computer programs themselves; instead, they are used to construct computer programs. Such computer programs are called applications of the API. The API provides common modeling operations for use by a variety of computer applications.
The models being analyzed are referred to here as process models, and may, for example, represent the physics, chemistry, and(or) biology of a field or laboratory system. Process models commonly are constructed using published models such as MODFLOW (Harbaugh et al., 2000; Harbaugh, 2005), MT3DMS (Zheng and Wang, 1996), HSPF (Bicknell et al., 1997), PRMS (Leavesley and Stannard, 1995), and many others. The process model may be accessed by a JUPITER API application as an external program, or it may be implemented as a subroutine within a JUPITER API application . In either case, execution of the model takes place in a framework designed by the application programmer. This framework can be designed to take advantage of any parallel processing capabilities possessed by the process model, as well as the parallel-processing capabilities of the JUPITER API.
Model analyses for which the JUPITER API could be useful include, for example:
Compare model results to observed values to determine how well the model reproduces system processes and characteristics.
The capabilities provided by the JUPITER API include, for example, communication with process models, parallel computations, compressed storage of matrices, and flexible input capabilities. The input capabilities use input blocks suitable for lists or arrays of data. The input blocks needed for one application can be included within one data file or distributed among many files. Data exchange between different JUPITER API applications or between applications and other programs is supported by data-exchange files.
The JUPITER API has already been used to construct a number of applications. Three simple example applications are presented in this report. More complicated applications include the universal inverse code UCODE_2005 (Poeter et al., 2005), the multi-model analysis MMA (Eileen P. Poeter, Mary C. Hill, E.R. Banta, S.W. Mehl, and Steen Christensen, written commun., 2006), and a code named OPR_PPR (Matthew J. Tonkin, Claire R. Tiedeman, Mary C. Hill, and D. Matthew Ely, written communication, 2006).
This report describes a set of underlying organizational concepts and complete specifics about the JUPITER API. While understanding the organizational concept presented is useful to understanding the modules, other organizational concepts can be used in applications constructed using the JUPITER API.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tm6E1","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"2006, JUPITER: Joint Universal Parameter IdenTification and Evaluation of Reliability - An Application Programming Interface (API) for Model Analysis: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6-E1, xiv, 268 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tm6E1.","productDescription":"xiv, 268 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":190585,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9322,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2006/tm6e1/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db666fd3","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Banta, Edward R. 0000-0001-8132-9315 erbanta@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8132-9315","contributorId":2202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banta","given":"Edward","email":"erbanta@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":726035,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poeter, Eileen P.","contributorId":78805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poeter","given":"Eileen","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726036,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Doherty, John E.","contributorId":8817,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Doherty","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":7046,"text":"Watermark Numerical Computing","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":726037,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hill, Mary C. mchill@usgs.gov","contributorId":974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Mary","email":"mchill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":726038,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":79686,"text":"cir1301 - 2006 - The Response of Suspended Sediment, Turbidity, and Velocity to Historical Alterations of the Missouri River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:15","indexId":"cir1301","displayToPublicDate":"2007-03-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1301","title":"The Response of Suspended Sediment, Turbidity, and Velocity to Historical Alterations of the Missouri River","docAbstract":"The heavy sediment load and large amounts of floating debris generated by the constantly caving banks of the Missouri River was documented in the first written description of the river by Father Jacques Marquette in 1673 as he approached the mouth of the Missouri River from the upper Mississippi River: \r\n\r\n'[We]' heard the noise of a rapid, into which we were about to run. I have seen nothing more dreadful. An accumulation of large and entire trees, branches, and floating islands, was issuing from the mouth of the river Pekitanoui (Missouri River), with such impetuosity that we could not without great danger risk passing through it. So great was its agitation that the water was so very muddy, and could not become clear.' \r\n\r\nHowever, large changes in suspended sediment and turbidity in the lower Missouri River below Gavins Point Dam have occurred in response to extensive structural changes that have been imposed on the Missouri River and its watershed during the last two centuries. Efforts to shape the channel, remove snags and sawyers, dredge shallows, and stabilize banks for navigation began as early as 1838 ( http://www.lewis-clark.org/ri_mo-snagboats.htm , Chittenden, 1903). However, bank stabilization efforts were sporadic and scattered in comparison to large scale changes that occurred after 1929. In the early 1930s the numerous small channels were combined into a single-fixed channel with 4,745 stone and wood-pile dikes, 3,371 dike extensions, streambank protection works on concave banks, man-made cutoffs, the closing of chutes with dikes, the removal of snags, and dredging (Keown and others, 1981). The resulting navigation channel was 6-ft (feet) deep by 200-ft wide and was expanded to 9 by 300 ft in the 1950s and early 1960s. Construction of six dams was started in 1933 and their reservoirs were filled by 1967. Three of these reservoirs are among the five largest in the United States. Nearly one-third of the Missouri River is now submerged below these massive reservoirs. Since 1967, hydrologic changes have been relatively minor. \r\n\r\nIn the early 1970s, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) began the long-term, systematic collection of suspended-sediment and water-quality data that continues to the present (2006). Because changes in the channel configuration and hydrologic character of the river have been small compared to the changes before 1973, all samples collected after that time are referred to in this report as modern samples. These modern samples compose a large data set that are compared to samples collected before the pervasive hydrologic and channel-stabilizing changes that began in the early 1930s and to the qualitative and semiquantitative observations of the explorers in the early nineteenth century. ","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/cir1301","isbn":"1411312562","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Blevins, D.W., 2006, The Response of Suspended Sediment, Turbidity, and Velocity to Historical Alterations of the Missouri River: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1301, vi, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1301.","productDescription":"vi, 15 p.","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":190749,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9321,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2006/1301/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67ac99","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blevins, Dale W. dblevins@usgs.gov","contributorId":2729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blevins","given":"Dale","email":"dblevins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":290571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":79673,"text":"pp1720 - 2006 - The Cerrillos Uplift, the La Bajada Constriction, and Hydrogeologic Framework of the Santo Domingo Basin, Rio Grande Rift, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-22T22:52:15.238211","indexId":"pp1720","displayToPublicDate":"2007-03-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1720","title":"The Cerrillos Uplift, the La Bajada Constriction, and Hydrogeologic Framework of the Santo Domingo Basin, Rio Grande Rift, New Mexico","docAbstract":"The geologic, geophysical, and hydrogeologic properties of the La Bajada constriction and Santo Domingo Basin, northern New Mexico, result from tectonic and volcanic processes of the late Tertiary and Quaternary Rio Grande rift. An integrated geologic and geophysical assessment in the La Bajada constriction allows development of a geologic framework that can provide input for regional ground-water flow models. These models then can provide better estimates of future water supplies in a region that largely subsists on aquifers in Rio Grande rift basins. The combination of surface geologic investigations (stratigraphic and structural studies; chapters A, B, C, and E), airborne geophysics (aeromagnetic and time-domain electromagnetic surveys; chapters D and F), ground geophysical measurements (gravity and magnetotelluric surveys; chapters D and F), and data from the few wells in the area (chapter G) provides new constraints on the hydrogeologic framework of this area.
Summary results of our investigations are synthesized in chapter G. Through-going aquifers consisting of ancestral Rio Grande axial-river sand and gravel and of coarse western-piedmont gravel form the predominant ground-water pathways through the partly buried structural trough defining the La Bajada constriction between Española and Santo Domingo Basins. Thick, clay-rich Cretaceous marine shales of low hydraulic conductivity form a pervasive regional confining unit within the Cerrillos uplift on the southeast flank of the constriction. Numerous, dominantly north-northwest-striking, intrabasin faults that project part way across the La Bajada constriction create a matrix of laterally and vertically variable hydrogeologic compartments that locally partition and deflect ground-water flow parallel to faults.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1720","usgsCitation":"2006, The Cerrillos Uplift, the La Bajada Constriction, and Hydrogeologic Framework of the Santo Domingo Basin, Rio Grande Rift, New Mexico (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1720, iv, 189 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1720.","productDescription":"iv, 189 p.","numberOfPages":"193","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":422859,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_98424.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":9312,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1720/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":192953,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.32999424944471,\n 36.589053798455666\n ],\n [\n -108.32999424944471,\n 31.988065010408633\n ],\n [\n -104.76611199941401,\n 31.988065010408633\n ],\n [\n -104.76611199941401,\n 36.589053798455666\n ],\n [\n -108.32999424944471,\n 36.589053798455666\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c4fb","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Minor, Scott A. 0000-0002-6976-9235 sminor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6976-9235","contributorId":765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minor","given":"Scott","email":"sminor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":888596,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":79672,"text":"ofr20061297 - 2006 - Occurrence of Pharmaceuticals in Shallow Ground-Water of Suffolk County, New York, 2002-05","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:21","indexId":"ofr20061297","displayToPublicDate":"2007-03-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1297","title":"Occurrence of Pharmaceuticals in Shallow Ground-Water of Suffolk County, New York, 2002-05","docAbstract":"Seventy (70) water samples were collected from 61 wells in the upper glacial and Magothy aquifers (9 wells were sampled twice) during 2002-05 and analyzed for 24 pharmaceuticals. Wells were selected for their proximity to known wastewater-treatment facilities that discharge to the shallow upper glacial aquifer. Pharmaceuticals were detected in 28 of the 70 samples, 19 of which contained one compound, and 9 of which contained two or more compounds. Concentrations of detected compounds were extremely low; most ranged from 0.001 to 0.1 microgram per liter (part per billion). The two most commonly detected compounds were carbamazepine (an antiepileptic drug) and sulfamethoxazole (an antibiotic). Occurrence of pharmaceutical compounds in Suffolk County ground-water is less prevalent than in susceptible streams of the United States that were tested in 1998-2000, but the similarity of median concentrations of the detected compounds of the two data sets indicates that current wastewater practices can serve to introduce pharmaceuticals to this shallow aquifer.\r\n\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061297","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Suffolk County Water Authority","usgsCitation":"Benotti, M.J., Fisher, S., and Terracciano, S., 2006, Occurrence of Pharmaceuticals in Shallow Ground-Water of Suffolk County, New York, 2002-05: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1297, iv, 5 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061297.","productDescription":"iv, 5 p.","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2002-01-01","temporalEnd":"2005-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190516,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9310,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1297/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af7e4b07f02db693b2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Benotti, Mark J.","contributorId":56315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benotti","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fisher, Shawn","contributorId":54679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Shawn","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Terracciano, Stephen","contributorId":18858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Terracciano","given":"Stephen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":79666,"text":"ds243 - 2006 - Spatial data for Eurycea salamander habitats associated With three aquifers in south-central Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-23T14:44:15","indexId":"ds243","displayToPublicDate":"2007-02-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"243","title":"Spatial data for Eurycea salamander habitats associated With three aquifers in south-central Texas","docAbstract":"Eurycea salamander taxa comprise 12 known species that inhabit springs and caves in south-central Texas. Many of these are threatened or endangered species, and some are found only at one location. A number of the neotenic salamanders might be at risk from habitat loss associated with declines in ground-water levels. Eurycea salamander habitats are associated with three aquifers in south-central Texas: (1) the Edwards-Trinity (Plateau) aquifer, (2) the Edwards (Balcones Fault Zone) aquifer, and (3) the Trinity aquifer. The Edwards (Balcones fault zone) aquifer is commonly separated into three segments: from southwest to northeast, the San Antonio segment, the Barton Springs segment, and the northern segment. The Trinity aquifer south of the Colorado River can be divided into three permeable zones, the upper, middle, and lower zone. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, developed this report (geodatabase) to aggregate the spatial data necessary to assess the potential effects of ground-water declines on known Eurycea habitat locations in south-central Texas. The geodatabase provides information about spring habitats, spring flow, cave habitats, aquifers, and projected water levels.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds243","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Heitmuller, F.T., and Reece, B.D., 2006, Spatial data for Eurycea salamander habitats associated With three aquifers in south-central Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 243, Project Summary: 3 p.; Geodatabase, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds243.","productDescription":"Project Summary: 3 p.; Geodatabase","numberOfPages":"3","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194860,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9302,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2007/243/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fc0f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heitmuller, Franklin T.","contributorId":67476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heitmuller","given":"Franklin","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reece, Brian D. bdreece@usgs.gov","contributorId":2129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reece","given":"Brian","email":"bdreece@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":290529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":79664,"text":"sir20065061 - 2006 - Modeling the Effects of Fire Frequency and Severity on Forests in the Northwestern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:10","indexId":"sir20065061","displayToPublicDate":"2007-02-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5061","title":"Modeling the Effects of Fire Frequency and Severity on Forests in the Northwestern United States","docAbstract":"This study used a model of forest dynamics (FORCLIM) and actual forest survey data to demonstrate the effects of various fire regimes on different forest types in the Pacific Northwest. We examined forests in eight ecoregions ranging from wet coastal forests dominated by Pseudotsuga menziesii and other tall conifers to dry interior forests dominated by Pinus ponderosa. Fire effects simulated as elevated mortality of trees based on their species and size did alter forest structure and species composition. Low frequency fires characteristic of wetter forests (return interval >200 yr) had minor effects on composition. When fires were severe, they tended to reduce total basal area with little regard to species differences. High frequency fires characteristic of drier forests (return interval <30 yr) had major effects on species composition and on total basal area. Typically, they caused substantial reductions in total basal area and shifts in dominance toward highly fire tolerant species. With the addition of fire, simulated basal areas averaged across ecoregions were reduced to levels approximating observed basal areas.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20065061","usgsCitation":"Busing, R.T., and Solomon, A.M., 2006, Modeling the Effects of Fire Frequency and Severity on Forests in the Northwestern United States: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5061, iv, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065061.","productDescription":"iv, 12 p.","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":192087,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9300,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5061/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db6997df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Busing, Richard T.","contributorId":13303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busing","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Solomon, Allen M.","contributorId":20394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Solomon","given":"Allen","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":76931,"text":"sir20065044 - 2006 - Factors Affecting Firm Yield and the Estimation of Firm Yield for Selected Streamflow-Dominated Drinking-Water-Supply Reservoirs in Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:13","indexId":"sir20065044","displayToPublicDate":"2007-02-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5044","title":"Factors Affecting Firm Yield and the Estimation of Firm Yield for Selected Streamflow-Dominated Drinking-Water-Supply Reservoirs in Massachusetts","docAbstract":"Factors affecting reservoir firm yield, as determined by application of the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection's Firm Yield Estimator (FYE) model, were evaluated, modified, and tested on 46 streamflow-dominated reservoirs representing 15 Massachusetts drinking-water supplies. The model uses a mass-balance approach to determine the maximum average daily withdrawal rate that can be sustained during a period of record that includes the 1960s drought-of-record. \r\n\r\nThe FYE methodology to estimate streamflow to the reservoir at an ungaged site was tested by simulating streamflow at two streamflow-gaging stations in Massachusetts and comparing the simulated streamflow to the observed streamflow. In general, the FYE-simulated flows agreed well with observed flows. There were substantial deviations from the measured values for extreme high and low flows. A sensitivity analysis determined that the model's streamflow estimates are most sensitive to input values for average annual precipitation, reservoir drainage area, and the soil-retention number-a term that describes the amount of precipitation retained by the soil in the basin.\r\n\r\nThe FYE model currently provides the option of using a 1,000-year synthetic record constructed by randomly sampling 2-year blocks of concurrent streamflow and precipitation records 500 times; however, the synthetic record has the potential to generate records of precipitation and streamflow that do not reflect the worst historical drought in Massachusetts. For reservoirs that do not have periods of drawdown greater than 2 years, the bootstrap does not offer any additional information about the firm yield of a reservoir than the historical record does. For some reservoirs, the use of a synthetic record to determine firm yield resulted in as much as a 30-percent difference between firm-yield values from one simulation to the next. Furthermore, the assumption that the synthetic traces of streamflow are statistically equivalent to the historical record is not valid.\r\n\r\nFor multiple-reservoir systems, the firm-yield estimate was dependent on the reservoir system's configuration. The firm yield of a system is sensitive to how the water is transferred from one reservoir to another, the capacity of the connection between the reservoirs, and how seasonal variations in demand are represented in the FYE model.\r\n\r\nFirm yields for 25 (14 single-reservoir systems and 11 multiple-reservoir systems) reservoir systems were determined by using the historical records of streamflow and precipitation. Current water-use data indicate that, on average, 20 of the 25 reservoir systems in the study were operating below their estimated firm yield; during months with peak demands, withdrawals exceeded the firm yield for 8 reservoir systems.\r\n\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20065044","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Waldron, M.C., and Archfield, S.A., 2006, Factors Affecting Firm Yield and the Estimation of Firm Yield for Selected Streamflow-Dominated Drinking-Water-Supply Reservoirs in Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5044, vi, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065044.","productDescription":"vi, 39 p.","numberOfPages":"45","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":190906,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9297,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5044/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fe054","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waldron, Marcus C. mwaldron@usgs.gov","contributorId":1867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waldron","given":"Marcus","email":"mwaldron@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Archfield, Stacey A. 0000-0002-9011-3871 sarch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9011-3871","contributorId":1874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Archfield","given":"Stacey","email":"sarch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":79655,"text":"ofr20061241 - 2006 - The World Coal Quality Inventory: South America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-01T19:41:15","indexId":"ofr20061241","displayToPublicDate":"2007-02-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1241","title":"The World Coal Quality Inventory: South America","docAbstract":"Executive Summary-Introduction:\r\n\r\nThe concepts of a global environment and economy are strongly and irrevocably linked to global energy issues. Worldwide coal production and international coal trade are projected to increase during the next several decades in an international energy mix that is still strongly dependent on fossil fuels. Therefore, worldwide coal use will play an increasingly visible role in global environmental, economic, and energy forums.\r\n\r\nPolicy makers require information on coal, including coal quality data, to make informed decisions regarding domestic coal resource allocation, import needs and export opportunities, foreign policy objectives, technology transfer policies, foreign investment prospects, environmental and health assessments, and byproduct use and disposal issues. The development of a worldwide, reliable, coal quality database would help ensure the most economically and environmentally efficient global use of coal. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with many agencies and scientists from the world's coal producing countries, originally undertook a project to obtain representative samples of coal from most of the world's producing coal provinces during a limited period of time (roughly 1998-2005), which is called the World Coal Quality Inventory (WoCQI). The multitude of producing coal mines, coal occurrences, or limited accessibility to sites in some countries can preclude collecting more than a single sample from a mine. In some areas, a single sample may represent an entire coal mining region or basin. Despite these limitations in sampling and uneven distribution of sample collection, the analytical results can still provide a general overview of world coal quality. The USGS intends to present the WoCQI data in reports and, when possible, in Geographic Information System (GIS) products that cover important coal bearing and producing regions.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061241","usgsCitation":"Tewalt, S.J., Bragg, L.J., and Finkelman, R.B., 2006, The World Coal Quality Inventory: South America: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1241, iii, 245 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061241.","productDescription":"iii, 245 p.","numberOfPages":"248","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":190976,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9291,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1241/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4c4f","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Karlsen, Alex W.","contributorId":78789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karlsen","given":"Alex W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":747056,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Tewalt, Susan J. stewalt@usgs.gov","contributorId":64270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tewalt","given":"Susan","email":"stewalt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":259,"text":"Energy Resources Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":290494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bragg, Linda J.","contributorId":103717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bragg","given":"Linda","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Finkelman, Robert B.","contributorId":85951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finkelman","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}