Since November 1998, water-quality data have been collected from the H-3 Highway Storm Drain C, which collects runoff from a 4-mi-long viaduct, and from Halawa Stream on Oahu, Hawaii. From January 2001 to August 2004, data were collected from the storm drain and four stream sites in the Halawa Stream drainage basin as part of the State of Hawaii Department of Transportation Storm Water Monitoring Program. Data from the stormwater monitoring program have been published in annual reports. This report uses these water-quality data to explore how the highway storm-drain runoff affects Halawa Stream and the factors that might be controlling the water quality in the drainage basin.
In general, concentrations of nutrients, total dissolved solids, and total suspended solids were lower in highway runoff from Storm Drain C than at stream sites upstream and downstream of Storm Drain C. The opposite trend was observed for most trace metals, which generally occurred in higher concentrations in the highway runoff from Storm Drain C than in the samples collected from Halawa Stream. The absolute contribution from Storm Drain C highway runoff, in terms of total storm loads, was much smaller than at stations upstream and downstream, whereas the constituent yields (the relative contribution per unit drainage basin area) at Storm Drain C were comparable to or higher than storm yields at stations upstream and downstream. Most constituent concentrations and loads in stormwater runoff increased in a downstream direction.
The timing of the storm sampling is an important factor controlling constituent concentrations observed in stormwater runoff samples. Automated point samplers were used to collect grab samples during the period of increasing discharge of the storm throughout the stormflow peak and during the period of decreasing discharge of the storm, whereas manually collected grab samples were generally collected during the later stages near the end of the storm. Grab samples were analyzed to determine concentrations and loads at a particular point in time. Flow-weighted time composite samples from the automated point samplers were analyzed to determine mean constituent concentrations or loads during a storm. Chemical analysis of individual grab samples from the automated point sampler at Storm Drain C demonstrated the “first flush” phenomenon—higher constituent concentrations at the beginning of runoff events—for the trace metals cadmium, lead, zinc, and copper, whose concentrations were initially high during the period of increasing discharge and gradually decreased over the duration of the storm.
Water-quality data from Storm Drain C and four stream sites were compared to the State of Hawaii Department of Health (HDOH) water-quality standards to determine the effects of highway storm runoff on the water quality of Halawa Stream. The geometric-mean standards and the 10- and 2-percent-of-the-time concentration standards for total nitrogen, nitrite plus nitrate, total phosphorus, total suspended solids, and turbidity were exceeded in many of the comparisons. However, these standards were not designed for stormwater sampling, in which constituent concentrations would be expected to increase for short periods of time.
With the aim of enhancing the usefulness of the water-quality data, several modifications to the stormwater monitoring program are suggested. These suggestions include (1) the periodic analyzing of discrete samples from the automated point samplers over the course of a storm to get a clearer profile of the storm, from first flush to the end of the receding discharge; (2) adding an analysis of the dissolved fractions of metals to the sampling plan; (3) installation of an automatic sampler at Bridge 8 to enable sampling earlier in the storms; (4) a one-time sampling and analysis of soils upstream of Bridge 8 for base-line contaminant concentrations; (5) collection of samples from Halawa Stream during low-flow conditions to determine base-line conditions; (6) addition of the dissolved fraction of the metals chromium and nickel to the sampling plan; (7) elimination of fecal coliform and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) analyses from the sampling plan; and (8) a study to examine the efficiency of the highway street sweeping.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20085034","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Hawaii Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Wolff, R.H., and Wong, M.F., 2008, Effects of the H-3 Highway stormwater runoff on the water quality of Halawa Stream, Oahu, Hawaii, November 1998 to August 2004 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5034, viii, 78 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085034.","productDescription":"viii, 78 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"1998-11-01","temporalEnd":"2004-08-31","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":415471,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_83578.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":194621,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11196,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5034/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Halawa Stream, Oahu","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -157.9333,\n 21.3583\n ],\n [\n -157.9333,\n 21.425\n ],\n [\n -157.8,\n 21.425\n ],\n [\n -157.8,\n 21.3583\n ],\n [\n -157.9333,\n 21.3583\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a27e4b07f02db60ff3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolff, Reuben H.","contributorId":35020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolff","given":"Reuben","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wong, Michael F.","contributorId":43815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wong","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70236954,"text":"70236954 - 2008 - Effects of supershear rupture speed on the high-frequency content of S waves investigated using spontaneous dynamic rupture models and isochrone theory","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-22T16:23:40.005913","indexId":"70236954","displayToPublicDate":"2008-05-07T11:19:35","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of supershear rupture speed on the high-frequency content of S waves investigated using spontaneous dynamic rupture models and isochrone theory","docAbstract":"In this paper we achieve three goals: (1) We demonstrate that crack tips governed by friction laws, including slip weakening, rate- and state-dependent laws, and thermal pressurization of pore fluids, propagating at supershear speed have slip velocity functions with reduced high-frequency content compared to crack tips traveling at subshear speeds. This is demonstrated using a fully dynamic, spontaneous, three-dimensional earthquake model, in which we calculate fault slip velocity at nine points (locations) distributed along a quarter circle on the fault where the rupture is traveling at supershear speed in the in-plane direction and subshear speed in the antiplane direction. This holds for a fault governed by the linear slip-weakening constitutive equation, by slip weakening with thermal pressurization of pore fluid, and by rate- and state-dependent laws with thermal pressurization. The same is also true even assuming a highly heterogeneous initial shear stress field on the fault. (2) Using isochrone theory, we derive a general expression for the spectral characteristics and geometric spreading of two pulses arising from supershear rupture, the well-known Mach wave, and a second lesser known pulse caused by rupture acceleration. (3) We demonstrate that the Mach cone amplification of high frequencies overwhelms the de-amplification of high-frequency content in the slip velocity functions in supershear ruptures. Consequently, when earthquake ruptures travel at supershear speed, a net enhancement of high-frequency radiation is expected, and the alleged “low” peak accelerations observed for the 2002 Denali and other large earthquakes are probably not caused by diminished high-frequency content in the slip velocity function, as has been speculated.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2007JB005146","usgsCitation":"Bizzarri, A., and Spudich, P.A., 2008, Effects of supershear rupture speed on the high-frequency content of S waves investigated using spontaneous dynamic rupture models and isochrone theory: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 113, no. B5, B05304, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JB005146.","productDescription":"B05304, 18 p.","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476608,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2007jb005146","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":407217,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"113","issue":"B5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-05-07","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bizzarri, A.","contributorId":68070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bizzarri","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":852798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spudich, Paul A. 0000-0002-9484-4997 spudich@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9484-4997","contributorId":2372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spudich","given":"Paul","email":"spudich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":852799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":81158,"text":"sir20075191 - 2008 - Distribution of Igneous Rocks in Medina and Uvalde Counties, Texas, as Inferred from Aeromagnetic Data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-14T18:55:46.967026","indexId":"sir20075191","displayToPublicDate":"2008-05-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5191","title":"Distribution of Igneous Rocks in Medina and Uvalde Counties, Texas, as Inferred from Aeromagnetic Data","docAbstract":"A high-resolution aeromagnetic survey was flown in 2001 over Medina and Uvalde Counties, Texas, as part of a multi-disciplinary investigation of the geohydrologic framework of the Edwards aquifer in south-central Texas. The objective of the survey was to assist in mapping structural features that influence aquifer recharge and ground-water flow. The survey revealed hundreds of magnetic anomalies associated with igneous rocks that had previously been unmapped. This report presents an interpretation of the outcrops and subcrops of igneous rocks, based upon procedures of matched-filtering and potential field modeling.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20075191","usgsCitation":"Smith, D.V., McDougal, R., Smith, B.D., and Blome, C.D., 2008, Distribution of Igneous Rocks in Medina and Uvalde Counties, Texas, as Inferred from Aeromagnetic Data (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5191, Report: iv, 12 p.; Plate: 17 x 11 inches; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075191.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 12 p.; Plate: 17 x 11 inches; Downloads Directory","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":11188,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5191/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":190725,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"250000","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db6491d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, David V. 0000-0003-0426-4401 dvsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0426-4401","contributorId":1306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"David","email":"dvsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McDougal, Robert R.","contributorId":53418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDougal","given":"Robert R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, Bruce D. 0000-0002-1643-2997 bsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1643-2997","contributorId":845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Bruce","email":"bsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Blome, Charles D. 0000-0002-3449-9378 cblome@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3449-9378","contributorId":1246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blome","given":"Charles","email":"cblome@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":81151,"text":"sir20075068 - 2008 - Simulations of Ground-Water Flow, Transport, Age, and Particle Tracking near York, Nebraska, for a Study of Transport of Anthropogenic and Natural Contaminants (TANC) to Public-Supply Wells","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:49","indexId":"sir20075068","displayToPublicDate":"2008-05-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5068","title":"Simulations of Ground-Water Flow, Transport, Age, and Particle Tracking near York, Nebraska, for a Study of Transport of Anthropogenic and Natural Contaminants (TANC) to Public-Supply Wells","docAbstract":"Contamination of public-supply wells has resulted in public-health threats and negative economic effects for communities that must treat contaminated water or find alternative water supplies. To investigate factors controlling vulnerability of public-supply wells to anthropogenic and natural contaminants using consistent and systematic data collected in a variety of principal aquifer settings in the United States, a study of Transport of Anthropogenic and Natural Contaminants to public-supply wells was begun in 2001 as part of the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment Program.\r\n\r\nThe area simulated by the ground-water flow model described in this report was selected for a study of processes influencing contaminant distribution and transport along the direction of ground-water flow towards a public-supply well in southeastern York, Nebraska. Ground-water flow is simulated for a 60-year period from September 1, 1944, to August 31, 2004. Steady-state conditions are simulated prior to September 1, 1944, and represent conditions prior to use of ground water for irrigation.\r\n\r\nIrrigation, municipal, and industrial wells were simulated using the Multi-Node Well package of the modular three-dimensional ground-water flow model code, MODFLOW-2000, which allows simulation of flow and solutes through wells that are simulated in multiple nodes or layers. Ground-water flow, age, and transport of selected tracers were simulated using the Ground-Water Transport process of MODFLOW-2000. Simulated ground-water age was compared to interpreted ground-water age in six monitoring wells in the unconfined aquifer. The tracer chlorofluorocarbon-11 was simulated directly using Ground-Water Transport for comparison with concentrations measured in six monitoring wells and one public supply well screened in the upper confined aquifer.\r\n\r\nThree alternative model simulations indicate that simulation\r\nresults are highly sensitive to the distribution of multilayer well bores where leakage can occur and that the calibrated model resulted in smaller differences than the alternative models between simulated and interpreted ages and measured tracer concentrations in most, but not all, wells. Results of the first alternative model indicate that the distribution of young water in the upper confined aquifer is substantially different when well-bore leakage at known abandoned wells and test holes is removed from the model. In the second alternative model, simulated age near the bottom of the unconfined aquifer was younger than interpreted ages and simulated chlorofluorocarbon-11 concentrations in the upper confined aquifer were zero in five out of six wells because the conventional Well Package fails to account for flow between model layers though well bores. The third alternative model produced differences between simulated and interpreted ground-water ages and measured chlorofluorocarbon-11 concentrations that were comparable to the calibrated model. However, simulated hydraulic heads deviated from measured hydraulic heads by a greater amount than for the calibrated model. Even so, because the third alternative model simulates steady-state flow, additional analysis was possible using steady-state particle tracking to assess the contributing recharge area to a public supply well selected for analysis of factors contributing to well vulnerability.\r\n\r\nResults from particle-tracking software (MODPATH) using the third alternative model indicates that the contributing recharge area of the study public-supply well is a composite of elongated, seemingly isolated areas associated with wells that are screened in multiple aquifers. The simulated age distribution of particles at the study public-supply well indicates that all water younger than 58 years travels through well bores of wells screened in multiple aquifers. The age distribution from the steady-state model using MODPATH estimates the youngest 7 percent of the water to have a flow-weighted mean age","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20075068","usgsCitation":"Clark, B.R., Landon, M.K., Kauffman, L.J., and Hornberger, G.Z., 2008, Simulations of Ground-Water Flow, Transport, Age, and Particle Tracking near York, Nebraska, for a Study of Transport of Anthropogenic and Natural Contaminants (TANC) to Public-Supply Wells (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5068, Report: vii, 49 p.; Simulations; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075068.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 49 p.; Simulations; Downloads Directory","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":129,"text":"Arkansas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121211,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2007_5068.jpg"},{"id":11181,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5068/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -97.83333333333333,40.766666666666666 ], [ -97.83333333333333,41.016666666666666 ], [ -97.46666666666667,41.016666666666666 ], [ -97.46666666666667,40.766666666666666 ], [ -97.83333333333333,40.766666666666666 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f6e4b07f02db5f1967","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, Brian R. 0000-0001-6611-3807 brclark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6611-3807","contributorId":1502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Brian","email":"brclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":38131,"text":"WMA - Office of Planning and Programming","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Landon, Matthew K. 0000-0002-5766-0494 landon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-0494","contributorId":392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landon","given":"Matthew","email":"landon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kauffman, Leon J. 0000-0003-4564-0362 lkauff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4564-0362","contributorId":1094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauffman","given":"Leon","email":"lkauff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hornberger, George Z.","contributorId":45806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hornberger","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":81153,"text":"sir20085058 - 2008 - Estimated use of water in the Upper Duck River watershed, central Tennessee, and water-demand projections through 2030","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-30T14:04:23","indexId":"sir20085058","displayToPublicDate":"2008-05-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5058","title":"Estimated use of water in the Upper Duck River watershed, central Tennessee, and water-demand projections through 2030","docAbstract":"Future municipal water demand was estimated for the Bedford, Coffee, Marshall, and Maury-southern Williamson water-service areas in the upper Duck River watershed in central Tennessee through 2030. The Duck River, a primary source of municipal water, provided a total of 24.3 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) or 92 percent of the total water use in the study area during 2000. Municipal water use increased 46 percent from 1981 to 2000 (from 18.0 to 26.3 Mgal/d). Water demand for municipal use is expected to continue to increase through 2030 because of the recent intensive and anticipated growth in the residential and commercial sectors.\r\n\r\nConstant-rate models were used to estimate future municipal water demand. Data on residential and nonresidential billing accounts and estimates of public use and losses were used to calibrate the models. Two watershed scenarios for each water-supply system that depends on the Duck River for supply were simulated. Scenario 1 considered monthly water demand during typical weather conditions as represented by monthly per account use during 2003 and a rate of growth in customer accounts from 1999 to 2003. Results showed that total municipal water use could increase about 104 percent to 51 Mgal/d by 2030, residential water use could increase about 140 percent to 24 Mgal/d, nonresidential water use could increase about 110 percent to 17 Mgal/d, and public use and losses could increase about 83 percent to 11 Mgal/d. \r\n\r\nScenario 2 considered monthly water demand during drought conditions as represented by monthly per account use during 2000 and recent growth in customer accounts from 1999 to 2003 or, for selected water-supply systems, an increasing rate of growth. Results showed that total municipal water use could increase about 120 percent to 55 Mgal/d, residential water use could increase about 160 percent to 26 Mgal/d, nonresidential water use could increase about 122 percent to 18 Mgal/d, and public use and losses could double and increase to 12 Mgal/d. For both scenarios the model assumed that the Duck River would supply all future surface-water needs in the study area, that ground-water resources would be sufficient to meet growing demands of the water-supply systems that depend on ground water, and that the amount of surface water sold to water-supply systems primarily dependent on ground water would remain the same through 2030.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ","doi":"10.3133/sir20085058","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Tennessee Duck River Agency","usgsCitation":"Hutson, S.S., 2008, Estimated use of water in the Upper Duck River watershed, central Tennessee, and water-demand projections through 2030: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5058, iv, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085058.","productDescription":"iv, 16 p.","costCenters":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195214,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11183,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5058/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Tennessee","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.60498046875,\n 34.939985151560435\n ],\n [\n -85.01220703125,\n 34.939985151560435\n ],\n [\n -85.01220703125,\n 36.59788913307022\n ],\n [\n -87.60498046875,\n 36.59788913307022\n ],\n [\n -87.60498046875,\n 34.939985151560435\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db66728c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hutson, Susan S. sshutson@usgs.gov","contributorId":2040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutson","given":"Susan","email":"sshutson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":81149,"text":"sir20085051 - 2008 - Hydraulic Analyses of Sni-A-Bar Creek and Selected Tributaries at Grain Valley, Jackson County, Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:22","indexId":"sir20085051","displayToPublicDate":"2008-05-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5051","title":"Hydraulic Analyses of Sni-A-Bar Creek and Selected Tributaries at Grain Valley, Jackson County, Missouri","docAbstract":"A study was done by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the city of Grain Valley, Jackson County, Missouri, to simulate the hydraulic characteristics of Sni-A-Bar Creek and selected tributaries within the corporate limits. The 10-, 50-, 100-, and 500-year recurrence interval streamflows were simulated to determine potential backwater effects on the Sni-A-Bar Creek main stem and to delineate flood-plain boundaries on the tributaries. \r\n\r\nThe water-surface profiles through the bridge structures within the model area indicated that backwater effects from the constrictions were not substantial. The water-surface profile of Sni-A-Bar Creek generated from the one- and two-dimensional models indicated that the Gateway Western Railroad structure provided the greatest amount of contraction of flow within the modeled area. The results at the location of the upstream face of the railroad structure indicated a change in water-surface elevation from 0.2 to 0.8 foot (corresponding to simulated 10-year and 500-year flood occurrences). Results from all analyses indicated minimal backwater effects as a result of an overall minimal energy grade line slope and velocity head along Sni-A-Bar Creek.\r\n\r\nThe flood plains for the 100-year recurrence interval floods on the Sni-A-Bar tributaries were mapped to show the extent of inundated areas. The updated flooding characteristics will allow city managers to contrast changes in flood risk and zoning as determined through the National Flood Insurance Program.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20085051","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Grain Valley, Missouri","usgsCitation":"Rydlund, P.H., Otero-Benitez, W., and Heimann, D.C., 2008, Hydraulic Analyses of Sni-A-Bar Creek and Selected Tributaries at Grain Valley, Jackson County, Missouri: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5051, Report: viii, 58 p.; Films., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085051.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 58 p.; Films.","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190756,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11179,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5051/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -94.33333333333333,38.833333333333336 ], [ -94.33333333333333,39.083333333333336 ], [ -94,39.083333333333336 ], [ -94,38.833333333333336 ], [ -94.33333333333333,38.833333333333336 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db629b0d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rydlund, Paul H. Jr. 0000-0001-9461-9944 prydlund@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9461-9944","contributorId":3840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rydlund","given":"Paul","suffix":"Jr.","email":"prydlund@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Otero-Benitez, William","contributorId":43862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Otero-Benitez","given":"William","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Heimann, David C. 0000-0003-0450-2545 dheimann@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0450-2545","contributorId":3822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heimann","given":"David","email":"dheimann@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":81157,"text":"ofr20081112 - 2008 - Calculation of the rate of M≥6.5 earthquakes for California and adjacent portions of Nevada and Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-10T11:38:47.767163","indexId":"ofr20081112","displayToPublicDate":"2008-05-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1112","title":"Calculation of the rate of M≥6.5 earthquakes for California and adjacent portions of Nevada and Mexico","docAbstract":"One of the key issues in the development of an earthquake recurrence model for California and adjacent portions of Nevada and Mexico is the comparison of the predicted rates of earthquakes with the observed rates. Therefore, it is important to make an accurate determination of the observed rate of M>6.5 earthquakes in California and the adjacent region. We have developed a procedure to calculate observed earthquake rates from an earthquake catalog, accounting for magnitude uncertainty and magnitude rounding. We present a Bayesian method that corrects for the effect of the magnitude uncertainty in calculating the observed rates. Our recommended determination of the observed rate of M>6.5 in this region is 0.246 ± 0.085 (for two sigma) per year, although this rate is likely to be underestimated because of catalog incompleteness and this uncertainty estimate does not include all sources of uncertainty.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081112","usgsCitation":"Frankel, A., and Mueller, C., 2008, Calculation of the rate of M≥6.5 earthquakes for California and adjacent portions of Nevada and Mexico (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1112, iii, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081112.","productDescription":"iii, 14 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195685,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11187,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1112/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":389033,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_83548.htm"}],"country":"Mexico, United States","state":"California, Nevada","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -126,32 ], [ -126,42 ], [ -116,42 ], [ -116,32 ], [ -126,32 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f963b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frankel, Arthur","contributorId":103761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frankel","given":"Arthur","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mueller, Charles","contributorId":57178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"Charles","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70197146,"text":"70197146 - 2008 - Paleomagnetic study of late Miocene through Pleistocene igneous rocks from the southwestern USA: Results from the historic collections of the U.S. Geological Survey Menlo Park laboratory","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-18T12:46:09","indexId":"70197146","displayToPublicDate":"2008-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1757,"text":"Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleomagnetic study of late Miocene through Pleistocene igneous rocks from the southwestern USA: Results from the historic collections of the U.S. Geological Survey Menlo Park laboratory","docAbstract":"Seventy sites from the southwestern United States provide paleomagnetic results that meet certain minimum criteria and can be considered for the Time‐Averaged Field Initiative (TAFI). The virtual geomagnetic poles for these 70 units are circularly distributed, and their mean is nearly coincident with the rotational axis. When other published data for the southwestern United States are included (N = 146), the virtual geomagnetic poles are again circularly distributed, but their mean is significantly displaced from the rotational axis. Whichever of these data sets is used, the mean poles for normal‐ and reversed‐polarity data differ by ∼170° and are not antipodal at greater than 95% confidence. When the data are separated into specific age groups, the 95% confidence limits about the mean poles for the Brunhes, Matuyama, combined Gauss/Gilbert, and late Miocene intervals all include the rotational axis. Angular dispersion about these four mean poles increases systematically with increasing age and is consistent with paleosecular variation Model “G.”
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/2008GC001957","usgsCitation":"Mankinen, E.A., 2008, Paleomagnetic study of late Miocene through Pleistocene igneous rocks from the southwestern USA: Results from the historic collections of the U.S. Geological Survey Menlo Park laboratory: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, v. 9, no. 5, p. 1-27, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GC001957.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"27","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476609,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gc001957","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":354312,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-05-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b1574b0e4b092d9651e1eed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mankinen, Edward A. 0000-0001-7496-2681 emank@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7496-2681","contributorId":1054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mankinen","given":"Edward","email":"emank@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":735820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70159616,"text":"70159616 - 2008 - Radiative forcing over the conterminous United States due to contemporary land cover land use albedo change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-13T09:16:25","indexId":"70159616","displayToPublicDate":"2008-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radiative forcing over the conterminous United States due to contemporary land cover land use albedo change","docAbstract":"Recently available satellite land cover land use (LCLU) and albedo data are used to study the impact of LCLU change from 1973 to 2000 on surface albedo and radiative forcing for 36 ecoregions covering 43% of the conterminous United States (CONUS). Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) snow-free broadband albedo values are derived from Landsat LCLU classification maps located using a stratified random sampling methodology to estimate ecoregion estimates of LCLU induced albedo change and surface radiative forcing. The results illustrate that radiative forcing due to LCLU change may be disguised when spatially and temporally explicit data sets are not used. The radiative forcing due to contemporary LCLU albedo change varies geographically in sign and magnitude, with the most positive forcings (up to 0.284 Wm−2) due to conversion of agriculture to other LCLU types, and the most negative forcings (as low as −0.247 Wm−2) due to forest loss. For the 36 ecoregions considered a small net positive forcing (i.e., warming) of 0.012 Wm−2 is estimated.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/2008GL033567","usgsCitation":"Barnes, C., and Roy, D.P., 2008, Radiative forcing over the conterminous United States due to contemporary land cover land use albedo change: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 35, no. 9, L09706: 6 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL033567.","productDescription":"L09706: 6 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476610,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gl033567","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":311288,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.20703125,\n 25.958044673317843\n ],\n [\n -97.40478515625,\n 26.941659545381516\n ],\n [\n -97.22900390625,\n 27.410785702577023\n ],\n [\n -96.83349609375,\n 27.955591004642553\n ],\n [\n -96.15234375,\n 28.459033019728043\n ],\n [\n -95.4052734375,\n 28.844673680771795\n ],\n [\n -94.81201171875,\n 29.22889003019423\n ],\n [\n -94.32861328125,\n 29.516110386062277\n ],\n [\n -93.62548828125,\n 29.66896252599253\n ],\n [\n -93.07617187499999,\n 29.649868677972304\n ],\n [\n -92.26318359375,\n 29.420460341013133\n ],\n [\n -91.42822265625,\n 29.171348850951507\n ],\n [\n -90.2197265625,\n 29.075375179558346\n ],\n [\n -89.01123046875,\n 28.998531814051795\n ],\n [\n -88.83544921874999,\n 29.248063243796576\n ],\n [\n -89.384765625,\n 29.630771207229\n ],\n [\n -89.296875,\n 30.107117887092382\n ],\n [\n -88.41796875,\n 30.14512718337613\n ],\n [\n -87.60498046875,\n 30.221101852485987\n ],\n [\n -86.85791015625,\n 30.240086360983426\n ],\n [\n -85.97900390625,\n 30.12612436422458\n ],\n [\n -85.4736328125,\n 29.7453016622136\n ],\n [\n -85.0341796875,\n 29.439597566602902\n ],\n [\n -84.39697265625,\n 29.66896252599253\n ],\n [\n -84.13330078125,\n 29.973970240516614\n ],\n [\n -83.73779296875,\n 29.80251790576445\n ],\n [\n -83.29833984375,\n 29.267232865200878\n ],\n [\n -82.90283203125,\n 28.94086176940557\n ],\n [\n -82.8369140625,\n 28.497660832963472\n ],\n [\n -83.0126953125,\n 28.07198030177986\n ],\n [\n -82.94677734375,\n 27.68352808378776\n ],\n [\n -82.68310546875,\n 27.0982539061379\n ],\n [\n -82.28759765625,\n 26.70635985763354\n ],\n [\n -81.8701171875,\n 26.13571361317392\n ],\n [\n -81.82617187499999,\n 25.799891182088334\n ],\n [\n -81.5185546875,\n 25.562265014427492\n ],\n [\n -81.34277343749999,\n 25.16517336866393\n ],\n [\n -80.79345703125,\n 24.966140159912975\n ],\n [\n -80.2880859375,\n 25.224820176765036\n ],\n [\n -80.00244140625,\n 25.997549919572112\n ],\n [\n -79.9365234375,\n 26.922069916732795\n ],\n [\n -80.37597656249999,\n 28.20760859532738\n ],\n [\n -80.595703125,\n 28.8831596093235\n ],\n [\n -81.03515625,\n 29.66896252599253\n ],\n [\n -81.298828125,\n 30.44867367928756\n ],\n [\n -81.2548828125,\n 31.3348710339506\n ],\n [\n -80.68359375,\n 32.10118973232094\n ],\n [\n -79.8486328125,\n 32.657875736955305\n ],\n [\n -79.0576171875,\n 33.19273094190692\n ],\n [\n -78.79394531249999,\n 33.669496972795535\n ],\n [\n -78.1787109375,\n 33.797408767572485\n ],\n [\n -77.431640625,\n 34.125447565116126\n ],\n [\n -76.201171875,\n 34.84987503195418\n ],\n [\n -75.498046875,\n 35.639441068973916\n ],\n [\n -75.6298828125,\n 36.8092847020594\n ],\n [\n -75.322265625,\n 37.75334401310656\n ],\n [\n -74.2236328125,\n 39.402244340292775\n ],\n [\n -73.5205078125,\n 40.41349604970198\n ],\n [\n -71.9384765625,\n 40.84706035607122\n ],\n [\n -70.0048828125,\n 41.37680856570233\n ],\n [\n -70.048828125,\n 42.293564192170095\n ],\n [\n -70.48828125,\n 43.13306116240612\n ],\n [\n -69.78515625,\n 43.61221676817573\n ],\n [\n -68.0712890625,\n 44.213709909702054\n ],\n [\n -66.6650390625,\n 44.84029065139799\n ],\n [\n -67.1484375,\n 45.521743896993634\n ],\n [\n -67.67578124999999,\n 46.042735653846506\n ],\n [\n -67.8076171875,\n 47.15984001304432\n ],\n [\n -68.5986328125,\n 47.66538735632654\n ],\n [\n -69.345703125,\n 47.635783590864854\n ],\n [\n -70.4443359375,\n 46.34692761055676\n ],\n [\n -71.103515625,\n 45.706179285330855\n ],\n [\n -71.8505859375,\n 45.27488643704894\n ],\n [\n -75.41015624999999,\n 45.182036837015886\n ],\n [\n -77.16796875,\n 43.8028187190472\n ],\n [\n -79.1015625,\n 43.73935207915473\n ],\n [\n -79.365234375,\n 42.84375132629021\n ],\n [\n -81.82617187499999,\n 42.32606244456202\n ],\n [\n -82.79296874999999,\n 41.934976500546604\n ],\n [\n -82.529296875,\n 42.52069952914966\n ],\n [\n -82.44140625,\n 43.61221676817573\n ],\n [\n -83.0126953125,\n 44.37098696297173\n ],\n [\n -83.1005859375,\n 45.336701909968106\n ],\n [\n -84.462890625,\n 45.920587344733654\n ],\n [\n -85.78125,\n 45.706179285330855\n ],\n [\n -86.572265625,\n 44.68427737181225\n ],\n [\n -86.7919921875,\n 43.100982876188546\n ],\n [\n -86.6162109375,\n 42.61779143282346\n ],\n [\n -87.01171875,\n 42.00032514831621\n ],\n [\n -87.71484375,\n 42.61779143282346\n ],\n [\n -87.5390625,\n 43.89789239125797\n ],\n [\n -87.14355468749999,\n 45.058001435398296\n ],\n [\n -86.7041015625,\n 45.79816953017265\n ],\n [\n -86.8798828125,\n 46.55886030311719\n ],\n [\n -87.978515625,\n 47.18971246448421\n ],\n [\n -87.5830078125,\n 47.635783590864854\n ],\n [\n -88.9892578125,\n 47.517200697839414\n ],\n [\n -90.3955078125,\n 46.92025531537451\n ],\n [\n -91.8017578125,\n 46.9502622421856\n ],\n [\n -89.736328125,\n 47.90161354142077\n ],\n [\n -90.3515625,\n 48.3416461723746\n ],\n [\n -91.14257812499999,\n 48.3416461723746\n ],\n [\n -91.93359375,\n 48.31242790407178\n ],\n [\n -93.1201171875,\n 48.83579746243093\n ],\n [\n -93.91113281249999,\n 48.719961222646276\n ],\n [\n -94.3505859375,\n 49.009050809382046\n ],\n [\n -95.1416015625,\n 49.49667452747045\n ],\n [\n -95.4052734375,\n 49.095452162534826\n ],\n [\n -123.3984375,\n 49.095452162534826\n ],\n [\n -123.4423828125,\n 48.719961222646276\n ],\n [\n -123.70605468750001,\n 48.40003249610685\n ],\n [\n -124.71679687499999,\n 48.66194284607008\n ],\n [\n -125.068359375,\n 48.516604348867475\n ],\n [\n -124.45312499999999,\n 47.30903424774781\n ],\n [\n -124.45312499999999,\n 46.10370875598026\n ],\n [\n -124.18945312500001,\n 45.67548217560647\n ],\n [\n -124.27734374999999,\n 44.43377984606825\n ],\n [\n -124.67285156250001,\n 43.42100882994726\n ],\n [\n -124.892578125,\n 42.391008609205045\n ],\n [\n -124.365234375,\n 41.64007838467894\n ],\n [\n -124.3212890625,\n 40.88029480552824\n ],\n [\n -124.8046875,\n 40.48038142908172\n ],\n [\n -124.4091796875,\n 39.977120098439634\n ],\n [\n -123.837890625,\n 38.65119833229951\n ],\n [\n -122.29980468749999,\n 36.70365959719456\n ],\n [\n -121.6845703125,\n 35.60371874069731\n ],\n [\n -120.9814453125,\n 34.08906131584996\n ],\n [\n -120.10253906249999,\n 33.65120829920497\n ],\n [\n -119.66308593749999,\n 33.90689555128866\n ],\n [\n -118.16894531249999,\n 33.43144133557529\n ],\n [\n -117.333984375,\n 32.43561304116276\n ],\n [\n -114.873046875,\n 32.76880048488168\n ],\n [\n -114.78515624999999,\n 32.47269502206151\n ],\n [\n -111.1376953125,\n 31.27855085894653\n ],\n [\n -108.2373046875,\n 31.353636941500987\n ],\n [\n -108.19335937499999,\n 31.728167146023935\n ],\n [\n -106.61132812499999,\n 31.80289258670676\n ],\n [\n -105.908203125,\n 31.16580958786196\n ],\n [\n -104.8974609375,\n 30.372875188118016\n ],\n [\n -104.58984375,\n 29.34387539941801\n ],\n [\n -103.3154296875,\n 29.075375179558346\n ],\n [\n -102.87597656249999,\n 29.19053283229458\n ],\n [\n -102.74414062499999,\n 29.649868677972304\n ],\n [\n -101.6015625,\n 29.80251790576445\n ],\n [\n -100.5029296875,\n 28.8831596093235\n ],\n [\n -99.7119140625,\n 27.410785702577023\n ],\n [\n -99.00878906249999,\n 26.352497858154\n ],\n [\n -97.20703125,\n 25.799891182088334\n ],\n [\n -97.20703125,\n 25.958044673317843\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"35","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-05-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"564717d7e4b0e2669b313127","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barnes, Christopher 0000-0002-4608-4364 barnes@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4608-4364","contributorId":3617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"Christopher","email":"barnes@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":579729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roy, David P.","contributorId":71083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roy","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":579730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":81124,"text":"ofr20071437K - 2008 - A-priori rupture models for Northern California Type-A faults","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-17T16:13:29","indexId":"ofr20071437K","displayToPublicDate":"2008-04-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1437","chapter":"K","title":"A-priori rupture models for Northern California Type-A faults","docAbstract":"This appendix describes how a-priori rupture models were developed for the northern California Type-A faults. As described in the main body of this report, and in Appendix G, “a-priori” models represent an initial estimate of the rate of single and multi-segment surface ruptures on each fault. Whether or not a given model is moment balanced (i.e., satisfies section slip-rate data) depends on assumptions made regarding the average slip on each segment in each rupture (which in turn depends on the chosen magnitude-area relationship). Therefore, for a given set of assumptions, or branch on the logic tree, the methodology of the present Working Group (WGCEP-2007) is to find a final model that is as close as possible to the a-priori model, in the least squares sense, but that also satisfies slip rate and perhaps other data. This is analogous the WGCEP- 2002 approach of effectively voting on the relative rate of each possible rupture, and then finding the closest moment-balance model (under a more limiting set of assumptions than adopted by the present WGCEP, as described in detail in Appendix G). The 2002 Working Group Report (WCCEP, 2003, referred to here as WGCEP-2002), created segmented earthquake rupture forecast models for all faults in the region, including some that had been designated as Type B faults in the NSHMP, 1996, and one that had not previously been considered. The 2002 National Seismic Hazard Maps used the values from WGCEP-2002 for all the faults in the region, essentially treating all the listed faults as Type A faults. As discussed in Appendix A, the current WGCEP found that there are a number of faults with little or no data on slip-per-event, or dates of previous earthquakes. As a result, the WGCEP recommends that faults with minimal available earthquake recurrence data: the Greenville, Mount Diablo, San Gregorio, Monte Vista-Shannon and Concord-Green Valley be modeled as Type B faults to be consistent with similarly poorly-known faults statewide. As a result, the modified segmented models discussed here only concern the San Andreas, Hayward-Rodgers Creek, and Calaveras faults.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Appendix K in The Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast, Version 2 (UCERF 2)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071437K","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Geological Survey and the Southern California Earthquake Center","usgsCitation":"Wills, C.J., Weldon, R.J., and Field, E.H., 2008, A-priori rupture models for Northern California Type-A faults (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1437, iii, 7 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071437K.","productDescription":"iii, 7 p.","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195551,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11146,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1437/k/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4a82","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wills, Chris J.","contributorId":97576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wills","given":"Chris","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weldon, Ray J. II","contributorId":47859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weldon","given":"Ray","suffix":"II","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Field, Edward H. 0000-0001-8172-7882 field@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8172-7882","contributorId":52242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"Edward","email":"field@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":81127,"text":"ofr20071437N - 2008 - Conditional, time-dependent probabilities for segmented Type-A faults in the WGCEP UCERF 2","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-11T08:50:17","indexId":"ofr20071437N","displayToPublicDate":"2008-04-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1437","chapter":"N","title":"Conditional, time-dependent probabilities for segmented Type-A faults in the WGCEP UCERF 2","docAbstract":"This appendix presents elastic-rebound-theory (ERT) motivated time-dependent probabilities, conditioned on the date of last earthquake, for the segmented type-A fault models of the 2007 Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities (WGCEP). These probabilities are included as one option in the WGCEP?s Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast 2 (UCERF 2), with the other options being time-independent Poisson probabilities and an ?Empirical? model based on observed seismicity rate changes. A more general discussion of the pros and cons of all methods for computing time-dependent probabilities, as well as the justification of those chosen for UCERF 2, are given in the main body of this report (and the 'Empirical' model is also discussed in Appendix M). What this appendix addresses is the computation of conditional, time-dependent probabilities when both single- and multi-segment ruptures are included in the model.\r\n\r\nComputing conditional probabilities is relatively straightforward when a fault is assumed to obey strict segmentation in the sense that no multi-segment ruptures occur (e.g., WGCEP (1988, 1990) or see Field (2007) for a review of all previous WGCEPs; from here we assume basic familiarity with conditional probability calculations). However, and as we?ll see below, the calculation is not straightforward when multi-segment ruptures are included, in essence because we are attempting to apply a point-process model to a non point process.\r\n\r\nThe next section gives a review and evaluation of the single- and multi-segment rupture probability-calculation methods used in the most recent statewide forecast for California (WGCEP UCERF 1; Petersen et al., 2007). We then present results for the methodology adopted here for UCERF 2. We finish with a discussion of issues and possible alternative approaches that could be explored and perhaps applied in the future. A fault-by-fault comparison of UCERF 2 probabilities with those of previous studies is given in the main part of this report.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Appendix N in The Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast, Version 2 (UCERF 2)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071437N","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Geological Survey and the Southern California Earthquake Center","usgsCitation":"Field, E.H., and Gupta, V., 2008, Conditional, time-dependent probabilities for segmented Type-A faults in the WGCEP UCERF 2 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1437, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071437N.","productDescription":"29 p.","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195285,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11149,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1437/n/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5ee4b07f02db633ecb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Field, Edward H. 0000-0001-8172-7882 field@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8172-7882","contributorId":52242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"Edward","email":"field@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gupta, Vipin","contributorId":26389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gupta","given":"Vipin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":81130,"text":"sir20075267 - 2008 - Temporal Differences in the Hydrologic Regime of the Lower Platte River, Nebraska, 1895-2006","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:26","indexId":"sir20075267","displayToPublicDate":"2008-04-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5267","title":"Temporal Differences in the Hydrologic Regime of the Lower Platte River, Nebraska, 1895-2006","docAbstract":"In cooperation with the Lower Platte South Natural Resources District for a collaborative study of the cumulative effects of water and channel management practices on stream and riparian ecology, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) compiled, analyzed, and summarized hydrologic information from long-term gaging stations on the lower Platte River to determine any significant temporal differences among six discrete periods during 1895-2006 and to interpret any significant changes in relation to changes in climatic conditions or other factors. A subset of 171 examined hydrologic indices (HIs) were selected for use as indices that (1) included most of the variance in the larger set of indices, (2) retained utility as indicators of the streamflow regime, and (3) provided information at spatial and temporal scale(s) that were most indicative of streamflow regime(s). The study included the most downstream station within the central Platte River segment that flowed to the confluence with the Loup River and all four active streamflow-gaging stations (2006) on the lower Platte River main stem extending from the confluence of the Loup River and Platte River to the confluence of the Platte River and Missouri River south of Omaha. The drainage areas of the five streamflow-gaging stations covered four (of eight) climate divisions in Nebraska?division 2 (north central), 3 (northeast), 5 (central), and 6 (east central).\r\n\r\nHistorical climate data and daily streamflow records from 1895 through 2006 at the five streamflow-gaging stations were divided into six 11-water-year periods: 1895?1905, 1934?44, 1951?61, 1966?76, 1985?95, and 1996?2006. Analysis of monthly climate variables?precipitation and Palmer Hydrological Drought Index?was used to determine the degree of hydroclimatic association between streamflow and climate. Except for the 1895?1905 period, data gaps in the streamflow record were filled by data estimation techniques, and 171 hydrologic indices were calculated using the Hydroecological Integrity Assessment Process software developed by the U.S. Geological Survey. A subset of 27 nonredundant indices (of the 171 indices) was selected using principal component analysis. Indices that described monthly streamflow?mean, maximum, minimum, skewness, and coefficients of variation?also were used. Comparison of these selected indices allowed determination of temporal differences among the six 11-water-year periods for each gaging station.\r\n\r\nThe lower Platte River basin was affected by moderate to severe drought conditions in the 1934?44 period. The widespread drought was preceded by mildly to moderately wet conditions in the 1895?1906 period, followed by incipient drought to incipiently wet conditions in the 1951?61 periods and mildly wet conditions in 1966?76 period, moderately wet conditions in the 1985?1995 period, and incipient drought to mildly wet conditions in the 1996?2006 period. Monthly streamflow of the Platte River from Duncan through Louisville, Nebraska, correlated significantly with the monthly Palmer Hydrological Drought Index. Temporal differences in median values of monthly-mean and monthly-maximum streamflow measured at Duncan, North Bend, and Ashland stations between the two moderately wet periods (1895?1905 and 1985?95) indicated that streamflow storage reservoirs and regulation some time after 1906 significantly reduced monthly streamflow magnitude and amplitude?the difference between the highest and lowest median values of monthly mean streamflow. Effects of storage reservoirs on the median values of monthly-minimum streamflow were less obvious. Temporal differences among the other five periods, from 1934 through 2006 when streamflow was affected by storage and regulation, indicated the predominant effects of contrasting climate conditions on median values of monthly mean, maximum, and minimum streamflow. Significant temporal differences in monthly streamflow values were evident mainly between the two periods of greatly ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20075267","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Lower Platte South Natural Resources District","usgsCitation":"Ginting, D., Zelt, R.B., and Linard, J.I., 2008, Temporal Differences in the Hydrologic Regime of the Lower Platte River, Nebraska, 1895-2006: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5267, vi, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075267.","productDescription":"vi, 44 p.","temporalStart":"1895-01-01","temporalEnd":"2006-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121228,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2007_5267.jpg"},{"id":11152,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5267/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -97.83333333333333,40.5 ], [ -97.83333333333333,41.666666666666664 ], [ -96,41.666666666666664 ], [ -96,40.5 ], [ -97.83333333333333,40.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db6855bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ginting, Daniel","contributorId":77257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ginting","given":"Daniel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zelt, Ronald B. 0000-0001-9024-855X rbzelt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9024-855X","contributorId":300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zelt","given":"Ronald","email":"rbzelt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Linard, Joshua I. jilinard@usgs.gov","contributorId":1465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linard","given":"Joshua","email":"jilinard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":81128,"text":"ofr20071437O - 2008 - Paleoseismic Investigations of the Walnut Site on the San Jacinto Fault","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-17T16:48:55","indexId":"ofr20071437O","displayToPublicDate":"2008-04-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1437","chapter":"O","title":"Paleoseismic Investigations of the Walnut Site on the San Jacinto Fault","docAbstract":"The Walnut paleoseismic site is located along the northern San Jacinto fault about 3 km southeast of the San Bernardino, California city center (Figures 1, 2). More than 340 meters of trenches were excavated across the fault zone at this site as part of an Alquist-Priolo fault study (Figure 3). We photographed and logged the SE wall and most of the NE wall of trench 1, both walls of trenches 2 and 7, the NW walls of trenches 3 and 4 and the SE wall of trench 6. After carefully cleaning the trench walls we put up a 1m by 0.5m string and nail grid. For trenches 1, 2, 6, and 7, we photographed each 1m by 0.5m panel individually and photologged on these unrectified photos. These large-scale photos were later rectified to remove the distortion due to irregularities in the trench walls and slight distortion introduced by the camera lens. Field linework was then transferred to the rectified photomosaics.\r\n\r\nWe also took a set of overview photographs for each trench taken from the top of the trench towards the opposite wall. We spliced together these overview photos to make photomosaics of all of the trenches. Because the photos were taken at a downward angle, there is significant distortion. Some of this distortion has been corrected: an attempt was made to keep horizontal grid lines horizontal and there has been some horizontal scaling to align vertical lines between benches. Although the string and nail grid spacing is 1 meter by 0.5 meter, because of the distortion in the photos and subsequent adjustments, the scale is variable along the benches, from bench to bench and from trench to trench for these overview mosaics.\r\n\r\nThis report serves principally as a repository for the overview photomosaics. Sheet 1 shows the overview mosaics for both walls of trenches 1 and 2 along with some linework including most of the fault traces, a prominent unconformity within the fluvial deposits and the larger bodies of liquefied sand. Sheet 2 shows the overview mosaics for the SE wall of trench 3 and the NW wall of trench 4 along with photomosaics of both walls of trench 7 and the SE wall of trench 6 that were complied from the rectified, large scale photos. No linework has been portrayed on these photomosaics. Sheet 3 shows the overview mosaics of both walls of trench 1 with the locations of detrital charcoal samples that were collected. A later version of this report will contain photomosaics for trenches 1 and 2 compiled from the individual, fully rectified photos covering each 1m by 0.5m area with detailed linework superimposed.\r\n\r\nThe trenches exposed a main, Holocene-active, fault zone about 5-12 m wide which juxtaposes Late Pleistocene (?) fluvial sand and gravel southwest of the fault against organic-rich, Holocene fine sand, silt and clay apparently deposited in a marsh. Most of the faults in the main zone appear to rupture to the ground surface making it impossible to resolve individual prehistoric earthquakes along this zone. However, the main fault zone is associated with a slight upwarp and growth strata associated with this folding has recorded evidence for at least 6 late-Holocene earthquakes. Deformation due to liquefaction is further evidence of large earthquakes at these horizons.\r\n\r\nThe fine-grained Holocene deposits contain abundant detrital charcoal. We have so far dated 36 samples from 20 stratigraphic layers. We used 27 of these dates in an Oxcal chronological model in order to constrain the ages of the six earthquakes. Too few samples have so far been dated from the uppermost horizons so the ages of the two youngest earthquakes recorded at the site are poorly constrained. However, it appears that the youngest sediment at the site was deposited about 2000 years ago and the thick surface soil indicate that the two youngest earthquake recorded at the site may be about this old. The radiocarbon dates provide good constraints on the ages of the four older earthquakes (Table 1). The ages of these four earthquakes suggest an aver","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Appendix O in The Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast, Version 2 (UCERF 2)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071437O","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Geological Survey and the Southern California Earthquake Center","usgsCitation":"Fumal, T.E., and Kendrick, K., 2008, Paleoseismic Investigations of the Walnut Site on the San Jacinto Fault (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1437, 3 Plates: 108 x 36 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071437O.","productDescription":"3 Plates: 108 x 36 inches or smaller","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195113,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11150,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1437/o/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db6899ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fumal, T. E.","contributorId":25942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fumal","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kendrick, K.J. 0000-0002-9839-6861","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9839-6861","contributorId":48595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendrick","given":"K.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":81125,"text":"ofr20071437L - 2008 - Cascadia Subduction Zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-17T16:09:24","indexId":"ofr20071437L","displayToPublicDate":"2008-04-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1437","chapter":"L","title":"Cascadia Subduction Zone","docAbstract":"The geometry and recurrence times of large earthquakes associated with the Cascadia Subduction Zone (CSZ) were discussed and debated at a March 28-29, 2006 Pacific Northwest workshop for the USGS National Seismic Hazard Maps.\r\n\r\nThe CSZ is modeled from Cape Mendocino in California to Vancouver Island in British Columbia. We include the same geometry and weighting scheme as was used in the 2002 model (Frankel and others, 2002) based on thermal constraints (Fig. 1; Fluck and others, 1997 and a reexamination by Wang et al., 2003, Fig. 11, eastern edge of intermediate shading). This scheme includes four possibilities for the lower (eastern) limit of seismic rupture: the base of elastic zone (weight 0.1), the base of transition zone (weight 0.2), the midpoint of the transition zone (weight 0.2), and a model with a long north-south segment at 123.8? W in the southern and central portions of the CSZ, with a dogleg to the northwest in the northern portion of the zone (weight 0.5). The latter model was derived from the approximate average longitude of the contour of the 30 km depth of the CSZ as modeled by Fluck et al. (1997). A global study of the maximum depth of thrust earthquakes on subduction zones by Tichelaar and Ruff (1993) indicated maximum depths of about 40 km for most of the subduction zones studied, although the Mexican subduction zone had a maximum depth of about 25 km (R. LaForge, pers. comm., 2006). The recent inversion of GPS data by McCaffrey et al. (2007) shows a significant amount of coupling (a coupling factor of 0.2-0.3) as far east as 123.8? West in some portions of the CSZ. Both of these lines of evidence lend support to the model with a north-south segment at 123.8? W.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Appendix L in The Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast, Version 2 (UCERF 2)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071437L","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Geological Survey and the Southern California Earthquake Center","usgsCitation":"Frankel, A.D., and Petersen, M.D., 2008, Cascadia Subduction Zone (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1437, 7 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071437L.","productDescription":"7 p.","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195319,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11147,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1437/l/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49efe4b07f02db5edc46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frankel, Arthur D. 0000-0001-9119-6106 afrankel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9119-6106","contributorId":1363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frankel","given":"Arthur","email":"afrankel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":294414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Petersen, Mark D. 0000-0001-8542-3990 mpetersen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8542-3990","contributorId":1163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"Mark","email":"mpetersen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":81129,"text":"ofr20071437P - 2008 - Compilation of surface creep on California faults and comparison of WGCEP 2007 deformation model to Pacific-North American plate Mmtion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-17T16:48:25","indexId":"ofr20071437P","displayToPublicDate":"2008-04-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1437","chapter":"P","title":"Compilation of surface creep on California faults and comparison of WGCEP 2007 deformation model to Pacific-North American plate Mmtion","docAbstract":"This Appendix contains 3 sections that 1) documents published observations of surface creep on California faults, 2) constructs line integrals across the WG-07 deformation model to compare to the Pacific - North America plate motion, and 3) constructs strain tensors of volumes across the WG-07 deformation model to compare to the Pacific - North America plate motion. Observation of creep on faults is a critical part of our earthquake rupture model because if a fault is observed to creep the moment released as earthquakes is reduced from what would be inferred directly from the fault's slip rate. There is considerable debate about how representative creep measured at the surface during a short time period is of the whole fault surface through the entire seismic cycle (e.g. Hudnut and Clark, 1989). Observationally, it is clear that the amount of creep varies spatially and temporally on a fault. However, from a practical point of view a single creep rate is associated with a fault section and the reduction in seismic moment generated by the fault is accommodated in seismic hazard models by reducing the surface area that generates earthquakes or by reducing the slip rate that is converted into seismic energy. WG-07 decided to follow the practice of past Working Groups and the National Seismic Hazard Map and used creep rate (where it was judged to be interseismic, see Table P1) to reduce the area of the fault surface that generates seismic events. In addition to following past practice, this decision allowed the Working Group to use a reduction of slip rate as a separate factor to accommodate aftershocks, post seismic slip, possible aseismic permanent deformation along fault zones and other processes that are inferred to affect the entire surface area of a fault, and thus are better modeled as a reduction in slip rate. C-zones are also handled by a reduction in slip rate, because they are inferred to include regions of widely distributed shear that is not completely expressed as earthquakes large enough to model. Because the ratio of the rate of creep relative to the total slip rate is often used to infer the average depth of creep, the depth of creep can be calculated and used to reduce the surface area of a fault that generates earthquakes in our model. This reduction of surface area of rupture is described by an aseismicity factor, assigned to each creeping fault in Appendix A. An aseismicity factor of less than 1 is only assigned to faults that are inferred to creep during the entire interseismic period. A single aseismicity factor was chosen for each section of the fault that creeps by expert opinion from the observations documented here. Uncertainties were not determined for the aseismicity factor, and thus it represents an unmodeled (and difficult to model) source of error. This Appendix simply provides the documentation of known creep, the type and precision of its measurement, and attempts to characterize the creep as interseismic, afterslip, transient or triggered. Parts 2 and 3 of this Appendix compare the WG-07 deformation model and the seismic source model it generates to the strain generated by the Pacific - North American plate motion. The concept is that plate motion generates essentially all of the elastic strain in the vicinity of the plate boundary that can be released as earthquakes. Adding up the slip rates on faults and all others sources of deformation (such as C-zones and distributed background seismicity) should approximately yield the plate motion. This addition is usually accomplished by one of four approaches: 1) line integrals that sum deformation along discrete paths through the deforming zone between the two plates, 2) seismic moment tensors that add up seismic moment of a representative set of earthquakes generated by a crustal volume spanning the plate boundary, 3) strain tensors generated by adding up the strain associated with all of the faults in a crustal volume spanning the plate
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Appendix P in The Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast, Version 2 (UCERF 2)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071437P","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Geological Survey and the Southern California Earthquake Center","usgsCitation":"Wisely, B.A., Schmidt, D.A., and Weldon, R.J., 2008, Compilation of surface creep on California faults and comparison of WGCEP 2007 deformation model to Pacific-North American plate Mmtion (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1437, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071437P.","productDescription":"43 p.","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190690,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11151,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1437/p/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ee4b07f02db6aa03f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wisely, Beth A.","contributorId":41532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wisely","given":"Beth","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schmidt, David A.","contributorId":51389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Weldon, Ray J. II","contributorId":47859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weldon","given":"Ray","suffix":"II","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":81114,"text":"ofr20071437B - 2008 - Recurrence interval and event age data for Type A faults","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-17T16:54:50","indexId":"ofr20071437B","displayToPublicDate":"2008-04-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1437","chapter":"B","title":"Recurrence interval and event age data for Type A faults","docAbstract":"This appendix summarizes available recurrence interval, event age, and timing of most recent event data for Type A faults considered in the Earthquake Rate Model 2 (ERM 2) and used in the ERM 2 Appendix C analysis as well as Appendix N (time-dependent probabilities). These data have been compiled into an Excel workbook named Appendix B A-fault event ages_recurrence_V5.0 (herein referred to as the Appendix B workbook). For convenience, the Appendix B workbook is attached to the end of this document as a series of tables. The tables within the Appendix B workbook include site locations, event ages, and recurrence data, and in some cases, the interval of time between earthquakes is also reported. The Appendix B workbook is organized as individual worksheets, with each worksheet named by fault and paleoseismic site. Each worksheet contains the site location in latitude and longitude, as well as information on event ages, and a summary of recurrence data. Because the data has been compiled from different sources with different presentation styles, descriptions of the contents of each worksheet within the Appendix B spreadsheet are summarized.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Appendix B in The Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast, Version 2 (UCERF 2)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071437B","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Geological Survey and the Southern California Earthquake Center","usgsCitation":"Dawson, T.E., Weldon, R.J., and Biasi, G.P., 2008, Recurrence interval and event age data for Type A faults (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1437, ii, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071437B.","productDescription":"ii, 38 p.","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195360,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11135,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1437/b/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db6354a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dawson, Timothy E.","contributorId":24429,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dawson","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":7099,"text":"Calif. Geol. Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":294380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weldon, Ray J. II","contributorId":47859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weldon","given":"Ray","suffix":"II","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Biasi, Glenn P.","contributorId":20436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biasi","given":"Glenn","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":81113,"text":"ofr20071437A - 2008 - California fault parameters for the National Seismic Hazard Maps and Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities 2007","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-17T16:55:20","indexId":"ofr20071437A","displayToPublicDate":"2008-04-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1437","chapter":"A","title":"California fault parameters for the National Seismic Hazard Maps and Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities 2007","docAbstract":"This report describes development of fault parameters for the 2007 update of the National Seismic Hazard Maps and the Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities (WGCEP, 2007). These reference parameters are contained within a database intended to be a source of values for use by scientists interested in producing either seismic hazard or deformation models to better understand the current seismic hazards in California. These parameters include descriptions of the geometry and rates of movements of faults throughout the state. These values are intended to provide a starting point for development of more sophisticated deformation models which include known rates of movement on faults as well as geodetic measurements of crustal movement and the rates of movements of the tectonic plates. The values will be used in developing the next generation of the time-independent National Seismic Hazard Maps, and the time-dependant seismic hazard calculations being developed for the WGCEP. Due to the multiple uses of this information, development of these parameters has been coordinated between USGS, CGS and SCEC. SCEC provided the database development and editing tools, in consultation with USGS, Golden. This database has been implemented in Oracle and supports electronic access (e.g., for on-the-fly access). A GUI-based application has also been developed to aid in populating the database. Both the continually updated 'living' version of this database, as well as any locked-down official releases (e.g., used in a published model for calculating earthquake probabilities or seismic shaking hazards) are part of the USGS Quaternary Fault and Fold Database http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/qfaults/ . CGS has been primarily responsible for updating and editing of the fault parameters, with extensive input from USGS and SCEC scientists.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Appendix A in The Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast, Version 2 (UCERF 2)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071437A","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Geological Survey and the Southern California Earthquake Center","usgsCitation":"Wills, C.J., Weldon, R.J., and Bryant, W., 2008, California fault parameters for the National Seismic Hazard Maps and Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities 2007 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1437, iii, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071437A.","productDescription":"iii, 48 p.","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190694,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11134,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1437/a/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e7308","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wills, Chris J.","contributorId":97576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wills","given":"Chris","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weldon, Ray J. II","contributorId":47859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weldon","given":"Ray","suffix":"II","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bryant, W. A.","contributorId":56255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bryant","given":"W. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":81116,"text":"ofr20071437D - 2008 - Earthquake Rate Model 2 of the 2007 working group for California earthquake probabilities, magnitude-area relationships","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-17T16:53:42","indexId":"ofr20071437D","displayToPublicDate":"2008-04-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1437","chapter":"D","title":"Earthquake Rate Model 2 of the 2007 working group for California earthquake probabilities, magnitude-area relationships","docAbstract":"The Working Group for California Earthquake Probabilities must transform fault lengths and their slip rates into earthquake moment-magnitudes. First, the down-dip coseismic fault dimension, W, must be inferred. We have chosen the Nazareth and Hauksson (2004) method, which uses the depth above which 99% of the background seismicity occurs to assign W. The product of the observed or inferred fault length, L, with the down-dip dimension, W, gives the fault area, A. We must then use a scaling relation to relate A to moment-magnitude, Mw. We assigned equal weight to the Ellsworth B (Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities, 2003) and Hanks and Bakun (2007) equations. The former uses a single logarithmic relation fitted to the M=6.5 portion of data of Wells and Coppersmith (1994); the latter uses a bilinear relation with a slope change at M=6.65 (A=537 km2) and also was tested against a greatly expanded dataset for large continental transform earthquakes. We also present an alternative power law relation, which fits the newly expanded Hanks and Bakun (2007) data best, and captures the change in slope that Hanks and Bakun attribute to a transition from area- to length-scaling of earthquake slip. We have not opted to use the alternative relation for the current model. The selections and weights were developed by unanimous consensus of the Executive Committee of the Working Group, following an open meeting of scientists, a solicitation of outside opinions from additional scientists, and presentation of our approach to the Scientific Review Panel. The magnitude-area relations and their assigned weights are unchanged from that used in Working Group (2003).","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Appendix D in The Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast, Version 2 (UCERF 2)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071437D","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Geological Survey and the Southern California Earthquake Center","usgsCitation":"Stein, R.S., 2008, Earthquake Rate Model 2 of the 2007 working group for California earthquake probabilities, magnitude-area relationships (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1437, iii, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071437D.","productDescription":"iii, 13 p.","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195059,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11137,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1437/d/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a52e4b07f02db62ac37","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stein, Ross S. 0000-0001-7586-3933 rstein@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7586-3933","contributorId":2604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stein","given":"Ross","email":"rstein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":81122,"text":"ofr20071437J - 2008 - Spatial seismicity rates and maximum magnitudes for background earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-17T16:11:41","indexId":"ofr20071437J","displayToPublicDate":"2008-04-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1437","chapter":"J","title":"Spatial seismicity rates and maximum magnitudes for background earthquakes","docAbstract":"The background seismicity model is included to account for M 5.0 - 6.5 earthquakes on faults and for random M 5.0 ? 7.0 earthquakes that do not occur on faults included in the model (as in earlier models of Frankel et al., 1996, 2002 and Petersen et al., 1996). We include four different classes of earthquake sources in the California background seismicity model: (1) gridded (smoothed) seismicity, (2) regional background zones, (3) special fault zone models, and (4) shear zones (also referred to as C zones). The gridded (smoothed) seismicity model, the regional background zone model, and the special fault zones use a declustered earthquake catalog for calculation of earthquake rates. Earthquake rates in shear zones are estimated from the geodetically determined rate of deformation across an area of high strain rate. We use a truncated exponential (Gutenberg-Richter, 1944) magnitude-frequency distribution to account for earthquakes in the background models.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Appendix J in The Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast, Version 2 (UCERF 2)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071437J","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Geological Survey and the Southern California Earthquake Center","usgsCitation":"Petersen, M.D., Mueller, C.S., Frankel, A.D., and Zeng, Y., 2008, Spatial seismicity rates and maximum magnitudes for background earthquakes (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1437, iii, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071437J.","productDescription":"iii, 8 p.","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195187,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11143,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1437/j/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e70ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Petersen, Mark D. 0000-0001-8542-3990 mpetersen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8542-3990","contributorId":1163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"Mark","email":"mpetersen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mueller, Charles S. 0000-0002-1868-9710 cmueller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1868-9710","contributorId":955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"Charles","email":"cmueller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":294402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Frankel, Arthur D. 0000-0001-9119-6106 afrankel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9119-6106","contributorId":1363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frankel","given":"Arthur","email":"afrankel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":294404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zeng, Yuehua zeng@usgs.gov","contributorId":1623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zeng","given":"Yuehua","email":"zeng@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":294405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":81118,"text":"ofr20071437F - 2008 - Summary of geologic data and development of A Priori Rupture Models for the Elsinore, San Jacinto, and Garlock faults","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-17T16:51:33","indexId":"ofr20071437F","displayToPublicDate":"2008-04-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1437","chapter":"F","title":"Summary of geologic data and development of A Priori Rupture Models for the Elsinore, San Jacinto, and Garlock faults","docAbstract":"This appendix to the WGCEP Earthquake Rate Model 2 summarizes geologic data and documents the development of the rupture models for the Elsinore, San Jacinto, and Garlock faults. For the summary of available geologic data, the documentation is organized by fault and fault segment and includes a summary of slip rates, event timing and recurrence, slip-per-event, and historical seismicity for each segment. This information is compiled from the published literature as well as newer studies that have not yet been published. For the unpublished data, we either are familiar, having visited the paleoseismic sites, or participated in the data collection, or we have solicited the principal investigators at each site for their latest results. While these unpublished results are preliminary, we have chosen to include them because the results were considered in development of the rupture models and it is unlikely that the sites will be formally published before the WGCEP Earthquake Rate Model is finalized. The second part of this document describes the construction of the rupture models used in the WGCEP Earthquake Rate Model 2, and the rationale that went into the construction of these models, with a summary of what types of data were considered when the rupture models were created.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Appendix F in The Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast, Version 2 (UCERF 2)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071437F","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Geological Survey and the Southern California Earthquake Center","usgsCitation":"Dawson, T.E., Rockwell, T., Weldon, R.J., and Wills, C.J., 2008, Summary of geologic data and development of A Priori Rupture Models for the Elsinore, San Jacinto, and Garlock faults (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1437, iii, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071437F.","productDescription":"iii, 23 p.","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190955,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11139,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1437/f/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db699156","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dawson, Timothy E.","contributorId":24429,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dawson","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":7099,"text":"Calif. Geol. Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":294388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rockwell, Tom K.","contributorId":24448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rockwell","given":"Tom K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Weldon, Ray J. II","contributorId":47859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weldon","given":"Ray","suffix":"II","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wills, Chris J.","contributorId":97576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wills","given":"Chris","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}