The international land-cover community has been working with GEO since 2005 to build the foundations for land-cover observations as an integral part of a Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS). The Group on Earth Observation (GEO) has provided the platform to elevate the societal relevance of land cover monitoring and helped to link a diverse set of global, regional, and national activities. A dedicated 2007-2009 GEO work plan task has resulted in achievements on the strategic and implementation levels. Integrated Global Observations of the Land (IGOL), the land theme of the Integrated Global Observation Strategy (IGOS), has been approved and is now in the process of transition into GEO implementation. New global land-cover maps at moderate spatial resolutions (i.e., GLOBCOVER) are being produced using guidelines and standards of the international community. The Middecadal Global Landsat Survey for 2005-2006 is extending previous 1990 and 2000 efforts for global, high-quality Landsat data. Despite this progress, essential challenges for building a sustained global land-cover-observing system remain, including: international cooperation on the continuity of global observations; ensuring consistency in land monitoring approaches; community engagement and country participation in mapping activities; commitment to ongoing quality assurance and validation; and regional networking and capacity building.
","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1109/JSYST.2008.925983","usgsCitation":"Herold, M., Woodcock, C.E., Loveland, T., Townshend, J., Brady, M., Steenmans, C., and Schmullius, C.C., 2008, Land-cover observations as part of a Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS): Progress, activities, and prospects: IEEE Systems Journal, v. 2, no. 3, p. 414-423, https://doi.org/10.1109/JSYST.2008.925983.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"414","endPage":"423","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":308191,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55fa92c1e4b05d6c4e501a9e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herold, M.","contributorId":26533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herold","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woodcock, C. E.","contributorId":93696,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Woodcock","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":13570,"text":"Boston University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":569397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Loveland, Thomas R. 0000-0003-3114-6646 loveland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3114-6646","contributorId":3005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loveland","given":"Thomas R.","email":"loveland@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":569398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Townshend, J.","contributorId":146906,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Townshend","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brady, M.","contributorId":146907,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brady","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Steenmans, C.","contributorId":146908,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Steenmans","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Schmullius, C. C.","contributorId":146909,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schmullius","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70179371,"text":"70179371 - 2008 - Integrated monitoring and information systems for managing aquatic invasive species in a changing climate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-29T14:19:36","indexId":"70179371","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1321,"text":"Conservation Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Integrated monitoring and information systems for managing aquatic invasive species in a changing climate","docAbstract":"Changes in temperature, precipitation, and other climatic drivers and sea-level rise will affect populations of existing native and non-native aquatic species and the vulnerability of aquatic environments to new invasions. Monitoring surveys provide the foundation for assessing the combined effects of climate change and invasions by providing baseline biotic and environmental conditions, although the utility of a survey depends on whether the results are quantitative or qualitative, and other design considerations. The results from a variety of monitoring programs in the United States are available in integrated biological information systems, although many include only non-native species, not native species. Besides including natives, we suggest these systems could be improved through the development of standardized methods that capture habitat and physiological requirements and link regional and national biological databases into distributed Web portals that allow drawing information from multiple sources. Combining the outputs from these biological information systems with environmental data would allow the development of ecological-niche models that predict the potential distribution or abundance of native and non-native species on the basis of current environmental conditions. Environmental projections from climate models can be used in these niche models to project changes in species distributions or abundances under altered climatic conditions and to identify potential high-risk invaders. There are, however, a number of challenges, such as uncertainties associated with projections from climate and niche models and difficulty in integrating data with different temporal and spatial granularity. Even with these uncertainties, integration of biological and environmental information systems, niche models, and climate projections would improve management of aquatic ecosystems under the dual threats of biotic invasions and climate change
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.00955.x","usgsCitation":"Lee, H., Reusser, D.A., Olden, J., Smith, S.S., Graham, J., Burkett, V., Dukes, J.S., Piorkowski, R.J., and Mcphedran, J., 2008, Integrated monitoring and information systems for managing aquatic invasive species in a changing climate: Conservation Biology, v. 22, no. 3, p. 575-584, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.00955.x.","productDescription":"10 p. ","startPage":"575","endPage":"584","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332648,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-06-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58662f15e4b0cd2dabe7c4c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, Henry II","contributorId":86251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Henry","suffix":"II","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reusser, Deborah A. dreusser@usgs.gov","contributorId":2423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reusser","given":"Deborah","email":"dreusser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":656955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Olden, Julian D.","contributorId":66951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olden","given":"Julian D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, Scott S. sssmith@usgs.gov","contributorId":2950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Scott","email":"sssmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":656957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Graham, Jim","contributorId":37608,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graham","given":"Jim","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Burkett, Virginia 0000-0003-4746-2862 virginia_burkett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4746-2862","contributorId":2867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burkett","given":"Virginia","email":"virginia_burkett@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":505,"text":"Office of the AD Climate and Land-Use Change","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":656959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Dukes, Jeffrey S.","contributorId":61331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dukes","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Piorkowski, Robert J.","contributorId":177768,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Piorkowski","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Mcphedran, John","contributorId":177769,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mcphedran","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":85797,"text":"sir20085044 - 2008 - Predevelopment Water-Level Contours for Aquifers in the Rainier Mesa and Shoshone Mountain area of the Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:25","indexId":"sir20085044","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5044","title":"Predevelopment Water-Level Contours for Aquifers in the Rainier Mesa and Shoshone Mountain area of the Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada","docAbstract":"Contaminants introduced into the subsurface of the Nevada Test Site at Rainier Mesa and Shoshone Mountain by underground nuclear testing are of concern to the U.S. Department of Energy and regulators responsible for protecting human health and safety. Although contaminants were introduced into low-permeability rocks above the regional flow system, the potential for contaminant movement away from the underground test areas and into the accessible environment is greatest by ground-water transport. The primary hydrologic control on this transport is evaluated and examined through a series of contour maps developed to represent the water-level distribution within each of the major aquifers underlying the area. Aquifers were identified and their extents delineated by merging and analyzing multiple hydrostratigraphic framework models developed by other investigators from existing geologic information. The contoured water-level distribution in each major aquifer was developed from a detailed evaluation and assessment of available water-level measurements. Multiple spreadsheets that accompany this report provide pertinent water-level and geologic data by well or drill hole.\r\n\r\nAquifers are mapped, presented, and discussed in general terms as being one of three aquifer types?volcanic aquifer, upper carbonate aquifer, or lower carbonate aquifer. Each of these aquifer types was subdivided and mapped as independent continuous and isolated aquifers, based on the continuity of its component rock. Ground-water flow directions, as related to the transport of test-generated contaminants, were developed from water-level contours and are presented and discussed for each of the continuous aquifers. Contoured water-level altitudes vary across the study area and range from more than 5,000 feet in the volcanic aquifer beneath a recharge area in the northern part of the study area to less than 2,450 feet in the lower carbonate aquifer in the southern part of the study area. Variations in water-level altitudes within any single continuous aquifer range from a few hundred feet in a lower carbonate aquifer to just more than 1,100 feet in a volcanic aquifer. Flow directions throughout the study area are dominantly southward with minor eastward or westward deviations. Primary exceptions are westward flow in the northern part of the volcanic aquifer and eastward flow in the eastern part of the lower carbonate aquifer. Northward flow in the upper and lower carbonate aquifers in the northern part of the study area is possible but cannot be substantiated because data are lacking. \r\n\r\nInterflow between continuous aquifers is evaluated and mapped to define major flow paths. These flow paths delineate tributary flow systems, which converge to form the regional ground-water flow system. The implications of these tributary flow paths in controlling transport away from the underground test areas at Rainier Mesa and Shoshone Mountain are discussed. The obvious data gaps contributing to uncertainties in the delineation of aquifers and development of water-level contours are identified and evaluated.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20085044","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy, \r\nNational Nuclear Security Administration Nevada Site Office, Office of Environmental Management under Interagency Agreement, DE-A152-07NA28100","usgsCitation":"Fenelon, J.M., Laczniak, R.J., and Halford, K.J., 2008, Predevelopment Water-Level Contours for Aquifers in the Rainier Mesa and Shoshone Mountain area of the Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5044, Report: vi, 39 p.; Figures; Appendixes, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085044.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 39 p.; Figures; Appendixes","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195599,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11472,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5044/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117,36.5 ], [ -117,37.5 ], [ -115.75,37.5 ], [ -115.75,36.5 ], [ -117,36.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67ea3f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fenelon, Joseph M. 0000-0003-4449-245X jfenelon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4449-245X","contributorId":2355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fenelon","given":"Joseph","email":"jfenelon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Laczniak, Randell J.","contributorId":90687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laczniak","given":"Randell","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Halford, Keith J. 0000-0002-7322-1846 khalford@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7322-1846","contributorId":1374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halford","given":"Keith","email":"khalford@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":85788,"text":"ofr20081155 - 2008 - Porphyry copper deposits of the world: Database and grade and tonnage models, 2008","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-22T14:39:05.824748","indexId":"ofr20081155","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1155","displayTitle":"Porphyry Copper Deposits of the World: Database and Grade and Tonnage Models, 2008","title":"Porphyry copper deposits of the world: Database and grade and tonnage models, 2008","docAbstract":"This report is an update of earlier publications about porphyry copper deposits (Singer, Berger, and Moring, 2002; Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C., 2005). The update was necessary because of new information about substantial increases in resources in some deposits and because we revised locations of some deposits so that they are consistent with images in GoogleEarth. In this report we have added new porphyry copper deposits and removed a few incorrectly classed deposits. In addition, some errors have been corrected and a number of deposits have had some information, such as grades, tonnages, locations, or ages revised. Colleagues have helped identify places where improvements were needed. Mineral deposit models are important in exploration planning and quantitative resource assessments for a number of reasons including: (1) grades and tonnages among deposit types are significantly different, and (2) many types occur in different geologic settings that can be identified from geologic maps. Mineral deposit models are the keystone in combining the diverse geoscience information on geology, mineral occurrences, geophysics, and geochemistry used in resource assessments and mineral exploration. Too few thoroughly explored \r\n\r\nmineral deposits are available in most local areas for reliable identification of the important geoscience variables or for robust estimation of undiscovered deposits?thus we need mineral-deposit models. Globally based deposit models allow recognition of important features because the global models demonstrate how common different features are. Well-designed and -constructed deposit models allow geologists to know from observed geologic environments the possible mineral deposit types that might exist, and allow economists to determine the possible economic viability of these resources in the region. Thus, mineral deposit models play the central role in transforming geoscience information to a form useful to policy makers. The foundation of mineral deposit models is information about known deposits. The purpose of this publication is to make this kind of information available in digital form for porphyry copper deposits. The consistently defined deposits in this file provide the foundation for grade and tonnage models included here and for mineral deposit density models (Singer and others, 2005: Singer, 2008).","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081155","usgsCitation":"Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C., 2008, Porphyry copper deposits of the world: Database and grade and tonnage models, 2008 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155, Report: 45 p.; Data Folder, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081155.","productDescription":"Report: 45 p.; Data Folder","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":658,"text":"Western Mineral Resources","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":396239,"rank":5,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1155/version_history.txt","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}},{"id":396238,"rank":4,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1155/data","text":"Data Folder"},{"id":396237,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1155/of2008-1155.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":195346,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11463,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1155/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db696958","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Singer, Donald A. dsinger@usgs.gov","contributorId":5601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"Donald","email":"dsinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":296384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berger, Vladimir I.","contributorId":15246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berger","given":"Vladimir","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moring, Barry C. 0000-0001-6797-9258 moring@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6797-9258","contributorId":2794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moring","given":"Barry","email":"moring@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":82160,"text":"sir20085068 - 2008 - Estimated Flood-Inundation Mapping for the Upper Blue River, Indian Creek, and Dyke Branch in Kansas City, Missouri, 2006-08","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:22","indexId":"sir20085068","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5068","title":"Estimated Flood-Inundation Mapping for the Upper Blue River, Indian Creek, and Dyke Branch in Kansas City, Missouri, 2006-08","docAbstract":"In the interest of improved public safety during flooding, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the city of Kansas City, Missouri, completed a flood-inundation study of the Blue River in Kansas City, Missouri, from the U.S. Geological Survey streamflow gage at Kenneth Road to 63rd Street, of Indian Creek from the Kansas-Missouri border to its mouth, and of Dyke Branch from the Kansas-Missouri border to its mouth, to determine the estimated extent of flood inundation at selected flood stages on the Blue River, Indian Creek, and Dyke Branch. The results of this study spatially interpolate information provided by U.S. Geological Survey gages, Kansas City Automated Local Evaluation in Real Time gages, and the National Weather Service flood-peak prediction service that comprise the Blue River flood-alert system and are a valuable tool for public officials and residents to minimize flood deaths and damage in Kansas City. \r\n\r\nTo provide public access to the information presented in this report, a World Wide Web site (http://mo.water.usgs.gov/indep/kelly/blueriver) was created that displays the results of two-dimensional modeling between Hickman Mills Drive and 63rd Street, estimated flood-inundation maps for 13 flood stages, the latest gage heights, and National Weather Service stage forecasts for each forecast location within the study area. The results of a previous study of flood inundation on the Blue River from 63rd Street to the mouth also are available. In addition the full text of this report, all tables and maps are available for download (http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5068).\r\n\r\nThirteen flood-inundation maps were produced at 2-foot intervals for water-surface elevations from 763.8 to 787.8 feet referenced to the Blue River at the 63rd Street Automated Local Evaluation in Real Time stream gage operated by the city of Kansas City, Missouri. Each map is associated with gages at Kenneth Road, Blue Ridge Boulevard, Kansas City (at Bannister Road), U.S. Highway 71, and 63rd Street on the Blue River, and at 103rd Street on Indian Creek. The National Weather Service issues peak stage forecasts for Blue Ridge Boulevard, Kansas City (at Bannister Road), U.S. Highway 71, and 63rd Street during floods.\r\n\r\nA two-dimensional depth-averaged flow model simulated flooding within a hydraulically complex, 5.6-mile study reach of the Blue River between Hickman Mills Drive and 63rd Street. Hydraulic simulation of the study reach provided information for the estimated flood-inundation maps and water-velocity magnitude and direction maps.\r\n\r\nFlood profiles of the upper Blue River between the U.S. Geological Survey streamflow gage at Kenneth Road and Hickman Mills Drive were developed from water-surface elevations calculated using Federal Emergency Management Agency flood-frequency discharges and 2006 stage-discharge ratings at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow gages. Flood profiles between Hickman Mills Drive and 63rd Street were developed from two-dimensional hydraulic modeling conducted for this study. Flood profiles of Indian Creek between the Kansas-Missouri border and the mouth were developed from water-surface elevations calculated using current stage-discharge ratings at the U.S. Geological Survey streamflow gage at 103rd Street, and water-surface slopes derived from Federal Emergency Management Agency flood-frequency stage-discharge relations. Mapped flood water-surface elevations at the mouth of Dyke Branch were set equal to the flood water-surface elevations of Indian Creek at the Dyke Branch mouth for all Indian Creek water-surface elevations; water-surface elevation slopes were derived from Federal Emergency Management Agency flood-frequency stage-discharge relations.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20085068","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Kansas City, Missouri","usgsCitation":"Kelly, B.P., and Huizinga, R.J., 2008, Estimated Flood-Inundation Mapping for the Upper Blue River, Indian Creek, and Dyke Branch in Kansas City, Missouri, 2006-08: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5068, Report: vi, 34 p.; 2 Appendixes, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085068.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 34 p.; 2 Appendixes","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2006-01-01","temporalEnd":"2008-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190724,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11447,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5068/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -94.63333333333334,38.833333333333336 ], [ -94.63333333333334,39.13333333333333 ], [ -94.45,39.13333333333333 ], [ -94.45,38.833333333333336 ], [ -94.63333333333334,38.833333333333336 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fdf3d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kelly, Brian P. 0000-0001-6378-2837 bkelly@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6378-2837","contributorId":897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelly","given":"Brian","email":"bkelly@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Huizinga, Richard J. 0000-0002-2940-2324 huizinga@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2940-2324","contributorId":2089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huizinga","given":"Richard","email":"huizinga@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":82157,"text":"ofr20081166 - 2008 - STRMDEPL08 - An extended version of STRMDEPL with additional analytical solutions to calculate streamflow depletion by nearby pumping wells","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-23T10:55:21","indexId":"ofr20081166","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1166","title":"STRMDEPL08 - An extended version of STRMDEPL with additional analytical solutions to calculate streamflow depletion by nearby pumping wells","docAbstract":"STRMDEPL, a one-dimensional model using two analytical solutions to calculate streamflow depletion by a nearby pumping well, was extended to account for two additional analytical solutions. The extended program is named STRMDEPL08. The original program incorporated solutions for a stream that fully penetrates the aquifer with and without streambed resistance to ground-water flow. The modified program includes solutions for a partially penetrating stream with streambed resistance and for a stream in an aquitard subjected to pumping from an underlying leaky aquifer. The code also was modified to allow the user to input pumping variations at other than 1-day intervals. The modified code is shown to correctly evaluate the analytical solutions and to provide correct results for half-day time intervals.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081166","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Michigan Department of Environmental Quality, and the State of Michigan Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Reeves, H.W., 2008, STRMDEPL08 - An extended version of STRMDEPL with additional analytical solutions to calculate streamflow depletion by nearby pumping wells: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1166, vi, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081166.","productDescription":"vi, 22 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194665,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20081166.JPG"},{"id":11444,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1166/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fe082","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reeves, Howard W. 0000-0001-8057-2081 hwreeves@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8057-2081","contributorId":2307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reeves","given":"Howard","email":"hwreeves@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":82153,"text":"ofr20081210 - 2008 - Technical Analysis of In-Valley Drainage Management Strategies for the Western San Joaquin Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:28","indexId":"ofr20081210","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1210","title":"Technical Analysis of In-Valley Drainage Management Strategies for the Western San Joaquin Valley, California","docAbstract":"The western San Joaquin Valley is one of the most productive farming areas in the United States, but salt-buildup in soils and shallow groundwater aquifers threatens this area?s productivity. Elevated selenium concentrations in soils and groundwater complicate drainage management and salt disposal. In this document, we evaluate constraints on drainage management and implications of various approaches to management considered in: \r\n\r\n*the San Luis Drainage Feature Re-Evaluation (SLDFRE) Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) (about 5,000 pages of documentation, including supporting technical reports and appendices); \r\n\r\n*recent conceptual plans put forward by the San Luis Unit (SLU) contractors (i.e., the SLU Plans) (about 6 pages of documentation); \r\n\r\n*approaches recommended by the San Joaquin Valley Drainage Program (SJVDP) (1990a); and \r\n\r\n*other U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) models and analysis relevant to the western San Joaquin Valley. \r\n\r\nThe alternatives developed in the SLDFRE EIS and other recently proposed drainage plans (refer to appendix A for details) differ from the strategies proposed by the San Joaquin Valley Drainage Program (1990a). The Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) in March 2007 signed a record of decision for an in-valley disposal option that would retire 194,000 acres of land, build 1,900 acres of evaporation ponds, and develop a treatment system to remove salt and selenium from drainwater. The recently proposed SLU Plans emphasize pumping drainage to the surface, storing approximately 33% in agricultural water re-use areas, treating selenium through biotechnology, enhancing the evaporation of water to concentrate salt, and identifying ultimate storage facilities for the remaining approximately 67% of waste selenium and salt. The treatment sequence of reuse, reverse osmosis, selenium bio-treatment, and enhanced solar evaporation is unprecedented and untested at the scale needed to meet plan requirements. \r\n\r\nAll drainage management strategies that have been proposed seek to reduce the amount of drainage water produced. One approach is to reduce the amount of drainage per irrigated acre. From modeling simulations performed for the SLDFRE EIS of the Westlands Area of the SLU, theoretical minimums that can be achieved range from approximately 0.16 to 0.25 acre-feet per acre per year (AF/acre/year). Minimum production rates from the Northerly Area of the SLU are theorized as being much higher, approximately 0. 42 to 0.28 AF/acre/year. Rates shown in the SLU Plans for drained acres from the two areas combined are 0.5 AF/acre/year at the subsurface drain stage and 0.37 AF/acre/year after a series of on-farm and regional measures are instituted. \r\n\r\nLand retirement is a key strategy to reduce drainage because it can effectively reduce drainage to zero if all drainage-impaired lands are retired. Land retirement alternatives considered in the SLDFRE EIS differ for the two areas analyzed in the SLU. The Northerly Area is to retire a nominal 10,000 acres and Westlands is to retire up to 300,000 acres. The initial land retirement option recently put forth in the SLU Plans predicted drainage volume reductions that are consistent with 200,000 acres of land retirement, but only 100,000 acres of land retirement was proposed. \r\n\r\nWithin the proposed area of drainage there are, for all practical purposes, unlimited reservoirs of selenium and salt stored within the aquifers and soils of the valley and upslope in the Coast Ranges. Salt imported in irrigation water is estimated to be at least 1.5 million tons per year for the Westlands and Northerly Areas (SJVDIP, 1998). Analysis of the land retirement alternatives presented in the SLDFRE EIS indicates that land retirement of a minimum of only 100,000 acres results in the annual pumping to the surface of 20,142 pounds of selenium or about a million pounds of selenium over a 50 year period. Retiring 200,000 acres results in an annual pumping of 14,750 pounds of selenium; and reti","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081210","usgsCitation":"Presser, T.S., and Schwarzbach, S.E., 2008, Technical Analysis of In-Valley Drainage Management Strategies for the Western San Joaquin Valley, California (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1210, vii, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081210.","productDescription":"vii, 37 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195008,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11439,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1210/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db686429","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Presser, Theresa S. 0000-0001-5643-0147 tpresser@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5643-0147","contributorId":2467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Presser","given":"Theresa","email":"tpresser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schwarzbach, Steven E. steven_schwarzbach@usgs.gov","contributorId":1025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwarzbach","given":"Steven","email":"steven_schwarzbach@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":82152,"text":"fs20083016 - 2008 - Modeling and dynamic monitoring of ecosystem performance in the Yukon River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T15:39:32","indexId":"fs20083016","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-3016","title":"Modeling and dynamic monitoring of ecosystem performance in the Yukon River Basin","docAbstract":"Central Alaska is ecologically sensitive and experiencing stress in response to marked regional warming. Resource managers would benefit from an improved ability to monitor ecosystem processes in response to climate change, fire, insect damage, and management policies and to predict responses to future climate scenarios. We have developed a method for analyzing ecosystem performance as represented by the growing season integral of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), which is a measure of greenness that can be interpreted in terms of plant growth or photosynthetic activity (gross primary productivity). The approach illustrates the status and trends of ecosystem changes and separates the influences of climate and local site conditions from the influences of disturbances and land management.
We emphasize the ability to quantify ecosystem processes, not simply changes in land cover, across the entire period of the remote sensing archive (Wylie and others, 2008). The method builds upon remotely sensed measures of vegetation greenness for each growing season. By itself, however, a time series of greenness often reflects annual climate variations in temperature and precipitation. Our method seeks to remove the influence of climate so that changes in underlying ecological conditions are identified and quantified. We define an \"expected ecosystem performance\" to represent the greenness response expected in a particular year given the climate of that year. We distinguish \"performance anomalies\" as cases where the ecosystem response is significantly different from the expected ecosystem performance. Maps of the performance anomalies (fig. 1) and trends in the anomalies give valuable information on the ecosystems for land managers and policy makers at a resolution of 1 km to 250 m.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20083016","usgsCitation":"Wylie, B.K., Zhang, L., Ji, L., Tieszen, L.L., and Bliss, N., 2008, Modeling and dynamic monitoring of ecosystem performance in the Yukon River Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2008-3016, 2 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20083016.","productDescription":"2 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":361,"text":"Land Remote Sensing- Geographic Analysis and Monitoring and Earth Surface Dynamics Programs","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124760,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2008_3016.jpg"},{"id":11440,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3016/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":338451,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3016/pdf/fs2008-3016.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ae4b07f02db6120c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wylie, Bruce K. 0000-0002-7374-1083 wylie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7374-1083","contributorId":750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wylie","given":"Bruce","email":"wylie@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zhang, L.","contributorId":41543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ji, Lei 0000-0002-6133-1036 lji@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6133-1036","contributorId":2832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ji","given":"Lei","email":"lji@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":295883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tieszen, Larry L. tieszen@usgs.gov","contributorId":2831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tieszen","given":"Larry","email":"tieszen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":295880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bliss, N.B. 0000-0003-2409-5211","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2409-5211","contributorId":104094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bliss","given":"N.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":82151,"text":"sir20085093 - 2008 - Simulation of Flow, Sediment Transport, and Sediment Mobility of the Lower Coeur d'Alene River, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:22","indexId":"sir20085093","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5093","title":"Simulation of Flow, Sediment Transport, and Sediment Mobility of the Lower Coeur d'Alene River, Idaho","docAbstract":"A one-dimensional sediment-transport model and a multi-dimensional hydraulic and bed shear stress model were developed to investigate the hydraulic, sediment transport, and sediment mobility characteristics of the lower Coeur d?Alene River in northern Idaho. This report documents the development and calibration of those models, as well as the results of model simulations. \r\n\r\nThe one-dimensional sediment-transport model (HEC-6) was developed, calibrated, and used to simulate flow hydraulics and erosion, deposition, and transport of sediment in the lower Coeur d?Alene River. The HEC-6 modeled reach, comprised of 234 cross sections, extends from Enaville, Idaho, on the North Fork of the Coeur d?Alene River and near Pinehurst, Idaho, on the South Fork of the river to near Harrison, Idaho, on the main stem of the river. Bed-sediment samples collected by previous investigators and samples collected for this study in 2005 were used in the model. Sediment discharge curves from a previous study were updated using suspended-sediment samples collected at three sites since April 2000. The HEC-6 was calibrated using river discharge and water-surface elevations measured at five U.S. Geological Survey gaging stations. The calibrated HEC-6 model allowed simulation of management alternatives to assess erosion and deposition from proposed dredging of contaminated streambed sediments in the Dudley reach. Four management alternatives were simulated with HEC-6. Before the start of simulation for these alternatives, seven cross sections in the reach near Dudley, Idaho, were deepened 20 feet?removing about 296,000 cubic yards of sediments?to simulate dredging. \r\n\r\nManagement alternative 1 simulated stage-discharge conditions from 2000, and alternative 2 simulated conditions from 1997. Results from alternatives 1 and 2 indicated that about 6,500 and 12,300 cubic yards, respectively, were deposited in the dredged reach. These figures represent 2 and 4 percent, respectively, of the total volume of dredged sediments removed before the start of simulation. \r\n\r\nIn alternatives 3 and 4, the incoming total sediment discharges from the South Fork of the river were decreased by one-half. Management alternative 3 simulated stage-discharge conditions from 2000, and alternative 4 simulated conditions from 1997. Reducing incoming sediment discharge from the South Fork did not affect the streambed and deposition in the Dudley and downstream reaches, probably because the distance between the South Fork and the Dudley reach is long enough for sediment supply, transport capacity, and channel geometry to be balanced before reaching the Dudley and downstream reaches.\r\n\r\nDevelopment and calibration of a multi-dimensional hydraulic and bed shear stress model (FASTMECH) allowed simulation of water-surface elevation, depth, velocity, bed shear stress, and sediment mobility in the Dudley reach (5.3 miles). The computational grid incorporated bathymetric and Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) data, with a node spacing of about 2.5 meters.\r\n\r\nWith the exception of the fourth FASTMECH calibration simulation, results from the FASTMECH calibration simulations indicated that flow depths, flow velocities, and bed shear stresses increased as river discharge increased. Water-surface elevations in the fourth calibration simulation were about 2 feet higher than those in the other simulations because high lake levels in Coeur d?Alene Lake caused backwater conditions. Average simulated velocities along the thalweg ranged from about 3 to 5.3 feet per second, and maximum simulated velocities ranged from 3.9 to 7 feet per second. In the dredged reach, average simulated velocity along the thalweg ranged from 3.5 to 6 feet per second. The model also simulated several back-eddies (flow reversal); the largest eddy encompassed about one-third of the river width. Average bed shear stresses increased more than 200 percent from the first to the last simulation. Simulated sediment mobility, asses","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20085093","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Idaho Department of Environmental Quality, Basin Environmental Improvement Commission, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Berenbrock, C., and Tranmer, A.W., 2008, Simulation of Flow, Sediment Transport, and Sediment Mobility of the Lower Coeur d'Alene River, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5093, viii, 165 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085093.","productDescription":"viii, 165 p.","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194535,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11438,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5093/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118.5,47 ], [ -118.5,48 ], [ -115.5,48 ], [ -115.5,47 ], [ -118.5,47 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e47afe4b07f02db49c355","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berenbrock, Charles","contributorId":30598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berenbrock","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tranmer, Andrew W.","contributorId":44243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tranmer","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":82149,"text":"sir20085063 - 2008 - Net Acid Production, Acid Neutralizing Capacity, and Associated Mineralogical and Geochemical Characteristics of Animas River Watershed Igneous Rocks Near Silverton, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:48","indexId":"sir20085063","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5063","title":"Net Acid Production, Acid Neutralizing Capacity, and Associated Mineralogical and Geochemical Characteristics of Animas River Watershed Igneous Rocks Near Silverton, Colorado","docAbstract":"This report presents results from laboratory and field studies involving the net acid production (NAP), acid neutralizing capacity (ANC), and magnetic mineralogy of 27 samples collected in altered volcanic terrain in the upper Animas River watershed near Silverton, Colo., during the summer of 2005. Sampling focused mainly on the volumetrically important, Tertiary-age volcanic and plutonic rocks that host base- and precious-metal mineralization in the study area. These rocks were analyzed to determine their potential for neutralization of acid-rock drainage.\r\n\r\nRocks in the study area have been subjected to a regional propylitic alteration event, which introduced calcite, chlorite (clinochlore), and epidote that have varying amounts and rates of acid neutralizing capacity (ANC). Locally, hydrothermal alteration has consumed any ANC and introduced minerals, mainly pyrite, that have a high net acid production (NAP). Laboratory studies included hydrogen pyroxide (H2O2) acid digestion and subsequent sodium hydroxide (NaOH) titration to determine NAP, and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) acid titration experiments to determine ANC. In addition to these environmental rock-property determinations, mineralogical, chemical, and petrographic characteristics of each sample were determined through semiquantitative X-ray diffractometry (Rietveld method), optical mineralogy, wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence, total carbon-carbonate, and inductively coupled plasma?mass spectrometric analysis.\r\n\r\nAn ANC ranking was assigned to rock samples based on calculated ANC quantity in kilograms/ton (kg/t) calcium carbonate equivalent and ratios of ANC to NAP. Results show that talus near the southeast Silverton caldera margin, composed of andesite clasts of the Burns Member of the Silverton Volcanics, has the highest ANC (>100 kg/t calcium carbonate equivalent) with little to no NAP. The other units found to have moderate to high ANC include (a) andesite lavas and volcaniclastic rocks of the San Juan Formation, west and northwest of the Silverton caldera, and (b) the Picayune Megabreccia Member of Sapinero Mesa Tuff along the western San Juan caldera margin. Sultan Mountain stock, composed of granitoid intrusive rocks, was shown to have low ANC and moderate NAP.\r\n\r\nSequential leachate analyses on a suite of whole-rock samples from the current and a previous study indicate that host rock composition and mineralogy control leachate compositions. The most mafic volcanic samples had high leachate concentrations for Mg, Fe, and Ca, whereas silicic volcanic samples had lower ferromagnesiun compositions. Samples with high chlorite abundance also had high leachable Mg concentrations. Trace-element substitution, such as Sr for Ca in plagioclase, controls high Sr concentrations in those samples with high plagioclase abundance. High Ti abundance in leachate was observed in those samples with high magnetite concentrations. This is likely due to samples containing intergrown magnetite-ilmenite. Whole rocks having high trace-element concentrations have relatively high leachate trace-element abundances. Some lavas of the San Juan Formation and Burns Member of the Silverton Volcanics had elevated Zn-, Cd-, and Pb-leachate concentrations. Manganese was also elevated in one San Juan Formation sample. Other San Juan Formation and Burns Member lavas had low to moderate trace-element abundances. One sample of the pyroxene andesite member of the Silverton Volcanics had elevated concentrations for As and Mo. Most other pyroxene andesite member samples had low leachate trace-element abundances.\r\n\r\nMine-waste-leachate analyses indicated that one mine-waste sample had elevated concentrations of Cu (1.5 orders of magnitude), Zn (1 order of magnitude), As (1 order of magnitude), Mo (1.5 to 2 orders of magnitude), Cd (1 to 2 orders of magnitude), and Pb (2 to 3 orders of magnitude) compared to whole rocks. These data indicate the importance of whole-rock geochemistry or leachate analys","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20085063","isbn":"9781411321649","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of Land Management","usgsCitation":"Yager, D.B., Choate, L., and Stanton, M.R., 2008, Net Acid Production, Acid Neutralizing Capacity, and Associated Mineralogical and Geochemical Characteristics of Animas River Watershed Igneous Rocks Near Silverton, Colorado (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5063, Report: vi, 63 p.; Plate: 34 x 28 inches; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085063.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 63 p.; Plate: 34 x 28 inches; Downloads Directory","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195157,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11433,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5063/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"24000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -107.86749999999999,37.75 ], [ -107.86749999999999,38 ], [ -107.5,38 ], [ -107.5,37.75 ], [ -107.86749999999999,37.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697b67","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yager, Douglas B. 0000-0001-5074-4022 dyager@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5074-4022","contributorId":798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yager","given":"Douglas","email":"dyager@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Choate, LaDonna","contributorId":32887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Choate","given":"LaDonna","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stanton, Mark R. mstanton@usgs.gov","contributorId":1834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanton","given":"Mark","email":"mstanton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":295873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":82147,"text":"ofr20081205 - 2008 - A Preliminary SPARROW Model of Suspended Sediment for the Conterminous United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:26","indexId":"ofr20081205","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1205","title":"A Preliminary SPARROW Model of Suspended Sediment for the Conterminous United States","docAbstract":"This report describes the results of a preliminary Spatially Referenced Regression on Watershed attributes (SPARROW) model of suspended sediment for the conterminous United States. The analysis is based on flux estimates compiled from more than 1,800 long-term monitoring stations operated by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) during the period 1975-2007. The SPARROW model is structured on the Reach File 1 (RF1) stream network, consisting of approximately 62,000 reach segments. The reach network has been modified to include more than 4,000 reservoirs, an important landscape feature affecting the delivery of suspended sediment. The model identifies six sources of sediment, including the stream channel and five classes of land use: urban, forested, Federal nonforested, agricultural and other, and noninundated land. The delivery of sediment from landform sources to RF1 streams is mediated by soil permeability, erodibility, slope, and rainfall; streamflow is found to affect the amount of sediment mobilized from the stream channel. The results show agricultural land and the stream channel to be major sources of sediment flux. Per unit area, Federal nonforested and urban lands are the largest landform sediment sources. Reservoirs are identified as major sites for sediment attenuation. This report includes a description for how the model results can be used to assess changes in instream sediment flux and concentration resulting from proposed changes in the regulation of sediment discharge from construction sites.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081205","usgsCitation":"Schwarz, G., 2008, A Preliminary SPARROW Model of Suspended Sediment for the Conterminous United States: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1205, iii, 7 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081205.","productDescription":"iii, 7 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"1975-01-01","temporalEnd":"2007-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195811,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11429,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1205/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4964e4b0b290850ef1e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schwarz, Gregory E. 0000-0002-9239-4566 gschwarz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9239-4566","contributorId":543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwarz","given":"Gregory E.","email":"gschwarz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5067,"text":"Northeast Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":295870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":82144,"text":"ofr20081159 - 2008 - TRIGRS - A Fortran Program for Transient Rainfall Infiltration and Grid-Based Regional Slope-Stability Analysis, Version 2.0","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:29","indexId":"ofr20081159","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1159","title":"TRIGRS - A Fortran Program for Transient Rainfall Infiltration and Grid-Based Regional Slope-Stability Analysis, Version 2.0","docAbstract":"The Transient Rainfall Infiltration and Grid-Based Regional Slope-Stability Model (TRIGRS) is a Fortran program designed for modeling the timing and distribution of shallow, rainfall-induced landslides. The program computes transient pore-pressure changes, and attendant changes in the factor of safety, due to rainfall infiltration. The program models rainfall infiltration, resulting from storms that have durations ranging from hours to a few days, using analytical solutions for partial differential equations that represent one-dimensional, vertical flow in isotropic, homogeneous materials for either saturated or unsaturated conditions. Use of step-function series allows the program to represent variable rainfall input, and a simple runoff routing model allows the user to divert excess water from impervious areas onto more permeable downslope areas. The TRIGRS program uses a simple infinite-slope model to compute factor of safety on a cell-by-cell basis. An approximate formula for effective stress in unsaturated materials aids computation of the factor of safety in unsaturated soils. Horizontal heterogeneity is accounted for by allowing material properties, rainfall, and other input values to vary from cell to cell. This command-line program is used in conjunction with geographic information system (GIS) software to prepare input grids and visualize model results.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081159","usgsCitation":"Baum, R.L., Savage, W.Z., and Godt, J.W., 2008, TRIGRS - A Fortran Program for Transient Rainfall Infiltration and Grid-Based Regional Slope-Stability Analysis, Version 2.0 (Revised Oct 20 2009): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1159, Report: vi, 75 p.; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081159.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 75 p.; Downloads Directory","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195001,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11426,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1159/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Revised Oct 20 2009","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adfe4b07f02db6878a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baum, Rex L. 0000-0001-5337-1970 baum@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5337-1970","contributorId":1288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baum","given":"Rex","email":"baum@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Savage, William Z.","contributorId":107686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Godt, Jonathan W. 0000-0002-8737-2493 jgodt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8737-2493","contributorId":1166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godt","given":"Jonathan","email":"jgodt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":82145,"text":"ofr20081194 - 2008 - Reserve Growth of Alberta Oil Pools","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:29","indexId":"ofr20081194","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1194","title":"Reserve Growth of Alberta Oil Pools","docAbstract":"This Open-File Report is based on a presentation delivered at the Fourth U.S. Geological Survey Workshop on Reserve Growth on March 10-11, 2008. It summarizes the results of a study of reserve growth of oil pools in Alberta Province, Canada. The study is part of a larger effort involving similar studies of fields in other important petroleum provinces around the world, with the overall objective of gaining a better understanding of reserve growth in fields with different geologic/reservoir parameters and different operating environments.\r\n\r\nThe goals of the study were to:\r\n1. Evaluate historical oil reserve data and assess reserve growth.\r\n2. Develop reserve growth models/functions to help forecast hydrocarbon volumes.\r\n3. Study reserve growth sensitivity to various parameters ? for example, pool size, porosity, oil gravity, and lithology.\r\n4. Compare reserve growth in oil pools/fields of Alberta provinces with those from other large petroleum provinces.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081194","usgsCitation":"Verma, M., and Cook, T., 2008, Reserve Growth of Alberta Oil Pools (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1194, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081194.","productDescription":"10 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":11427,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1194/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":195025,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685b9d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Verma, Mahendra K. mverma@usgs.gov","contributorId":1027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verma","given":"Mahendra K.","email":"mverma@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cook, Troy","contributorId":6418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cook","given":"Troy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":82148,"text":"ofr20081151 - 2008 - Historical seismicity in the South San Francisco Bay Region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-17T16:45:35","indexId":"ofr20081151","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1151","title":"Historical seismicity in the South San Francisco Bay Region","docAbstract":"Locations (intensity centers) and moment magnitude M for 24 earthquakes (1858-1911) in the southern San Francisco Bay area are estimated from Modified Mercalli intensity (MMI) assignments. The uncertainties in location and M are generally large because there are few MMI assignments available. Preferred locations are selected to be consistent with a simple model for seismic activity on the central and southern Calaveras fault. Significant seismic activity can be explained by repetitive failure of the same fault areas in nearly identical earthquakes. Significant earthquake activity occurred on both east- and west-Bay faults in the ten or so years before the 1868 east-Bay earthquake and before the1906 and 1989 west-Bay earthquakes.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081151","usgsCitation":"Bakun, W.H., 2008, Historical seismicity in the South San Francisco Bay Region (Version 1.1, revised 2009): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1151, ii, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081151.","productDescription":"ii, 37 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190989,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11432,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1151/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.5,36.5 ], [ -122.5,38 ], [ -121,38 ], [ -121,36.5 ], [ -122.5,36.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.1, revised 2009","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a58e4b07f02db62ebe8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bakun, William H.","contributorId":39361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bakun","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":82139,"text":"sir20085006 - 2008 - Documentation of Computer Program INFIL3.0 - A Distributed-Parameter Watershed Model to Estimate Net Infiltration Below the Root Zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:16","indexId":"sir20085006","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5006","title":"Documentation of Computer Program INFIL3.0 - A Distributed-Parameter Watershed Model to Estimate Net Infiltration Below the Root Zone","docAbstract":"This report documents the computer program INFIL3.0, which is a grid-based, distributed-parameter, deterministic water-balance watershed model that calculates the temporal and spatial distribution of daily net infiltration of water across the lower boundary of the root zone. The bottom of the root zone is the estimated maximum depth below ground surface affected by evapotranspiration. In many field applications, net infiltration below the bottom of the root zone can be assumed to equal net recharge to an underlying water-table aquifer. The daily water balance simulated by INFIL3.0 includes precipitation as either rain or snow; snowfall accumulation, sublimation, and snowmelt; infiltration into the root zone; evapotranspiration from the root zone; drainage and water-content redistribution within the root-zone profile; surface-water runoff from, and run-on to, adjacent grid cells; and net infiltration across the bottom of the root zone.\r\n\r\nThe water-balance model uses daily climate records of precipitation and air temperature and a spatially distributed representation of drainage-basin characteristics defined by topography, geology, soils, and vegetation to simulate daily net infiltration at all locations, including stream channels with intermittent streamflow in response to runoff from rain and snowmelt. The model does not simulate streamflow originating as ground-water discharge. Drainage-basin characteristics are represented in the model by a set of spatially distributed input variables uniquely assigned to\r\neach grid cell of a model grid.\r\n\r\nThe report provides a description of the conceptual model of net infiltration on which the INFIL3.0 computer code is based and a detailed discussion of the methods by which INFIL3.0 simulates the net-infiltration process. The report also includes instructions for preparing input files necessary for an INFIL3.0 simulation, a description of the output files that are created as part of an INFIL3.0 simulation, and a sample problem that illustrates application of the code to a field setting. Brief descriptions of the main program routine and of each of the modules and subroutines of the INFIL3.0 code, as well as definitions of the variables used in each subroutine, are provided in an appendix.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20085006","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Documentation of Computer Program INFIL3.0 - A Distributed-Parameter Watershed Model to Estimate Net Infiltration Below the Root Zone: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5006, viii, 99 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085006.","productDescription":"viii, 99 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":494,"text":"Office of Groundwater","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190790,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11419,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5006/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a57e4b07f02db62e418","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70210603,"text":"70210603 - 2008 - The role of labile sulfur compounds in thermal chemical sulfate reduction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-12T18:03:11.510387","indexId":"70210603","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-11T11:49:03","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The role of labile sulfur compounds in thermal chemical sulfate reduction","docAbstract":"The reduction of sulfate to sulfide coupled with the oxidation of hydrocarbons to carbon dioxide, commonly referred to as thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR), is an important abiotic alteration process that most commonly occurs in hot carbonate petroleum reservoirs. In the present study we focus on the role that organic labile sulfur compounds play in increasing the rate of TSR. A series of gold-tube hydrous pyrolysis experiments were conducted with n-octane and CaSO4 in the presence of reduced sulfur (e.g. H2S, S°, organic S) at temperatures of 330 and 356 °C under a constant confining pressure. The in-situ pH was buffered to 3.5 (∼6.3 at room temperature) with talc and silica. For comparison, three types of oil with different total S and labile S contents were reacted under similar conditions. The results show that the initial presence of organic or inorganic sulfur compounds increases the rate of TSR. However, organic sulfur compounds, such as 1-pentanethiol or diethyldisulfide, were significantly more effective in increasing the rate of TSR than H2S or elemental sulfur (on a mole S basis). The increase in rate is achieved at relatively low concentrations of 1-pentanethiol, less than 1 wt% of the total n-octane, which is comparable to the concentration of organic S that is common in many oils (∼0.3 wt%). We examined several potential reaction mechanisms to explain the observed reactivity of organic LSC. First, the release of H2S from the thermal degradation of thiols was discounted as an important mechanism due to the significantly greater reactivity of thiol compared to an equivalent amount of H2S. Second, we considered the generation of olefines in association with the elimination of H2S during thermal degradation of thiols because olefines are much more reactive than n-alkanes during TSR. In our experiments, olefines increased the rate of TSR, but were less effective than 1-pentanethiol and other organic LSC. Third, the thermal decomposition of organic LSC creates free-radicals that in turn might initiate a radical chain-reaction that creates more reactive species. Experiments involving radical initiators, such as diethyldisulfide and benzyldisulfide, did not show an increase in reactivity compared to 1-pentanethiol. Therefore, we conclude that none of these can sufficiently explain our observations of the initial stages of TSR; they may, however, be important in the later stages. In order to gain greater insight into the potential mechanism for the observed reactivity of these organic sulfur compounds during TSR, we applied density functional theory-based molecular modeling techniques to our system. The results of these calculations indicate that 1-pentanethiol or its thermal degradation products may directly react with sulfate and reduce the activation energy required to rupture the first S–O bond through the formation of a sulfate ester. This study demonstrates the importance of labile sulfur compounds in reducing the onset timing and temperature of TSR. It is therefore essential that labile sulfur concentrations are taken into consideration when trying to make accurate predictions of TSR kinetics and the potential for H2S accumulation in petroleum reservoirs.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.gca.2008.03.022","usgsCitation":"Amrani, A., Ellis, G., Zhang, T., Ma, Q., and Tang, Y., 2008, The role of labile sulfur compounds in thermal chemical sulfate reduction: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 72, no. 12, p. 2960-2972, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.03.022.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"2960","endPage":"2972","ipdsId":"IP-003056","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":375526,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"72","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Amrani, Alon","contributorId":49258,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amrani","given":"Alon","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":790777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ellis, Geoffrey S 0000-0003-4519-3320","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4519-3320","contributorId":225216,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"Geoffrey S","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":790776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Zhang, Tongwei","contributorId":225214,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zhang","given":"Tongwei","affiliations":[{"id":41078,"text":"Pasadena, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":790778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Ma, Qisheng","contributorId":225212,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ma","given":"Qisheng","affiliations":[{"id":41076,"text":"Power, Environmental, and Energy","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":790779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Tang, Yongchun","contributorId":225215,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tang","given":"Yongchun","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":790780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}} ,{"id":70210602,"text":"70210602 - 2008 - Theoretical study on the reactivity of sulfate species with hydrocarbons","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-12T18:01:10.33029","indexId":"70210602","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-11T11:42:46","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Theoretical study on the reactivity of sulfate species with hydrocarbons","docAbstract":"The abiotic, thermochemically controlled reduction of sulfate to hydrogen sulfide coupled with the oxidation of hydrocarbons, is termed thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR), and is an important alteration process that affects petroleum accumulations in nature. Although TSR is commonly observed in high-temperature carbonate reservoirs, it has proven difficult to simulate in the laboratory under conditions resembling nature. The present study was designed to evaluate the relative reactivities of various sulfate species in order to provide greater insight into the mechanism of TSR and potentially to fill the gap between laboratory experimental data and geological observations. Accordingly, quantum mechanics density functional theory (DFT) was used to determine the activation energy required to reach a potential transition state for various aqueous systems involving simple hydrocarbons and different sulfate species. The entire reaction process that results in the reduction of sulfate to sulfide is far too complex to be modeled entirely; therefore, we examined what is believed to be the rate limiting step, namely, the reduction of sulfate S(VI) to sulfite S(IV). The results of the study show that water-solvated sulfate anions SO42- are very stable due to their symmetrical molecular structure and spherical electronic distributions. Consequently, in the absence of catalysis, the reactivity of SO42- is expected to be extremely low. However, both the protonation of sulfate to form bisulfate anions (HSO4-) and the formation of metal-sulfate contact ion-pairs could effectively destabilize the sulfate molecular structure, thereby making it more reactive.
Previous reports of experimental simulations of TSR generally have involved the use of acidic solutions that contain elevated concentrations of \"HSO4- relative to SO42-. However, in formation waters typically encountered in petroleum reservoirs, the concentration of HSO4- is likely to be significantly lower than the levels used in the laboratory, with most of the dissolved sulfate occurring as SO42-, aqueous calcium sulfate ([CaSO4](aq)), and aqueous magnesium sulfate ([MgSO4](aq)). Our calculations indicate that TSR reactions that occur in natural environments are most likely to involve bisulfate ions (HSO4-) and/or magnesium sulfate contact ion-pairs ([MgSO4]CIP) rather than ‘free’ sulfate ions (SO42-) or solvated sulfate ion-pairs, and that water chemistry likely plays a significant role in controlling the rate of TSR.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.gca.2008.05.061","usgsCitation":"Ma, Q., Ellis, G.S., Amrani, A., Zhang, T., and Tang, Y., 2008, Theoretical study on the reactivity of sulfate species with hydrocarbons: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 72, no. 18, p. 4565-4576, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.05.061.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"4565","endPage":"4576","ipdsId":"IP-002841","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":375525,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"72","issue":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ma, Qisheng","contributorId":225212,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ma","given":"Qisheng","affiliations":[{"id":41076,"text":"Power, Environmental, and Energy","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":790772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ellis, Geoffrey S 0000-0003-4519-3320 gsellis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4519-3320","contributorId":225211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"Geoffrey","email":"gsellis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":790771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Amrani, Alon","contributorId":225213,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amrani","given":"Alon","affiliations":[{"id":41077,"text":"Research Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":790773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zhang, Tongwei","contributorId":225214,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zhang","given":"Tongwei","affiliations":[{"id":41078,"text":"Pasadena, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":790774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Tang, Yongchun","contributorId":225215,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tang","given":"Yongchun","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":790775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}} ,{"id":82127,"text":"ofr20081185 - 2008 - Klamath River Water Quality and Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler Data from Link River Dam to Keno Dam, 2007","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:26","indexId":"ofr20081185","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1185","title":"Klamath River Water Quality and Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler Data from Link River Dam to Keno Dam, 2007","docAbstract":"In 2007, the U.S. Geological Survey, Watercourse Engineering, and the Bureau of Reclamation began a project to construct and calibrate a water quality and hydrodynamic model of the 21-mile reach of the Klamath River from Link River Dam to Keno Dam. To provide a basis for this work, data collection and experimental work were planned for 2007 and 2008. This report documents sampling and analytical methods and presents data from the first year of work. To determine water velocities and discharge, a series of cross-sectional acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) measurements were made on the mainstem and four canals on May 30 and September 19, 2007. Water quality was sampled weekly at five mainstem sites and five tributaries from early April through early November, 2007. Constituents reported here include field parameters (water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen concentration, specific conductance); total nitrogen and phosphorus; particulate carbon and nitrogen; filtered orthophosphate, nitrite, nitrite plus nitrate, ammonia, organic carbon, iron, silica, and alkalinity; specific UV absorbance at 254 nm; phytoplankton and zooplankton enumeration and species identification; and bacterial abundance and morphological subgroups.\r\n\r\nThe ADCP measurements conducted in good weather conditions in May showed that four major canals accounted for most changes in discharge along the mainstem on that day. Direction of velocity at measured locations was fairly homogeneous across the channel, while velocities were generally lowest near the bottom, and highest near surface, ranging from 0.0 to 0.8 ft/s. Measurements in September, made in windy conditions, raised questions about the effect of wind on flow.\r\n\r\nMost nutrient and carbon concentrations were lowest in spring, increased and remained elevated in summer, and decreased in fall. Dissolved nitrite plus nitrate and nitrite had a different seasonal cycle and were below detection or at low concentration in summer. Many nutrient and carbon concentrations were similar at the top and bottom of the water column, though ammonia and particulate carbon showed more variability in summer. Averaged over the season, particulate carbon and particulate nitrogen decreased in the downstream direction, while ammonia and orthophosphate concentrations increased in the downstream direction.\r\n\r\nAt most sites, bacteria, phytoplankton, and zooplankton populations reached their maximums in summer. Large bacterial cells made up most of the bacteria biovolume, though cocci were the most numerous bacteria type. The cocci were smaller than the filter pore sizes used to separate dissolved from particulate matter in this study. Phytoplankton biovolumes were dominated by the blue-green alga Aphanizomenon flos-aquae most of the sampling season, though a spring diatom bloom occurred. Phytoplankton biovolumes were generally highest at the upstream Link River and Railroad Bridge sites and decreased in the downstream direction. Zooplankton populations were dominated by copepods in early spring, and by cladocerans and rotifers in summer, with rotifers more common farther downstream.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081185","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Sullivan, A.B., Deas, M., Asbill, J., Kirshtein, J.D., Butler, K.D., Stewart, M.A., Wellman, R.W., and Vaughn, J., 2008, Klamath River Water Quality and Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler Data from Link River Dam to Keno Dam, 2007: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1185, viii, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081185.","productDescription":"viii, 24 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2007-05-30","temporalEnd":"2007-09-19","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195124,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11403,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1185/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122,42 ], [ -122,42.333333333333336 ], [ -121.75,42.333333333333336 ], [ -121.75,42 ], [ -122,42 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b47c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sullivan, Annett B. 0000-0001-7783-3906 annett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7783-3906","contributorId":56317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"Annett","email":"annett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Deas, Michael L.","contributorId":98830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deas","given":"Michael L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Asbill, Jessica","contributorId":79575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asbill","given":"Jessica","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kirshtein, Julie D.","contributorId":26033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirshtein","given":"Julie","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Butler, Kenna D. kebutler@usgs.gov","contributorId":3283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butler","given":"Kenna","email":"kebutler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":295806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stewart, Marc A. 0000-0003-1140-6316 mastewar@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1140-6316","contributorId":2277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"Marc","email":"mastewar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wellman, Roy W.","contributorId":78834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wellman","given":"Roy","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Vaughn, Jennifer","contributorId":33009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vaughn","given":"Jennifer","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":82134,"text":"sim3014 - 2008 - Potentiometric Surface in the Sparta-Memphis Aquifer of the Mississippi Embayment, Spring 2007","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:48","indexId":"sim3014","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3014","title":"Potentiometric Surface in the Sparta-Memphis Aquifer of the Mississippi Embayment, Spring 2007","docAbstract":"The most widely used aquifer for industry and public supply in the Mississippi embayment in Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee is the Sparta-Memphis aquifer. Decades of pumping from the Sparta-Memphis aquifer have affected ground-water levels throughout the Mississippi embayment. Regional assessments of water-level data from the aquifer are important to document regional water-level conditions and to develop a broad view of the effects of ground-water development and management on the sustainability and availability of the region's water supply. This information is useful to identify areas of water-level declines, identify cumulative areal declines that may cross State boundaries, evaluate the effectiveness of ground-water management strategies practiced in different States, and identify areas with substantial data gaps that may preclude effective management of ground-water resources.\r\n\r\nA ground-water flow model of the northern Mississippi embayment is being developed by the Mississippi Embayment Regional Aquifer Study (MERAS) to aid in answering questions about ground-water availability and sustainability. The MERAS study area covers parts of eight states including Alabama, Arkansas, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, and Tennessee and covers approximately 70,000 square miles. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality Office of Land and Water Resources measured water levels in wells completed in the Sparta-Memphis aquifer in the spring of 2007 to assist in the MERAS model calibration and to document regional water-level conditions. Measurements by the USGS and the Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality Office of Land and Water Resources were done in cooperation with the Arkansas Natural Resources Commission; the Arkansas Geological Survey; Memphis Light, Gas and Water; Shelby County, Tennessee; and the city of Germantown, Tennessee. \r\n\r\nIn 2005, total water use from the Sparta-Memphis aquifer in the Mississippi embayment was about 540 million gallons per day (Mgal/d). Water use from the Sparta-Memphis aquifer was about 170 Mgal/d in Arkansas, about 68 Mgal/d in Louisiana, about 97 Mgal/d in Mississippi, and about 205 Mgal/d in Tennessee. \r\n\r\nThe author acknowledges, with great appreciation, the efforts of the personnel in the U.S. Geological Survey Water Science Centers of Arkansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, and Tennessee, and the Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality Office of Land and Water Resources that participated in the planning, water-level measurement, data evaluation, and review of the potentiometric-surface map. Without the contribution of data and the technical assistance of their staffs, this report would not have been completed.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sim3014","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey Ground-Water Resources Program, Arkansas Natural Resources Commission, Arkansas Geological Survey, Memphis Light, Gas and Water, Shelby County, Tennessee, and the City of Germantown, Tennessee","usgsCitation":"Schrader, T., 2008, Potentiometric Surface in the Sparta-Memphis Aquifer of the Mississippi Embayment, Spring 2007 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3014, Map Sheet: 35 x 36 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3014.","productDescription":"Map Sheet: 35 x 36 inches","costCenters":[{"id":129,"text":"Arkansas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":110773,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_83719.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"83719"},{"id":195223,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11413,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3014/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -94.25,30.5 ], [ -94.25,37 ], [ -87.5,37 ], [ -87.5,30.5 ], [ -94.25,30.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1de4b07f02db6a9e08","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schrader, T.P.","contributorId":56300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schrader","given":"T.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":82129,"text":"sim2985 - 2008 - Geologic Cross Section E-E' through the Appalachian Basin from the Findlay Arch, Wood County, Ohio, to the Valley and Ridge Province, Pendleton County, West Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:33","indexId":"sim2985","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2985","title":"Geologic Cross Section E-E' through the Appalachian Basin from the Findlay Arch, Wood County, Ohio, to the Valley and Ridge Province, Pendleton County, West Virginia","docAbstract":"Geologic cross section E-E' is the first in a series of cross sections planned by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) to document and improve understanding of the geologic framework and petroleum systems of the Appalachian basin. Cross section E-E' provides a regional view of the structural and stratigraphic framework of the basin from the Findlay arch in northwestern Ohio to the Valley and Ridge province in eastern West Virginia, a distance of approximately 380 miles (mi) (fig. 1, on sheet 1). Cross section E-E' updates earlier geologic cross sections through the central Appalachian basin by Renfro and Feray (1970), Bennison (1978), and Bally and Snelson (1980) and a stratigraphic cross section by Colton (1970). Although other published cross sections through parts of the basin show more structural detail (for example, Shumaker, 1985; Kulander and Dean, 1986) and stratigraphic detail (for example, Ryder, 1992; de Witt and others, 1993; Hettinger, 2001), these other cross sections are of more limited extent geographically and stratigraphically.\r\n\r\nAlthough specific petroleum systems in the Appalachian basin are not identified on the cross section, many of their key elements (such as source rocks, reservoir rocks, seals, and traps) can be inferred from lithologic units, unconformities, and geologic structures shown on the cross section. Other aspects of petroleum systems (such as the timing of petroleum generation and preferred migration pathways) may be evaluated by burial history, thermal history, and fluid flow models based on information shown on the cross section.\r\n\r\nCross section E-E' lacks the detail to illustrate key elements of coal systems (such as paleoclimate, coal quality, and coal rank), but it does provide a general framework (stratigraphic units and general rock types) for the coal-bearing section. Also, cross section E-E' may be used as a reconnaissance tool to identify plausible geologic structures and strata for the subsurface storage of liquid waste (for example, Colton, 1961; Lloyd and Reid, 1990) or for the sequestration of carbon dioxide (for example, Smith and others, 2002; Lucier and others, 2006).","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sim2985","isbn":"9781411320093","usgsCitation":"Ryder, R., Swezey, C., Crangle, R., and Trippi, M.H., 2008, Geologic Cross Section E-E' through the Appalachian Basin from the Findlay Arch, Wood County, Ohio, to the Valley and Ridge Province, Pendleton County, West Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2985, Pamphlet: iv, 48 p.; 2 Sheets: Sheet 1 - 67 x 45 inches, Sheet 2 - 69 x 40 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim2985.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: iv, 48 p.; 2 Sheets: Sheet 1 - 67 x 45 inches, Sheet 2 - 69 x 40 inches","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":110774,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_83722.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"83722"},{"id":194194,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11408,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2985/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a86d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ryder, Robert T.","contributorId":77918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryder","given":"Robert T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swezey, Christopher S.","contributorId":52640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swezey","given":"Christopher S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crangle, Robert D. Jr.","contributorId":102948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crangle","given":"Robert D.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Trippi, Michael H. 0000-0002-1398-3427 mtrippi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1398-3427","contributorId":941,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trippi","given":"Michael","email":"mtrippi@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":82128,"text":"sim3007 - 2008 - Views of the Sea Floor in Northern Monterey Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:45","indexId":"sim3007","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3007","title":"Views of the Sea Floor in Northern Monterey Bay, California","docAbstract":"A sonar survey that produced unprecedented high-resolution images of the sea floor in northern Monterey Bay was conducted in 2005 and 2006. The survey, performed over 14 days by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), consisted of 172 tracklines and over 300 million soundings and covered an area of 12.2 km2 (4.7 mi2). The goals of this survey were to collect high-resolution bathymetry (depth to the sea floor) and acoustic backscatter data (amount of sound energy bounced back from the sea floor, which provides information on sea-floor hardness and texture) from the inner continental shelf. These data will provide a baseline for future change analyses, geologic mapping, sediment- and contaminant-transport studies, benthic-habitat delineation, and numerical modeling efforts. The survey shows that the inner shelf in this area is extremely varied in nature, encompassing flat sandy areas, faults, boulder fields, and complex bedrock ridges that support rich marine ecosystems. Furthermore, many of these complex bedrock ridges form the ?reefs? that result in a number of California?s classic surf breaks. ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sim3007","isbn":"9781411320925","usgsCitation":"Storlazzi, C., Golden, N., and Finlayson, D.P., 2008, Views of the Sea Floor in Northern Monterey Bay, California: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3007, Map Sheet: 48 x 36 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3007.","productDescription":"Map Sheet: 48 x 36 inches","costCenters":[{"id":645,"text":"Western Coastal and Marine Geology","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":110775,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_83733.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"83733"},{"id":195461,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11407,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3007/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.25,36.75 ], [ -122.25,37 ], [ -121.75,37 ], [ -121.75,36.75 ], [ -122.25,36.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db68582b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Storlazzi, Curt D. 0000-0001-8057-4490","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8057-4490","contributorId":77889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storlazzi","given":"Curt D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Golden, Nadine E.","contributorId":58356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Golden","given":"Nadine E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Finlayson, David P. dfinlayson@usgs.gov","contributorId":1381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finlayson","given":"David","email":"dfinlayson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":82124,"text":"sir20085076 - 2008 - Modeling hydrodynamics and heat transport in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, and implications for water quality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-27T13:24:16.101896","indexId":"sir20085076","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5076","title":"Modeling hydrodynamics and heat transport in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, and implications for water quality","docAbstract":"The three-dimensional numerical model UnTRIM was used to model hydrodynamics and heat transport in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, between mid-June and mid-September in 2005 and between mid-May and mid-October in 2006. Data from as many as six meteorological stations were used to generate a spatially interpolated wind field to use as a forcing function. Solar radiation, air temperature, and relative humidity data all were available at one or more sites. In general, because the available data for all inflows and outflows did not adequately close the water budget as calculated from lake elevation and stage-capacity information, a residual inflow or outflow was used to assure closure of the water budget.
Data used for calibration in 2005 included lake elevation at 3 water-level gages around the lake, water currents at 5 Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) sites, and temperature at 16 water-quality monitoring locations. The calibrated model accurately simulated the fluctuations of the surface of the lake caused by daily wind patterns. The use of a spatially variable surface wind interpolated from two sites on the lake and four sites on the shoreline generally resulted in more accurate simulation of the currents than the use of a spatially invariant surface wind as observed at only one site on the lake. The simulation of currents was most accurate at the deepest site (ADCP1, where the velocities were highest) using a spatially variable surface wind; the mean error (ME) and root mean square error (RMSE) for the depth-averaged speed over a 37-day simulation from July 26 to August 31, 2005, were 0.50 centimeter per second (cm/s) and 3.08 cm/s, respectively. Simulated currents at the remaining sites were less accurate and, in general, underestimated the measured currents. The maximum errors in simulated currents were at a site near the southern end of the trench at the mouth of Howard Bay (ADCP7), where the ME and RMSE in the depth-averaged speed were 3.02 and 4.38 cm/s, respectively. The range in ME of the temperature simulations over the same period was –0.94 to 0.73 degrees Celsius (°C), and the RMSE ranged from 0.43 to 1.12°C. The model adequately simulated periods of stratification in the deep trench when complete mixing did not occur for several days at a time.
The model was validated using boundary conditions and forcing functions from 2006 without changing any calibration parameters. A spatially variable wind was used. Data for the model validation periods in 2006 included lake elevation at 4 gages around the lake, currents collected at 2 ADCP sites, and temperature collected at 21 water-quality monitoring locations. Errors generally were larger than in 2005. ME and RMSE in the simulated velocity at ADCP1 were 2.30 cm/s and 3.88 cm/s, respectively, for the same 37-day simulation over which errors were computed for 2005. The ME in temperature over the same period ranged from –0.56 to 1.5°C and the RMSE ranged from 0.41 to 1.86°C.
Numerical experiments with conservative tracers were used to demonstrate the prevailing clockwise circulation patterns in the lake, and to show the influence of water from the deep trench located along the western shoreline of the lake on fish habitat in the northern part of the lake. Because water exiting the trench is split into two pathways, the numerical experiments indicate that bottom water from the trench has a stronger influence on water quality in the northern part of the lake, and surface water from the trench has a stronger influence on the southern part of the lake. This may be part of the explanation for why episodes of low dissolved oxygen tend to be more severe in the northern than in the southern part of the lake.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20085076","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Wood, T.M., Cheng, R.T., Gartner, J.W., Hoilman, G.R., Lindenberg, M.K., and Wellman, R.E., 2008, Modeling hydrodynamics and heat transport in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, and implications for water quality: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5076, vi, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085076.","productDescription":"vi, 49 p.","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195367,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11398,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5076/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":411058,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_83730.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Upper Klamath Lake","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.08333333333333,42.11666666666667 ], [ -122.08333333333333,42.61666666666667 ], [ -121.66666666666667,42.61666666666667 ], [ -121.66666666666667,42.11666666666667 ], [ -122.08333333333333,42.11666666666667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db61126d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wood, Tamara M. 0000-0001-6057-8080 tmwood@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6057-8080","contributorId":1164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"Tamara","email":"tmwood@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cheng, Ralph T.","contributorId":69134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cheng","given":"Ralph","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gartner, Jeffrey W.","contributorId":77524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gartner","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hoilman, Gene R.","contributorId":78413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoilman","given":"Gene","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lindenberg, Mary K.","contributorId":40290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindenberg","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wellman, Roy E. 0000-0003-4460-8918 rwellman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4460-8918","contributorId":1706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wellman","given":"Roy","email":"rwellman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":82118,"text":"ofr20081173 - 2008 - Hydrologic modeling strategy for the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, Africa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-23T13:42:20","indexId":"ofr20081173","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1173","title":"Hydrologic modeling strategy for the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, Africa","docAbstract":"The government of Mauritania is interested in how to maintain hydrologic balance to ensure a long-term stable water supply for minerals-related, domestic, and other purposes. Because of the many complicating and competing natural and anthropogenic factors, hydrologists will perform quantitative analysis with specific objectives and relevant computer models in mind. Whereas various computer models are available for studying water-resource priorities, the success of these models to provide reliable predictions largely depends on adequacy of the model-calibration process. Predictive analysis helps us evaluate the accuracy and uncertainty associated with simulated dependent variables of our calibrated model. In this report, the hydrologic modeling process is reviewed and a strategy summarized for future Mauritanian hydrologic modeling studies.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081173","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the World Bank, the Mauritania Ministry of Mines and Industry, and Futures Group","usgsCitation":"Friedel, M.J., 2008, Hydrologic modeling strategy for the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, Africa (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1173, iii, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081173.","productDescription":"iii, 20 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195524,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":341591,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1173/pdf/OF08-1173_508.pdf","text":"Report","size":"165.57 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":11392,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1173/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2de4b07f02db6142e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friedel, Michael J. 0000-0002-5060-3999 mfriedel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5060-3999","contributorId":595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedel","given":"Michael","email":"mfriedel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":82120,"text":"sir20085036 - 2008 - Concentrations and Loads of Selenium in Selected Tributaries to the Colorado River in the Grand Valley, Western Colorado, 2004-2006","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:49","indexId":"sir20085036","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5036","title":"Concentrations and Loads of Selenium in Selected Tributaries to the Colorado River in the Grand Valley, Western Colorado, 2004-2006","docAbstract":"The reach of the Colorado River from the Gunnison River confluence to the Utah Border, and tributaries in the Grand Valley, are on the State of Colorado 303(d) list of impaired water bodies because the concentrations of dissolved selenium in these streams exceed the State of Colorado chronic standard of 4.6 micrograms per liter at the 85th percentile level. In response to concerns raised by a local watershed initiative about the issue of selenium in the Grand Valley, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with Mesa County and the City of Grand Junction, developed a study to characterize and determine the sources of selenium and how these sources are related to changes in land use. \r\n\r\nThis report describes the methods and results of a study of concentrations and loads of selenium in three tributaries to the Colorado River in the Grand Valley. The study area consists of three subbasins, Persigo Wash, Adobe Creek, and Lewis Wash, each representing transitional agricultural to residential, agricultural, and residential land-use types, respectively. These subbasins represent different land-use types and the tributaries that drain each subbasin contribute moderate to high concentrations and loads of selenium to the Colorado River. Two synoptic-sampling events were conducted in each tributary to characterize variations in water quality during the nonirrigation season. Water samples were collected for analysis of dissolved selenium, total nitrogen, and total dissolved solids (salinity). Streamflow was measured by either the tracer-dilution or standard current-meter method. \r\n\r\nIn Persigo Wash selenium concentrations generally decreased or remained constant in a downstream direction whereas selenium loads increased. Effluent from the Persigo Wash wastewater treatment plant diluted selenium concentrations in Persigo Wash and increased the selenium load. The concentrations and loads of salinity and total nitrogen generally increased downstream in Persigo Wash. Concentrations and loads of selenium correlated well with concentrations and loads of total nitrogen (R2 = 0.80 and 0.83, respectively). Concentrations and loads of total nitrogen also correlated well with streamflow (R2 = 0.89 and 0.99, respectively). \r\n\r\nIn Adobe Creek concentrations and loads of selenium generally increased downstream. The largest selenium loads in Adobe Creek were observed between a 1.6-mile-long reach extending approximately from the Grand Valley Canal to the Main Line Grand Valley Canal, where selenium load increased 0.72 pounds per day. This reach accounted for about 81 percent of the total selenium load at the mouth of Adobe Creek (site AC1). Results from the synoptic sampling in Adobe Creek indicated that there was very little seasonal variation in selenium concentration during the nonirrigation season. Salinity concentrations were more variable than selenium concentrations during the nonirrigation season. The concentrations and loads of salinity and total nitrogen generally increased downstream. Concentrations and loads of selenium correlated well with concentrations and loads of total nitrogen (R2 = 0.89 and 0.98, respectively). Streamflow also was related to concentrations and loads of total nitrogen; results indicated a fair correlation for concentration (R2 = 0.51) and a good correlation for load (R2 = 0.95). \r\n\r\nIn Lewis Wash concentrations and loads of selenium generally increased downstream. Selenium concentrations measured in Lewis Wash were lower than those measured in Persigo Wash or Adobe Creek. Salinity concentrations were similar to those measured in Persigo Wash and Adobe Creek. Salinity concentrations were similar among sites during each synoptic-sampling event. Salinity loads in Lewis Wash were highest during the beginning of the nonirrigation season. Concentrations and loads of total nitrogen generally increased downstream. There was a fair correlation for selenium and total nitrogen concentration (R2 = 0.71). \r\n\r\nStep-trend analysis","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20085036","isbn":"9781411321687","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Mesa County and the City of Grand Junction","usgsCitation":"Leib, K.J., 2008, Concentrations and Loads of Selenium in Selected Tributaries to the Colorado River in the Grand Valley, Western Colorado, 2004-2006 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5036, vi, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085036.","productDescription":"vi, 36 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121217,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2008_5036.jpg"},{"id":11394,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5036/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -109.08333333333333,38.9 ], [ -109.08333333333333,39.4 ], [ -108.25,39.4 ], [ -108.25,38.9 ], [ -109.08333333333333,38.9 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699dbe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leib, Kenneth J. 0000-0002-0373-0768 kjleib@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0373-0768","contributorId":701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leib","given":"Kenneth","email":"kjleib@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":295783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":82121,"text":"ofr20081108 - 2008 - Hydrocarbon Source Rocks in the Deep River and Dan River Triassic Basins, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-08T10:54:56","indexId":"ofr20081108","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1108","title":"Hydrocarbon Source Rocks in the Deep River and Dan River Triassic Basins, North Carolina","docAbstract":"This report presents an interpretation of the hydrocarbon source rock potential of the Triassic sedimentary rocks of the Deep River and Dan River basins, North Carolina, based on previously unpublished organic geochemistry data. The organic geochemical data, 87 samples from 28 drill holes, are from the Sanford sub-basin (Cumnock Formation) of the Deep River basin, and from the Dan River basin (Cow Branch Formation). The available organic geochemical data are biased, however, because many of the samples collected for analyses by industry were from drill holes that contained intrusive diabase dikes, sills, and sheets of early Mesozoic age. These intrusive rocks heated and metamorphosed the surrounding sediments and organic matter in the black shale and coal bed source rocks and, thus, masked the source rock potential that they would have had in an unaltered state. In places, heat from the intrusives generated over-mature vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) profiles and metamorphosed the coals to semi-anthracite, anthracite, and coke. The maximum burial depth of these coal beds is unknown, and depth of burial may also have contributed to elevated thermal maturation profiles. \r\n\r\nThe organic geochemistry data show that potential source rocks exist in the Sanford sub-basin and Dan River basin and that the sediments are gas prone rather than oil prone, although both types of hydrocarbons were generated. Total organic carbon (TOC) data for 56 of the samples are greater than the conservative 1.4% TOC threshold necessary for hydrocarbon expulsion. Both the Cow Branch Formation (Dan River basin) and the Cumnock Formation (Deep River basin, Sanford sub-basin) contain potential source rocks for oil, but they are more likely to have yielded natural gas. The organic material in these formations was derived primarily from terrestrial Type III woody (coaly) material and secondarily from lacustrine Type I (algal) material. Both the thermal alteration index (TAI) and vitrinite reflectance data (%Ro) indicate levels of thermal maturity suitable for generation of hydrocarbons.\r\n\r\nThe genetic potential of the source rocks in these Triassic basins is moderate to high and many source rock sections have at least some potential for hydrocarbon generation. Some data for the Cumnock Formation indicate a considerably higher source rock potential than the basin average, with S1 + S2 data in the mid-20 mg HC/g sample range, and some hydrocarbons have been generated. This implies that the genetic potential for all of these strata may have been higher prior to the igneous activity. However, the intergranular porosity and permeability of the Triassic strata are low, which makes fractured reservoirs more attractive as drilling targets.\r\n\r\nIn some places, gravity and magnetic surveys that are used to locate buried intrusive rock may identify local thermal sources that have facilitated gas generation. Alternatively, awareness of the distribution of large intrusive igneous bodies at depth may direct exploration into other areas, where thermal maturation is less than the limits of hydrocarbon destruction. Areas prospective for natural gas also contain large surficial clay resources and any gas discovered could be used as fuel for local industries that produce clay products (principally brick), as well as fuel for other local industries.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081108","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the North Carolina Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Reid, J.C., and Milici, R.C., 2008, Hydrocarbon Source Rocks in the Deep River and Dan River Triassic Basins, North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1108, iv, 27 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081108.","productDescription":"iv, 27 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195158,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11395,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov//of/2008/1108/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Dan River Basin, Deep River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.716552734375,\n 34.92197103616377\n ],\n [\n -78.848876953125,\n 36.518465989675875\n ],\n [\n -77.05810546875,\n 36.55377524336089\n ],\n [\n -79.541015625,\n 34.66032236481892\n ],\n [\n -79.6728515625,\n 34.8047829195724\n ],\n [\n -80.782470703125,\n 34.82282272723702\n ],\n [\n -80.716552734375,\n 34.92197103616377\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db62a232","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reid, Jeffrey C.","contributorId":66799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Milici, Robert C. rmilici@usgs.gov","contributorId":563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milici","given":"Robert","email":"rmilici@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}