{"pageNumber":"898","pageRowStart":"22425","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40797,"records":[{"id":81820,"text":"cir1320 - 2008 - Report of the Federal Advisory Committee on the Bird Banding Laboratory","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:30","indexId":"cir1320","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1320","title":"Report of the Federal Advisory Committee on the Bird Banding Laboratory","docAbstract":"In the fall of 2005, the Directors of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) determined that to ensure that the Bird Banding Laboratory (BBL) of the USGS maintains and continues its important support of conservation and management of birds, it should be guided by a clear vision for the future. In order to carry out this task, they impaneled a fourteen-member Federal Advisory Committee (FAC) on the Bird Banding Laboratory. It was made up of representatives of the broad bird-banding community, public and private, and was cochaired by a senior representative from each agency. The Committee met four times and a writing subgroup met three times over the course of its work.\r\n\r\nThe Committee identified a new vision and mission for the BBL and identified six goals that it believes should be integral to the development of a strategic plan to achieve them. Those goals are:\r\n\r\n1. Facilitate the identification of individual birds through marking. \r\n2. Create automated, electronic systems that efficiently verify, accept, store, and manage data associated with individually marked birds. \r\n3. Facilitate access to and use of data from marked birds for science, conservation, and management. \r\n4. Administer permits in an efficient, timely, and modern manner, and use them to ensure that bird welfare and data quality remain top priorities. \r\n5. Work closely with national and international partners to achieve the mission of the BBL. \r\n6. Manage the BBL in an efficient, cost-effective manner to maximize use of available resources.\r\n\r\nMost of the report is structured around these goals.\r\n\r\nThe Committee made 2 programmatic recommendations and identified 23 objectives and 58 specific recommendations. The programmatic recommendations are: (1) that the primary role of the BBL is and should continue to be to support the use of banding and banding data by researchers and managers engaged in science, conservation, and management of birds, and not to play a lead role in original research; and (2) that the BBL be managed nationally by USGS headquarters as a research and operational support unit and provided with the resources appropriate to its national and international\r\nfunctions and responsibilities; it should continue to be located physically at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center (PWRC).\r\n\r\nIn order to achieve its vision and mission, the Committee believes that the BBL must work towards achieving all of the recommendations in this report. Nevertheless, it identified five objectives\r\nthat stand out as high priority, and they are as follows:\r\n\r\n*Objective 1.1?to ensure a continuing, adequate supply of high-quality, Federally issued numeric bands of required sizes, materials, and types; \r\n*Objective 2.1?to improve mechanisms for verifying, accepting, storing, and managing bird-banding data; \r\n*Objective 2.3?to accommodate recapture data; \r\n*Objective 4.1?to ensure through the permitting process that banders know how to safely handle birds, collect data accurately, and maintain birds in humane and healthful conditions; and \r\n*Objective 5.3?to encourage the development of banding programs in Latin America and the Caribbean.\r\n\r\nFinally, this Committee believes that the BBL will be well served if it continues to support a Federal Advisory Committee, composed similarly to this one, to continue offering guidance and direction from the broad bird-banding community.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/cir1320","isbn":"9781411320321","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with The Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, National Flyway Council, Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, The Institute for Bird Populations, Colorado State University, Canadian Wildlife Service, National Audubon Society, Ducks Unlimited, The Wildlife Society, The Ornithological Council, North American Banding Council, The Conservation Fund, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and Pheasants Forever","usgsCitation":"Haseltine, S.D., Schmidt, P.R., Bales, B.D., Bonter, D.N., DeSante, D.F., Doherty, P., Francis, C., Green, P.T., Howes, L., James, D.L., Lament, J.J., Lancia, R.A., Paul, E.I., Ralph, C.J., Rogers, J.G., and Young, R.E., 2008, Report of the Federal Advisory Committee on the Bird Banding Laboratory: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1320, iv, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1320.","productDescription":"iv, 20 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195280,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11381,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/circ1320/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c668","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haseltine, Susan D.","contributorId":76837,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haseltine","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schmidt, Paul R.","contributorId":73298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bales, Bradley D.","contributorId":61119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bales","given":"Bradley","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bonter, David N.","contributorId":87645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bonter","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"DeSante, David F.","contributorId":49065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeSante","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Doherty, Paul F.","contributorId":107000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doherty","given":"Paul F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Francis, Charles M.","contributorId":14529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Francis","given":"Charles M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Green, Paul T.","contributorId":98406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Howes, Lesley-Anne","contributorId":68846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howes","given":"Lesley-Anne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"James, Daniel L.","contributorId":93987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"James","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Lament, J. Jasper","contributorId":11296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lament","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Jasper","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Lancia, Richard A.","contributorId":14073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lancia","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Paul, Ellen I.","contributorId":19248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paul","given":"Ellen","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Ralph, C. John","contributorId":71284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ralph","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Rogers, John G.","contributorId":11297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogers","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Young, Richard E.","contributorId":41102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16}]}}
,{"id":81825,"text":"sir20085035 - 2008 - Simulations of ground-water flow and particle pathline analysis in the zone of contribution of a public-supply well in Modesto, eastern San Joaquin Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-12T20:05:47.301281","indexId":"sir20085035","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5035","title":"Simulations of ground-water flow and particle pathline analysis in the zone of contribution of a public-supply well in Modesto, eastern San Joaquin Valley, California","docAbstract":"Shallow ground water in the eastern San Joaquin Valley is affected by high nitrate and uranium concentrations and frequent detections of pesticides and volatile organic compounds (VOC), as a result of ground-water development and intensive agricultural and urban land use. A single public-supply well was selected for intensive study to evaluate the dominant processes affecting the vulnerability of public-supply wells in the Modesto area. A network of 23 monitoring wells was installed, and water and sediment samples were collected within the approximate zone of contribution of the public-supply well, to support a detailed analysis of physical and chemical conditions and processes affecting the water chemistry in the well. A three-dimensional, steady-state local ground-water-flow and transport model was developed to evaluate the age of ground water reaching the well and to evaluate the vulnerability of the well to nonpoint source input of nitrate and uranium. Particle tracking was used to compute pathlines and advective travel times in the ground-water flow model. The simulated ages of particles reaching the public-supply well ranged from 9 to 30,000 years, with a median of 54 years. The age of the ground water contributed to the public-supply well increased with depth below the water table. Measured nitrate concentrations, derived primarily from agricultural fertilizer, were highest (17 milligrams per liter) in shallow ground water and decreased with depth to background concentrations of less than 2 milligrams per liter in the deepest wells. Because the movement of water is predominantly downward as a result of ground-water development, and because geochemical conditions are generally oxic, high nitrate concentrations in shallow ground water are expected to continue moving downward without significant attenuation. Simulated long-term nitrate concentrations indicate that concentrations have peaked and will decrease in the public-supply well during the next 100 years because of the low nitrate concentrations in recharge beneath the urban area and the increasing proportion of urban-derived ground water reaching the well. The apparent lag time between peak input concentrations and peak concentrations in the well is about 20 to 30 years. Measured uranium concentrations were also highest (45 micrograms per liter) in shallow ground water, and decreased with depth to background concentrations of about 0.5 microgram per liter. Naturally-occurring uranium adsorbed to aquifer sediments is mobilized by oxygen-rich, high-alkalinity water. Alkalinity increased in shallow ground water in response to agricultural development. As ground-water pumping increased in the 1940s and 1950s, this alkaline water moved downward through the ground-water flow system, mobilizing the uranium adsorbed to aquifer sediments. Ground water with high alkalinity and high uranium concentrations is expected to continue to move deeper in the system, resulting in increased uranium concentrations with depth in ground water. Because alkalinity (and correspondingly uranium) concentrations were high in shallow ground water beneath both the urban and the agricultural land, long-term uranium concentrations in the public-supply well are expected to increase as the proportion of uranium-affected water contributed to the well increases. Assuming that the alkalinity near the water table remains the same, the simulation of long-term alkalinity in the public-supply well indicates that uranium concentrations in the public-supply well will likely approach the maximum contaminant level; however, the time to reach this level is more than 100 years because of the significant proportion of old, unaffected water at depth that is contributed to the public-supply well.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20085035","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with National Water-Quality Assessment Program, Transport of Anthropogenic and Natural Contaminants (TANC) to Public-Supply Wells","usgsCitation":"Burow, K.R., Jurgens, B., Kauffman, L.J., Phillips, S.P., Dalgish, B.A., and Shelton, J.L., 2008, Simulations of ground-water flow and particle pathline analysis in the zone of contribution of a public-supply well in Modesto, eastern San Joaquin Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5035, viii, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085035.","productDescription":"viii, 41 p.","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195603,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11388,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5035/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":406553,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_83699.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Modesto","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.124267578125,\n              37.61423141542417\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.85784912109375,\n              37.61423141542417\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.85784912109375,\n              37.76637243960179\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.124267578125,\n              37.76637243960179\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.124267578125,\n              37.61423141542417\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db60444b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burow, Karen R. 0000-0001-6006-6667 krburow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6006-6667","contributorId":1504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burow","given":"Karen","email":"krburow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jurgens, Bryant C. 0000-0002-1572-113X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1572-113X","contributorId":22454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jurgens","given":"Bryant C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kauffman, Leon J. 0000-0003-4564-0362 lkauff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4564-0362","contributorId":1094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauffman","given":"Leon","email":"lkauff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Phillips, Steven P. 0000-0002-5107-868X sphillip@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5107-868X","contributorId":1506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Steven","email":"sphillip@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dalgish, Barbara A.","contributorId":51402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dalgish","given":"Barbara","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Shelton, Jennifer L. 0000-0001-8508-0270 jshelton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8508-0270","contributorId":1155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shelton","given":"Jennifer","email":"jshelton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":81824,"text":"sir20085029 - 2008 - Development, Testing, and Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analyses of a Transport and Reaction Simulation Engine (TaRSE) for Spatially Distributed Modeling of Phosphorus in South Florida Peat Marsh Wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:42","indexId":"sir20085029","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5029","title":"Development, Testing, and Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analyses of a Transport and Reaction Simulation Engine (TaRSE) for Spatially Distributed Modeling of Phosphorus in South Florida Peat Marsh Wetlands","docAbstract":"Alterations to the predevelopment delivery of water and nutrients into the Everglades of southern Florida have been occurring for nearly a century. Major regional drainage projects, large-scale agricultural development, and changes to the hydrology of the Kissimmee River-Lake Okeechobee watershed have resulted in substantial phosphorus transport increases by surface waters. Excess phosphorus has accumulated in the soils of northern Everglades marshes to levels that have impaired the natural resources of the region. Regulations now limit the amount of phosphorous that enters the Everglades through an extensive network of water-control structures. \r\n     This study involved the development and application of water-quality modeling components that may be applied to existing hydrologic models of southern Florida to evaluate the effects of different management scenarios. The result of this work is a spatially distributed water-quality model for phosphorus transport and cycling in wetlands. The model solves the advection-dispersion equation on an unstructured triangular mesh and incorporates a wide range of user-selectable mechanisms for phosphorus uptake and release parameters. In general, the phosphorus model contains transfers between stores; examples of stores that can be included are soil, water column (solutes), pore water, macrophytes, suspended solids (plankton), and biofilm. Examples of transfers are growth, senescence, settling, diffusion, and so forth, described with first order, second order, and Monod types of transformations. Local water depths and velocities are determined from an existing two-dimensional, overland-flow hydrologic model. The South Florida Water Management District Regional Simulation Model was used in this study.\r\n     The model is applied to three case studies: intact cores of wetland soils with water, outdoor mesocosoms, and a large constructed wetland; namely, Cell 4 of Stormwater Treatment Area 1 West (STA-1W Cell 4). Different levels of complexity in the phosphorus cycling mechanisms were simulated in these case studies using different combinations of phosphorus reaction equations. Changes in water column phosphorus concentrations observed under the controlled conditions of laboratory incubations, and mesocosm studies were reproduced with model simulations. Short-term phosphorus flux rates and changes in phosphorus storages were within the range of values reported in the literature, whereas unknown rate constants were used to calibrate the model output. \r\n     In STA-1W Cell 4, the dominant mechanism for phosphorus flow and transport is overland flow. Over many life cycles of the biological components, however, soils accrue and become enriched in phosphorus. Inflow total phosphorus concentrations and flow rates for the period between 1995 and 2000 were used to simulate Cell 4 phosphorus removal, outflow concentrations, and soil phosphorus enrichment over time. This full-scale application of the model successfully incorporated parameter values derived from the literature and short-term experiments, and reproduced the observed long-term outflow phosphorus concentrations and increased soil phosphorus storage within the system. \r\n     A global sensitivity and uncertainty analysis of the model was performed using modern techniques such as a qualitative screening tool (Morris method) and the quantitative, variance-based, Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Test (FAST) method. These techniques allowed an in-depth exploration of the effect of model complexity and flow velocity on model outputs. Three increasingly complex levels of possible application to southern Florida were studied corresponding to a simple soil pore-water and surface-water system (level 1), the addition of plankton (level 2), and of macrophytes (level 3). In the analysis for each complexity level, three surface-water velocities were considered that each correspond to residence times for the selected area (1-kilometer long) of 2, 10, and 20 ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20085029","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the South Florida Water Management District","usgsCitation":"Jawitz, J.W., Munoz-Carpena, R., Muller, S., Grace, K.A., and James, A.I., 2008, Development, Testing, and Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analyses of a Transport and Reaction Simulation Engine (TaRSE) for Spatially Distributed Modeling of Phosphorus in South Florida Peat Marsh Wetlands: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5029, viii, 109 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085029.","productDescription":"viii, 109 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":275,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194664,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11387,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5029/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -81,26.25 ], [ -81,27 ], [ -80,27 ], [ -80,26.25 ], [ -81,26.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65dd97","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jawitz, James W.","contributorId":66725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jawitz","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Munoz-Carpena, Rafael","contributorId":66290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Munoz-Carpena","given":"Rafael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Muller, Stuart","contributorId":35413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muller","given":"Stuart","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grace, Kevin A.","contributorId":44249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"James, Andrew I.","contributorId":66724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"James","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70209978,"text":"70209978 - 2008 - Late Pleistocene through Holocene landscape evolution of the White River Badlands, South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-12T11:46:34.756579","indexId":"70209978","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-01T12:36:16","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Late Pleistocene through Holocene landscape evolution of the White River Badlands, South Dakota","docAbstract":"<p>Badlands are common arid and semiarid landscapes long recognized in slope development and erosion rate studies by preeminent geomorphologists including Gilbert, Davis, and Schumm. The trip described here will examine in detail Quaternarystrata and landscape evolution in arguably the most famous badlands, the White River Badlands of South Dakota, which were pivotal during development of vertebrate paleontology in North America. Geologists have collected fossils from the White River Group there nearly every field season since the mid-1800s; however, until recently, little work was reported on the extensively exposed Quaternary strata. The White River Badlands are also a proposed dust source for the widespread PeoriaLoess of the Central Great Plains. The research highlighted on this trip includes (1) luminescence and radiocarbon ages from late Pleistocene through Holocene eolian sand, (2) radiocarbon ages from Holocene eolian cliff-top deposits, (3) luminescenceages from late Pleistocene fluvial silts, (4) radiocarbon ages of late Holocene fluvial silts, and (5) cosmogenic ages on ventifacts from the adjoining upper prairie. These new studies will facilitate discussions, including (1) late Quaternary paleoenvironments,(2) late Quaternary fluvial incision rates and episodes, (3) up-wind sediment supply of late Quaternary nonglaciogenic loess, (4) landscape evolution spanning late Pleistocene tableland through late Holocene sod table development, and (5) modern erosion-pedimentation rates.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":" Roaming the Rocky Mountains and environs: Geological field trips: Geological Society of America Field Guide 10","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"","usgsCitation":"Burkhart, P.A., Livingston, J., Rawling, J., Hanson, P.R., Mahan, S.A., Benton, R., Heffron, E., Jahn, M., Anderson, T., and Page, B., 2008, Late Pleistocene through Holocene landscape evolution of the White River Badlands, South Dakota, chap. <i>of</i>  Roaming the Rocky Mountains and environs: Geological field trips: Geological Society of America Field Guide 10, p. 235-248, https://doi.org/.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"235","endPage":"248","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374544,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":374645,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/909/chapter/4666985/Late-Pleistocene-through-Holocene-landscape"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","otherGeospatial":"White River Badlands","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -102.66311645507812,\n              43.425995886628485\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.8267822265625,\n              43.425995886628485\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.8267822265625,\n              44.08265280537317\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.66311645507812,\n              44.08265280537317\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.66311645507812,\n              43.425995886628485\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burkhart, Patrick A.","contributorId":224600,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burkhart","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Livingston, Jack","contributorId":224601,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Livingston","given":"Jack","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rawling, J. E. III","contributorId":35048,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rawling","given":"J. E.","suffix":"III","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hanson, Paul R.","contributorId":35214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mahan, Shannon A. 0000-0001-5214-7774 smahan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5214-7774","contributorId":147159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahan","given":"Shannon","email":"smahan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Benton, Rachel","contributorId":22614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benton","given":"Rachel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Heffron, Erin 0000-0002-0989-0121","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0989-0121","contributorId":221053,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heffron","given":"Erin","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12667,"text":"University of New Hampshire","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":788672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Jahn, Michael","contributorId":224602,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jahn","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Anderson, Travis","contributorId":196542,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anderson","given":"Travis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Page, Bryan","contributorId":224603,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Page","given":"Bryan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":70177682,"text":"70177682 - 2008 - Parasites in food webs: the ultimate missing links","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-27T10:19:59","indexId":"70177682","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1466,"text":"Ecology Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Parasites in food webs: the ultimate missing links","docAbstract":"<p><span>Parasitism is the most common consumer strategy among organisms, yet only recently has there been a call for the inclusion of infectious disease agents in food webs. The value of this effort hinges on whether parasites affect food-web properties. Increasing evidence suggests that parasites have the potential to uniquely alter food-web topology in terms of chain length, connectance and robustness. In addition, parasites might affect food-web stability, interaction strength and energy flow. Food-web structure also affects infectious disease dynamics because parasites depend on the ecological networks in which they live. Empirically, incorporating parasites into food webs is straightforward. We may start with existing food webs and add parasites as nodes, or we may try to build food webs around systems for which we already have a good understanding of infectious processes. In the future, perhaps researchers will add parasites while they construct food webs. Less clear is how food-web theory can accommodate parasites. This is a deep and central problem in theoretical biology and applied mathematics. For instance, is representing parasites with complex life cycles as a single node equivalent to representing other species with ontogenetic niche shifts as a single node? Can parasitism fit into fundamental frameworks such as the niche model? Can we integrate infectious disease models into the emerging field of dynamic food-web modelling? Future progress will benefit from interdisciplinary collaborations between ecologists and infectious disease biologists.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01174.x","usgsCitation":"Lafferty, K.D., Allesina, S., Arim, M., Briggs, C.J., De Leo, G.A., Dobson, A.P., Dunne, J.A., Johnson, P.T., Kuris, A.M., Marcogliese, D.J., Martinez, N.D., Memmott, J., Marquet, P.A., McLaughlin, J.P., Mordecai, E.A., Pascual, M., Poulin, R., and Thieltges, D.W., 2008, Parasites in food webs: the ultimate missing links: Ecology Letters, v. 11, no. 6, p. 533-546, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01174.x.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"533","endPage":"546","ipdsId":"IP-010339","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476606,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01174.x","text":"External Repository"},{"id":330169,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-05-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5809d7c4e4b0f497e78fca7a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lafferty, Kevin D. 0000-0001-7583-4593 klafferty@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7583-4593","contributorId":1415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lafferty","given":"Kevin","email":"klafferty@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":651578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Allesina, Stefano","contributorId":68023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allesina","given":"Stefano","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Arim, Matias","contributorId":176064,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Arim","given":"Matias","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Briggs, Cherie J.","contributorId":176065,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Briggs","given":"Cherie","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"De Leo, Giulio A.","contributorId":146323,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"De Leo","given":"Giulio","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6986,"text":"Stanford University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":651582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dobson, Andrew P.","contributorId":63693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dobson","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Dunne, Jennifer A.","contributorId":28538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunne","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Johnson, Pieter T.J.","contributorId":28508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Pieter","email":"","middleInitial":"T.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Kuris, Armand M.","contributorId":54332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuris","given":"Armand","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Marcogliese, David J.","contributorId":175161,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Marcogliese","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Martinez, Neo D.","contributorId":86270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martinez","given":"Neo","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Memmott, Jane","contributorId":175162,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Memmott","given":"Jane","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Marquet, Pablo A.","contributorId":176066,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Marquet","given":"Pablo","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"McLaughlin, John P.","contributorId":17153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLaughlin","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Mordecai, Eerin A.","contributorId":46882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mordecai","given":"Eerin","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Pascual, Mercedes","contributorId":81239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pascual","given":"Mercedes","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Poulin, Robert","contributorId":106813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poulin","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Thieltges, David W.","contributorId":56163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thieltges","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18}]}}
,{"id":70176275,"text":"70176275 - 2008 - Mechanisms of plant survival and mortality during drought: Why do some plants survive while others succumb to drought?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-23T11:06:15","indexId":"70176275","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2863,"text":"New Phytologist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mechanisms of plant survival and mortality during drought: Why do some plants survive while others succumb to drought?","docAbstract":"<p><span>Severe droughts have been associated with regional-scale forest mortality worldwide. Climate change is expected to exacerbate regional mortality events; however, prediction remains difficult because the physiological mechanisms underlying drought survival and mortality are poorly understood. We developed a hydraulically based theory considering carbon balance and insect resistance that allowed development and examination of hypotheses regarding survival and mortality. Multiple mechanisms may cause mortality during drought. A common mechanism for plants with isohydric regulation of water status results from avoidance of drought-induced hydraulic failure via stomatal closure, resulting in carbon starvation and a cascade of downstream effects such as reduced resistance to biotic agents. Mortality by hydraulic failure </span><i>per se</i><span> may occur for isohydric seedlings or trees near their maximum height. Although anisohydric plants are relatively drought-tolerant, they are predisposed to hydraulic failure because they operate with narrower hydraulic safety margins during drought. Elevated temperatures should exacerbate carbon starvation and hydraulic failure. Biotic agents may amplify and be amplified by drought-induced plant stress. Wet multidecadal climate oscillations may increase plant susceptibility to drought-induced mortality by stimulating shifts in hydraulic architecture, effectively predisposing plants to water stress. Climate warming and increased frequency of extreme events will probably cause increased regional mortality episodes. Isohydric and anisohydric water potential regulation may partition species between survival and mortality, and, as such, incorporating this hydraulic framework may be effective for modeling plant survival and mortality under future climate conditions.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02436.x","usgsCitation":"McDowell, N.G., Pockman, W.T., Allen, C.D., Breshears, D.D., Cobb, N., Kolb, T., Plaut, J., Sperry, J., West, A., Williams, D.G., and Yepez, E.A., 2008, Mechanisms of plant survival and mortality during drought: Why do some plants survive while others succumb to drought?: New Phytologist, v. 178, no. 4, p. 719-739, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02436.x.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"719","endPage":"739","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476605,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02436.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":328290,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"178","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-04-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57cfe8b7e4b04836416a0dde","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McDowell, Nate G.","contributorId":46839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDowell","given":"Nate","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":648996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pockman, William T.","contributorId":174380,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pockman","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":648997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Allen, Craig D. 0000-0002-8777-5989 craig_allen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8777-5989","contributorId":2597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Craig","email":"craig_allen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":648998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Breshears, David D.","contributorId":51620,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Breshears","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":648999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cobb, Neil","contributorId":108016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cobb","given":"Neil","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kolb, Thomas","contributorId":174381,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kolb","given":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Plaut, Jennifer","contributorId":174382,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Plaut","given":"Jennifer","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Sperry, John","contributorId":174383,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sperry","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"West, Adam","contributorId":174384,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"West","given":"Adam","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Williams, David G.","contributorId":64345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Yepez, Enrico A.","contributorId":32621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yepez","given":"Enrico","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}}
,{"id":70179525,"text":"70179525 - 2008 - Spatial elements of mortality risk in old-growth forests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-04T11:36:02","indexId":"70179525","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial elements of mortality risk in old-growth forests","docAbstract":"<p>For many species of long-lived organisms, such as trees, survival appears to be the most critical vital rate affecting population persistence. However, methods commonly used to quantify tree death, such as relating tree mortality risk solely to diameter growth, almost certainly do not account for important spatial processes. Our goal in this study was to detect and, if present, to quantify the relevance of such processes. For this purpose, we examined purely spatial aspects of mortality for four species, <span class=\"genusSpeciesInfoAsset\">Abies concolor</span>, <span class=\"genusSpeciesInfoAsset\">Abies magnifica</span>, <span class=\"genusSpeciesInfoAsset\">Calocedrus decurrens</span>, and <span class=\"genusSpeciesInfoAsset\">Pinus lambertiana</span>, in an old-growth conifer forest in the Sierra Nevada of California, USA. The analysis was performed using data from nine fully mapped long-term monitoring plots.</p><p>In three cases, the results unequivocally supported the inclusion of spatial information in models used to predict mortality. For <span class=\"genusSpeciesInfoAsset\">Abies concolor</span>, our results suggested that growth rate may not always adequately capture increased mortality risk due to competition. We also found evidence of a facilitative effect for this species, with mortality risk decreasing with proximity to conspecific neighbors. For <span class=\"genusSpeciesInfoAsset\">Pinus lambertiana</span>, mortality risk increased with density of conspecific neighbors, in keeping with a mechanism of increased pathogen or insect pressure (i.e., a Janzen-Connell type effect). Finally, we found that models estimating risk of being crushed were strongly improved by the inclusion of a simple index of spatial proximity.</p><p>Not only did spatial indices improve models, those improvements were relevant for mortality prediction. For <span class=\"genusSpeciesInfoAsset\">P. lambertiana</span>, spatial factors were important for estimation of mortality risk regardless of growth rate. For <span class=\"genusSpeciesInfoAsset\">A. concolor</span>, although most of the population fell within spatial conditions in which mortality risk was well described by growth, trees that died occurred outside those conditions in a disproportionate fashion. Furthermore, as stands of <span class=\"genusSpeciesInfoAsset\">A. concolor</span> become increasingly dense, such spatial factors are likely to become increasingly important. In general, models that fail to account for spatial pattern are at risk of failure as conditions change.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/07-0524.1","usgsCitation":"Das, A., Battles, J., van Mantgem, P.J., and Stephenson, N.L., 2008, Spatial elements of mortality risk in old-growth forests: Ecology, v. 89, no. 6, p. 1744-1756, https://doi.org/10.1890/07-0524.1.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1744","endPage":"1756","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332855,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"586e182fe4b0f5ce109fcb19","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Das, Adrian","contributorId":73935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Das","given":"Adrian","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Battles, John","contributorId":21064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battles","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"van Mantgem, Phillip J. 0000-0002-3068-9422 pvanmantgem@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3068-9422","contributorId":2838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Mantgem","given":"Phillip","email":"pvanmantgem@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":657568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stephenson, Nathan L. 0000-0003-0208-7229 nstephenson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0208-7229","contributorId":2836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephenson","given":"Nathan","email":"nstephenson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":657569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":81322,"text":"ofr20081138 - 2008 - Inventory and review of existing PRISM hydrogeologic data for the Islamic Republic of  Mauritania, Africa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-23T13:44:57","indexId":"ofr20081138","displayToPublicDate":"2008-05-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1138","title":"Inventory and review of existing PRISM hydrogeologic data for the Islamic Republic of  Mauritania, Africa","docAbstract":"The USGS entered into an agreement with the Mauritania Ministry of Mines and Industry to inventory and review the quality of information collected as part of the Project for Strengthening of the Institutions in the Mining Sector (PRISM). Whereas the PRISM program collected geophysical, geochemical, geological, satellite, and hydrogeologic information, this report focuses on an inventory and review of available hydrogeologic data provided to the USGS in multiple folders, files, and formats. Most of the information pertained to the hydrogeologic setting and the water budget of evaporation, evapotranspiration, and precipitation in the Choum-Zouerate area in northwestern Mauritania, and the country of Mauritania itself. Other information about the quantity and quality of groundwater was found in the relational Access database. In its present form, the limited hydrogeologic information was not amenable to conducting water balance, geostatistical, and localized numerical modeling studies in support of mineral exploration and development. Suggestions are provided to remedy many of the data's shortcomings, such as performing quality assurance on all SIPPE2 data tables and sending questionnaires to appropriate agencies, mining and other companies to populate the database with additional meteorology, hydrology, and groundwater data.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081138","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the World Bank, the Mauritania Ministry of Mines and Industry, and Futures Group","usgsCitation":"Friedel, M.J., 2008, Inventory and review of existing PRISM hydrogeologic data for the Islamic Republic of  Mauritania, Africa (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1138, vii, 69 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081138.","productDescription":"vii, 69 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195345,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":341593,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1138/pdf/OF08-1138.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":11371,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1138/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4824e4b07f02db4e2cd0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friedel, Michael J. 0000-0002-5060-3999 mfriedel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5060-3999","contributorId":595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedel","given":"Michael","email":"mfriedel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":81330,"text":"sir20085037 - 2008 - Burial History, Thermal Maturity, and Oil and Gas Generation History of Source Rocks in the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming and Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:46","indexId":"sir20085037","displayToPublicDate":"2008-05-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5037","title":"Burial History, Thermal Maturity, and Oil and Gas Generation History of Source Rocks in the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming and Montana","docAbstract":"Burial history, thermal maturity, and timing of oil and gas generation were modeled for seven key source-rock units at eight well locations throughout the Bighorn Basin in Wyoming and Montana. Also modeled was the timing of cracking to gas of Phosphoria Formation-sourced oil in the Permian Park City Formation reservoirs at two well locations. Within the basin boundary, the Phosphoria is thin and only locally rich in organic carbon; it is thought that the Phosphoria oil produced from Park City and other reservoirs migrated from the Idaho-Wyoming thrust belt. Other petroleum source rocks include the Cretaceous Thermopolis Shale, Mowry Shale, Frontier Formation, Cody Shale, Mesaverde and Meeteetse Formations, and the Tertiary (Paleocene) Fort Union Formation.\r\n\r\nLocations (wells) selected for burial history reconstructions include three in the deepest parts of the Bighorn Basin (Emblem Bench, Red Point/Husky, and Sellers Draw), three at intermediate depths (Amoco BN 1, Santa Fe Tatman, and McCulloch Peak), and two at relatively shallow locations (Dobie Creek and Doctor Ditch). The thermal maturity of source rocks is greatest in the deep central part of the basin and decreases to the south, east, and north toward the basin margins. The Thermopolis and Mowry Shales are predominantly gas-prone source rocks, containing a mix of Type-III and Type-II kerogens. The Frontier, Cody, Mesaverde, Meeteetse, and Fort Union Formations are gas-prone source rocks containing Type-III kerogen. Modeling results indicate that in the deepest areas, (1) the onset of petroleum generation from Cretaceous rocks occurred from early Paleocene through early Eocene time, (2) peak petroleum generation from Cretaceous rocks occurred during Eocene time, and (3) onset of gas generation from the Fort Union Formation occurred during early Eocene time and peak generation occurred from late Eocene to early Miocene time. Only in the deepest part of the basin did the oil generated from the Thermopolis and Mowry Shales start generating gas from secondary cracking, which occurred in the late Eocene to Miocene. Also, based on modeling results, gas generation from the cracking of Phosphoria oil reservoired in the Park City Formation began in the late Eocene in the deep part of the basin but did not anywhere reach peak generation.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20085037","isbn":"9781411321229","usgsCitation":"Roberts, L.N., Finn, T.M., Lewan, M., and Kirschbaum, M.A., 2008, Burial History, Thermal Maturity, and Oil and Gas Generation History of Source Rocks in the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming and Montana (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5037, iv, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085037.","productDescription":"iv, 28 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125734,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2008_5037.jpg"},{"id":11379,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5037/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -110,43.25 ], [ -110,45.5 ], [ -106.5,45.5 ], [ -106.5,43.25 ], [ -110,43.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f997f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roberts, Laura N.R.","contributorId":79530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"Laura","email":"","middleInitial":"N.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Finn, Thomas M. 0000-0001-6396-9351 finn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6396-9351","contributorId":778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"Thomas","email":"finn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lewan, Michael D. mlewan@usgs.gov","contributorId":940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewan","given":"Michael D.","email":"mlewan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":295231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kirschbaum, Mark A.","contributorId":25112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirschbaum","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":81319,"text":"sir20085070 - 2008 - Modeling Water Temperature in the Yakima River, Washington, from Roza Diversion Dam to Prosser Dam, 2005-06","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:27","indexId":"sir20085070","displayToPublicDate":"2008-05-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5070","title":"Modeling Water Temperature in the Yakima River, Washington, from Roza Diversion Dam to Prosser Dam, 2005-06","docAbstract":"A mechanistic water-temperature model was constructed by the U.S. Geological Survey for use by the Bureau of Reclamation for studying the effect of potential water management decisions on water temperature in the Yakima River between Roza and Prosser, Washington. Flow and water temperature data for model input were obtained from the Bureau of Reclamation Hydromet database and from measurements collected by the U.S. Geological Survey during field trips in autumn 2005. Shading data for the model were collected by the U.S. Geological Survey in autumn 2006. The model was calibrated with data collected from April 1 through October 31, 2005, and tested with data collected from April 1 through October 31, 2006. Sensitivity analysis results showed that for the parameters tested, daily maximum water temperature was most sensitive to changes in air temperature and solar radiation. Root mean squared error for the five sites used for model calibration ranged from 1.3 to 1.9 degrees Celsius (?C) and mean error ranged from ?1.3 to 1.6?C. The root mean squared error for the five sites used for testing simulation ranged from 1.6 to 2.2?C and mean error ranged from 0.1 to 1.3?C.\r\n\r\nThe accuracy of the stream temperatures estimated by the model is limited by four errors (model error, data error, parameter error, and user error).","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20085070","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Voss, F.D., Curran, C.A., and Mastin, M.C., 2008, Modeling Water Temperature in the Yakima River, Washington, from Roza Diversion Dam to Prosser Dam, 2005-06: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5070, vi, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085070.","productDescription":"vi, 43 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2005-04-01","temporalEnd":"2006-10-31","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195159,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11367,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5070/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -121.75,45.916666666666664 ], [ -121.75,47.75 ], [ -119,47.75 ], [ -119,45.916666666666664 ], [ -121.75,45.916666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db6999d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Voss, Frank D. fdvoss@usgs.gov","contributorId":1651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voss","given":"Frank","email":"fdvoss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Curran, Christopher A. 0000-0001-8933-416X ccurran@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8933-416X","contributorId":1650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curran","given":"Christopher","email":"ccurran@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mastin, Mark C. 0000-0003-4018-7861 mcmastin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4018-7861","contributorId":1652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastin","given":"Mark","email":"mcmastin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":81318,"text":"sir20085071 - 2008 - Conceptual Model of Hydrologic and Thermal Conditions of the Eastbank Aquifer System near Rocky Reach Dam, Douglas County, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:28","indexId":"sir20085071","displayToPublicDate":"2008-05-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5071","title":"Conceptual Model of Hydrologic and Thermal Conditions of the Eastbank Aquifer System near Rocky Reach Dam, Douglas County, Washington","docAbstract":"The Lower and Combined Aquifers of the Eastbank Aquifer system, located in a river-terrace deposit along the Columbia River near Rocky Reach Dam, Washington, are primarily recharged by the Columbia River and provide water to the Eastbank Hatchery and the regional water system servicing the cities of Wenatchee, East Wenatchee, and parts of unincorporated Chelan and Douglas Counties. In 2006, mean annual pumpage from the aquifers by the hatchery and regional water system was about 43 and 16 cubic feet per second, respectively. Reportedly, temperatures of ground water pumped by the hatchery have been increasing, thereby making water potentially too warm for salmonid fish production. An evaluation of hourly ground-water and river temperatures from January 1991 through August 2007 indicates increasing interannual trends in temperatures in most of the Lower and Combined Aquifers from 1999 through 2006 that correspond to increasing trends in the annual mean and annual maximum river temperatures during the same period of 0.07 and 0.17?C per year, respectively. There were no trends in the annual minimum river temperatures from 1999 through 2006, and there were no trends in the annual minimum, mean, and maximum river temperatures from 1991 through 1998 and from 1991 through 2007. Increases in river temperatures from 1999 through 2006 are within the natural variability of the river temperatures. \r\n\r\nMost of the Lower and Combined Aquifers reached thermal equilibrium?defined by constant time lags between changes in river temperatures and subsequent changes in ground-water temperatures?during 1991?98. The only exceptions are the Combined Aquifer north of the well field of the regional water system, which had not reached thermal equilibrium by 2006, and the Lower Aquifer west of the well fields of the hatchery and the regional water system, which reached thermal equilibrium prior to 1991. Because most of the Lower and Combined Aquifers were in thermal equilibrium from 1999 through 2006 and seasonal pumpage patterns were relatively stable, reported trends of increasing temperatures of water pumped by the hatchery well field are most likely explained by increasing trends in river temperatures. Most of the water pumped by the hatchery well field recharges in an area west to southwest of the well field about 2 months prior to the time it is pumped from the aquifer. The northern extent of the hatchery well field may pump some colder water from a bedrock depression to the north and west of the well field. The conceptual model of hydrologic and thermal conditions is supported by analyses of historical water temperatures, water-level data collected on July 18, 2007, and dissolved-constituent and bacterial concentrations in samples collected on August 20?22, 2007.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20085071","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Public Utility District No. 1 of Chelan County","usgsCitation":"van Heeswijk, M., Cox, S.E., Huffman, R.L., and Curran, C.A., 2008, Conceptual Model of Hydrologic and Thermal Conditions of the Eastbank Aquifer System near Rocky Reach Dam, Douglas County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5071, viii, 67 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085071.","productDescription":"viii, 67 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1991-01-01","temporalEnd":"2007-08-31","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125705,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2008_5071.jpg"},{"id":11354,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5071/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -120.41666666666667,47.333333333333336 ], [ -120.41666666666667,48 ], [ -119.75,48 ], [ -119.75,47.333333333333336 ], [ -120.41666666666667,47.333333333333336 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db698453","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"van Heeswijk, Marijke heeswijk@usgs.gov","contributorId":1537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Heeswijk","given":"Marijke","email":"heeswijk@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":295196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cox, Stephen E. 0000-0001-6614-8225 secox@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6614-8225","contributorId":1642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"Stephen","email":"secox@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Huffman, Raegan L. 0000-0001-8523-5439 rhuffman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8523-5439","contributorId":1638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huffman","given":"Raegan","email":"rhuffman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Curran, Christopher A. 0000-0001-8933-416X ccurran@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8933-416X","contributorId":1650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curran","given":"Christopher","email":"ccurran@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":81303,"text":"ofr20081150 - 2008 - The ShakeOut Scenario","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-17T16:47:52","indexId":"ofr20081150","displayToPublicDate":"2008-05-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1150","title":"The ShakeOut Scenario","docAbstract":"This is the initial publication of the results of a cooperative project to examine the implications of a major earthquake in southern California. The study comprised eight counties: Imperial, Kern, Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, San Diego, and Ventura. Its results will be used as the basis of an emergency response and preparedness exercise, the Great Southern California ShakeOut, and for this purpose we defined our earthquake as occurring at 10:00 a.m. on November 13, 2008. As members of the southern California community use the ShakeOut Scenario to plan and execute the exercise, we anticipate discussion and feedback. This community input will be used to refine our assessment and will lead to a formal publication in early 2009. \r\n\r\nOur goal in the ShakeOut Scenario is to identify the physical, social and economic consequences of a major earthquake in southern California and in so doing, enable the users of our results to identify what they can change now?before the earthquake?to avoid catastrophic impact after the inevitable earthquake occurs. To do so, we had to determine the physical damages (casualties and losses) caused by the earthquake and the impact of those damages on the region?s social and economic systems. To do this, we needed to know about the earthquake ground shaking and fault rupture. So we first constructed an earthquake, taking all available earthquake research information, from trenching and exposed evidence of prehistoric earthquakes, to analysis of instrumental recordings of large earthquakes and the latest theory in earthquake source physics. We modeled a magnitude (M) 7.8 earthquake on the southern San Andreas Fault, a plausible event on the fault most likely to produce a major earthquake. This information was then fed forward into the rest of the ShakeOut Scenario. \r\n\r\nThe damage impacts of the scenario earthquake were estimated using both HAZUS-MH and expert opinion through 13 special studies and 6 expert panels, and fall into four categories: building damages, non-structural damages, damage to lifelines and infrastructure, and fire losses. The magnitude 7.8 ShakeOut earthquake is modeled to cause about 1800 deaths and $213 billion of economic losses. These numbers are as low as they are because of aggressive retrofitting programs that have increased the seismic resistance of buildings, highways and lifelines, and economic resiliency. These numbers are as large as they are because much more retrofitting could still be done. \r\n\r\nThe earthquake modeled here may never happen. Big earthquakes on the San Andreas Fault are inevitable, and by geologic standards extremely common, but probably will not be exactly like this one. The next very damaging earthquake could easily be on another fault. However, lessons learned from this particular event apply to many other events and could provide benefits in many possible future events.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081150","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Jones, L.M., Bernknopf, R., Cox, D., Goltz, J., Hudnut, K., Mileti, D., Perry, S., Ponti, D., Porter, K., Reichle, M., Seligson, H., Shoaf, K., Treiman, J., and Wein, A., 2008, The ShakeOut Scenario (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1150, iv, 308 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081150.","productDescription":"iv, 308 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195742,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11340,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1150/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -121.5,32 ], [ -121.5,36 ], [ -114,36 ], [ -114,32 ], [ -121.5,32 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a968","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, Lucile M. jones@usgs.gov","contributorId":1014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Lucile","email":"jones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bernknopf, Richard","contributorId":51701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bernknopf","given":"Richard","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cox, Dale","contributorId":6151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"Dale","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Goltz, James","contributorId":23243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goltz","given":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hudnut, Kenneth","contributorId":106998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudnut","given":"Kenneth","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mileti, Dennis","contributorId":80374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mileti","given":"Dennis","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Perry, Suzanne","contributorId":11295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"Suzanne","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Ponti, Daniel","contributorId":84457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ponti","given":"Daniel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Porter, Keith","contributorId":28689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porter","given":"Keith","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Reichle, Michael","contributorId":23954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reichle","given":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Seligson, Hope","contributorId":65564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seligson","given":"Hope","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Shoaf, Kimberley","contributorId":31487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shoaf","given":"Kimberley","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Treiman, Jerry","contributorId":22058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Treiman","given":"Jerry","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Wein, Anne 0000-0002-5516-3697 awein@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5516-3697","contributorId":589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wein","given":"Anne","email":"awein@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}}
,{"id":81304,"text":"cir1324 - 2008 - The ShakeOut Earthquake Scenario— A story that southern Californians are writing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-19T20:56:34.582719","indexId":"cir1324","displayToPublicDate":"2008-05-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1324","title":"The ShakeOut Earthquake Scenario— A story that southern Californians are writing","docAbstract":"The question is not if but when southern California will be hit by a major earthquake - one so damaging that it will permanently change lives and livelihoods in the region. How severe the changes will be depends on the actions that individuals, schools, businesses, organizations, communities, and governments take to get ready. To help prepare for this event, scientists of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) have changed the way that earthquake scenarios are done, uniting a multidisciplinary team that spans an unprecedented number of specialties. The team includes the California Geological Survey, Southern California Earthquake Center, and nearly 200 other partners in government, academia, emergency response, and industry, working to understand the long-term impacts of an enormous earthquake on the complicated social and economic interactions that sustain southern California society. This project, the ShakeOut Scenario, has applied the best current scientific understanding to identify what can be done now to avoid an earthquake catastrophe. More information on the science behind this project will be available in The ShakeOut Scenario (USGS Open-File Report 2008-1150; http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1150/). \r\n\r\nThe 'what if?' earthquake modeled in the ShakeOut Scenario is a magnitude 7.8 on the southern San Andreas Fault. Geologists selected the details of this hypothetical earthquake by considering the amount of stored strain on that part of the fault with the greatest risk of imminent rupture. From this, seismologists and computer scientists modeled the ground shaking that would occur in this earthquake. Engineers and other professionals used the shaking to produce a realistic picture of this earthquake's damage to buildings, roads, pipelines, and other infrastructure. From these damages, social scientists projected casualties, emergency response, and the impact of the scenario earthquake on southern California's economy and society. The earthquake, its damages, and resulting losses are one realistic outcome, deliberately not a worst-case scenario, rather one worth preparing for and mitigating against. \r\n\r\nDecades of improving the life-safety requirements in building codes have greatly reduced the risk of death in earthquakes, yet southern California's economic and social systems are still vulnerable to large-scale disruptions. Because of this, the ShakeOut Scenario earthquake would dramatically alter the nature of the southern California community. Fortunately, steps can be taken now that can change that outcome and repay any costs many times over. The ShakeOut Scenario is the first public product of the USGS Multi-Hazards Demonstration Project, created to show how hazards science can increase a community's resiliency to natural disasters through improved planning, mitigation, and response.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir1324","isbn":"9781411321373","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Perry, S., Cox, D., Jones, L., Bernknopf, R., Goltz, J., Hudnut, K., Mileti, D., Ponti, D., Porter, K., Reichle, M., Seligson, H., Shoaf, K., Treiman, J., and Wein, A., 2008, The ShakeOut Earthquake Scenario— A story that southern Californians are writing (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1324, iv, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1324.","productDescription":"iv, 16 p.","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195130,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11341,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1324/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":388201,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_83700.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -121.5,32 ], [ -121.5,36 ], [ -114,36 ], [ -114,32 ], [ -121.5,32 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a975","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perry, Suzanne","contributorId":11295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"Suzanne","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cox, Dale","contributorId":6151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"Dale","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jones, Lucile","contributorId":9639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Lucile","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bernknopf, Richard","contributorId":51701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bernknopf","given":"Richard","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Goltz, James","contributorId":23243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goltz","given":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hudnut, Kenneth","contributorId":106998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudnut","given":"Kenneth","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Mileti, Dennis","contributorId":80374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mileti","given":"Dennis","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Ponti, Daniel","contributorId":84457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ponti","given":"Daniel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Porter, Keith","contributorId":28689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porter","given":"Keith","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Reichle, Michael","contributorId":23954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reichle","given":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Seligson, Hope","contributorId":65564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seligson","given":"Hope","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Shoaf, Kimberley","contributorId":31487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shoaf","given":"Kimberley","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Treiman, Jerry","contributorId":22058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Treiman","given":"Jerry","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Wein, Anne 0000-0002-5516-3697 awein@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5516-3697","contributorId":589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wein","given":"Anne","email":"awein@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}}
,{"id":81296,"text":"sir20085041 - 2008 - Spatial Distribution of Ground-Water Recharge Estimated with a Water-Budget Method for the Jordan Creek Watershed, Lehigh County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:25","indexId":"sir20085041","displayToPublicDate":"2008-05-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5041","title":"Spatial Distribution of Ground-Water Recharge Estimated with a Water-Budget Method for the Jordan Creek Watershed, Lehigh County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"This report presents the results of a study by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Geological Survey, to illustrate a water-budget method for mapping the spatial distribution of ground-water recharge for a 76-square-mile part of the Jordan Creek watershed, northwest of Allentown, in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania. Recharge was estimated by using the Hydrological Evaluation of Landfill Performance (HELP) water-budget model for 577 landscape units in Jordan Creek watershed, delineated on the basis of their soils, land use/land cover, and mean annual precipitation during 1951-2000. The water-budget model routes precipitation falling on each landscape unit to components of evapotranspiration, surface runoff, storage, and vertical percolation (recharge) for a five-layer soil column on a daily basis. The spatial distribution of mean annual recharge during 1951-2000 for each landscape unit was mapped by the use of a geographic information system.\r\n\r\nRecharge simulated by the water-budget model in Jordan Creek watershed during 1951-2000 averaged 12.3 inches per year and ranged by landscape unit from 0.11 to 17.05 inches per year. Mean annual recharge during 1951-2000 simulated by the water-budget model was most sensitive to changes to input values for precipitation and runoff-curve number. \r\n\r\nMean annual recharge values for the crop, forest, pasture, and low-density urban land-use/land-cover classes were similar (11.2 to 12.2 inches per year) but were substantially less for high-density urban (6.8 inches per year), herbaceous wetlands (2.5 inches per year), and forested wetlands (1.3 inches per year). Recharge rates simulated for the crop, forest, pasture, and low-density urban land-cover classes were similar because those land-use/land-cover classes are represented in the model with parameter values that either did not significantly affect simulated recharge or tended to have offsetting effects on recharge. For example, for landscapes with forest land cover, values of runoff-curve number assigned to the model were smaller than for other land-use/land-cover classes (causing more recharge and less runoff), but the maximum depth of evapotranspiration was larger than for other land-use/ land-cover classes because of deeper root penetration in forests (causing more evapotranspiration and less recharge). The smaller simulated recharge for high-density urban and wetland land-use/land-cover classes was caused by the large values of runoff-curve number (greater than 90) assigned to those classes. The large runoff-curve number, however, certainly is not realistic for all wetlands; some wetlands act as areas of ground-water discharge and some as areas of recharge. \r\n\r\nSimulated mean annual recharge computed by the water-budget model for the 53-square-mile part of the watershed upstream from the streamflow-gaging station near Schnecksville was compared to estimates of recharge and base flow determined by analysis of streamflow records from 1967 to 2000. The mean annual recharge of 12.4 inches per year simulated by the water-budget method for 1967-2000 was less than estimates of mean annual recharge of 19.3 inches per year computed from the RORA computer program and base flow computed by the PART computer program (15.1 inches per year). \r\n\r\nIn theory, the water-budget method provides a practical tool for estimating differences in recharge at local scales of interest, and the watershed- average recharge rate of 12.4 inches per year computed by the method is reasonable. However, the mean annual surface runoff of 4.5 inches per year simulated by the model is unrealistically small. The sum of surface runoff and recharge simulated by the water-budget model (16.9 inches per year) is 7 inches per year less than the streamflow measured at the gaging station near Schnecksville (23.9 inches per year) during 1967-2000, indicating that evapotranspiration is overestimated by the water-budget model by that amount. This discrepancy ca","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20085041","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Geological Survey and Natural Resources Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey","usgsCitation":"Risser, D.W., 2008, Spatial Distribution of Ground-Water Recharge Estimated with a Water-Budget Method for the Jordan Creek Watershed, Lehigh County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5041, Report: vi, 26 p.; Appendix (Excel), https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085041.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 26 p.; Appendix (Excel)","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195490,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11338,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5041/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -76,40.25 ], [ -76,41 ], [ -75,41 ], [ -75,40.25 ], [ -76,40.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fc087","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Risser, Dennis W. 0000-0001-9597-5406 dwrisser@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9597-5406","contributorId":898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Risser","given":"Dennis","email":"dwrisser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":81278,"text":"sir20085079 - 2008 - Comparisons of Simulated Hydrodynamics and Water Quality for Projected Demands in 2046, Pueblo Reservoir, Southeastern Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:42","indexId":"sir20085079","displayToPublicDate":"2008-05-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5079","title":"Comparisons of Simulated Hydrodynamics and Water Quality for Projected Demands in 2046, Pueblo Reservoir, Southeastern Colorado","docAbstract":"Pueblo Reservoir is one of southeastern Colorado's most valuable water resources. The reservoir provides irrigation, municipal, and industrial water to various entities throughout the region. The reservoir also provides flood control, recreational activities, sport fishing, and wildlife enhancement to the region. The Bureau of Reclamation is working to meet its goal to issue a Final Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) on the Southern Delivery System project (SDS). SDS is a regional water-delivery project that has been proposed to provide a safe, reliable, and sustainable water supply through the foreseeable future (2046) for Colorado Springs, Fountain, Security, and Pueblo West. Discussions with the Bureau of Reclamation and the U.S. Geological Survey led to a cooperative agreement to simulate the hydrodynamics and water quality of Pueblo Reservoir. This work has been completed and described in a previously published report, U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5056. Additionally, there was a need to make comparisons of simulated hydrodynamics and water quality for projected demands associated with the various EIS alternatives and plans by Pueblo West to discharge treated water into the reservoir. Plans by Pueblo West are fully independent of the SDS project.\r\n\r\nThis report compares simulated hydrodynamics and water quality for projected demands in Pueblo Reservoir resulting from changes in inflow and water quality entering the reservoir, and from changes to withdrawals from the reservoir as projected for the year 2046. Four of the seven EIS alternatives were selected for scenario simulations. The four U.S. Geological Survey simulation scenarios were the No Action scenario (EIS Alternative 1), the Downstream Diversion scenario (EIS Alternative 2), the Upstream Return-Flow scenario (EIS Alternative 4), and the Upstream Diversion scenario (EIS Alternative 7). Additionally, the results of an Existing Conditions scenario (water years 2000 through 2002) were compared to the No Action scenario (projected demands in 2046) to assess changes in water quality over time. All scenario modeling used an external nutrient-decay model to simulate degradation and assimilation of nutrients along the riverine reach upstream from Pueblo Reservoir. \r\n\r\nReservoir modeling was conducted using the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers CE-QUAL-W2 two-dimensional water-quality model. Lake hydrodynamics, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, dissolved solids, dissolved ammonia, dissolved nitrate, total phosphorus, algal biomass, and total iron were simulated. Two reservoir site locations were selected for comparison. Results of simulations at site 3B were characteristic of a riverine environment in the reservoir while results at site 7B (near the dam) were characteristic of the main body of the reservoir. Simulation results for the epilimnion and hypolimnion at these two sites also were evaluated and compared. The simulation results in the hypolimnion at site 7B were indicative of the water quality leaving the reservoir. \r\n\r\nComparisons of the different scenario results were conducted to assess if substantial differences were observed between selected scenarios. Each of the scenarios was simulated for three contiguous years representing a wet, average, and dry annual hydrologic cycle (water years 2000 through 2002). Additionally, each selected simulation scenario was evaluated for differences in direct- and cumulative-effects on a particular scenario. Direct effects are intended to isolate the future effects of the scenarios. Cumulative effects are intended to evaluate the effects of the scenarios in conjunction with all reasonably foreseeable future activities in the study area. \r\n\r\nComparisons between the direct- and cumulative-effects analyses indicated that there were not large differences in the results between most of the simulation scenarios and, as such, the focus of this report was on results for the direct-effects analysis. Addi","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20085079","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Colorado Springs Utilities and the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Ortiz, R.F., Galloway, J.M., Miller, L.D., and Mau, D.P., 2008, Comparisons of Simulated Hydrodynamics and Water Quality for Projected Demands in 2046, Pueblo Reservoir, Southeastern Colorado (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5079, xii, 122 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085079.","productDescription":"xii, 122 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121178,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2008_5079.jpg"},{"id":11319,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5079/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -105.5,38.1 ], [ -105.5,38.9 ], [ -104.4,38.9 ], [ -104.4,38.1 ], [ -105.5,38.1 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ee4b07f02db6aa675","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ortiz, Roderick F. rfortiz@usgs.gov","contributorId":1126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ortiz","given":"Roderick","email":"rfortiz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Galloway, Joel M. 0000-0002-9836-9724 jgallowa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9836-9724","contributorId":1562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galloway","given":"Joel","email":"jgallowa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, Lisa D. 0000-0002-3523-0768 ldmiller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3523-0768","contributorId":1125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Lisa","email":"ldmiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mau, David P. dpmau@usgs.gov","contributorId":457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mau","given":"David","email":"dpmau@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":295043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":81276,"text":"sir20085075 - 2008 - Modeling Water-Surface Elevations and Virtual Shorelines for the Colorado River in Grand Canyon, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-02T15:05:06.630683","indexId":"sir20085075","displayToPublicDate":"2008-05-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5075","displayTitle":"Modeling water-surface elevations and virtual shorelines for the Colorado River in Grand Canyon, Arizona","title":"Modeling Water-Surface Elevations and Virtual Shorelines for the Colorado River in Grand Canyon, Arizona","docAbstract":"Using widely-available software intended for modeling rivers, a new one-dimensional hydraulic model was developed for the Colorado River through Grand Canyon from Lees Ferry to Diamond Creek. Solving one-dimensional equations of energy and continuity, the model predicts stage for a known steady-state discharge at specific locations, or cross sections, along the river corridor. This model uses 2,680 cross sections built with high-resolution digital topography of ground locations away from the river flowing at a discharge of 227 m3/s; synthetic bathymetry was created for topography submerged below the 227 m3/s water surface. The synthetic bathymetry was created by adjusting the water depth at each cross section up or down until the model?s predicted water-surface elevation closely matched a known water surface. This approach is unorthodox and offers a technique to construct one-dimensional hydraulic models of bedrock-controlled rivers where bathymetric data have not been collected. An analysis of this modeling approach shows that while effective in enabling a useful model, the synthetic bathymetry can differ from the actual bathymetry. The known water-surface profile was measured using elevation data collected in 2000 and 2002, and the model can simulate discharges up to 5,900 m3/s. In addition to the hydraulic model, GIS-based techniques were used to estimate virtual shorelines and construct inundation maps.\r\n\r\nThe error of the hydraulic model in predicting stage is within 0.4 m for discharges less than 1,300 m3/s. Between 1,300-2,500 m3/s, the model accuracy is about 1.0 m, and for discharges between 2,500-5,900 m3/s, the model accuracy is on the order of 1.5 m.\r\n\r\nIn the absence of large floods on the flow-regulated Colorado River in Grand Canyon, the new hydraulic model and the accompanying inundation maps are a useful resource for researchers interested in water depths, shorelines, and stage-discharge curves for flows within the river corridor with 2002 topographic conditions.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20085075","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center","usgsCitation":"Magirl, C.S., Breedlove, M.J., Webb, R., and Griffiths, P.G., 2008, Modeling Water-Surface Elevations and Virtual Shorelines for the Colorado River in Grand Canyon, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5075, vi, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085075.","productDescription":"vi, 32 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":49157,"text":"Rocky Mountain Regional Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195735,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11317,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5075/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River, Grand Canyon","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -112.16666666666667,35.166666666666664 ], [ -112.16666666666667,37.166666666666664 ], [ -109.16666666666667,37.166666666666664 ], [ -109.16666666666667,35.166666666666664 ], [ -112.16666666666667,35.166666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db6999c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Magirl, Christopher S. 0000-0002-9922-6549 magirl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9922-6549","contributorId":1822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magirl","given":"Christopher","email":"magirl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Breedlove, Michael J.","contributorId":31491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breedlove","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Webb, Robert H. rhwebb@usgs.gov","contributorId":1573,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Webb","given":"Robert H.","email":"rhwebb@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":12625,"text":"School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":295039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Griffiths, Peter G. 0000-0002-8663-8907 pggriffi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8663-8907","contributorId":187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffiths","given":"Peter","email":"pggriffi@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":295038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70236956,"text":"70236956 - 2008 - Noise in GPS displacement measurements from southern California and southern Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-22T16:33:34.445297","indexId":"70236956","displayToPublicDate":"2008-05-16T11:29:17","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Noise in GPS displacement measurements from southern California and southern Nevada","docAbstract":"<p><span>Time series of position changes estimated from data from 236 continuously recording GPS receivers operating in Southern California and Southern Nevada are evaluated for noise models that characterize their temporal correlations. The lengths of the time series range between 3.5 and 10 years. After adjusting these data for postseismic deformation, offsets, and annual periodicities, I find that about one-half of the time series have temporal correlations that are categorized as either flicker or random-walk noise. The remaining time series can be best categorized as either a combination of flicker and random-walk; power law noise; first-order Gauss-Markov plus random-walk noise; or power law plus broadband, seasonal noise. A variety of geodetic monuments are used in Southern California and Nevada, including deeply braced designs, cement piers, pins drilled in outcrop, and buildings. When I evaluate the noise for each time series in terms of an estimate of the standard error in velocity, I find that the sites with the smallest errors are those located in Nevada using deeply braced monuments. Sites that are installed within regions of active pumping, both for groundwater and oil, had the largest standard errors in velocity. Comparison of monument stability, as measured by standard error in rate, with average, annual rainfall nearby indicates a marginally significant correlation. In addition, even though regional filtering removed much of the common-mode signals in these time series, there still remains a common-mode seasonal signal which can and should be removed.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2007JB005247","usgsCitation":"Langbein, J.O., 2008, Noise in GPS displacement measurements from southern California and southern Nevada: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 113, no. B5, B05405, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JB005247.","productDescription":"B05405, 12 p.","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476607,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2007jb005247","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":407218,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123.00292968749999,\n              32.509761735919426\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.08203125,\n              32.509761735919426\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.08203125,\n              39.87601941962116\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.00292968749999,\n              39.87601941962116\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.00292968749999,\n              32.509761735919426\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"113","issue":"B5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-05-16","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langbein, John O. 0000-0002-7821-8101 langbein@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7821-8101","contributorId":3293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langbein","given":"John","email":"langbein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":852804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":81262,"text":"sir20085020 - 2008 - Availability, sustainability, and suitability of ground water, Rogers Mesa, Delta County, Colorado: Types of analyses and data for use in subdivision water-supply reports","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-13T21:34:52.204051","indexId":"sir20085020","displayToPublicDate":"2008-05-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5020","title":"Availability, sustainability, and suitability of ground water, Rogers Mesa, Delta County, Colorado: Types of analyses and data for use in subdivision water-supply reports","docAbstract":"<p>The population of Delta County, Colorado, like that in much of the Western United States, is forecast to increase substantially in the next few decades. A substantial portion of the increased population likely will reside in rural subdivisions and use residential wells for domestic water supplies. In Colorado, a subdivision developer is required to submit a water-supply plan through the county for approval by the Colorado Division of Water Resources. If the water supply is to be provided by wells, the water-supply plan must include a water-supply report. The water-supply report demonstrates the availability, sustainability, and suitability of the water supply for the proposed subdivision. During 2006, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with Delta County, Colorado, began a study to develop criteria that the Delta County Land Use Department can use to evaluate water-supply reports for proposed subdivisions.</p><p>A table was prepared that lists the types of analyses and data that may be needed in a water-supply report for a water-supply plan that proposes the use of ground water. A preliminary analysis of the availability, sustainability, and suitability of the ground-water resources of Rogers Mesa, Delta County, Colorado, was prepared for a hypothetical subdivision to demonstrate hydrologic analyses and data that may be needed for water-supply reports for proposed subdivisions.</p><p>Rogers Mesa is a 12-square-mile upland mesa located along the north side of the North Fork Gunnison River about 15 miles east of Delta, Colorado. The principal land use on Rogers Mesa is irrigated agriculture, with about 5,651 acres of irrigated cropland, grass pasture, and orchards. The principal source of irrigation water is surface water diverted from the North Fork Gunnison River and Leroux Creek. The estimated area of platted subdivisions on or partially on Rogers Mesa in 2007 was about 4,792 acres of which about 2,756 acres was irrigated land in 2000.</p><p>The principal aquifer on Rogers Mesa consists of alluvial-fan deposits that overlie shale and, locally, sandstone. Maps of the base of the aquifer, the water table, and the saturated thickness of the aquifer were prepared from data from the well files of the Colorado Division of Water Resources. The base of the aquifer generally is topographically higher than the valleys of the North Fork Gunnison River and Leroux Creek, and direct hydraulic connection of the aquifer to North Fork Gunnison River and Leroux Creek is limited. The aquifer is recharged primarily by infiltration of surface water diverted for irrigation. Ground water discharges to seeps and springs and through slope deposits at the boundaries of the aquifer. Data from the well files also were used to estimate the specific capacity of wells and to estimate the transmissivity and hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer.</p><p>A water budget was used to estimate recharge to and discharge from the aquifer. Although storage within the aquifer likely varies seasonally and from year to year, it was assumed that there were no long-term changes in ground-water storage. Estimated average annual recharge to and discharge from the aquifer during November 1998 through October 2006 were about 30,767 acre-feet per year. Although sufficient ground water is available on Rogers Mesa for additional domestic water supplies, conversion of irrigated land to residential land use likely would reduce recharge to the aquifer, affecting the sustainability of ground-water supplies on Rogers Mesa. Stream-depletion analyses indicate that the ground water in the aquifer likely would be considered tributary ground water and additional uses of ground water to supply new subdivisions likely would require implementation of augmentation plans.</p><p>Although sufficient ground water is available on Rogers Mesa for additional domestic water supplies, conversion of irrigated land to residential land use likely would reduce recharge to the aquifer, affecting the sustainability of ground-water supplies on Rogers Mesa. Stream-depletion analyses indicate that the ground water in the aquifer likely would be considered tributary ground water and additional uses of ground water to supply new subdivisions likely would require implementation of augmentation plans.</p><p>Although the dissolved solids and dissolved sulfate concentrations in ground water from Rogers Mesa aquifer commonly exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Secondary Maximum Contaminant Levels for drinking-water supplies, the quality of ground water from the aquifer generally is suitable for residential use. Concentrations of total nitrogen (nitrite plus nitrate, as nitrogen) in ground water ranged from 0.38 to 3.2 milligrams per liter and were less than the State of Colorado maximum contaminant level of 10 milligrams per liter. Concentrations of selenium from seeps and springs at the boundaries of the aquifer commonly exceeded 50 micrograms per liter, the State of Colorado maximum contaminant level for drinking-water supplies.</p><p>This preliminary evaluation of ground-water supplies on Rogers Mesa could be improved with the collection of additional data including: additional mapping of hydrogeologic features; more accurate locations and altitudes of wells; accurate estimates of water-budget components; measurements of ground-water levels; and collection and analyses of ground-water samples. The use of numerical models of ground-water flow could improve evaluations of the potential effects of changes in land and water use on the water budget, aquifer storage, stream depletion, and well interference.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20085020","isbn":"9781411321311","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Delta County, Colorado","usgsCitation":"Watts, K.R., 2008, Availability, sustainability, and suitability of ground water, Rogers Mesa, Delta County, Colorado: Types of analyses and data for use in subdivision water-supply reports: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5020, vi, 54 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085020.","productDescription":"vi, 54 p.","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":430167,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_83598.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":11303,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5020/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":121189,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2008_5020.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Delta County","otherGeospatial":"Rogers Mesa","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -108.25,38.666666666666664 ], [ -108.25,39.083333333333336 ], [ -107.41666666666667,39.083333333333336 ], [ -107.41666666666667,38.666666666666664 ], [ -108.25,38.666666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64ae96","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watts, Kenneth R. krwatts@usgs.gov","contributorId":1647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watts","given":"Kenneth","email":"krwatts@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":81271,"text":"sir20085056 - 2008 - Simulation of Hydrodynamics and Water Quality in Pueblo Reservoir, Southeastern Colorado, for 1985 through 1987 and 1999 through 2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:51","indexId":"sir20085056","displayToPublicDate":"2008-05-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5056","title":"Simulation of Hydrodynamics and Water Quality in Pueblo Reservoir, Southeastern Colorado, for 1985 through 1987 and 1999 through 2002","docAbstract":"Pueblo Reservoir is west of Pueblo, Colorado, and is an important water resource for southeastern Colorado. The reservoir provides irrigation, municipal, and industrial water to various entities throughout the region. In anticipation of increased population growth, the cities of Colorado Springs, Fountain, Security, and Pueblo West have proposed building a pipeline that would be capable of conveying 78 million gallons of raw water per day (240 acre-feet) from Pueblo Reservoir. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with Colorado Springs Utilities and the Bureau of Reclamation, developed, calibrated, and verified a hydrodynamic and water-quality model of Pueblo Reservoir to describe the hydrologic, chemical, and biological processes in Pueblo Reservoir that can be used to assess environmental effects in the reservoir.\r\n\r\nHydrodynamics and water-quality characteristics in Pueblo Reservoir were simulated using a laterally averaged, two-dimensional model that was calibrated using data collected from October 1985 through September 1987. The Pueblo Reservoir model was calibrated based on vertical profiles of water temperature and dissolved-oxygen concentration, and water-quality constituent concentrations collected in the epilimnion and hypolimnion at four sites in the reservoir. The calibrated model was verified with data from October 1999 through September 2002, which included a relatively wet year (water year 2000), an average year (water year 2001), and a dry year (water year 2002).\r\n\r\nSimulated water temperatures compared well to measured water temperatures in Pueblo Reservoir from October 1985 through September 1987. Spatially, simulated water temperatures compared better to measured water temperatures in the downstream part of the reservoir than in the upstream part of the reservoir. Differences between simulated and measured water temperatures also varied through time. Simulated water temperatures were slightly less than measured water temperatures from March to May 1986 and 1987, and slightly greater than measured data in August and September 1987. Relative to the calibration period, simulated water temperatures during the verification period did not compare as well to measured water temperatures.\r\n\r\nIn general, simulated dissolved-oxygen concentrations for the calibration period compared well to measured concentrations in Pueblo Reservoir. Spatially, simulated concentrations deviated more from the measured values at the downstream part of the reservoir than at other locations in the reservoir. Overall, the absolute mean error ranged from 1.05 (site 1B) to 1.42 milligrams per liter (site 7B), and the root mean square error ranged from 1.12 (site 1B) to 1.67 milligrams per liter (site 7B). Simulated dissolved oxygen in the verification period compared better to the measured concentrations than in the calibration period. The absolute mean error ranged from 0.91 (site 5C) to 1.28 milligrams per liter (site 7B), and the root mean square error ranged from 1.03 (site 5C) to 1.46 milligrams per liter (site 7B).\r\n\r\nSimulated total dissolved solids generally were less than measured total dissolved-solids concentrations in Pueblo Reservoir from October 1985 through September 1987. The largest differences between simulated and measured total dissolved solids were observed at the most downstream sites in Pueblo Reservoir during the second year of the calibration period. Total dissolved-solids data were not available from reservoir sites during the verification period, so in-reservoir specific-conductance data were compared to simulated total dissolved solids. Simulated total dissolved solids followed the same patterns through time as the measured specific conductance data during the verification period.\r\n\r\nSimulated total nitrogen concentrations compared relatively well to measured concentrations in the Pueblo Reservoir model. The absolute mean error ranged from 0.21 (site 1B) to 0.27 milligram per liter as nitrogen (sites 3B and 7","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20085056","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Colorado Springs Utilities and the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Galloway, J.M., Ortiz, R.F., Bales, J.D., and Mau, D.P., 2008, Simulation of Hydrodynamics and Water Quality in Pueblo Reservoir, Southeastern Colorado, for 1985 through 1987 and 1999 through 2002 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5056, xi, 87 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085056.","productDescription":"xi, 87 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121063,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2008_5056.jpg"},{"id":11312,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5056/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -105.5,38.1 ], [ -105.5,38.9 ], [ -104.4,38.9 ], [ -104.4,38.1 ], [ -105.5,38.1 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685aad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Galloway, Joel M. 0000-0002-9836-9724 jgallowa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9836-9724","contributorId":1562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galloway","given":"Joel","email":"jgallowa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ortiz, Roderick F. rfortiz@usgs.gov","contributorId":1126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ortiz","given":"Roderick","email":"rfortiz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bales, Jerad D. 0000-0001-8398-6984 jdbales@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8398-6984","contributorId":683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bales","given":"Jerad","email":"jdbales@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5058,"text":"Office of the Chief Scientist for Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mau, David P. dpmau@usgs.gov","contributorId":457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mau","given":"David","email":"dpmau@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":295025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":81250,"text":"sir20085028 - 2008 - Environmental factors and flow paths related to Escherichia coli concentrations at two beaches on Lake St. Clair, Michigan, 2002–2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-22T21:23:11.28322","indexId":"sir20085028","displayToPublicDate":"2008-05-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5028","displayTitle":"Environmental factors and flow paths related to <i>Escherichia coli</i> concentrations at two beaches on Lake St. Clair, Michigan, 2002–2005","title":"Environmental factors and flow paths related to Escherichia coli concentrations at two beaches on Lake St. Clair, Michigan, 2002–2005","docAbstract":"<p>Regression analyses and hydrodynamic modeling were used to identify environmental factors and flow paths associated with <i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>E. coli</i>) concentrations at Memorial and Metropolitan Beaches on Lake St. Clair in Macomb County, Mich. Lake St. Clair is part of the binational waterway between the United States and Canada that connects Lake Huron with Lake Erie in the Great Lakes Basin. Linear regression, regression-tree, and logistic regression models were developed from <i>E. coli</i> concentration and ancillary environmental data. </p><p>Linear regression models on log<sub>10</sub> <i>E. coli</i> concentrations indicated that rainfall prior to sampling, water temperature, and turbidity were positively associated with bacteria concentrations at both beaches. Flow from Clinton River, changes in water levels, wind conditions, and log<sub>10</sub> <i>E. coli</i> concentrations 2 days before or after the target bacteria concentrations were statistically significant at one or both beaches. In addition, various interaction terms were significant at Memorial Beach. Linear regression models for both beaches explained only about 30 percent of the variability in log<sub>10</sub> <i>E. coli</i> concentrations. </p><p>Regression-tree models were developed from data from both Memorial and Metropolitan Beaches but were found to have limited predictive capability in this study. The results indicate that too few observations were available to develop reliable regression-tree models. </p><p>Linear logistic models were developed to estimate the probability of <i>E. coli</i> concentrations exceeding 300 most probable number (MPN) per 100 milliliters (mL). Rainfall amounts before bacteria sampling were positively associated with exceedance probabilities at both beaches. Flow of Clinton River, turbidity, and log<sub>10</sub> <i>E. coli</i> concentrations measured before or after the target <i>E. coli</i> measurements were related to exceedances at one or both beaches. The linear logistic models were effective in estimating bacteria exceedances at both beaches. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to determine cut points for maximizing the true positive rate prediction while minimizing the false positive rate. </p><p>A two-dimensional hydrodynamic model was developed to simulate horizontal current patterns on Lake St. Clair in response to wind, flow, and water-level conditions at model boundaries. Simulated velocity fields were used to track hypothetical massless particles backward in time from the beaches along flow paths toward source areas. Reverse particle tracking for idealized steady-state conditions shows changes in expected flow paths and traveltimes with wind speeds and directions from 24 sectors. The results indicate that three to four sets of contiguous wind sectors have similar effects on flow paths in the vicinity of the beaches. In addition, reverse particle tracking was used for transient conditions to identify expected flow paths for 10 <i>E. coli</i> sampling events in 2004. These results demonstrate the ability to track hypothetical particles from the beaches, backward in time, to likely source areas. This ability, coupled with a greater frequency of bacteria sampling, may provide insight into changes in bacteria concentrations between source and sink areas.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20085028","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality","usgsCitation":"Holtschlag, D.J., Shively, D., Whitman, R.L., Haack, S.K., and Fogarty, L., 2008, Environmental factors and flow paths related to Escherichia coli concentrations at two beaches on Lake St. Clair, Michigan, 2002–2005: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5028, vi, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085028.","productDescription":"vi, 38 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195761,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":414584,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_83596.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":11293,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5028/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"Lake St. Clair","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -82.87135617571595,\n              42.70757602501513\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.87135617571595,\n              42.41419409328131\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.58852288495791,\n              42.41419409328131\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.58852288495791,\n              42.70757602501513\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.87135617571595,\n              42.70757602501513\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667401","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holtschlag, David J. 0000-0001-5185-4928 dholtschlag@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-4928","contributorId":5447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holtschlag","given":"David","email":"dholtschlag@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shively, Dawn","contributorId":93014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shively","given":"Dawn","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Whitman, Richard L. rwhitman@usgs.gov","contributorId":542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitman","given":"Richard","email":"rwhitman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Haack, Sheridan K. skhaack@usgs.gov","contributorId":1982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haack","given":"Sheridan","email":"skhaack@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fogarty, Lisa R.","contributorId":74074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fogarty","given":"Lisa R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":81239,"text":"ofr20081117 - 2008 - Using Molecular Genetic Markers to Resolve a Subspecies Boundary: The Northern Boundary of the Southwestern Willow Flycatcher in the Four-Corner States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:48","indexId":"ofr20081117","displayToPublicDate":"2008-05-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1117","title":"Using Molecular Genetic Markers to Resolve a Subspecies Boundary: The Northern Boundary of the Southwestern Willow Flycatcher in the Four-Corner States","docAbstract":"*Executive Summary*\r\n\r\nThe northern boundary of the endangered Southwestern Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii extimus) is currently approximated as running through southern Colorado and Utah, but the exact placement is uncertain because this subspecies shares a border with the more northern and non-endangered E. t. adastus. To help resolve this issue, we evaluated the geographic distribution of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA by sampling breeding sites across the four-corner states (Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah). We found that breeding sites clustered into two major groups generally consistent with the currently designated boundary, with the exception of three sites situated along the current boundary. However, delineating a precise boundary that would separate the two subspecies is made difficult because (1) we found evidence for a region of intergradation along the boundary area, suggesting the boundary is not discreet, and (2) the boundary region is sparsely populated, with too few extant breeding populations to precisely locate a boundary. The boundary region encompasses an area where elevation changes markedly over relatively short distances, with low elevation deserts to the south and more mesic, higher elevation habitats to the north. We hypothesized that latitudinal and elevational differences and their concomitant ecological effects could form an ecological barrier that inhibited gene flow between the subspecies, forming the basis for the subspecies boundary. We modeled changes in geographic patterns of genetic markers as a function of latitude and elevation finding significant support for this relationship. The model was brought into a GIS environment to create multiple subspecies boundaries, with the strength of each predicted boundary evaluated on the basis of how much genetic variation it explained. The candidate boundary that accounted for the most genetic variation was situated generally near the currently recognized subspecies boundary, but should be more biologically meaningful because it incorporates the landscape features that may be driving separation of the subspecies. Even so, we caution that using any narrow boundary line as an indicator of subspecies identity could be misleading because biologically the boundary is a region of intergradation rather than a discrete line. Designating, a boundary ultimately becomes a regulatory and management decision based on how much of the genetic variation unique to a subspecies should be protected. We discuss how the results of this study can help guide this decision process by wildlife policy makers.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081117","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Northern Arizona University","usgsCitation":"Paxton, E.H., Sogge, M.K., Theimer, T.C., Girard, J., and Keim, P., 2008, Using Molecular Genetic Markers to Resolve a Subspecies Boundary: The Northern Boundary of the Southwestern Willow Flycatcher in the Four-Corner States (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1117, iii, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081117.","productDescription":"iii, 20 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195333,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11282,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1117/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -116,32.5 ], [ -116,42 ], [ -102,42 ], [ -102,32.5 ], [ -116,32.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a16e4b07f02db603ccb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paxton, Eben H. 0000-0001-5578-7689","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5578-7689","contributorId":19640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paxton","given":"Eben","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":5049,"text":"Pacific Islands Ecosys Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sogge, Mark K. 0000-0002-8337-5689 mark_sogge@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8337-5689","contributorId":3710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sogge","given":"Mark","email":"mark_sogge@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Theimer, Tad C.","contributorId":72073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Theimer","given":"Tad","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Girard, Jessica","contributorId":42673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Girard","given":"Jessica","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Keim, Paul","contributorId":93010,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Keim","given":"Paul","affiliations":[{"id":12698,"text":"Northern Arizona University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":294921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":81252,"text":"ofr20081147 - 2008 - Documentation of data collection in Currituck Sound, North Carolina and Virginia, 2006-2007","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-17T07:09:19","indexId":"ofr20081147","displayToPublicDate":"2008-05-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1147","displayTitle":"Documentation of Data Collection in Currituck Sound, North Carolina and Virginia, 2006-2007","title":"Documentation of data collection in Currituck Sound, North Carolina and Virginia, 2006-2007","docAbstract":"During 2006 and 2007, scientists from Elizabeth City State University, North Carolina Estuarine Research Reserve, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the U.S. Geological Survey collected hydrologic and water-quality data at nine sites in and around Currituck Sound. Hydrologic and water-quality data were collected at five tributary sites--the Northwest River near Moyock, Tull Creek near Currituck, and Intracoastal Waterway near Coinjock in North Carolina, and the Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal near Princess Anne, and the North Landing River near Creeds in Virginia. In addition, data were collected at one site at the mouth of Currituck Sound (Currituck Sound at Point Harbor, North Carolina). Only water-quality data were collected at three sites in Currituck Sound and Back Bay-Currituck Sound near Jarvisburg, and Upper Currituck Sound near Corolla in North Carolina, and Back Bay near Back Bay in Virginia. The hydrologic data included water elevation and velocity, and discharge. The water-quality data included discrete samples and continuous measurements of water temperature, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, and chlorophyll a. The hydrologic and water-quality data collected for this study were quality assured by the U.S. Geological Survey and stored in the National Water Information System database.\r\n\r\nThe data collected for this project are being used to develop an unsteady multidimensional hydrodynamic and water-quality model of Currituck Sound by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The purpose of this model is to provide the basis for planning and the development of best-management practices and restoration projects for Currituck Sound and its tributaries.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081147","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Division of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Fine, J.M., 2008, Documentation of data collection in Currituck Sound, North Carolina and Virginia, 2006-2007: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1147, iv, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081147.","productDescription":"iv, 11 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195488,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11295,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1147/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina, Virginia ","otherGeospatial":"Currituck Sound","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -76.5,36 ], [ -76.5,37 ], [ -75.5,37 ], [ -75.5,36 ], [ -76.5,36 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48bfe4b07f02db53b33d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fine, Jason M. 0000-0002-6386-256X jmfine@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6386-256X","contributorId":2238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fine","given":"Jason","email":"jmfine@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":81244,"text":"sir20075246 - 2008 - Uranium in surface waters and sediments affected by historical mining in the Denver West 1:100,000 Quadrangle, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-19T06:52:57","indexId":"sir20075246","displayToPublicDate":"2008-05-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5246","title":"Uranium in surface waters and sediments affected by historical mining in the Denver West 1:100,000 Quadrangle, Colorado","docAbstract":"Geochemical sampling of 82 stream waters and 87 stream sediments within mountainous areas immediately west of Denver, Colorado, was conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey in October 1994. The primary purpose was to evaluate regionally the effects of geology and past mining on the concentration and distribution of uranium. The study area contains uranium- and thorium-rich bedrock, numerous noneconomic occurrences of uranium minerals, and several uranium deposits of variable size and production history. During the sampling period, local streams had low discharge and were more susceptible to uranium-bearing acid drainage originating from historical mines of base- and precious-metal sulfides.\r\n\r\nResults indicated that the spatial distribution of Precambrian granites and metamorphic rocks strongly influences the concentration of uranium in stream sediments. Within-stream transport increases the dispersion of uranium- and thorium rich mineral grains derived primarily from granitic source rocks. Dissolved uranium occurs predominantly as uranyl carbonate complexes, and concentrations ranged from less than 1 to 65 micrograms per liter. Most values were less than 5 micrograms per liter, which is less than the current drinking water standard of 30 micrograms per liter and much less than locally applied aquatic-life toxicity standards of several hundred micrograms per liter. \r\n\r\nIn local streams that are affected by uranium-bearing acid mine drainage, dissolved uranium is moderated by dilution and sorptive uptake by stream sediments. Sorbents include mineral alteration products and chemical precipitates of iron- and aluminum-oxyhydroxides, which form where acid drainage enters streams and is neutralized. Suspended uranium is relatively abundant in some stream segments affected by nearby acid drainage, which likely represents mobilization of these chemical precipitates. The 234U/238U activity ratio of acid drainage (0.95-1.0) is distinct from that of local surface waters (more than 1.05), and this distinctive isotopic composition may be preserved in iron-oxyhydroxide precipitates of acid drainage origin. \r\n\r\nThe study area includes a particularly large vein-type uranium deposit (Schwartzwalder mine) with past uranium production. Stream water and sediment collected downstream from the mine's surface operations have locally anomalous concentrations of uranium. Fine-grained sediments downstream from the mine contain rare minute particles (10-20 micrometers) of uraninite, which is unstable in a stream environment and thus probably of recent origin related to mining. Additional rare particles of very fine grained (less than 5 micrometer) barite likely entered the stream as discharge from settling ponds in which barite precipitation was formerly used to scavenge dissolved radium from mine effluent.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20075246","usgsCitation":"Zielinski, R.A., Otton, J.K., Schumann, R.R., and Wirt, L., 2008, Uranium in surface waters and sediments affected by historical mining in the Denver West 1:100,000 Quadrangle, Colorado (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5246, Report: vi, 54 p.; HTML, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075246.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 54 p.; HTML","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125747,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2007_5246.jpg"},{"id":11287,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5246/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -106.00,\n              40.00\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.00,\n              40.00\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.00,\n              39.30\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.00,\n              39.30\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.00,\n              40.00\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db6054d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zielinski, Robert A. 0000-0002-4047-5129 rzielinski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4047-5129","contributorId":1593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zielinski","given":"Robert","email":"rzielinski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Otton, James K. jkotton@usgs.gov","contributorId":1170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Otton","given":"James","email":"jkotton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schumann, R. Randall 0000-0001-8158-6960 rschumann@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8158-6960","contributorId":1569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schumann","given":"R.","email":"rschumann@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Randall","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wirt, Laurie","contributorId":13204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wirt","given":"Laurie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":81235,"text":"fs20083040 - 2008 - Multi-Disciplinary Approach to Trace Contamination of Streams and Beaches","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:22","indexId":"fs20083040","displayToPublicDate":"2008-05-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-3040","title":"Multi-Disciplinary Approach to Trace Contamination of Streams and Beaches","docAbstract":"Concentrations of fecal-indicator bacteria in urban streams and ocean beaches in and around Santa Barbara occasionally can exceed public-health standards for recreation. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), working with the City of Santa Barbara, has used multi-disciplinary science to trace the sources of the bacteria. This research is helping local agencies take steps to improve recreational water quality.\r\n\r\nThe USGS used an approach that combined traditional hydrologic and microbiological data, with state-of-the-art genetic, molecular, and chemical tracer analysis. This research integrated physical data on streamflow, ground water, and near-shore oceanography, and made extensive use of modern geophysical and isotopic techniques. Using those techniques, the USGS was able to evaluate the movement of water and the exchange of ground water with near-shore ocean water.\r\n\r\nThe USGS has found that most fecal bacteria in the urban streams came from storm-drain discharges, with the highest concentrations occurring during storm flow. During low streamflow, the concentrations varied as much as three-fold, owing to variable contribution of non-point sources such as outdoor water use and urban runoff to streamflow. Fecal indicator bacteria along ocean beaches were from both stream discharge to the ocean and from non-point sources such as bird fecal material that accumulates in kelp and sand at the high-tide line. Low levels of human-specific Bacteroides, suggesting fecal material from a human source, were consistently detected on area beaches. One potential source, a local sewer line buried beneath the beach, was found not to be responsible for the fecal bacteria.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/fs20083040","usgsCitation":"Nickles, J., 2008, Multi-Disciplinary Approach to Trace Contamination of Streams and Beaches: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2008-3040, 1 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20083040.","productDescription":"1 p.","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":206,"text":"Cooperative Water Program","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121179,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2008_3040.jpg"},{"id":11278,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3040/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4858","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nickles, James","contributorId":35401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nickles","given":"James","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":81231,"text":"fs20083038 - 2008 - Providing Data and Modeling to Help Manage Water Supplies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:22","indexId":"fs20083038","displayToPublicDate":"2008-05-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-3038","title":"Providing Data and Modeling to Help Manage Water Supplies","docAbstract":"The Sonoma County Water Agency (SCWA) and other local water purveyors have partnered with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) to assess hydrologic conditions and to quan-tify the county-wide interconnections between surface water and ground water.\r\n\r\nThrough this partnership, USGS scientists have completed assessments of the geohydrology and geochemistry of the Sonoma and Alexander Valley ground-water basins. Now, the USGS is constructing a detailed ground-water flow model of the Santa Rosa Plain. It will be used to help identify strategies for surface-water/ground-water management and help to ensure long-term viability of the water supply.\r\n\r\nThe USGS is also working with the SCWA to help meet future demand in the face of possible new restrictions on its main source of water, the Russian River. SCWA draws water from the alluvial aquifer underlying and adjacent to the Russian River and may want to extend riverbank filtration facilities to new areas. USGS scientists are conducting research to charac-terize riverbank filtration processes and changes in water quality during reduced river flows.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/fs20083038","usgsCitation":"Nickles, J., 2008, Providing Data and Modeling to Help Manage Water Supplies: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2008-3038, 1 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20083038.","productDescription":"1 p.","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":206,"text":"Cooperative Water Program","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121253,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2008_3038.jpg"},{"id":11274,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3038/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cd95","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nickles, James","contributorId":35401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nickles","given":"James","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
]}