A fusion-extraction procedure for the determination of total tin in rocks and sediments by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) was reexamined and modified to obtain the optimum accuracy and precision. Several variations based on increases in the sample weight or extraction ratio were compared based on the determination of tin in 18 Geological Survey of Japan (GSJ) reference materials. The most accurate and precise procedure was found to be an 8:1 extraction of a 0.5 g rock sample fused with lithium metaborate and dissolved in 7.5% hydrochloric acid, using a 4% solution of trioctylphosphine oxide in methyl isobutyl ketone (TOPO-MIBK). Rocks containing <I ug/g total tin require a 0.5 g sample size for the utmost accuracy. Utilizing these modifications, tin concentrations were found to be within 0.1 ug/g for all of the GSJ reference standards with the exception of the rhyolites. Values are reported for the total tin content of three new GSJ reference materials, namely, JLk-1, JLs-1, and JDo-1.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.2116/analsci.9.681","usgsCitation":"Elsheimer, H., 1993, Optimization of an extraction procedure for the accurate determination of total tin in eighteen Geological Survey of Japan rock reference materials: Analytical Sciences, v. 9, p. 681-685, https://doi.org/10.2116/analsci.9.681.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"681","endPage":"685","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":494204,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2116/analsci.9.681","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":416962,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-10-11","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elsheimer, H.N.","contributorId":77523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elsheimer","given":"H.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":56,"text":"wsp2380 - 1991 - Geochemical relations and distribution of selected trace elements in ground water of the northern part of the western San Joaquin Valley, California","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":17129,"text":"ofr90108 - 1991 - Geochemical relations and distribution of selected trace elements in ground water of the northern part of the western San Joaquin Valley, California","indexId":"ofr90108","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Geochemical relations and distribution of selected trace elements in ground water of the northern part of the western San Joaquin Valley, California"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":56,"text":"wsp2380 - 1991 - Geochemical relations and distribution of selected trace elements in ground water of the northern part of the western San Joaquin Valley, California","indexId":"wsp2380","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Geochemical relations and distribution of selected trace elements in ground water of the northern part of the western San Joaquin Valley, California"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:11","indexId":"wsp2380","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2380","title":"Geochemical relations and distribution of selected trace elements in ground water of the northern part of the western San Joaquin Valley, California","docAbstract":"Water samples were collected from 44 wells in the northern part of the western San Joaquin Valley, California, between March and July 1985 to assess the geochemical relations and distribution of major ions and selected trace-element concentrations in ground water of the area. The ground-waterflow system consists of a semiconfined zone and a confined zone separated by a regionally extensive clay bed. \r\n\r\nThe data show that the areal and vertical distribution of ground-water chemistry in the ground-water-flow system has been affected by different agricultural and natural sources of recharge and the source and redox status of the sediments. Tritium and stable-isotope data indicate extensive infiltration of the semiconfined zone by post-1952 irrigation water originating as runoff from the Sierra Nevada. Tritium concentrations greater than 2 tritium units in most samples from the confined zone indicate that the post-1952 water also has infiltrated to wells completed in this zone. Stable-isotope data indicate that ground water from the semiconfined zone, characterized by the enriched oxygen-18 that is indicative of a Coast Ranges source, occurs in many wells in the confined zone. Movement of water from the semiconfined zone to the confined zone likely is taking place by downward flow through the many wells that perforate the confining clay bed. \r\n\r\nTrace-element concentrations in the semiconfined and confined zones generally are similar. In contrast, concentrations were significantly different between ground water from Coast Ranges sediments and ground water from Sierra Nevada sediments in both zones. Ground water from Coast Ranges sediments contains significantly higher concentrations of nitrate, boron, and selenium than water from Sierra Nevada sediments. Ground water from Sierra Nevada sediments was significantly higher in arsenic, molybdenum, and manganese than ground water from Coast Ranges sediments. These differences result from a combination of variable availability of the constituents and redox controls on mobility. \r\n\r\nSelenium, the only priority pollutant to exceed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's drinking-water standard, equaled or exceeded the standard of 10 micrograms per liter in water from two wells completed in the semiconfined zone and one well in the confined zone. The conservative nature of selenium behavior in the oxidized Coast Ranges deposits is shown by the high correlation (r=0.88) between selenium concentrations and specific conductance in water from these deposits in the semiconfined zone. High selenium concentrations in both zones are spatially related to the location of Coast Ranges streams that have high selenium concentrations and that were historical sources of recharge to the zones. \r\n\r\nPrincipal-component analysis confirmed the association of boron, chromium, lithium, and selenium, and the association of arsenic, iron, manganese, and molybdenum to sediments in the study area. The analysis indicated that the first group is associated with Coast Ranges sediments and the second with Sierra Nevada sediments.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section, U.S. Geological Survey [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wsp2380","usgsCitation":"Dubrovsky, N.M., Neil, J.M., Welker, M.C., and Evenson, K.D., 1991, Geochemical relations and distribution of selected trace elements in ground water of the northern part of the western San Joaquin Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2380, vii, 51 p. :ill. (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2380.","productDescription":"vii, 51 p. :ill. (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137549,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2380/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":24691,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2380/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db697f1a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dubrovsky, Neil M. 0000-0001-7786-1149 nmdubrov@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7786-1149","contributorId":1799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dubrovsky","given":"Neil","email":"nmdubrov@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":141886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Neil, John M.","contributorId":13957,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Neil","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":141887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Welker, Mary C.","contributorId":98703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welker","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":141889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Evenson, Kristin D.","contributorId":42943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evenson","given":"Kristin","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":141888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":20798,"text":"ofr91464 - 1991 - Chemical analysis of water samples and geophysical logs from cored test holes drilled in the central Oklahoma Aquifer, Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-06T12:55:35","indexId":"ofr91464","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-464","title":"Chemical analysis of water samples and geophysical logs from cored test holes drilled in the central Oklahoma Aquifer, Oklahoma","docAbstract":"Chemical analyses of water from eight test holes and geophysical logs for nine test holes drilled in the Central Oklahoma aquifer are presented. The test holes were drilled to investigate local occurrences of potentially toxic, naturally occurring trace substances in ground water. These trace substances include arsenic, chromium, selenium, residual alpha-particle activities, and uranium. Eight of the nine test holes were drilled near wells known to contain large concentrations of one or more of the naturally occurring trace substances. One test hole was drilled in an area known to have only small concentrations of any of the naturally occurring trace substances.
Water samples were collected from one to eight individual sandstone layers within each test hole. A total of 28 water samples, including four duplicate samples, were collected. The temperature, pH, specific conductance, alkalinity, and dissolved-oxygen concentrations were measured at the sample site. Laboratory determinations included major ions, nutrients, dissolved organic carbon, and trace elements (aluminum, arsenic, barium, beryllium, boron, cadmium, chromium, hexavalent chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, lithium, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, silver, strontium, vanadium and zinc). Radionuclide activities and stable isotope (5 values also were determined, including: gross-alpha-particle activity, gross-beta-particle activity, radium-226, radium-228, radon-222, uranium-234, uranium-235, uranium-238, total uranium, carbon-13/carbon-12, deuterium/hydrogen-1, oxygen-18/oxygen-16, and sulfur-34/sulfur-32. Additional analyses of arsenic and selenium species are presented for selected samples as well as analyses of density and iodine for two samples, tritium for three samples, and carbon-14 for one sample.
Geophysical logs for most test holes include caliper, neutron, gamma-gamma, natural-gamma logs, spontaneous potential, long- and short-normal resistivity, and single-point resistance. Logs for test-hole NOTS 7 do not include long- and short-normal resistivity, spontaneous-potential, or single-point resistivity. Logs for test-hole NOTS 7A include only caliper and natural-gamma logs.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Oklahoma City, OK","doi":"10.3133/ofr91464","usgsCitation":"Schlottmann, J.L., and Funkhouser, R.A., 1991, Chemical analysis of water samples and geophysical logs from cored test holes drilled in the central Oklahoma Aquifer, Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-464, vi, 58 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr91464.","productDescription":"vi, 58 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":349776,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0464/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":152694,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0464/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"Central Oklahoma Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.75,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -96.75,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -96.75,\n 36\n ],\n [\n -97.75,\n 36\n ],\n [\n -97.75,\n 35\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e499fe4b07f02db5bcceb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schlottmann, Jamie L.","contributorId":8830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schlottmann","given":"Jamie","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Funkhouser, Ron A.","contributorId":58294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Funkhouser","given":"Ron","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185491,"text":"70185491 - 1991 - Large-scale natural gradient tracer test in sand and gravel, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: 1. Experimental design and observed tracer movement","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-27T11:58:34","indexId":"70185491","displayToPublicDate":"1991-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Large-scale natural gradient tracer test in sand and gravel, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: 1. Experimental design and observed tracer movement","docAbstract":"A large-scale natural gradient tracer experiment was conducted on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, to examine the transport and dispersion of solutes in a sand and gravel aquifer. The nonreactive tracer, bromide, and the reactive tracers, lithium and molybdate, were injected as a pulse in July 1985 and monitored in three dimensions as they moved as far as 280 m down-gradient through an array of multilevel samplers. The bromide cloud moved horizontally at a rate of 0.42 m per day. It also moved downward about 4 m because of density-induced sinking early in the test and accretion of areal recharge from precipitation. After 200 m of transport, the bromide cloud had spread more than 80 m in the direction of flow, but was only 14 m wide and 4–6 m thick. The lithium and molybdate clouds followed the same path as the bromide cloud, but their rates of movement were retarded about 50% relative to bromide movement because of sorption onto the sediments.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/91WR00241","usgsCitation":"LeBlanc, D.R., Garabedian, S.P., Hess, K.M., Gelhar, L.W., Quadri, R.D., Stollenwerk, K.G., and Wood, W., 1991, Large-scale natural gradient tracer test in sand and gravel, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: 1. Experimental design and observed tracer movement: Water Resources Research, v. 27, no. 5, p. 895-910, https://doi.org/10.1029/91WR00241.","productDescription":"16 p. ","startPage":"895","endPage":"910","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338087,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.58303833007812,\n 41.60774162535756\n ],\n [\n -70.46905517578125,\n 41.60774162535756\n ],\n [\n -70.46905517578125,\n 41.703165313736655\n ],\n [\n -70.58303833007812,\n 41.703165313736655\n ],\n [\n -70.58303833007812,\n 41.60774162535756\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"27","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d61e4b0236b68f98f7c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"LeBlanc, Denis R. 0000-0002-4646-2628 dleblanc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4646-2628","contributorId":1696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeBlanc","given":"Denis","email":"dleblanc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garabedian, Stephen P.","contributorId":91090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garabedian","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hess, Kathryn M.","contributorId":49012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"Kathryn","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gelhar, Lynn W.","contributorId":189690,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gelhar","given":"Lynn","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Quadri, Richard D.","contributorId":189692,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Quadri","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stollenwerk, Kenneth G. kgstolle@usgs.gov","contributorId":578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stollenwerk","given":"Kenneth","email":"kgstolle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":685727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wood, Warren W.","contributorId":47770,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wood","given":"Warren W.","affiliations":[{"id":6601,"text":"Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":685728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":25131,"text":"cir930I - 1990 - International strategic minerals inventory summary report; lithium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:16","indexId":"cir930I","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"930","chapter":"I","title":"International strategic minerals inventory summary report; lithium","docAbstract":"Major world resources of lithium are described in this summary report of information in the International Strategic Minerals Inventory (ISMI). ISMI is a cooperative data-collection effort of earth-science and mineral-resource agencies in Australia, Canada, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Republic of South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America. Part I of this report presents an overview of the resources and potential supply of lithium on the basis of inventory information; Part II contains tables of some of the geologic information and mineral-resource information and production data collected by ISMI participants. \r\n\r\nIn terms of lithium-resource availability, present economically viable resources are more than sufficient to meet likely demand in the foreseeable future. In times of excess capacity such as currently exist, some pegmatite operations cannot compete with brine operations, which are less costly. A further production shift from pegmatites to brines will result in the concentration of supply in a few countries such as Chile and the United States. This shift would lead to the dependence of industrialized countries on deliveries from these sources.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir930I","usgsCitation":"Anstett, T., Krauss, U., Ober, J., and Schmidt, H., 1990, International strategic minerals inventory summary report; lithium: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 930, v. :ill. ;26 cm.; 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir930I.","productDescription":"v. :ill. ;26 cm.; 28 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118796,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1990/0930i/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54111,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1990/0930i/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d8e4b07f02db5df356","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anstett, T.F.","contributorId":29850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anstett","given":"T.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krauss, U.H.","contributorId":47404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krauss","given":"U.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ober, J.A.","contributorId":76351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ober","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schmidt, H.W.","contributorId":103710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"H.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":25733,"text":"wri894105 - 1990 - Reconnaissance investigation of water quality, bottom sediment, and biota associated with irrigation drainage in and near Stillwater Wildlife Management Area, Churchill County, Nevada, 1986-87","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:13","indexId":"wri894105","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4105","title":"Reconnaissance investigation of water quality, bottom sediment, and biota associated with irrigation drainage in and near Stillwater Wildlife Management Area, Churchill County, Nevada, 1986-87","docAbstract":"A reconnaissance was initiated in 1986 to determine whether the quality of irrigation-drainage water in and near the Stillwater Wildlife Management Area, Nevada, has caused or has potential to cause harmful effects on human health, fish, wildlife, or other beneficial uses of water. Samples of surface and groundwater, bottom sediment, and biota were collected from sites upstream and downstream from the Fallon agricultural area in the Carson Desert, and analyzed for potentially toxic trace elements. Other analysis included radioactive substances, major dissolved constituents, and nutrients in water, and pesticide residues in bottom sediment and biota. In areas affected by irrigation drainage, the following constituents were found to commonly exceed baseline concentrations or recommended criteria for protection of aquatic life or propagation of wildlife: In water, arsenic, boron, dissolved solids, molybdenum, sodium, and un-ionized ammonia; in bottom sediments, arsenic, lithium, mercury, molybdenum, and selenium; and in biota, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, mercury, selenium, and zinc. In some wetlands, selenium and mercury appeared to be biomagnified, and arsenic bioaccumulated. Pesticides contamination in bottom sediments and biota was insignificant. Adverse biological effects observed during this reconnaissance included gradual vegetative changes and species loss, fish die-offs, waterfowl disease epidemics, and persistent and unexplained deaths of migratory birds. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri894105","usgsCitation":"Hoffman, R., Hallock, R., Rowe, T., Lico, M., Burge, H., and Thompson, S., 1990, Reconnaissance investigation of water quality, bottom sediment, and biota associated with irrigation drainage in and near Stillwater Wildlife Management Area, Churchill County, Nevada, 1986-87: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4105, viii, 150 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894105.","productDescription":"viii, 150 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157001,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4105/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54494,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4105/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54495,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4105/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6ce4b07f02db63eb5c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoffman, R.J.","contributorId":38582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hallock, R.J.","contributorId":100413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hallock","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rowe, T.G.","contributorId":105732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowe","given":"T.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lico, M.S.","contributorId":36573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lico","given":"M.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Burge, H.L.","contributorId":57104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burge","given":"H.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Thompson, S.P.","contributorId":66731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"S.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70015925,"text":"70015925 - 1990 - Characterization of transport in an acidic and metal-rich mountain stream based on a lithium tracer injection and simulations of transient storage","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-27T11:40:25","indexId":"70015925","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterization of transport in an acidic and metal-rich mountain stream based on a lithium tracer injection and simulations of transient storage","docAbstract":"Physical parameters characterizing solute transport in the Snake River (an acidic and metal-rich mountain stream near Montezuma, Colorado) were variable along a 5.2-km study reach. Stream cross-sectional area and volumetric inflow each varied by a factor of 3. Because of transient storage, the residence time of injected tracers in the Snake River was longer than would be calculated by consideration of convective travel time alone. Distributed inflows along the stream were a significant source of in-stream chemical variations. These transport characteristics of the Snake River were established on the basis of the assumption of lithium as an ideally conservative tracer and use of simulations of advection, dispersion, and transient storage. Evaluations of the validity of this combined tracer and simulation approach lend confidence to the estimation of the physical transport parameters, but further development is warranted for methods of onsite transport experimentation in hydrologically complex, chemically reactive environments.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR026i005p00989","usgsCitation":"Bencala, K.E., McKnight, D.M., and Zellweger, G.W., 1990, Characterization of transport in an acidic and metal-rich mountain stream based on a lithium tracer injection and simulations of transient storage: Water Resources Research, v. 26, no. 5, p. 989-1000, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR026i005p00989.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"989","endPage":"1000","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223390,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f4e8e4b0c8380cd4bfcb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bencala, Kenneth E. kbencala@usgs.gov","contributorId":1541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bencala","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbencala@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":372095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKnight, Diane M.","contributorId":59773,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKnight","given":"Diane","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":16833,"text":"INSTAAR, University of Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":372094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zellweger, Gary W.","contributorId":71171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zellweger","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016138,"text":"70016138 - 1990 - Determination of total tin in silicate rocks by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:47","indexId":"70016138","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":760,"text":"Analytica Chimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of total tin in silicate rocks by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry","docAbstract":"A method is described for the determination of total tin in silicate rocks utilizing a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer with a stabilized-temperature platform furnace and Zeeman-effect background correction. The sample is decomposed by lithium metaborate fusion (3 + 1) in graphite crucibles with the melt being dissolved in 7.5% hydrochloric acid. Tin extractions (4 + 1 or 8 + 1) are executed on portions of the acid solutions using a 4% solution of tricotylphosphine oxide in methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK). Ascorbic acid is added as a reducing agent prior to extraction. A solution of diammonium hydrogenphosphate and magnesium nitrate is used as a matrix modifier in the graphite furnace determination. The limit of detection is > 10 pg, equivalent to > 1 ??g l-1 of tin in the MIBK solution or 0.2-0.3 ??g g-61 in the rock. The concentration range is linear between 2.5 and 500 ??g l-1 tin in solution. The precision, measured as relative standard deviation, is < 20% at the 2.5 ??g l-1 level and < 7% at the 10-30 ??g l-1 level of tin. Excellent agreement with recommended literature values was found when the method was applied to the international silicate rock standards BCR-1, PCC-1, GSP-1, AGV-1, STM-1, JGb-1 and Mica-Fe. Application was made to the determination of tin in geological core samples with total tin concentrations of the order of 1 ??g g-1 or less.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Analytica Chimica Acta","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0003-2670(00)83845-3","issn":"00032670","usgsCitation":"Elsheimer, H., and Fries, T.L., 1990, Determination of total tin in silicate rocks by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry: Analytica Chimica Acta, v. 239, no. 1, p. 145-149, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(00)83845-3.","startPage":"145","endPage":"149","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205298,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(00)83845-3"},{"id":222780,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"239","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ffe0e4b0c8380cd4f447","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elsheimer, H.N.","contributorId":77523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elsheimer","given":"H.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fries, T. L.","contributorId":12053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fries","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":18958,"text":"ofr89413 - 1989 - Lithology, mineralogy, and paleontology of Quaternary lake deposits in Long Valley Caldera, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:32","indexId":"ofr89413","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-413","title":"Lithology, mineralogy, and paleontology of Quaternary lake deposits in Long Valley Caldera, California","docAbstract":"Drill cores and cuttings from two drill holes, about 3 km apart, in Long Valley caldera, Mono County, California, were studied using x-ray diffraction and optical methods. A thick sequence of tuffs and lake sediments was encountered in LVCH-1 (1,000 ft deep) and Republic well 66-29 (6,920 ft deep), drilled in the southeast part of the Long Valley caldera. Ostracods, diatoms, and isotopic data indicate that the sediments and tuffs were deposited in a shallow caldera lake which changed in salinity over time. Conditions ranged from very saline in the older lake to fresh in the youngest. The sequence of secondary minerals from top to bottom is: clinoptilolite, mordenite, analcime, K-feldspar (and albite). In some geothermal systems, this sequence of secondary minerals is a function of temperature; however, the paleontological and isotopic data indicate that the change in secondary minerals with increasing depth is due to the older strata being deposited in a more saline environment. No mineralogical evidence of hydrothermal alteration is present, although the high lithium content of some clays and feldspars and the isotopic composition of some sulfate (gypsum) seems to require a hydrothermal source. (Lantz-PTT)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr89413","usgsCitation":"Fournier, R., 1989, Lithology, mineralogy, and paleontology of Quaternary lake deposits in Long Valley Caldera, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-413, v, 97 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr89413.","productDescription":"v, 97 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151414,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0413/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":48363,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0413/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":48364,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0413/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":48365,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0413/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db635e82","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fournier, R.B.","contributorId":63406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fournier","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":38446,"text":"pp1405D - 1989 - Geochemistry of the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system in the northern Midwest, United States: D in Regional aquifer-system analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T10:36:50","indexId":"pp1405D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1405","chapter":"D","title":"Geochemistry of the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system in the northern Midwest, United States: D in Regional aquifer-system analysis","docAbstract":"Distributions of solutes in aquifers of Cambrian and Ordovician age were studied in Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, northwestern Indiana, and northern Missouri to determine the sources of solutes and the probable chemical mechanisms that control regional variations in water quality. This work is part of the Northern Midwest Regional Aquifer-System Analysis project, whose objective is to describe and model the regional hydrogeology of the Cambrian- Ordovician aquifer system in the study region. The data base used included more than 3,000 ground-water-quality analyses from all major aquifers, but especially from the St. Peter, Jordan, and Mount Simon Sandstones and their equivalents. Regional variations in the water chemistry of glacial drift and other sedimentary units that overlie the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system in recharge areas in Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin, and Illinois were also studied, but to a lesser degree.
\nThe most important chemical variation in the aquifer is the change in water type from calcium-sodium-sulfate-bicarbonate water to sodium-calcium-sulfate-bicarbonate and sodium-chloride waters along the longest regional flow path from northwestern Iowa to the Illinois basin. Sodium predominance downgradient from the recharge area is probably related to mechanisms of ion exchange and shalemembrane filtration near the Illinois and Forest City basins.
\nThe most striking aspect of the distribution of dissolved solids and carbon isotopic content of bicarbonate is the increase in concentration and isotopic enrichment from southwestern Wisconsin, southern Minnesota, and northwestern Illinois south toward Missouri. This trend is perpendicular to the present hydraulic gradient that trends from northwestern Iowa southeastward to the Illinois basin. The distribution of dissolved solids defines a \"plume\" of dilute water having a dissolved-solids concentration of about 500 milligrams per liter, compared with surrounding concentrations more than twice as large. Distribution of the isotopic content of oxygen (<518O) and hydrogen (5D) in water closely parallels that of dissolved solids and shows covariance similar to modern meteoric water. The isotopic contents are more depleted (lighter) toward the south, perpendicular to the direction of current hydraulic gradients. The degree of depletion, compared with the isotopic content of modern recharge water, indicates that the plume and a significant fraction of the ground water in Iowa, northern Missouri, and possibly central Illinois may have originated as recharge during Pleistocene time.
\nDistributions of dissolved trace constituents in the aquifers probably are related to the proximity to mineralogic sources as well as chemical and hydraulic mechanisms. For example, concentrations of some constituents, such as cadmium and arsenic, are largest in the vicinity of the Dakota Formation in northwestern Iowa. Other constituents, such as beryllium and vanadium, have larger concentrations near the edge of the Forest City basin in southwestern Iowa and northwestern Missouri. Strontium and fluoride concentrations generally increase from north to south, which suggests the input of these trace constituents during the recharge events. However, concentrations of bromide, radium-226, and lithium show distribution patterns similar to the \"plume\" defined by dissolved solids and isotopes of water, suggesting dilution of concentrations of trace constituents by Pleistocene recharge. Concentrations of other constituents are partly controlled by aquifer temperature, such as silica in south-central Iowa, and solubility controls, such as barium in northeastern Illinois. Additional information on the chemical and mineralogical composition of the aquifer matrix and the isotopically lightest ground water is needed to evaluate the hypothesis of Pleistocene mixing before more quantitative studies can be done to evaluate the different proposed mechanisms that have controlled and modified the water chemistry over time. This study, however, indicates that the ground water in the region is thousands of years old. The study also indicates that the major chemical trends in the aquifers probably are related as much to paleohydrogeologic flow systems during Pleistocene time as to the present flow system, which may postdate the retreat of the last ice sheet about 12,000 years ago.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Regional aquifer-system analysis","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp1405D","usgsCitation":"Siegel, D.I., 1989, Geochemistry of the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system in the northern Midwest, United States: D in Regional aquifer-system analysis: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1405, vii, 76 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1405D.","productDescription":"vii, 76 p.","numberOfPages":"87","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":64921,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1405d/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":126548,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1405d/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.044921875,\n 45.9511496866914\n ],\n [\n -88.330078125,\n 46.042735653846506\n ],\n [\n -90.3955078125,\n 46.31658418182218\n ],\n [\n -92.59277343749999,\n 46.34692761055676\n ],\n [\n -93.603515625,\n 46.13417004624326\n ],\n [\n -94.7021484375,\n 45.24395342262324\n ],\n [\n -95.8447265625,\n 43.644025847699496\n ],\n [\n -96.6796875,\n 42.553080288955826\n ],\n [\n -96.7236328125,\n 41.83682786072714\n ],\n [\n -96.328125,\n 40.78054143186031\n ],\n [\n -95.2734375,\n 39.16414104768742\n ],\n [\n -94.8779296875,\n 38.37611542403604\n ],\n [\n -93.8232421875,\n 37.996162679728116\n ],\n [\n -90.7470703125,\n 37.54457732085582\n ],\n [\n -89.69238281249999,\n 37.71859032558816\n ],\n [\n -88.1982421875,\n 38.03078569382294\n ],\n [\n -87.01171875,\n 38.685509760012\n ],\n [\n -85.78125,\n 39.16414104768742\n ],\n [\n -86.4404296875,\n 42.45588764197166\n ],\n [\n -86.8798828125,\n 43.29320031385282\n ],\n [\n -87.099609375,\n 44.15068115978091\n ],\n [\n -86.044921875,\n 45.9511496866914\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ee4b07f02db6aa604","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Siegel, D. I.","contributorId":77562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Siegel","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015446,"text":"70015446 - 1989 - Reactive iron transport in an acidic mountain stream in Summit County, Colorado: A hydrologic perspective","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-11T16:21:10.387641","indexId":"70015446","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reactive iron transport in an acidic mountain stream in Summit County, Colorado: A hydrologic perspective","docAbstract":"A pH perturbation experiment was conducted in an acidic, metal-enriched, mountain stream to identify relative rates of chemical and hydrologic processes as they influence iron transport. During the experiment the pH was lowered from 4.2 to 3.2 for three hours by injection of sulfuric acid. Amorphous iron oxides are abundant on the streambed, and dissolution and photoreduction reactions resulted in a rapid increase in the dissolved iron concentration. The increase occurred simultaneously with the decrease in pH. Ferrous iron was the major aqueous iron species. The changes in the iron concentration during the experiment indicate that variation exists in the solubility properties of the hydrous iron oxides on the streambed with dissolution of at least two compartments of hydrous iron oxides contributing to the iron pulse. Spatial variations of the hydrologic properties along the stream were quantified by simulating the transport of a coinjected tracer, lithium. A simulation of iron transport, as a conservative solute, indicated that hydrologie transport had a significant role in determining downstream changes in the iron pulse. The rapidity of the changes in iron concentration indicates that a model based on dynamic equilibrium may be adequate for simulating iron transport in acid streams. A major challenge for predictive solute transport models of geochemical processes may be due to substantial spatial and seasonal variations in chemical properties of the reactive hydrous oxides in such streams, and in the physical and hydrologic properties of the stream.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(89)90346-3","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"McKnight, D.M., and Bencala, K., 1989, Reactive iron transport in an acidic mountain stream in Summit County, Colorado: A hydrologic perspective: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 53, no. 9, p. 2225-2234, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(89)90346-3.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"2225","endPage":"2234","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224152,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9584e4b0c8380cd81a78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKnight, Diane M.","contributorId":59773,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKnight","given":"Diane","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":16833,"text":"INSTAAR, University of Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":370956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bencala, K.E.","contributorId":105312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bencala","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":38449,"text":"pp1408D - 1988 - Solute geochemistry of the Snake River plain regional aquifer system, Idaho and eastern Oregon","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":21461,"text":"ofr86247 - 1987 - Solute geochemistry of the Snake River plain regional aquifer system, Idaho and eastern Oregon","indexId":"ofr86247","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"title":"Solute geochemistry of the Snake River plain regional aquifer system, Idaho and eastern Oregon"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":38449,"text":"pp1408D - 1988 - Solute geochemistry of the Snake River plain regional aquifer system, Idaho and eastern Oregon","indexId":"pp1408D","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"chapter":"D","title":"Solute geochemistry of the Snake River plain regional aquifer system, Idaho and eastern Oregon"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-19T15:49:12","indexId":"pp1408D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1408","chapter":"D","title":"Solute geochemistry of the Snake River plain regional aquifer system, Idaho and eastern Oregon","docAbstract":"Four geochemical approaches were used to determine chemical \nreactions controlling solute concentrations in the Snake River Plain \nregional aquifer system: (1) calculation of a solute balance within the \naquifer, (2) identification of weathered products in the aquifer frame- \nwork, (3) comparison of thermodynamic mineral saturation indices with \nplausible solute reactions, and (4) comparison of stable-isotope ratios \nof the solutes with those in the aquifer framework. Solutes in the geo- \nthermal groundwater system underlying the main aquifer were examined \nby calculating thermodynamic mineral saturation indices, stable-isotope \nratios, geothermometry, and radiocarbon dating.\nWater budgets, hydrologic arguments, and isotopic analyses for the \neastern Snake River Plain aquifer system demonstrate that most, if not \nall, water is of local meteoric and not juvenile or formation origin. Thus, \nthe solutes must also originate within the basin. Solute balance, isotopic, \nmineralogic, and thermodynamic arguments suggest that about 20 per- \ncent of the solutes leaving the basin are derived from reactions with \nrocks forming the aquifer framework. Most of the remaining solutes \nare introduced from tributary drainage basins.\nMass-balance calculations, thermodynamic arguments, and petro- \ngraphic observations indicate that calcite and silica are precipitated in \nthe aquifer. Petrographic evidence and thermodynamic arguments sug- \ngest that olivine, pyroxene, plagioclase, pyrite, and anhydrite are being \nweathered from the aquifer framework. Large amounts of sodium, \nchloride, and sulfate, relative to their concentration in the igneous rock, \nare being removed from the aquifer. Release of fluids from inclusions \nin the igneous rocks and initial flushing of grain boundaries and pores \nof detrital marine sediments in interbeds are believed to be a major \nsource of these solutes. Identification and quantification of reactions \ncontrolling solute concentrations in ground water in the eastern plain \nindicate that the aquifer is not a large mixing vessel that simply stores \nand transmits water and solutes but is undergoing diagenesis and is \nboth a source and a sink for solutes.\nEvaluation of solute concentrations and stable-isotope ratios of \nhydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and sulfur along groundwater flowpaths that \ntransect irrigated areas suggests that irrigation water may have altered \nsolute concentrations and isotope ratios in the eastern Snake River Plain \naquifer system. The changes, however, have been small because of the \nsimilarity of solute concentrations and ratios in applied irrigation water \nand in native ground water, and because of rapid movement and large \ndispersivity of the aquifer.\nReactions controlling solutes in the western Snake River basin are \nbelieved to be similar to those in the eastern basin but, because of dif- \nferent hydrologic conditions, a definitive analysis could not be made.\nThe regional geothermal system that underlies the Snake River Plain \ncontains total dissolved solids similar to those in the overlying Snake \nRiver Plain aquifer system but contains higher concentrations of sodium, \nbicarbonate, silica, fluoride, sulfate, chloride, arsenic, boron, and lithium,\nand lower concentrations of calcium, magnesium, and hydrogen. These \nsolutes are believed to be derived from reactions similar to those in the \nSnake River Plain aquifer system, except that ion exchange and hydrol- \nysis play a role in controlling solute concentrations in the geothermal \nsystem.\nGeothermometry calculations of selected ground-water samples from \nknown geothermal areas throughout the basin suggest that the geother- \nmal system is large in areal extent but has relatively low temperatures. \nApproximately half of the silica-quartz calculated water temperatures \nare greater than 90 °C. Radiocarbon dating of geothermal water in the \nSalmon Falls and Bruneau-Grand View areas in the south central part \nof the Snake River basin suggests that residence time of the geother- \nmal water is about 17,700 years.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/pp1408D","usgsCitation":"Wood, W., and Low, W.H., 1988, Solute geochemistry of the Snake River plain regional aquifer system, Idaho and eastern Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1408, vi, 79 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1408D.","productDescription":"vi, 79 p.","numberOfPages":"91","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123112,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1408d/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":64929,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1408d/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho;Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Snake River Plain","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.0,42.0 ], [ -111.0,45.0 ], [ -117.0,45.0 ], [ -117.0,42.0 ], [ -111.0,42.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49efe4b07f02db5ed9fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wood, Warren W.","contributorId":47770,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wood","given":"Warren W.","affiliations":[{"id":6601,"text":"Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":219842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Low, Walton H.","contributorId":92672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Low","given":"Walton","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":66222,"text":"i1251K - 1987 - Mineral resource potential for lithium, kyanite-sillimanite, and barite in the Charlotte 1 degree by 2 degrees Quadrangle, North Carolina and South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:03","indexId":"i1251K","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1251","subseriesTitle":"NONE","chapter":"K","title":"Mineral resource potential for lithium, kyanite-sillimanite, and barite in the Charlotte 1 degree by 2 degrees Quadrangle, North Carolina and South Carolina","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/i1251K","usgsCitation":"Horton, J.W., 1987, Mineral resource potential for lithium, kyanite-sillimanite, and barite in the Charlotte 1 degree by 2 degrees Quadrangle, North Carolina and South Carolina (Photorevised 1974.): U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 1251, 1 map :col. ;45 x 73 cm., on sheet 71 x 112 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/i1251K.","productDescription":"1 map :col. ;45 x 73 cm., on sheet 71 x 112 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":189610,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":106666,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_9074.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"9074"}],"scale":"250000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -82,35 ], [ -82,36 ], [ -80,36 ], [ -80,35 ], [ -82,35 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Photorevised 1974.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e4cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Horton, J. Wright Jr. 0000-0001-6756-6365 whorton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6756-6365","contributorId":81184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horton","given":"J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"whorton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Wright","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":274197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":4353,"text":"cir957 - 1987 - Mineralogy and instrumental neutron activation analysis of seven National Bureau of Standards and three Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnologicas clay reference samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:21","indexId":"cir957","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"957","title":"Mineralogy and instrumental neutron activation analysis of seven National Bureau of Standards and three Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnologicas clay reference samples","docAbstract":"The concentrations of 3 oxides and 29 elements in 7 National Bureau of Standards (NBS) and 3 Instituto de Pesquisas Techno16gicas (IPT) reference clay samples were etermined by instrumental neutron activation analysis. The analytical work was designed to test the homogeneity of constituents in three new NBS reference clays, NBS-97b, NBS-98b, and NBS-679. The analyses of variance of 276 sets of data for these three standards show that the constituents are distributed homogeneously among bottles of samples for 94 percent of the sets of data. \r\n\r\nThree of the reference samples (NBS-97, NBS-97a, and NBS-97b) are flint clays; four of the samples (NBS-98, NBS-98a, NBS-98b, and IPT-32) are plastic clays, and three of the samples (NBS-679, IPT-28, and IPT-42) are miscellaneous clays (both sedimentary and residual). Seven clays are predominantly kaolinite; the other three clays contain illite and kaolinite in the approximate ratio 3:2. Seven clays contain quartz as the major nonclay mineral. The mineralogy of the flint and plastic clays from Missouri (NBS-97a and NBS-98a) differs markedly from that of the flint and plastic clays from Pennsylvania (NBS-97, NBS-97b, NBS-98, and NBS-98b). \r\n\r\nThe flint clay NBS-97 has higher average chromium, hafnium, lithium, and zirconium contents than its replacement, reference sample NBS-97b. The differences between the plastic clay NBS-98 and its replacement, NBS-98b, are not as pronounced. The trace element contents of the flint and plastic clays from Missouri, NBS-97a and NBS-98a, differ significantly from those of the clays from Pennsylvania, especially the average rare earth element (REE) contents. The trace element contents of clay sample IPT-32 differ from those of the other plastic clays. IPT-28 and IPT-42 have some average trace element contents that differ not only between these two samples but also from all the other clays. IPT-28 has the highest summation of the average REE contents of the 10 samples. The uranium content of NBS-98a, 46 parts per million, is very much higher than that of the other clays. \r\n\r\nPlots of average REE contents of the flint and plastic clays, normalized to chondritic abundances, show that the clays from Missouri differ from the same types of clay from Pennsylvania. The plot of REE contents for the miscellaneous clays shows that the normalized means for the elements lanthanum through samarium for IPT-28 are much greater than those for the other miscellaneous clays. The means for the elements europium through lutetium are similar for all three miscellaneous clays.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir957","usgsCitation":"Hosterman, J.W., Flanagan, F., Bragg, A., Doughten, M., Filby, R., Grimm, C., Mee, J.S., Potts, P., and Rogers, N., 1987, Mineralogy and instrumental neutron activation analysis of seven National Bureau of Standards and three Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnologicas clay reference samples: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 957, iv, 38 p. :ill., map ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir957.","productDescription":"iv, 38 p. :ill., map ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124633,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1987/0957/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31462,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1987/0957/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699e44","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hosterman, John W.","contributorId":48962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hosterman","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flanagan, F.J.","contributorId":50139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flanagan","given":"F.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bragg, Anne","contributorId":78600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bragg","given":"Anne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doughten, M. W.","contributorId":101648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doughten","given":"M. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Filby, R.H.","contributorId":26071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Filby","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Grimm, Catherine","contributorId":40063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grimm","given":"Catherine","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Mee, J. S.","contributorId":25168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mee","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Potts, P.J.","contributorId":38416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Potts","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Rogers, N.W.","contributorId":83650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogers","given":"N.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":28054,"text":"wri874169 - 1987 - Hydrology and water-quality at the Weldon Spring radioactive waste-disposal sites, St. Charles County, Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-03T21:31:58.06764","indexId":"wri874169","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4169","title":"Hydrology and water-quality at the Weldon Spring radioactive waste-disposal sites, St. Charles County, Missouri","docAbstract":"Water samples from five monitoring wells adjacent to raffinate pits storing low-level radioactive waste contained concentrations of nitrate as nitrogen ranging from 53 to 990 milligrams per liter. Most samples also had maximum concentrations of calcium (900 milligrams per liter), sodium (340 milligrams per liter), sulfate (320 milligrams per liter), lithium (1,700 micrograms), strontium (1,900 micrograms per liter), and uranium (86 micrograms per liter). The raffinate pits also had large concentrations of these constituents. A water balance made on the raffinate pits indicated a 0.04 to 0.08 inch per day decrease in the water level that cannot be attributed to meterological conditions. These data and seismically-detected areas of saturated overburden beneath one raffinate pit and possibly adjacent to three other pits indicate leakage from the pits.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri874169","usgsCitation":"Kleeschulte, M., and Emmett, L.F., 1987, Hydrology and water-quality at the Weldon Spring radioactive waste-disposal sites, St. Charles County, Missouri: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4169, vi, 65 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874169.","productDescription":"vi, 65 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":395410,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_46827.htm"},{"id":56890,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4169/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122758,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4169/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","county":"St. Charles County","otherGeospatial":"Weldon Spring radioactive waste-disposal sites","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.9167,\n 38.9167\n ],\n [\n -90.5833,\n 38.9167\n ],\n [\n -90.5833,\n 38.5833\n ],\n [\n -90.9167,\n 38.5833\n ],\n [\n -90.9167,\n 38.9167\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e7e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kleeschulte, M. J.","contributorId":73222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kleeschulte","given":"M. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Emmett, L. F.","contributorId":43332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emmett","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":21461,"text":"ofr86247 - 1987 - Solute geochemistry of the Snake River plain regional aquifer system, Idaho and eastern Oregon","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":21461,"text":"ofr86247 - 1987 - Solute geochemistry of the Snake River plain regional aquifer system, Idaho and eastern Oregon","indexId":"ofr86247","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"title":"Solute geochemistry of the Snake River plain regional aquifer system, Idaho and eastern Oregon"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":38449,"text":"pp1408D - 1988 - Solute geochemistry of the Snake River plain regional aquifer system, Idaho and eastern Oregon","indexId":"pp1408D","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"chapter":"D","title":"Solute geochemistry of the Snake River plain regional aquifer system, Idaho and eastern Oregon"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":38449,"text":"pp1408D - 1988 - Solute geochemistry of the Snake River plain regional aquifer system, Idaho and eastern Oregon","indexId":"pp1408D","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"title":"Solute geochemistry of the Snake River plain regional aquifer system, Idaho and eastern Oregon"},"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-21T13:57:21.054086","indexId":"ofr86247","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-247","title":"Solute geochemistry of the Snake River plain regional aquifer system, Idaho and eastern Oregon","docAbstract":"Three geochemical methods were used to determine chemical reactions that control solute concentrations in the Snake River Plain regional aquifer system: (1) Calculation of a regional solute balance within the aquifer and of mineralogy in the aquifer framework to identify solute reactions, (2) comparison of thermodynamic mineral saturation indices with plausible solute reactions, and (3) comparison of stable-isotope ratios of the ground water with those in the aquifer framework. The geothermal ground-water system underlying the main aquifer system was examined by calculating thermodynamic mineral saturation indices, stable-isotope ratios of geothermal water, geothermometry, and radiocarbon dating.
Water budgets, hydrologic arguments, and isotopic analyses for the eastern Snake River Plain aquifer system demonstrate that most, if not all, water is of local meteoric and not juvenile or formation origin. Solute-balance, isotopic, mineralogic, and thermodynamic arguments suggest that about 20 percent of the solutes are derived from reactions with rocks forming the aquifer framework.
Solute reactions indicate that calcite and silica are precipitated in the aquifer. Mineralogic evidence and thermodynamic arguments suggest that olivine, pyroxene, pyrite, and anhydrite are being dissolved and plagioclase is being weathered. Large amounts of sodium and chloride, relative to their concentration in the igneous rock, are being removed from the aquifer. Release of fluids from inclusions in the igneous rocks, and initial flushing of grain boundaries and pores of detrital marine sediments in interbeds are believed to be the source of the sodium chloride. Identification and quantification of reactions controlling solute concentrations in ground water in the eastern plain indicate that the aquifer is not a large mixing vessel that simply stores and transmits water and solutes but is undergoing diagenesis and is both a source and sink for solutes.
Evaluation of solute concentrations and stable-isotope ratios of hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and sulfur along ground-water flowpaths that transect irrigated areas suggests that irrigation water may have altered solute concentrations and isotope ratios in the eastern Snake River Plain aquifer system. The changes, however, have been small, owing to similarity of solute concentrations in applied irrigation water and in native ground water and rapid movement and large dispersivity of the aquifer.
Reactions controlling solutes in the western Snake River basin are believed to be similar to those in the eastern basin but, because of different hydrologic conditions, a definitive analysis could not be made.
The regional geothermal system that underlies the Snake River Plain contains total dissolved solids similar to those in the overlying Snake River Plain aquifer system but contains higher concentrations of sodium, bicarbonate, silica, fluoride, sulfate, chloride, arsenic, boron, and lithium, and lower concentrations of calcium, magnesium, and hydrogen. These solutes are believed to be derived from reactions similar to those in the Snake River Plain aquifer system, except that ion exchange may be a significant mechanism controlling solute concentrations in the geothermal system.
Geothermometry calculations of selected ground-water samples from known geothermal areas throughout the basin suggest that the geothermal system is large in areal extent but has relatively low temperatures. Approximately half of the silica-quartz calculated water temperatures are greater than 90 degrees Celsius. Radiocarbon dating of geothermal water in the Salmon Falls and Bruneau-Grand View areas in the south-central part of the Snake River basin suggests that residence time of the geothermal water is about 17,700 years.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr86247","collaboration":"A contribution of the Regional Aquifer-System Analysis program","usgsCitation":"Wood, W.W., and Low, W.H., 1987, Solute geochemistry of the Snake River plain regional aquifer system, Idaho and eastern Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 86-247, xi, 146 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr86247.","productDescription":"xi, 146 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154007,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0247/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":382936,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0247/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Oregon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.04833984375001,\n 42.06560675405716\n ],\n [\n -111.15966796875,\n 42.06560675405716\n ],\n [\n -111.15966796875,\n 48.951366470947725\n ],\n [\n -117.04833984375001,\n 48.951366470947725\n ],\n [\n -117.04833984375001,\n 42.06560675405716\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e479de4b07f02db491f0a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wood, Warren W.","contributorId":213538,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wood","given":"Warren","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Low, Walton H.","contributorId":92672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Low","given":"Walton","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29770,"text":"wri874098 - 1987 - Effect of urbanization on the water resources of eastern Chester County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-07T20:28:43.324863","indexId":"wri874098","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4098","title":"Effect of urbanization on the water resources of eastern Chester County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"The effects of human activity on the water resources of a 207-square-mile area of eastern Chester County was evaluated. The most serious consequence of urbanization is the contamination of ground water by volatile organic compounds, which were detected in 39 percent of the 70 wells sampled. As many as nine compounds were found in one water sample, and the concentration of total volatile organic compounds was as high as 17,400 ug/L (micrograms per liter). In the Chester Valley, volatile organic compounds are moving down the hydraulic gradient caused by quarry dewatering. Movement through the quarries reduces concentrations of these compounds and removes most of them. Phenol was detected in 28 percent of 54 wells sampled, with concentrations up to 7 ug/L.\r\n\r\n Metals, except for iron and manganese, and other trace constituents generally are not a water-quality problem. However, ground water in an area in Chester Valley has been contaminated by concentrations of boron as high as 20,000 ug/L and lithium as high as 13,000 ug/L. The ground water discharges to Valley Creek, where concentrations of boron are as high as 130 ug/L and lithium as high as 800 ug/L.\r\n\r\n Concentrations of chloride as high as 2,100 mg/L (milligrams per liter) were found in a well at a former highway salt storage site. Wells completed in carbonate rock downgradient from the Pennsylvania Turnpike had chloride concentrations as high as 350 mg/L. \r\n\r\n The base-neutral organic compounds bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate, and 1,2-dichlorobenzene, and the pesticides alachlor, aldrian, diazanon, DDD, DDT, dieldrin, methyl parathion, picloram, and 2,4-D were detected in a few water samples in low concentrations, However, these organic compounds do not present a widespread water-quality problem. Neither acid organic compounds nor polychlorinated napthalenes (PCN) were detected in ground water. \r\n\r\n The growth of public water and sewer systems has resulted in a significant interbasin transfer of water. Estimates for 1984 range from a net loss of 630 million gallons in the Valley Creek basin to a net gain of 783 million gallons in the Chester Creek basin. The quantity of wastewater discharged from treatment plants generally correlates well with the altitude of the water table and poorly with water use or precipitation, indicating substantial ground-water infiltration. Estimated ground-water infiltration to the West Goshen treatment plant for 1980-84 was 0.8 cubic feet per square mile, or 10 percent of the long-term average flow of Chester Creek. Estimated ground-water infiltration to the Valley Forge sewer system was as high as 4.9 million gallons per day. \r\n\r\n Dewatering operations at two active quarries in Chester Valley have lowered water levels locally and increased the range of the fluctuation of the local water table. The spread of the cones of depression caused by quarry pumping is limited by geologic and hydrologic controls. Pumping of high-capacity wells in Chester Valley has caused small local cones of depression and may have caused some reaches of Valley Creek or its tributaries to lose water. \r\n\r\n One of the greatest effects of human activity on the surface-water system has been the accumulation of organic compounds, particularly PCB and pesticides, on stream-bottom material. PCB, DDE, and dieldrin were found in bottom material from all eight streams sampled. \r\n\r\n Land-use changes in 10 selected subbasins were quantified and related to stream-benthic invertebrate diversity index. from 1970-80, the diversity index increased at all sites. Subbasins that had a greater change in land use had a greater increase in diversity index. The increase may be due to the banning of certain pesticides such as DDT, a decreasing use of pesticides in urbanizing subbasins, or flushing or burial of older pesticide-contaminated sediment.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri874098","usgsCitation":"Sloto, R., 1987, Effect of urbanization on the water resources of eastern Chester County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4098, Report: viii, 131 p.; 2 Plates: 36.43 x 35.29 inches and 29.23 x 18.83 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874098.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 131 p.; 2 Plates: 36.43 x 35.29 inches and 29.23 x 18.83 inches","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":415467,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_46767.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":58569,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4098/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58570,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4098/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58568,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4098/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124903,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4098/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Chester County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.2917,\n 40.243\n ],\n [\n -75.8667,\n 40.243\n ],\n [\n -75.8667,\n 39.9\n ],\n [\n -75.2917,\n 39.9\n ],\n [\n -75.2917,\n 40.243\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db62542f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sloto, R. A.","contributorId":36155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sloto","given":"R. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26463,"text":"wri864085 - 1986 - A reconnaissance water-quality appraisal of the Fountain Creek alluvial aquifer between Colorado Springs and Pueblo, Colorado, including trace elements and organic constituents","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:32","indexId":"wri864085","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-4085","title":"A reconnaissance water-quality appraisal of the Fountain Creek alluvial aquifer between Colorado Springs and Pueblo, Colorado, including trace elements and organic constituents","docAbstract":"This report describes the hydrology and chemical quality of water in the stream-aquifer system along Fountain Creek and relates groundwater quality to land use, water use, and wastewater discharges. The alluvial aquifer, which is underlain by shale bedrock, is transmissive, extensively pumped, and primarily is recharged by Fountain Creek and irrigation-return flow. Groundwater flows south about 20 ft/day, average residence time is less than 10 yr. Land use primarily is urban in the northern one-third and agricultural in the southern two-thirds of the area. Major ions, boron, iron, lithium, selenium, strontium, and uranium increased in concentration downgradient. The largest concentrations of nitrogen and detergents were in the northern end of the area because of recharge of sewage effluent in Fountain Creek. Other trace elements usually were present in concentrations less than 20 mg/L. Volatile organic compounds were detected in water from 11 of 20 wells sampled. Samples from 4 of the 20 wells were analyzed for semivolatile organics using a closed-loop stripping technique, which detected additional compounds at nanogram/L concentrations. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri864085","usgsCitation":"Cain, D., and Edelmann, P., 1986, A reconnaissance water-quality appraisal of the Fountain Creek alluvial aquifer between Colorado Springs and Pueblo, Colorado, including trace elements and organic constituents: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4085, iv, 45 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri864085.","productDescription":"iv, 45 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121924,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4085/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55284,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4085/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a851e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cain, Doug","contributorId":101655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cain","given":"Doug","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Edelmann, Patrick","contributorId":86305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edelmann","given":"Patrick","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28051,"text":"wri854272 - 1986 - Compilation and preliminary interpretation of hydrologic data for the Weldon Spring radioactive waste-disposal sites, St Charles County, Missouri — A progress report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-14T20:27:01.510973","indexId":"wri854272","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4272","title":"Compilation and preliminary interpretation of hydrologic data for the Weldon Spring radioactive waste-disposal sites, St Charles County, Missouri — A progress report","docAbstract":"The Weldon Spring Chemical Plant is located just north of the drainage divide separating the Mississippi River and the Missouri River in St. Charles County, Missouri. From 1957 to 1966 the plant converted uranium-ore concentrates and recycled scrap to pure uranium trioxide, uranium tetrafluoride, and uranium metal. Residues from these operations were pumped to four large pits that had been excavated near the plant. Small springs and losing streams are present in the area. Water overlying the residue in the pits has a large concentration of dissolved solids and a different chemical composition compared to the native groundwater and surface water. This difference is indicated by the concentrations of calcium, sodium, sulfate, nitrate, fluoride, uranium, radium, lithium, molybdenum, strontium, and vanadium, all of which are greater than natural or background concentrations. Water from Burgermeister Spring, located about 1.5 miles north of the chemical plant area, contains uranium and nitrate concentrations greater than background concentrations. Groundwater in the shallow bedrock aquifer moves northward from the vicinity of the chemical plant toward Dardenne Creek. An abandoned limestone quarry several miles southwest of the chemical plant also has been used for the disposal of radioactive waste and rubble. Groundwater flow from the quarry area is southward through the alluvium, away from the quarry and toward the Missouri River. The St. Charles County well field is located in the Missouri River flood plain near the quarry and the large yield wells are open to the Missouri River alluvial aquifer. Water from a well 4,000 ft southeast of the quarry was analyzed; there was no indication of contamination from the quarry. Additional water quality and water level data are needed to determine if water from the quarry moves toward the well field. Observation wells need to be installed in the area between the chemical plant, pits, and Dardenne Creek. The wells would be used to provide access for measurements of depth to ground water and for the collection of water samples from the shallow bedrock aquifer.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri854272","usgsCitation":"Kleeschulte, M., and Emmett, L.F., 1986, Compilation and preliminary interpretation of hydrologic data for the Weldon Spring radioactive waste-disposal sites, St Charles County, Missouri — A progress report: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4272, vi, 71 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854272.","productDescription":"vi, 71 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394418,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36414.htm"},{"id":56889,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4272/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123425,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4272/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","county":"St. Charles County","otherGeospatial":"Weldon Spring radioactive waste-disposal sites","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.794,\n 38.64\n ],\n [\n -90.628,\n 38.64\n ],\n [\n -90.628,\n 38.743\n ],\n [\n -90.794,\n 38.743\n ],\n [\n -90.794,\n 38.64\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ee4b07f02db6aa19f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kleeschulte, M. J.","contributorId":73222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kleeschulte","given":"M. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Emmett, L. F.","contributorId":43332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emmett","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}