{"pageNumber":"9","pageRowStart":"200","pageSize":"25","recordCount":370,"records":[{"id":70039629,"text":"ofr20121165 - 2012 - Near-field receiving water monitoring of trace metals and a benthic community near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in south San Francisco Bay, California: 2011","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-08-18T01:01:45","indexId":"ofr20121165","displayToPublicDate":"2012-08-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1165","title":"Near-field receiving water monitoring of trace metals and a benthic community near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in south San Francisco Bay, California: 2011","docAbstract":"Trace-metal concentrations in sediment and in the clam Macoma petalum (formerly reported as Macoma balthica), clam reproductive activity, and benthic macroinvertebrate community structure were investigated in a mudflat 1 kilometer south of the discharge of the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant (PARWQCP) in South San Francisco Bay, Calif. This report includes the data collected by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) scientists for the period January 2011 to December 2011. These data serve as the basis for the City of Palo Alto's Near-Field Receiving Water Monitoring Program, initiated in 1994. Following significant reductions in the late 1980s, silver (Ag) and copper (Cu) concentrations in sediment and M. petalum appear to have stabilized. Data for other metals, including chromium, mercury, nickel, selenium, and zinc, have been collected since 1994. Over this period, concentrations of these elements have remained relatively constant, aside from seasonal variation that is common to all elements. In 2011, concentrations of Ag and Cu in M. petalum varied seasonally in response to a combination of site-specific metal exposures and annual growth and reproduction, as reported previously. Seasonal patterns for other elements, including Cr, Hg, Ni, Se, and Zn, were generally similar in timing and magnitude as those for Ag and Cu. In 2011, metal concentrations in both sediments and clam tissue were among the lowest concentrations on record. This record suggests that regional-scale factors now largely control sedimentary and bioavailable concentrations of Ag and Cu, as well as other elements of regulatory interest, at the Palo Alto site. Analyses of the benthic community structure of a mudflat in South San Francisco Bay over a 38-year period show that changes in the community have occurred concurrent with reduced concentrations of metals in the sediment and in the tissues of the biosentinel clam, M. petalum, from the same area. Analysis of the M. petalum community shows increases in reproductive activity concurrent with the decline in metal concentrations in the tissues of this organism. Reproductive activity is presently stable (2011), with almost all animals initiating reproduction in the fall and spawning the following spring. The community has shifted from being dominated by several opportunistic species to a community where the species are more similar in abundance, a pattern that indicates a more stable community that is subjected to fewer stressors. In addition, two of the opportunistic species (Ampelisca abdita and Streblospio benedicti) that brood their young and live on the surface of the sediment in tubes have shown a continual decline in dominance coincident with the decline in metals; both species had short-lived rebounds in abundance in 2008, 2009, and 2010. Heteromastus filiformis (a subsurface polychaete worm that lives in the sediment, consumes sediment and organic particles residing in the sediment, and reproduces by laying its eggs on or in the sediment) showed a concurrent increase in dominance and, in the last several years before 2008, showed a stable population. H. filiformis abundance increased slightly in 2011. An unidentified disturbance occurred on the mudflat in early 2008 that resulted in the loss of the benthic animals, except for those deep-dwelling animals like Macoma petalum. Animals immediately returned to the mudflat in 2008, which was the first indication that the disturbance was not due to a persistent toxin or to anoxia. The reproductive mode of most species present in 2011 is reflective of the species that were available either as pelagic larvae or as mobile adults. Although egg layers were lower in number in this group, the authors hypothesize that these species will return slowly as more species move back into the area. The use of functional ecology was highlighted in the 2011 benthic community data, which show that the animals that have now returned to the mudflat are those that can respond successfully to a physical, nontoxic disturbance. Today, community data show a mix of animals that consume the sediment, filter feed, have pelagic larvae that must survive landing on the sediment, and brood their young. USGS scientists continue to observe the community's response to the 2008 defaunation event because it allows them to examine the response of the community to a natural disturbance (possible causes include sediment accretion or freshwater inundation) and compare this recovery to the long-term recovery observed in the 1970s when the decline in sediment pollutants was the dominating factor.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121165","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Palo Alto, California","usgsCitation":"Dyke, J., Thompson, J.K., Cain, D.J., Kleckner, A.E., Parcheso, F., Luoma, S.N., and Hornberger, M.I., 2012, Near-field receiving water monitoring of trace metals and a benthic community near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in south San Francisco Bay, California: 2011: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1165, vii, 108 p.; col. ill.; Appendices; XLSX Download of Appendices 1-11, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121165.","productDescription":"vii, 108 p.; col. ill.; Appendices; XLSX Download of Appendices 1-11","startPage":"i","endPage":"108","numberOfPages":"118","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":434,"text":"National Research Program","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":259694,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012_1165.gif"},{"id":259691,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1165/of2012-1165_text.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":259690,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1165/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a63f5e4b0c8380cd727b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dyke, Jessica jldyke@usgs.gov","contributorId":1035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dyke","given":"Jessica","email":"jldyke@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":466629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, Janet K. 0000-0002-1528-8452 jthompso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1528-8452","contributorId":1009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Janet","email":"jthompso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":466628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cain, Daniel J. 0000-0002-3443-0493 djcain@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3443-0493","contributorId":1784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cain","given":"Daniel","email":"djcain@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":466631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kleckner, Amy E. kleckner@usgs.gov","contributorId":4258,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kleckner","given":"Amy","email":"kleckner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":466634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Parcheso, Francis 0000-0002-9471-7787 parchaso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9471-7787","contributorId":2590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parcheso","given":"Francis","email":"parchaso@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":466633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Luoma, Samuel N. 0000-0001-5443-5091 snluoma@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5443-5091","contributorId":2287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"Samuel","email":"snluoma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":466632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hornberger, Michelle I. 0000-0002-7787-3446 mhornber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7787-3446","contributorId":1037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hornberger","given":"Michelle","email":"mhornber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":466630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70038426,"text":"fs20123066 - 2012 - Landsat Data Continuity Mission","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-05-26T01:01:37","indexId":"fs20123066","displayToPublicDate":"2012-05-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-3066","title":"Landsat Data Continuity Mission","docAbstract":"The Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM) is a partnership formed between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) to place the next Landsat satellite in orbit in January 2013. The Landsat era that began in 1972 will become a nearly 41-year global land record with the successful launch and operation of the LDCM. The LDCM will continue the acquisition, archiving, and distribution of multispectral imagery affording global, synoptic, and repetitive coverage of the Earth's land surfaces at a scale where natural and human-induced changes can be detected, differentiated, characterized, and monitored over time.\r\nThe mission objectives of the LDCM are to (1) collect and archive medium resolution (30-meter spatial resolution) multispectral image data affording seasonal coverage of the global landmasses for a period of no less than 5 years; (2) ensure that LDCM data are sufficiently consistent with data from the earlier Landsat missions in terms of acquisition geometry, calibration, coverage characteristics, spectral characteristics, output product quality, and data availability to permit studies of landcover and land-use change over time; and (3) distribute LDCM data products to the general public on a nondiscriminatory basis at no cost to the user.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20123066","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2012, Landsat Data Continuity Mission: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2012-3066, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20123066.","productDescription":"4 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":256974,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2012_3066.gif"},{"id":256968,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3066/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a43cfe4b0c8380cd66631","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70038280,"text":"sir20125062 - 2012 - Groundwater simulation and management models for the upper Klamath Basin, Oregon and California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-05-05T01:01:37","indexId":"sir20125062","displayToPublicDate":"2012-05-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5062","title":"Groundwater simulation and management models for the upper Klamath Basin, Oregon and California","docAbstract":"The upper Klamath Basin encompasses about 8,000 square miles, extending from the Cascade Range east to the Basin and Range geologic province in south-central Oregon and northern California. The geography of the basin is dominated by forested volcanic uplands separated by broad interior basins. Most of the interior basins once held broad shallow lakes and extensive wetlands, but most of these areas have been drained or otherwise modified and are now cultivated. Major parts of the interior basins are managed as wildlife refuges, primarily for migratory waterfowl. The permeable volcanic bedrock of the upper Klamath Basin hosts a substantial regional groundwater system that provides much of the flow to major streams and lakes that, in turn, provide water for wildlife habitat and are the principal source of irrigation water for the basin's agricultural economy. Increased allocation of surface water for endangered species in the past decade has resulted in increased groundwater pumping and growing interest in the use of groundwater for irrigation. The potential effects of increased groundwater pumping on groundwater levels and discharge to springs and streams has caused concern among groundwater users, wildlife and Tribal interests, and State and Federal resource managers. To provide information on the potential impacts of increased groundwater development and to aid in the development of a groundwater management strategy, the U.S. Geological Survey, in collaboration with the Oregon Water Resources Department and the Bureau of Reclamation, has developed a groundwater model that can simulate the response of the hydrologic system to these new stresses. The groundwater model was developed using the U.S. Geological Survey MODFLOW finite-difference modeling code and calibrated using inverse methods to transient conditions from 1989 through 2004 with quarterly stress periods. Groundwater recharge and agricultural and municipal pumping are specified for each stress period. All major streams and most major tributaries for which a substantial part of the flow comes from groundwater discharge are included in the model. Groundwater discharge to agricultural drains, evapotranspiration from aquifers in areas of shallow groundwater, and groundwater flow to and from adjacent basins also are simulated in key areas. The model has the capability to calculate the effects of pumping and other external stresses on groundwater levels, discharge to streams, and other boundary fluxes, such as discharge to drains. Historical data indicate that the groundwater system in the upper Klamath Basin fluctuates in response to decadal climate cycles, with groundwater levels and spring flows rising and declining in response to wet and dry periods. Data also show that groundwater levels fluctuate seasonally and interannually in response to groundwater pumping. The most prominent response is to the marked increase in groundwater pumping starting in 2001. The calibrated model is able to simulate observed decadal-scale climate-driven fluctuations in the groundwater system as well as observed shorter-term pumping-related fluctuations. Example model simulations show that the timing and location of the effects of groundwater pumping vary markedly depending on the pumping location. Pumping from wells close (within a few miles) to groundwater discharge features, such as springs, drains, and certain streams, can affect those features within weeks or months of the onset of pumping, and the impacts can be essentially fully manifested in several years. Simulations indicate that seasonal variations in pumping rates are buffered by the groundwater system, and peak impacts are closer to mean annual pumping rates than to instantaneous rates. Thus, pumping effects are, to a large degree, spread out over the entire year. When pumping locations are distant (more than several miles) from discharge features, the effects take many years or decades to fully impact those features, and much of the pumped water comes from groundwater storage over a broad geographic area even after two decades. Moreover, because the effects are spread out over a broad area, the impacts to individual features are much smaller than in the case of nearby pumping. Simulations show that the discharge features most affected by pumping in the area of the Bureau of Reclamation's Klamath Irrigation Project are agricultural drains, and impacts to other surface-water features are small in comparison. A groundwater management model was developed that uses techniques of constrained optimization along with the groundwater flow model to identify the optimal strategy to meet water user needs while not violating defined constraints on impacts to groundwater levels and streamflows. The coupled groundwater simulation-optimization models were formulated to help identify strategies to meet water demand in the upper Klamath Basin. The models maximize groundwater pumping while simultaneously keeping the detrimental impacts of pumping on groundwater levels and groundwater discharge within prescribed limits. Total groundwater withdrawals were calculated under alternative constraints for drawdown, reductions in groundwater discharge to surface water, and water demand to understand the potential benefits and limitations for groundwater development in the upper Klamath Basin. The simulation-optimization model for the upper Klamath Basin provides an improved understanding of how the groundwater and surface-water system responds to sustained groundwater pumping within the Bureau of Reclamation's Klamath Project. Optimization model results demonstrate that a certain amount of supplemental groundwater pumping can occur without exceeding defined limits on drawdown and stream capture. The results of the different applications of the model demonstrate the importance of identifying constraint limits in order to better define the amount and distribution of groundwater withdrawal that is sustainable.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125062","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation and the Oregon Water Resources Department?","usgsCitation":"Gannett, M.W., Wagner, B.J., and Lite, K.E., 2012, Groundwater simulation and management models for the upper Klamath Basin, Oregon and California: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5062, x, 92 p.; Figures; Tables; HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125062.","productDescription":"x, 92 p.; Figures; Tables; HTML Document","startPage":"i","endPage":"92","numberOfPages":"102","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":254685,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5062.jpg"},{"id":254675,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5062/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon;California","otherGeospatial":"Upper Klamath Basin","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2dc2e4b0c8380cd5bffa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gannett, Marshall W. 0000-0003-2498-2427 mgannett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2498-2427","contributorId":2942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gannett","given":"Marshall","email":"mgannett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":463788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wagner, Brian J. bjwagner@usgs.gov","contributorId":427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wagner","given":"Brian","email":"bjwagner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":463787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lite, Kenneth E. Jr.","contributorId":37373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lite","given":"Kenneth","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70038214,"text":"sir20125049 - 2012 - Methods for evaluating temporal groundwater quality data and results of decadal-scale changes in chloride, dissolved solids, and nitrate concentrations in groundwater in the United States, 1988-2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-04-30T16:43:36","indexId":"sir20125049","displayToPublicDate":"2012-04-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5049","title":"Methods for evaluating temporal groundwater quality data and results of decadal-scale changes in chloride, dissolved solids, and nitrate concentrations in groundwater in the United States, 1988-2010","docAbstract":"Decadal-scale changes in groundwater quality were evaluated by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program. Samples of groundwater collected from wells during 1988-2000 - a first sampling event representing the decade ending the 20th century - were compared on a pair-wise basis to samples from the same wells collected during 2001-2010 - a second sampling event representing the decade beginning the 21st century. The data set consists of samples from 1,236 wells in 56 well networks, representing major aquifers and urban and agricultural land-use areas, with analytical results for chloride, dissolved solids, and nitrate. Statistical analysis was done on a network basis rather than by individual wells. Although spanning slightly more or less than a 10-year period, the two-sample comparison between the first and second sampling events is referred to as an analysis of decadal-scale change based on a step-trend analysis. The 22 principal aquifers represented by these 56 networks account for nearly 80 percent of the estimated withdrawals of groundwater used for drinking-water supply in the Nation. Well networks where decadal-scale changes in concentrations were statistically significant were identified using the Wilcoxon-Pratt signed-rank test. For the statistical analysis of chloride, dissolved solids, and nitrate concentrations at the network level, more than half revealed no statistically significant change over the decadal period. However, for networks that had statistically significant changes, increased concentrations outnumbered decreased concentrations by a large margin. Statistically significant increases of chloride concentrations were identified for 43 percent of 56 networks. Dissolved solids concentrations increased significantly in 41 percent of the 54 networks with dissolved solids data, and nitrate concentrations increased significantly in 23 percent of 56 networks. At least one of the three - chloride, dissolved solids, or nitrate - had a statistically significant increase in concentration in 66 percent of the networks. Statistically significant decreases in concentrations were identified in 4 percent of the networks for chloride, 2 percent of the networks for dissolved solids, and 9 percent of the networks for nitrate. A larger percentage of urban land-use networks had statistically significant increases in chloride, dissolved solids, and nitrate concentrations than agricultural land-use networks. In order to assess the magnitude of statistically significant changes, the median of the differences between constituent concentrations from the first full-network sampling event and those from the second full-network sampling event was calculated using the Turnbull method. The largest median decadal increases in chloride concentrations were in networks in the Upper Illinois River Basin (67 mg/L) and in the New England Coastal Basins (34 mg/L), whereas the largest median decadal decrease in chloride concentrations was in the Upper Snake River Basin (1 mg/L). The largest median decadal increases in dissolved solids concentrations were in networks in the Rio Grande Valley (260 mg/L) and the Upper Illinois River Basin (160 mg/L). The largest median decadal decrease in dissolved solids concentrations was in the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River Basin (6.0 mg/L). The largest median decadal increases in nitrate as nitrogen (N) concentrations were in networks in the South Platte River Basin (2.0 mg/L as N) and the San Joaquin-Tulare Basins (1.0 mg/L as N). The largest median decadal decrease in nitrate concentrations was in the Santee River Basin and Coastal Drainages (0.63 mg/L). The magnitude of change in networks with statistically significant increases typically was much larger than the magnitude of change in networks with statistically significant decreases. The magnitude of change was greatest for chloride in the urban land-use networks and greatest for dissolved solids and nitrate in the agricultural land-use networks. Analysis of data from all networks combined indicated statistically significant increases for chloride, dissolved solids, and nitrate. Although chloride, dissolved solids, and nitrate concentrations were typically less than the drinking-water standards and guidelines, a statistical test was used to determine whether or not the proportion of samples exceeding the drinking-water standard or guideline changed significantly between the first and second full-network sampling events. The proportion of samples exceeding the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level for dissolved solids (500 milligrams per liter) increased significantly between the first and second full-network sampling events when evaluating all networks combined at the national level. Also, for all networks combined, the proportion of samples exceeding the USEPA Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) of 10 mg/L as N for nitrate increased significantly. One network in the Delmarva Peninsula had a significant increase in the proportion of samples exceeding the MCL for nitrate. A subset of 261 wells was sampled every other year (biennially) to evaluate decadal-scale changes using a time-series analysis. The analysis of the biennial data set showed that changes were generally similar to the findings from the analysis of decadal-scale change that was based on a step-trend analysis. Because of the small number of wells in a network with biennial data (typically 4-5 wells), the time-series analysis is more useful for understanding water-quality responses to changes in site-specific conditions rather than as an indicator of the change for the entire network.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125049","collaboration":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Lindsey, B., and Rupert, M.G., 2012, Methods for evaluating temporal groundwater quality data and results of decadal-scale changes in chloride, dissolved solids, and nitrate concentrations in groundwater in the United States, 1988-2010: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5049, vi, 46 p.; Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125049.","productDescription":"vi, 46 p.; Appendices","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1988-01-01","temporalEnd":"2010-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":254608,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5049.png"},{"id":254607,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5049/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a55c0e4b0c8380cd6d291","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindsey, Bruce D. 0000-0002-7180-4319 blindsey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7180-4319","contributorId":434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindsey","given":"Bruce D.","email":"blindsey@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":463655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rupert, Michael G. mgrupert@usgs.gov","contributorId":1194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rupert","given":"Michael","email":"mgrupert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":463656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70118596,"text":"70118596 - 2012 - Temporal and spatial patterns in wind stress and wind stress curl over the central Southern California Bight","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-03T13:47:19","indexId":"70118596","displayToPublicDate":"2012-04-15T14:07:02","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temporal and spatial patterns in wind stress and wind stress curl over the central Southern California Bight","docAbstract":"<p>In 2001, the U.S. Geological Survey, together with several other federal and municipal agencies, began a series of field programs to determine along and cross-shelf transport patterns over the continental shelves in the central Southern California Bight. As a part of these programs, moorings that monitor winds were deployed off the Palos Verdes peninsula and within San Pedro Bay for six 3&ndash;4 month summer and winter periods between 2001 and 2008. In addition, nearly continuous records of winds for this 7-year period were obtained from a terrestrial site at the coast and from a basin site offshore of the long-term coastal site. The mean annual winds are downcoast at all sites. The alongshelf components of wind stress, which are the largest part of the low-frequency wind stress fields, are well correlated between basin, shelf and coastal sites. On average, the amplitude of alongshelf fluctuations in wind stress are 3&ndash;4 times larger over the offshore basin, compared to the coastal site, irrespective of whether the fluctuations represent the total, or just the correlated portion of the wind stress field. The curl in the large-scale wind stress tends to be positive, especially in the winter season when the mean wind stress is downcoast and larger at the offshore basin site than at the beach. However, since the fluctuation in wind stress amplitudes are usually larger than the mean, periods of weak negative curl do occur, especially in the summer season when the largest normalized differences in the amplitude of wind stress fluctuations are found in the nearshore region of the coastal ocean. Even though the low-frequency wind stress field is well-correlated over the continental shelf and offshore basins, out to distances of 35 km or more from the coast, winds even 10 km inshore of the beach do not represent the coastal wind field, at least in the summer months. The seasonal changes in the spatial structures in wind stress amplitudes suggest that an assessment of the amplitude of the responses of coastal ocean processes to wind forcing is complex and that the responses may have significant seasonal structures.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.csr.2012.03.006","usgsCitation":"Noble, M.A., Rosenberger, K., Rosenfeld, L.K., and Robertson, G.L., 2012, Temporal and spatial patterns in wind stress and wind stress curl over the central Southern California Bight: Continental Shelf Research, v. 38, p. 98-109, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2012.03.006.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"98","endPage":"109","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-026036","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":291339,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":291338,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2012.03.006"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Southern California Bight","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -118.223876953125,\n              33.30987251398259\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.08767700195311,\n              33.704920213014425\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.09042358398439,\n              34.098159345215535\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.3941650390625,\n              33.97753113740941\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.68829345703125,\n              33.65120829920497\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.67868041992188,\n              33.305281685899445\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.223876953125,\n              33.30987251398259\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"38","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"552f8bc9e4b0b22a1580320f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Noble, Marlene A. mnoble@usgs.gov","contributorId":1429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noble","given":"Marlene","email":"mnoble@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":497115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rosenberger, Kurt J.","contributorId":12934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenberger","given":"Kurt J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rosenfeld, Leslie K.","contributorId":86036,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenfeld","given":"Leslie","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Robertson, George L.","contributorId":58199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70032618,"text":"70032618 - 2012 - El Niño-Southern oscillation variability from the late cretaceous marca shale of California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-09-06T14:30:39","indexId":"70032618","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"El Niño-Southern oscillation variability from the late cretaceous marca shale of California","docAbstract":"Changes in the possible behavior of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) with global warming have provoked interest in records of ENSO from past “greenhouse” climate states. The latest Cretaceous laminated Marca Shale of California permits a seasonal-scale reconstruction of water column flux events and hence interannual paleoclimate variability. The annual flux cycle resembles that of the modern Gulf of California with diatoms characteristic of spring upwelling blooms followed by silt and clay, and is consistent with the existence of a paleo–North American Monsoon that brought input of terrigenous sediment during summer storms and precipitation runoff. Variation is also indicated in the extent of water column oxygenation by differences in lamina preservation. Time series analysis of interannual variability in terrigenous sediment and diatom flux and in the degree of bioturbation indicates strong periodicities in the quasi-biennial (2.1–2.8 yr) and low-frequency (4.1–6.3 yr) bands both characteristic of ENSO forcing, as well as decadal frequencies. This evidence for robust Late Cretaceous ENSO variability does not support the theory of a “permanent El Niño,” in the sense of a continual El Niño–like state, in periods of warmer climate.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/G32329.1","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Davies, A., Kemp, A.E., Weedon, G.P., and Barron, J.A., 2012, El Niño-Southern oscillation variability from the late cretaceous marca shale of California: Geology, v. 40, no. 1, p. 15-18, https://doi.org/10.1130/G32329.1.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"15","endPage":"18","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":213698,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/G32329.1"},{"id":241352,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -120.9,36.6 ], [ -120.9,36.833333 ], [ -120.7,36.833333 ], [ -120.7,36.6 ], [ -120.9,36.6 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"40","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a087de4b0c8380cd51b35","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davies, Andrew","contributorId":71394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davies","given":"Andrew","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kemp, Alan E.S.","contributorId":51993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kemp","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"E.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Weedon, Graham P.","contributorId":13048,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weedon","given":"Graham","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Barron, John A. 0000-0002-9309-1145 jbarron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9309-1145","contributorId":2222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barron","given":"John","email":"jbarron@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":437071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70032636,"text":"70032636 - 2012 - Photodissolution of soil organic matter","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-24T18:25:48.824762","indexId":"70032636","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1760,"text":"Geoderma","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Photodissolution of soil organic matter","docAbstract":"<p><span>Sunlight has been shown to enhance loss of organic matter from aquatic sediments and terrestrial plant litter, so we tested for similar reactions in mineral soil horizons. Losses of up to a third of particulate organic carbon occurred after continuous exposure to full-strength sunlight for dozens of hours, with similar amounts appearing as photodissolved organic carbon. Nitrogen dissolved similarly, appearing partly as ammonium. Modified experiments with interruption of irradiation to include extended dark incubation periods increased loss of total organic carbon, implying remineralization by some combination of light and microbes. These photodissolution reactions respond strongly to water content, with reaction extent under air-dry to fully wet conditions increasing by a factor of 3–4 fold. Light limitation was explored using lamp intensity and soil depth experiments. Reaction extent varied linearly with lamp intensity. Depth experiments indicate that attenuation of reaction occurs within the top tens to hundreds of micrometers of soil depth. Our data allow only order-of-magnitude extrapolations to field conditions, but suggest that this type of reaction could induce loss of 10–20% of soil organic carbon in the top 10</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>cm horizon over a century. It may therefore have contributed to historical losses of soil carbon via agriculture, and should be considered in soil management on similar time scales.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2011.11.030","issn":"00167061","usgsCitation":"Mayer, L., Thornton, K., Schick, L., Jastrow, J., and Harden, J.W., 2012, Photodissolution of soil organic matter: Geoderma, v. 170, p. 314-321, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2011.11.030.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"314","endPage":"321","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":241658,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213980,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2011.11.030"}],"volume":"170","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a78c7e4b0c8380cd7879f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mayer, L.M.","contributorId":56455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mayer","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thornton, K.R.","contributorId":60030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thornton","given":"K.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schick, L.L.","contributorId":64040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schick","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jastrow, J.D.","contributorId":89730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jastrow","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Harden, Jennifer W. 0000-0002-6570-8259 jharden@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6570-8259","contributorId":1971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harden","given":"Jennifer","email":"jharden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":437160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70006265,"text":"ofr20111001 - 2011 - Evaluation of landslide monitoring in the Polish Carpathians","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:56","indexId":"ofr20111001","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1001","title":"Evaluation of landslide monitoring in the Polish Carpathians","docAbstract":"In response to the June 15, 2010 request from the Polish Geological Institute (PGI) to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) for assistance and advice regarding real-time landslide monitoring, landslide specialists from the USGS Landslide Hazard Program visited PGI headquarters and field sites in September 2010. During our visit we became familiar with characteristics of landslides in the Polish Carpathians, reviewed PGI monitoring techniques, and assessed needs for monitoring at recently activated landslides. Visits to several landslides that are monitored by PGI (the Just, Ha&#324;czowa, Szymbark, Siercza and &#321;as&#324;ica landslides) revealed that current data collection (monthly GPS and inclinometer surveys, hourly piezometers readings) is generally sufficient for collecting basic information about landslide displacement, depth, and groundwater conditions. Large landslides are typically hydrologically complex, and we would expect such complexity in Carpathian landslides, given the alternating shale and sandstone stratigraphy and complex geologic structures of the flysch bedrock. Consequently groundwater observations could be improved by installing several piezometers that sample the basal shear zone of each landslide being monitored by PGI. These could be supplemented by additional piezometers at shallower depths to help clarify general flow directions and hydraulic gradients. Remedial works at Ha&#324;czowa\nmake the landslide unsuitable for monitoring as part of an early warning\nnetwork. Monitoring there should focus on continued performance of the remedial\nworks.\nOur suggestions for new monitoring at recently activated landslides are summarized in table 1. Displacement\nmonitoring using extensometers and (or) GPS is a high priority at K&#322;odne, &#321;a&#347;nica,\n&#321;azki, and Siedloki. Geomorphologic mapping of active surface features\n(scarps, cracks, shear zones, folds, and thrusts) in sufficient detail to\nreveal the kinematics of each landslide would greatly help in planning\nsubsurface exploration and monitoring. Mapping should take advantage of\nexisting and future airborne lidar data sets of specific areas, where\navailable. Borehole inclinometers and piezometers would complete the basic\nmonitoring package for these landslides. The landslide at K&#322;odne may be\nwell suited for more detailed monitoring for landslide process research,\nalthough research opportunities exist at the other landslides as well. The\nlandslide near Siedloki may be a good candidate for terrestrial laser scanning\n(TLS). Tandem streamflow gages upstream and downstream from the Siedloki\nlandslide, or laser distance meters to monitor advancement of the toe, may be\nneeded to provide warning of stream blockage of Potok Milowski. A real-time\nwarning system specifically for the &#321;azki landslide might be considered due\nto potential concerns about catastrophic movement into Mi&#281;dzybrodzie\nReservoir.\nChallenges associated with the establishment of a complete real-time monitoring and early warning system are\nfar greater than just the technical and logistical aspects of installing remote\nmonitoring systems at a large number of landslides. Long-term maintenance of a\nlandslide monitoring network will involve considerable effort and expense as\nsensors break-down from exposure to weather, landslide movement, and harsh\nunderground environmental conditions.\nOnce PGI&rsquo;s planned pilot network\nof 10-20 monitored landslides is operating, a period of observation and\nanalysis will be needed to establish appropriate alert levels and criteria for\nissuing alerts and warnings. Simultaneously, discussions with authorities will\nbe needed to develop action plans for responding to landslide notifications and\n(or) warnings. Public resistance to landslide warnings and mandated evacuations\nmay be high given the low historical incidence of fatalities and injuries\nresulting from Carpathian landslides and the small potential for warnings to\nreduce landslide damage to homes and land. Careful weighing of purpose,\nadvantages, and costs of a large-scale monitoring and early warning program is\nneeded early in the planning process and should be revisited regularly\nthroughout pilot and final implementation.\nIn this report, we present a generic plan for monitoring of a hypothetical Carpathian landslide that\nillustrates how our suggestions for each of the specific landslides could be\nimplemented. The plan includes basic pore pressure, displacement, and weather\nmonitoring, along with supplemental monitoring for special conditions at\nspecific landslides. Table 2 summarizes the overall approach and basic\nequipment and software requirements.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111001","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Polish Geological Institute","usgsCitation":"Collins, B., Baum, R.L., Mrozek, T., Nescieruk, P., Perski, Z., Raczkowski, W., and Graniczny, M., 2011, Evaluation of landslide monitoring in the Polish Carpathians (Modified March 1, 2011): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1001, v, 28 p.; Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111001.","productDescription":"v, 28 p.; Appendix","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":671,"text":"Western Region Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116847,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1001.gif"},{"id":112046,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1001/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Modified March 1, 2011","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0c8fe4b0c8380cd52bd0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Collins, Brian D.","contributorId":71641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collins","given":"Brian D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baum, Rex L. 0000-0001-5337-1970 baum@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5337-1970","contributorId":1288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baum","given":"Rex","email":"baum@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mrozek, Teresa","contributorId":86889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mrozek","given":"Teresa","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nescieruk, Piotr","contributorId":99281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nescieruk","given":"Piotr","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Perski, Zbigniew","contributorId":41579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perski","given":"Zbigniew","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Raczkowski, Wojciech","contributorId":78463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raczkowski","given":"Wojciech","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Graniczny, Marek","contributorId":10146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graniczny","given":"Marek","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70005958,"text":"fs20113112 - 2011 - BioData: a national aquatic bioassessment database","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:12:00","indexId":"fs20113112","displayToPublicDate":"2011-11-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-3112","title":"BioData: a national aquatic bioassessment database","docAbstract":"BioData is a U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) web-enabled database that for the first time provides for the capture, curation, integration, and delivery of bioassessment data collected by local, regional, and national USGS projects. BioData offers field biologists advanced capabilities for entering, editing, and reviewing the macroinvertebrate, algae, fish, and supporting habitat data from rivers and streams. It offers data archival and curation capabilities that protect and maintain data for the long term. BioData provides the Federal, State, and local governments, as well as the scientific community, resource managers, the private sector, and the public with easy access to tens of thousands of samples collected nationwide from thousands of stream and river sites. BioData also provides the USGS with centralized data storage for delivering data to other systems and applications through automated web services.  BioData allows users to combine data sets of known quality from different projects in various locations over time. It provides a nationally aggregated database for users to leverage data from many independent projects that, until now, was not feasible at this scale. For example, from 1991 to 2011, the USGS Idaho Water Science Center collected more than 816 bioassessment samples from 63 sites for the National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program and more than 477 samples from 39 sites for a cooperative USGS and State of Idaho Statewide Water Quality Network (fig. 1). Using BioData, 20 years of samples collected for both of these projects can be combined for analysis.  BioData delivers all of the data using current taxonomic nomenclature, thus relieving users of the difficult and time-consuming task of harmonizing taxonomy among samples collected during different time periods. Fish data are reported using the Integrated Taxonomic Information Service (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Numbers (TSN's). A simple web-data input interface and self-guided, public data-retrieval web site provides access to bioassessment data. BioData currently accepts data collected using two national protocols: (1) NAWQA and (2) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) National Rivers and Streams Assessment (NRSA). Additional collection protocols are planned for future versions.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20113112","usgsCitation":"MacCoy, D., 2011, BioData: a national aquatic bioassessment database: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2011-3112, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20113112.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116309,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2011_3112.png"},{"id":110827,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2011/3112/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 173,16.916666666666668 ], [ 173,71.83333333333333 ], [ -66.95,71.83333333333333 ], [ -66.95,16.916666666666668 ], [ 173,16.916666666666668 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625eb6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"MacCoy, Dorene","contributorId":34782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacCoy","given":"Dorene","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70005668,"text":"ofr20111228 - 2011 - Columbia River Estuary ecosystem classification—Concept and application","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-24T15:46:29","indexId":"ofr20111228","displayToPublicDate":"2011-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1228","title":"Columbia River Estuary ecosystem classification—Concept and application","docAbstract":"This document describes the concept, organization, and application of a hierarchical ecosystem classification that integrates saline and tidal freshwater reaches of estuaries in order to characterize the ecosystems of large flood plain rivers that are strongly influenced by riverine and estuarine hydrology. We illustrate the classification by applying it to the Columbia River estuary (Oregon-Washington, USA), a system that extends about 233 river kilometers (rkm) inland from the Pacific Ocean. More than three-quarters of this length is tidal freshwater. The Columbia River Estuary Ecosystem Classification (\"Classification\") is based on six hierarchical levels, progressing from the coarsest, regional scale to the finest, localized scale: (1) Ecosystem Province; (2) Ecoregion; (3) Hydrogeomorphic Reach; (4) Ecosystem Complex; (5) Geomorphic Catena; and (6) Primary Cover Class. We define and map Levels 1-3 for the entire Columbia River estuary with existing geospatial datasets, and provide examples of Levels 4-6 for one hydrogeomorphic reach. In particular, three levels of the Classification capture the scales and categories of ecosystem structure and processes that are most tractable to estuarine research, monitoring, and management. These three levels are the (1) eight hydrogeomorphic reaches that embody the formative geologic and tectonic processes that created the existing estuarine landscape and encompass the influence of the resulting physiography on interactions between fluvial and tidal hydrology and geomorphology across 230 kilometers (km) of estuary, (2) more than 15 ecosystem complexes composed of broad landforms created predominantly by geologic processes during the Holocene, and (3) more than 25 geomorphic catenae embedded within ecosystem complexes that represent distinct geomorphic landforms, structures, ecosystems, and habitats, and components of the estuarine landscape most likely to change over short time periods.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111228","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the University of Washington and the Lower Columbia River Estuary Partnership","usgsCitation":"Simenstad, C.A., Burke, J.L., O'Connor, J., Cannon, C., Heatwole, D.W., Ramirez, M.F., Waite, I.R., Counihan, T.D., and Jones, K.L., 2011, Columbia River Estuary ecosystem classification—Concept and application: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1228, vi, 38 p.; Appendix; Figures; Tables; XLSX Download of Appendix A, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111228.","productDescription":"vi, 38 p.; Appendix; Figures; Tables; XLSX Download of Appendix A","startPage":"i","endPage":"54","numberOfPages":"60","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116545,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1228.jpg"},{"id":94266,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1228/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States;Canada","otherGeospatial":"Columbia River Estuary","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.25,45 ], [ -124.25,47 ], [ -123.75,47 ], [ -123.75,45 ], [ -124.25,45 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae770","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simenstad, Charles A.","contributorId":88477,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Simenstad","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6934,"text":"University of Washington","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":353039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burke, Jennifer L.","contributorId":61147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burke","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O'Connor, Jim E. 0000-0002-7928-5883 oconnor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7928-5883","contributorId":140771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Connor","given":"Jim E.","email":"oconnor@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":353036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cannon, Charles ccannon@usgs.gov","contributorId":4471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"Charles","email":"ccannon@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Heatwole, Danelle W.","contributorId":70104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heatwole","given":"Danelle","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ramirez, Mary F.","contributorId":107844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramirez","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Waite, Ian R. 0000-0003-1681-6955 iwaite@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1681-6955","contributorId":616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waite","given":"Ian","email":"iwaite@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Counihan, Timothy D. 0000-0003-4967-6514 tcounihan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4967-6514","contributorId":4211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Counihan","given":"Timothy","email":"tcounihan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Jones, Krista L. 0000-0002-0301-4497 kljones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0301-4497","contributorId":4550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Krista","email":"kljones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70003790,"text":"70003790 - 2011 - Field Reconnaissance Geologic Mapping of the Columbia Hills, Mars: Results from MER Spirit and MRO HiRISE Observations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-23T22:17:21","indexId":"70003790","displayToPublicDate":"2011-08-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Field Reconnaissance Geologic Mapping of the Columbia Hills, Mars: Results from MER Spirit and MRO HiRISE Observations","docAbstract":"Chemical, mineralogic, and lithologic ground truth was acquired for the first time on Mars in terrain units mapped using orbital Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (MRO HiRISE) image data. Examination of several dozen outcrops shows that Mars is geologically complex at meter length scales, the record of its geologic history is well exposed, stratigraphic units may be identified and correlated across significant areas on the ground, and outcrops and geologic relationships between materials may be analyzed with techniques commonly employed in terrestrial field geology. Despite their burial during the course of Martian geologic time by widespread epiclastic materials, mobile fines, and fall deposits, the selective exhumation of deep and well-preserved geologic units has exposed undisturbed outcrops, stratigraphic sections, and structural information much as they are preserved and exposed on Earth. A rich geologic record awaits skilled future field investigators on Mars. The correlation of ground observations and orbital images enables construction of a corresponding geologic reconnaissance map. Most of the outcrops visited are interpreted to be pyroclastic, impactite, and epiclastic deposits overlying an unexposed substrate, probably related to a modified Gusev crater central peak. Fluids have altered chemistry and mineralogy of these protoliths in degrees that vary substantially within the same map unit. Examination of the rocks exposed above and below the major unconformity between the plains lavas and the Columbia Hills directly confirms the general conclusion from remote sensing in previous studies over past years that the early history of Mars was a time of more intense deposition and modification of the surface. Although the availability of fluids and the chemical and mineral activity declined from this early period, significant later volcanism and fluid convection enabled additional, if localized, chemical activity.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/2010JE003749","usgsCitation":"Crumpler, L., Arvidson, R., Squyres, S.W., McCoy, T., Yingst, A., Ruff, S., Farrand, W., McSween, Y., Powell, M., Ming, D.W., Morris, R., Bell, J., Grant, J., Greeley, R., DesMarais, D., Schmidt, M., Cabrol, N., Haldemann, A., Lewis, K.W., Wang, A., Schroder, C., Blaney, D., Cohen, B., Yen, A., Farmer, J., Gellert, R., Guinness, E., Herkenhoff, K.E., Johnson, J.R., Klingelhofer, G., McEwen, A., Rice, J.W., Rice, M., deSouza, P., and Hurowitz, J., 2011, Field Reconnaissance Geologic Mapping of the Columbia Hills, Mars: Results from MER Spirit and MRO HiRISE Observations: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 116, no. 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E00F24-E00F24, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JE003749.","productDescription":"55 p.","startPage":"E00F24","endPage":"E00F24","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474934,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1893/17121","text":"External Repository"},{"id":268071,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010JE003749"},{"id":203947,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"116","issue":"E7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-07-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fce4b07f02db5f5b4a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crumpler, L.S.","contributorId":81575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crumpler","given":"L.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":348877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arvidson, R. 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W.","contributorId":31836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Squyres","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":348853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McCoy, T.","contributorId":56776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCoy","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":348867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Yingst, A.","contributorId":37049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yingst","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":348858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ruff, S.","contributorId":104610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruff","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":348882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Farrand, W.","contributorId":32661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farrand","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":348856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"McSween, Y.","contributorId":40716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McSween","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":348860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Powell, M.","contributorId":32282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":348854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Ming, D. 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Jr.","contributorId":53040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":348865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":32},{"text":"Rice, M.","contributorId":32283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":348855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":33},{"text":"deSouza, P.","contributorId":41126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"deSouza","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":348861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":34},{"text":"Hurowitz, J.","contributorId":17742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hurowitz","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":348851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":35}]}}
,{"id":70004514,"text":"sir20115008 - 2011 - Precipitation-runoff relations and water-quality characteristics at edge-of-field stations, Discovery Farms and Pioneer Farm, Wisconsin, 2003-8","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-23T11:51:14","indexId":"sir20115008","displayToPublicDate":"2011-05-27T19:09:29","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5008","title":"Precipitation-runoff relations and water-quality characteristics at edge-of-field stations, Discovery Farms and Pioneer Farm, Wisconsin, 2003-8","docAbstract":"A cooperative study between the U.S. Geological Survey, the University of Wisconsin (UW)-Madison Discovery Farms program (Discovery Farms), and the UW-Platteville Pioneer Farm program (Pioneer Farm) was developed to identify typical ranges and magnitudes, temporal distributions, and principal factors affecting concentrations and yields of sediment, nutrients, and other selected constituents in runoff from agricultural fields. Hydrologic and water-quality data were collected year-round at 23 edge-of-field monitoring stations on 5 privately owned Discovery Farms and on Pioneer Farm during water years 2003-8. The studied farms represented landscapes, soils, and farming systems typical of livestock farms throughout southern Wisconsin. Each farm employed a variety of soil, nutrient, and water-conservation practices to help minimize sediment and nutrient losses from fields and to improve crop productivity. This report summarizes the precipitation-runoff relations and water-quality characteristics measured in edge-of-field runoff for 26 \"farm years\" (aggregate years of averaged station data from all 6 farms for varying monitoring periods). A relatively wide range of constituents typically found in agricultural runoff were measured: suspended sediment, phosphorus (total, particulate, dissolved reactive, and total dissolved), and nitrogen (total, nitrate plus nitrite, organic, ammonium, total Kjeldahl and total Kjeldahl-dissolved), chloride, total solids, total suspended solids, total volatile suspended solids, and total dissolved solids.\n\nMean annual precipitation was 32.8 inches for the study period, about 3 percent less than the 30-year mean. Overall mean annual runoff was 2.55 inches per year (about 8 percent of precipitation) and the distribution was nearly equal between periods of frozen ground (54 percent) and unfrozen ground (46 percent). Mean monthly runoff was highest during two periods: February to March and May to June. Ninety percent of annual runoff occurred between January and the end of June.\n\nEvent mean concentrations of suspended sediment in runoff during unfrozen-ground periods were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those during frozen-ground periods. Mean annual suspended-sediment yields ranged from about 3 to nearly 5,000 pounds per acre (lb/acre), with a mean yield of 667 lb/acre. Ninety percent of suspended sediment was yielded in runoff during unfrozen-ground periods. May and June alone contributed more than 80 percent of the overall yield.\n\nPhosphorus concentrations and yields were also affected by the ground conditions at the time of runoff; however, unlike suspended sediment, phosphorus was usually available for transport in runoff regardless of ground condition. Mean annual total-phosphorus yields ranged from 0.03 to 7.0 lb/acre, with a mean yield of about 2.0 lb/acre. Nitrogen in runoff followed similar patterns to phosphorus in that concentrations were highest during unfrozen-ground periods, yields were highest during months of highest runoff, and speciation was affected by the ground conditions at the time of runoff. Mean annual total-nitrogen yields ranged from 0.11 to 19.2 lb/acre, and the mean was 7.2 lb/acre. Mean monthly total-nitrogen yields were strongly correlated with mean monthly total-phosphorus yields (r<sup>2</sup>= 0.92), indicating that the sources of nitrogen and phosphorus in runoff were likely similar.\n\nAnalysis of runoff, concentration, and yield data on annual, monthly, and seasonal time scales, when combined with precipitation, soil moisture, soil temperature, and on-farm field-activity information, revealed conditions in which runoff was most likely. The analysis also revealed the effects that field conditions and the timing of field-management activities-most notably, manure applications and tillage-had on the quantity and quality of surface runoff from agricultural fields.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115008","usgsCitation":"Stuntebeck, T.D., Komiskey, M.J., Peppler, M.C., Owens, D., and Frame, D.R., 2011, Precipitation-runoff relations and water-quality characteristics at edge-of-field stations, Discovery Farms and Pioneer Farm, Wisconsin, 2003-8: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5008, vii, 46 p.; Appendices 1-5 in Excel format and Excel Comma Separated Values format, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115008.","productDescription":"vii, 46 p.; Appendices 1-5 in Excel format and Excel Comma Separated Values format","startPage":"i","endPage":"46","numberOfPages":"53","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116609,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5008.jpg"},{"id":21817,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5008/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"state":"Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -93,42 ], [ -93,48 ], [ -87,48 ], [ -87,42 ], [ -93,42 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad0e4b07f02db680852","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stuntebeck, Todd D. 0000-0002-8405-7295 tdstunte@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8405-7295","contributorId":902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuntebeck","given":"Todd","email":"tdstunte@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":350538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Komiskey, Matthew J. 0000-0003-2962-6974 mjkomisk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2962-6974","contributorId":1776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Komiskey","given":"Matthew","email":"mjkomisk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":350540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Peppler, Marie C. 0000-0002-1120-9673 mpeppler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1120-9673","contributorId":825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peppler","given":"Marie","email":"mpeppler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":350537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Owens, David W. dwowens@usgs.gov","contributorId":3745,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owens","given":"David W.","email":"dwowens@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":676,"text":"Wisconsin Water Resource Division","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":350539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Frame, Dennis R.","contributorId":77282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frame","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":99090,"text":"sir20105221 - 2011 - Simulation of streamflow in the Pleasant, Narraguagus, Sheepscot, and Royal Rivers, Maine, using watershed models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:39","indexId":"sir20105221","displayToPublicDate":"2011-03-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5221","title":"Simulation of streamflow in the Pleasant, Narraguagus, Sheepscot, and Royal Rivers, Maine, using watershed models","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) began a study in 2008 to investigate anticipated changes in summer streamflows and stream temperatures in four coastal Maine river basins and the potential effects of those changes on populations of endangered Atlantic salmon. To achieve this purpose, it was necessary to characterize the quantity and timing of streamflow in these rivers by developing and evaluating a distributed-parameter watershed model for a part of each river basin by using the USGS Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS). The GIS (geographic information system) Weasel, a USGS software application, was used to delineate the four study basins and their many subbasins, and to derive parameters for their geographic features. The models were calibrated using a four-step optimization procedure in which model output was evaluated against four datasets for calibrating solar radiation, potential evapotranspiration, annual and seasonal water balances, and daily streamflows. The calibration procedure involved thousands of model runs that used the USGS software application Luca (Let us calibrate). Luca uses the Shuffled Complex Evolution (SCE) global search algorithm to calibrate the model parameters. The calibrated watershed models performed satisfactorily, in that Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) statistic values for the calibration periods ranged from 0.59 to 0.75 (on a scale of negative infinity to 1) and NSE statistic values for the evaluation periods ranged from 0.55 to 0.73. The calibrated watershed models simulate daily streamflow at many locations in each study basin. These models enable natural resources managers to characterize the timing and amount of streamflow in order to support a variety of water-resources efforts including water-quality calculations, assessments of water use, modeling of population dynamics and migration of Atlantic salmon, modeling and assessment of habitat, and simulation of anticipated changes to streamflow and water temperature resulting from changes forecast for air temperature and precipitation.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20105221","usgsCitation":"Dudley, R.W., and Nielsen, M.G., 2011, Simulation of streamflow in the Pleasant, Narraguagus, Sheepscot, and Royal Rivers, Maine, using watershed models: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5221, vi, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105221.","productDescription":"vi, 31 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116262,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2010_5221.gif"},{"id":14539,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5221/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -71,43 ], [ -71,46 ], [ -67,46 ], [ -67,43 ], [ -71,43 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f7e4b07f02db5f1fb1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dudley, Robert W. 0000-0002-0934-0568 rwdudley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0934-0568","contributorId":2223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dudley","given":"Robert","email":"rwdudley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":307530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nielsen, Martha G. 0000-0003-3038-9400 mnielsen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3038-9400","contributorId":4169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielsen","given":"Martha","email":"mnielsen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":307531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70036466,"text":"70036466 - 2011 - Terrestrial source to deep-sea sink sediment budgets at high and low sea levels: Insights from tectonically active Southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-08T19:47:15.086294","indexId":"70036466","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Terrestrial source to deep-sea sink sediment budgets at high and low sea levels: Insights from tectonically active Southern California","docAbstract":"<p><span>Sediment routing from terrestrial source areas to the deep sea influences landscapes and seascapes and supply and filling of sedimentary basins. However, a comprehensive assessment of land-to-deep-sea sediment budgets over millennia with significant climate change is lacking. We provide source to sink sediment budgets using cosmogenic radionuclide–derived terrestrial denudation rates and submarine-fan deposition rates through sea-level fluctuations since oxygen isotope stage 3 (younger than 40 ka) in tectonically active, spatially restricted sediment-routing systems of Southern California. We show that source-area denudation and deep-sea deposition are balanced during a period of generally falling and low sea level (40–13 ka), but that deep-sea deposition exceeds terrestrial denudation during the subsequent period of rising and high sea level (younger than 13 ka). This additional supply of sediment is likely owed to enhanced dispersal of sediment across the shelf caused by seacliff erosion during postglacial shoreline transgression and initiation of submarine mass wasting. During periods of both low and high sea level, land and deep-sea sediment fluxes do not show orders of magnitude imbalances that might be expected in the wake of major sea-level changes. Thus, sediment-routing processes in a globally significant class of small, tectonically active systems might be fundamentally different from those of larger systems that drain entire orogens, in which sediment storage in coastal plains and wide continental shelves can exceed millions of years. Furthermore, in such small systems, depositional changes offshore can reflect onshore changes when viewed over time scales of several thousand years to more than 10 k.y.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/G31801.1","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Covault, J., Romans, B., Graham, S., Fildani, A., and Hilley, G., 2011, Terrestrial source to deep-sea sink sediment budgets at high and low sea levels: Insights from tectonically active Southern California: Geology, v. 39, no. 7, p. 619-622, https://doi.org/10.1130/G31801.1.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"619","endPage":"622","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":246553,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":218533,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/G31801.1"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Southern California","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -117.1746826171875,\n              32.55607364492026\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.3232421875,\n              32.55607364492026\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.3232421875,\n              33.00405687168934\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.1746826171875,\n              33.00405687168934\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.1746826171875,\n              32.55607364492026\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"39","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba564e4b08c986b3209fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Covault, J.A.","contributorId":84974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Covault","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Romans, B.W.","contributorId":94878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Romans","given":"B.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Graham, S.A.","contributorId":82494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graham","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fildani, A.","contributorId":34699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fildani","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hilley, G.E.","contributorId":40396,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hilley","given":"G.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70034905,"text":"70034905 - 2011 - Multiscale site-response mapping: A case study of Parkfield, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:41","indexId":"70034905","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multiscale site-response mapping: A case study of Parkfield, California","docAbstract":"The scale of previously proposed methods for mapping site-response ranges from global coverage down to individual urban regions. Typically, spatial coverage and accuracy are inversely related.We use the densely spaced strong-motion stations in Parkfield, California, to estimate the accuracy of different site-response mapping methods and demonstrate a method for integrating multiple site-response estimates from the site to the global scale. This method is simply a weighted mean of a suite of different estimates, where the weights are the inverse of the variance of the individual estimates. Thus, the dominant site-response model varies in space as a function of the accuracy of the different models. For mapping applications, site-response models should be judged in terms of both spatial coverage and the degree of correlation with observed amplifications. Performance varies with period, but in general the Parkfield data show that: (1) where a velocity profile is available, the square-rootof- impedance (SRI) method outperforms the measured VS30 (30 m divided by the S-wave travel time to 30 m depth) and (2) where velocity profiles are unavailable, the topographic slope method outperforms surficial geology for short periods, but geology outperforms slope at longer periods. We develop new equations to estimate site response from topographic slope, derived from the Next Generation Attenuation (NGA) database.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0120100211","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Thompson, E., Baise, L., Kayen, R.E., Morgan, E., and Kaklamanos, J., 2011, Multiscale site-response mapping: A case study of Parkfield, California: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 101, no. 3, p. 1081-1100, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120100211.","startPage":"1081","endPage":"1100","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216028,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120100211"},{"id":243867,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-05-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a609ce4b0c8380cd71597","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, E.M.","contributorId":104688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baise, L.G.","contributorId":6239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baise","given":"L.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kayen, R. E.","contributorId":14424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kayen","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Morgan, E.C.","contributorId":66509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"E.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kaklamanos, J.","contributorId":38383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaklamanos","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70036732,"text":"70036732 - 2011 - Holocene record of precipitation seasonality from lake calcite δ<sup>18</sup>O in the central Rocky Mountains, United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-22T20:03:48.879383","indexId":"70036732","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Holocene record of precipitation seasonality from lake calcite δ<sup>18</sup>O in the central Rocky Mountains, United States","docAbstract":"<p><span>A context for recent hydroclimatic extremes and variability is provided by a ∼10 k.y. sediment carbonate oxygen isotope (δ</span><sup>18</sup><span>O) record at 5–100 yr resolution from Bison Lake, 3255 m above sea level, in northwestern Colorado (United States). Winter precipitation is the primary water source for the alpine headwater lake in the Upper Colorado River Basin and lake water δ</span><sup>18</sup><span>O measurements reflect seasonal variations in precipitation δ</span><sup>18</sup><span>O. Holocene lake water δ</span><sup>18</sup><span>O variations are inferred from endogenic sedimentary calcite δ</span><sup>18</sup><span>O based on comparisons with historic watershed discharge records and tree-ring reconstructions. Drought periods (i.e., drier winters and/or a more rain-dominated seasonal precipitation balance) generally correspond with higher calcite δ</span><sup>18</sup><span>O values, and vice-versa. Early to middle Holocene δ</span><sup>18</sup><span>O values are higher, implying a rain-dominated seasonal precipitation balance. Lower, more variable δ</span><sup>18</sup><span>O values after ca. 3500 yr ago indicate a snow-dominated but more seasonally variable precipitation balance. The middle to late Holocene δ</span><sup>18</sup><span>O record corresponds with records of El Niño Southern Oscillation intensification that supports a teleconnection between Rocky Mountain climate and North Pacific sea-surface temperatures at decade to century time scales.</span></p>","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/G31575.1","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Anderson, L., 2011, Holocene record of precipitation seasonality from lake calcite δ<sup>18</sup>O in the central Rocky Mountains, United States: Geology, v. 39, no. 3, p. 211-214, https://doi.org/10.1130/G31575.1.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"211","endPage":"214","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245487,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217534,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/G31575.1"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Bison Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -107.35020160675047,\n              39.762548108057686\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.35020160675047,\n              39.767743695471715\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.34217643737793,\n              39.767743695471715\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.34217643737793,\n              39.762548108057686\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.35020160675047,\n              39.762548108057686\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"39","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a31eee4b0c8380cd5e37b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, Lesleigh 0000-0002-5264-089X land@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5264-089X","contributorId":436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Lesleigh","email":"land@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":457564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70120715,"text":"70120715 - 2010 - Development of a national, dynamic reservoir-sedimentation database","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-04T09:11:49","indexId":"70120715","displayToPublicDate":"2013-08-15T15:21:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Development of a national, dynamic reservoir-sedimentation database","docAbstract":"<p>The importance of dependable, long-term water supplies, coupled with the need to quantify rates of capacity loss of the Nation’s re servoirs due to sediment deposition, were the most compelling reasons for developing the REServoir- SEDimentation survey information (RESSED) database and website. Created under the auspices of the Advisory Committee on Water Information’s Subcommittee on Sedimenta ion by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Natural Resources Conservation Service, the RESSED database is the most comprehensive compilation of data from reservoir bathymetric and dry-basin surveys in the United States. As of March 2010, the database, which contains data compiled on the 1950s vintage Soil Conservation Service’s Form SCS-34 data sheets, contained results from 6,616 surveys on 1,823 reservoirs in the United States and two surveys on one reservoir in Puerto Rico. The data span the period 1755–1997, with 95 percent of the surveys performed from 1930–1990. The reservoir surface areas range from sub-hectare-scale farm ponds to 658 km<sup>2</sup> Lake Powell. The data in the RESSED database can be useful for a number of purposes, including calculating changes in reservoir-storage characteristics, quantifying sediment budgets, and estimating erosion rates in a reservoir’s watershed.</p><p><br></p><p>The March 2010 version of the RESSED database has a number of deficiencies, including a cryptic and out-of-date database architecture; some geospatial inaccuracies (although most have been corrected); other data errors; an inability to store all data in a readily retrievable manner; and an inability to store all data types that currently exist. Perhaps most importantly, the March 2010 version of RESSED database provides no publicly available means to submit new data and corrections to existing data. To address these and other deficiencies, the Subcommittee on Sedimentation, through the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, began a collaborative project in November 2009 to modernize the RESSED database architecture; provide public online input capability; and produce online reports. The ultimate goal of the Subcommittee on Sedimentation is to build a comprehensive, quality-assured database describing capacity changes over time for the largest suite of the Nation’s reservoirs.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Joint Federal Interagency Conference 2010: Hydrology and Sedimentation for a Changing Future: Existing and Emerging Issues: Las Vegas, NV, June 27-July 1, 2010","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Joint Federal Interagency Conference 2010: Hydrology and Sedimentation for a Changing Future: Existing and Emerging Issues","conferenceDate":"June 27-July 1, 2010","conferenceLocation":"Las Vegas, Nevada","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Gray, J.R., Bernard, J., Stewart, D.W., McFaul, E., Laurent, K., Schwarz, G., Stinson, J., Jonas, M., Randle, T., and Webb, J., 2010, Development of a national, dynamic reservoir-sedimentation database, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the Joint Federal Interagency Conference 2010: Hydrology and Sedimentation for a Changing Future: Existing and Emerging Issues: Las Vegas, NV, June 27-July 1, 2010, Las Vegas, Nevada, June 27-July 1, 2010, 12 p.","productDescription":"12 p.","costCenters":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":292330,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":292327,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://acwi.gov/sos/pubs/2ndJFIC/"},{"id":294561,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://acwi.gov/sos/pubs/2ndJFIC/Contents/7C_Gray_ressed_3_4_2010_paper.pdf"}],"country":"United States;Puerto Rico","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 144.616667,13.233333 ], [ 144.616667,71.833333 ], [ -64.566667,71.833333 ], [ -64.566667,13.233333 ], [ 144.616667,13.233333 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ef1ec6e4b0bfa1f993ef07","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gray, J. R.","contributorId":63372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bernard, J.M.","contributorId":43999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bernard","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stewart, D. 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,{"id":98900,"text":"sir20105233 - 2010 - A method for assessing carbon stocks, carbon sequestration, and greenhouse-gas fluxes in ecosystems of the United States under present conditions and future scenarios","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98503,"text":"ofr20101144 - 2010 - Public Review Draft: A Method for Assessing Carbon Stocks, Carbon Sequestration, and Greenhouse-Gas Fluxes in Ecosystems of the United States Under Present Conditions and Future Scenarios","indexId":"ofr20101144","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"Public Review Draft: A Method for Assessing Carbon Stocks, Carbon Sequestration, and Greenhouse-Gas Fluxes in Ecosystems of the United States Under Present Conditions and Future Scenarios"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":98900,"text":"sir20105233 - 2010 - A method for assessing carbon stocks, carbon sequestration, and greenhouse-gas fluxes in ecosystems of the United States under present conditions and future scenarios","indexId":"sir20105233","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"A method for assessing carbon stocks, carbon sequestration, and greenhouse-gas fluxes in ecosystems of the United States under present conditions and future scenarios"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-30T21:03:12","indexId":"sir20105233","displayToPublicDate":"2010-11-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5233","title":"A method for assessing carbon stocks, carbon sequestration, and greenhouse-gas fluxes in ecosystems of the United States under present conditions and future scenarios","docAbstract":"<p>he Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA), Section 712, mandates the U.S. Department of the Interior to develop a methodology and conduct an assessment of the Nation’s ecosystems, focusing on carbon stocks, carbon sequestration, and emissions of three greenhouse gases (GHGs): carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. The major requirements include (1) an assessment of all ecosystems (terrestrial systems, such as forests, croplands, wetlands, grasslands/shrublands; and aquatic ecosystems, such as rivers, lakes, and estuaries); (2) an estimate of the annual potential capacities of ecosystems to increase carbon sequestration and reduce net GHG emissions in the context of mitigation strategies (including management and restoration activities); and (3) an evaluation of the effects of controlling processes, such as climate change, land-use and land-cover change, and disturbances such as wildfires.</p><p>The concepts of ecosystems, carbon pools, and GHG fluxes follow conventional definitions in use by major national and international assessment or inventory efforts. In order to estimate current ecosystem carbon stocks and GHG fluxes and to understand the potential capacity and effects of mitigation strategies, the method will use two time periods for the assessment: 2001 through 2010, which establishes a current ecosystem carbon and GHG baseline and will be used to validate the models; and 2011 through 2050, which will be used to assess potential capacities based on a set of scenarios. The scenario framework will be constructed using storylines of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES), along with both reference and enhanced land-use and land-cover (LULC) and land-management parameters. Additional LULC and land-management mitigation scenarios will be constructed for each storyline to increase carbon sequestration and reduce GHG fluxes in ecosystems. Input from regional experts and stakeholders will be solicited to construct these scenarios.</p><p>The methods for mapping the current LULC and ecosystem disturbances will require the extensive use of both remote-sensing data and field-survey data (for example, forest inventories) to capture and characterize landscape-changing events. For potential LULC changes and ecosystem disturbances, key drivers such as socioeconomic and climate changes will be used in addition to the biophysical data. The result of these analyses will be a series of maps for each future year for each scenario. These annual maps will form the basis for estimating carbon storage and GHG emissions. For terrestrial ecosystems, carbon storage, carbon-sequestration capacities, and GHG emissions under the present conditions and future scenarios will be assessed using the LULC-change and ecosystem-disturbance estimates in map format with a spatially explicit biogeochemical ensemble modeling system that incorporates properties of management activities (such as tillage or harvesting) and properties of individual ecosystems (such as energy exchange, vegetation characteristics, hydrological cycling, and soil attributes). For aquatic ecosystems, carbon burial in sediments and fluxes of GHG are functions of the present and future potential stream flow and sediment transport and will be assessed using empirical hydrological modeling methods. Validation and uncertainty analysis methods described in the methodology will follow established guidelines to assess the quality of the assessment results.</p><p>The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Level II ecoregions map will be the practical instrument for developing and delivering assessment results. Consequently, the ecoregion (there are 22 modified ecoregions) will be the reporting unit of the assessment because the scenarios, assessment results, validation, and uncertainty analysis will be produced at that scale. The implementation of these methods will require collaborations among various Federal agencies, State agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and the science community. Using the method described in this document, the assessment can be completed in approximately 3 to 4 years. The primary deliverables will be assessment reports containing tables, charts, and maps that will present the estimated GHG parameters annually for 2001 through 2050 by ecosystem, pool, and scenario. The results will permit the evaluation of a range of policies, mitigation options, and research topics, such as the demographic, LULC-change, or climate-change effects on carbon stocks, carbon sequestration, and GHG fluxes in ecosystems.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20105233","usgsCitation":"Bergamaschi, B., Bernknopf, R., Clow, D., Dye, D., Faulkner, S., Forney, W., Gleason, R., Hawbaker, T., Liu, J., Liu, S., Prisley, S., Reed, B., Reeves, M., Rollins, M., Sleeter, B., Sohl, T., Stackpoole, S., Stehman, S., Striegl, R.G., Wein, A., and Zhu, Z., 2010, A method for assessing carbon stocks, carbon sequestration, and greenhouse-gas fluxes in ecosystems of the United States under present conditions and future scenarios: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5233, Reprot: xviii, 85 p. ; Appendixes: A-I, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105233.","productDescription":"Reprot: xviii, 85 p. 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,{"id":98792,"text":"sir20105117 - 2010 - Implementation of local grid refinement (LGR) for the Lake Michigan Basin regional groundwater-flow model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:57","indexId":"sir20105117","displayToPublicDate":"2010-10-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5117","title":"Implementation of local grid refinement (LGR) for the Lake Michigan Basin regional groundwater-flow model","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey is evaluating water availability and use within the Great Lakes Basin. This is a pilot effort to develop new techniques and methods to aid in the assessment of water availability. As part of the pilot program, a regional groundwater-flow model for the Lake Michigan Basin was developed using SEAWAT-2000. The regional model was used as a framework for assessing local-scale water availability through grid-refinement techniques. Two grid-refinement techniques, telescopic mesh refinement and local grid refinement, were used to illustrate the capability of the regional model to evaluate local-scale problems. An intermediate model was developed in central Michigan spanning an area of 454 square miles (mi2) using telescopic mesh refinement. Within the intermediate model, a smaller local model covering an area of 21.7 mi2 was developed and simulated using local grid refinement. Recharge was distributed in space and time using a daily output from a modified Thornthwaite-Mather soil-water-balance method. The soil-water-balance method derived recharge estimates from temperature and precipitation data output from an atmosphere-ocean coupled general-circulation model. The particular atmosphere-ocean coupled general-circulation model used, simulated climate change caused by high global greenhouse-gas emissions to the atmosphere. The surface-water network simulated in the regional model was refined and simulated using a streamflow-routing package for MODFLOW. \r\n\r\nThe refined models were used to demonstrate streamflow depletion and potential climate change using five scenarios. The streamflow-depletion scenarios include (1) natural conditions (no pumping), (2) a pumping well near a stream; the well is screened in surficial glacial deposits, (3) a pumping well near a stream; the well is screened in deeper glacial deposits, and (4) a pumping well near a stream; the well is open to a deep bedrock aquifer. Results indicated that a range of 59 to 50 percent of the water pumped originated from the stream for the shallow glacial and deep bedrock pumping scenarios, respectively. The difference in streamflow reduction between the shallow and deep pumping scenarios was compensated for in the deep well by deriving more water from regional sources. The climate-change scenario only simulated natural conditions from 1991-2044, so there was no pumping stress simulated. Streamflows were calculated for the simulated period and indicated that recharge over the period generally increased from the start of the simulation until approximately 2017, and decreased from then to the end of the simulation. Streamflow was highly correlated with recharge so that the lowest streamflows occurred in the later stress periods of the model when recharge was lowest. \r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20105117","collaboration":"National Water Availability and Use Pilot Program","usgsCitation":"Hoard, C.J., 2010, Implementation of local grid refinement (LGR) for the Lake Michigan Basin regional groundwater-flow model: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5117, v, 25 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105117.","productDescription":"v, 25 p. ","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126036,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2010_5117.jpg"},{"id":14202,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5117/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -93,39 ], [ -93,48 ], [ -81,48 ], [ -81,39 ], [ -93,39 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a2b1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoard, C. 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,{"id":98645,"text":"pp1779 - 2010 - Analogues to features and processes of a high-level radioactive waste repository proposed for Yucca Mountain, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:43","indexId":"pp1779","displayToPublicDate":"2010-08-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1779","title":"Analogues to features and processes of a high-level radioactive waste repository proposed for Yucca Mountain, Nevada","docAbstract":"Natural analogues are defined for this report as naturally occurring or anthropogenic systems in which processes similar to those expected to occur in a nuclear waste repository are thought to have taken place over time periods of decades to millennia and on spatial scales as much as tens of kilometers. Analogues provide an important temporal and spatial dimension that cannot be tested by laboratory or field-scale experiments. Analogues provide one of the multiple lines of evidence intended to increase confidence in the safe geologic disposal of high-level radioactive waste. Although the work in this report was completed specifically for Yucca Mountain, Nevada, as the proposed geologic repository for high-level radioactive waste under the U.S. Nuclear Waste Policy Act, the applicability of the science, analyses, and interpretations is not limited to a specific site. Natural and anthropogenic analogues have provided and can continue to provide value in understanding features and processes of importance across a wide variety of topics in addressing the challenges of geologic isolation of radioactive waste and also as a contribution to scientific investigations unrelated to waste disposal.\r\n\r\nIsolation of radioactive waste at a mined geologic repository would be through a combination of natural features and engineered barriers. In this report we examine analogues to many of the various components of the Yucca Mountain system, including the preservation of materials in unsaturated environments, flow of water through unsaturated volcanic tuff, seepage into repository drifts, repository drift stability, stability and alteration of waste forms and components of the engineered barrier system, and transport of radionuclides through unsaturated and saturated rock zones. \r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1779","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy under Interagency Agreement DE-AI28-07RW12405","usgsCitation":"Simmons, A.M., Stuckless, J.S., and with a Foreword by Abraham Van Luik, U.D., 2010, Analogues to features and processes of a high-level radioactive waste repository proposed for Yucca Mountain, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1779, xiii, 194 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1779.","productDescription":"xiii, 194 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":687,"text":"Yucca Mountain Project Branch","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":14046,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1779/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":115913,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1779.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db68381b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simmons, Ardyth M.","contributorId":94412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simmons","given":"Ardyth","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stuckless, John S. 0000-0002-7536-0444 jstuckless@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7536-0444","contributorId":4974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuckless","given":"John","email":"jstuckless@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"with a Foreword by Abraham Van Luik, U.S. Department of Energy","contributorId":81605,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"with a Foreword by Abraham Van Luik","given":"U.S.","email":"","middleInitial":"Department of Energy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":98553,"text":"sir20105070A - 2010 - A deposit model for Mississippi Valley-Type lead-zinc ores","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-10T20:54:08.896952","indexId":"sir20105070A","displayToPublicDate":"2010-08-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5070","chapter":"A","title":"A deposit model for Mississippi Valley-Type lead-zinc ores","docAbstract":"<p>This report is a descriptive model of Mississippi Valley-Type (MVT) lead-zinc deposits that presents their geological, mineralogical and geochemical attributes and is part of an effort by the U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Resources Program to update existing models and develop new models that will be used for an upcoming national mineral resource assessment. This deposit modeling effort by the USGS is intended to supplement previously published models for use in mineral-resource and mineral-environmental assessments. Included in this report are geological, geophysical and geochemical assessment guides to assist in mineral resource estimation. The deposit attributes, including grade and tonnage of the deposits described in this report are based on a new mineral deposits data set of all known MVT deposits in the world.</p>\n<p>Mississippi Valley-Type (MVT) lead-zinc deposits are found throughout the world but the largest, and more intensely researched deposits occur in North America. The ores consist mainly of sphalerite, galena, and generally lesser amounts of iron sulfides. Silver is commonly an important commodity, whereas Cu is generally low, but is economically important in some deposits. Gangue minerals may include carbonates (dolomite, siderite, ankerite, calcite), and typically minor barite. Silicification of the host rocks (or quartz gangue) is generally minor, but may be abundant in a few deposits. The deposits have a broad range of relationships with their host rocks that includes stratabound, and discordant ores; in some deposits, stratiform and vein ore are important.</p>\n<p>The most important characteristics of MVT ore deposits are that they are hosted mainly by dolostone and limestone in platform carbonate sequences and usually located at flanks of basins, orogenic forelands, or foreland thrust belts inboard of the clastic rock-dominated passive margin sequences. They have no spatial or temporal relation to igneous rocks, which distinguishes them from skarn or other intrusive rock-related Pb-Zn ores. Abundant evidence has shown that the ore fluids were derived mainly from evaporated seawater and were driven within platform carbonates by large-scale tectonic events.</p>\n<p>MVT deposits formed mainly during the Phanerozoic with more than 80 percent of the deposits hosted in Phanerozoic rocks and less than 20 percent in Precambrian rocks. Phanerozoic-hosted MVT deposits also account for 94 percent of total MVT ore, and 93 percent of total MVT lead and zinc metal. Many MVT deposits formed during Devonian to Permian time, corresponding to a series of intense tectonic events during assimilation of Pangea. The second most important period for MVT deposit genesis was Cretaceous to Tertiary time when microplate assimilation affected the western margin of North America and Africa-Eurasia.</p>\n<p>Many subtypes or alternative classifications have been applied to MVT deposits. These alternative classifications reflect geographic and or specific geological features that some workers believe set them apart as unique (for example, Appalachian-, Alpine-, Reocin-, Irish-, Viburnum trend-types). However, we do not consider these alternative classifications or sub-types to be sufficiently different to warrant using them.</p>\n<p>This report also describes the geoenvironmental characteristic of MVT deposits. The response of MVT ores in the supergene environment is buffered by their placement in carbonate host rocks which commonly results in near-neutral associated drainage water. The geoenvironmental features and anthropogenic mining effects presented in this report illustrates this important environmental aspect of MVT deposits which separates them from other deposit types (especially coal, VHMS, Cu-porphyry, SEDEX, acid-sulfate polymetallic vein).</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mineral deposit models for resource assessment (Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5070)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20105070A","usgsCitation":"Leach, D.L., Taylor, R.D., Fey, D.L., Diehl, S.F., and Saltus, R.W., 2010, A deposit model for Mississippi Valley-Type lead-zinc ores: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5070, viii, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105070A.","productDescription":"viii, 43 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311537,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5070/a/pdf/SIR10-5070A.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":116033,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2010_5070_a.jpg"},{"id":13948,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5070/a/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":395810,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_93789.htm"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6aede5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leach, David L.","contributorId":83902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leach","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taylor, Ryan D. 0000-0002-8845-5290 rtaylor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8845-5290","contributorId":3412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Ryan","email":"rtaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fey, David L. dfey@usgs.gov","contributorId":713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fey","given":"David","email":"dfey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Diehl, Sharon F. diehl@usgs.gov","contributorId":1089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diehl","given":"Sharon","email":"diehl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Saltus, Richard W. saltus@usgs.gov","contributorId":777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saltus","given":"Richard","email":"saltus@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":98538,"text":"fs20103059 - 2010 - Divisions of geologic time-major chronostratigraphic and geochronologic units","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":79747,"text":"fs20073015 - 2007 - Divisions of Geologic Time—Major Chronostratigraphic and Geochronologic Units","indexId":"fs20073015","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"title":"Divisions of Geologic Time—Major Chronostratigraphic and Geochronologic Units"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":98538,"text":"fs20103059 - 2010 - Divisions of geologic time-major chronostratigraphic and geochronologic units","indexId":"fs20103059","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"Divisions of geologic time-major chronostratigraphic and geochronologic units"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":98538,"text":"fs20103059 - 2010 - Divisions of geologic time-major chronostratigraphic and geochronologic units","indexId":"fs20103059","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"Divisions of geologic time-major chronostratigraphic and geochronologic units"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70198659,"text":"fs20183054 - 2018 - Divisions of geologic time—Major chronostratigraphic and geochronologic units","indexId":"fs20183054","publicationYear":"2018","noYear":false,"title":"Divisions of geologic time—Major chronostratigraphic and geochronologic units"},"id":2}],"supersededBy":{"id":70198659,"text":"fs20183054 - 2018 - Divisions of geologic time—Major chronostratigraphic and geochronologic units","indexId":"fs20183054","publicationYear":"2018","noYear":false,"title":"Divisions of geologic time—Major chronostratigraphic and geochronologic units"},"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-21T12:38:01.255763","indexId":"fs20103059","displayToPublicDate":"2010-07-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-3059","title":"Divisions of geologic time-major chronostratigraphic and geochronologic units","docAbstract":"Effective communication in the geosciences requires consistent uses of stratigraphic nomenclature, especially divisions of geologic time. A geologic time scale is composed of standard stratigraphic divisions based on rock sequences and is calibrated in years. Over the years, the development of new dating methods and the refinement of previous methods have stimulated revisions to geologic time scales.\r\n\r\nAdvances in stratigraphy and geochronology require that any time scale be periodically updated. Therefore, Divisions of Geologic Time, which shows the major chronostratigraphic (position) and geochronologic (time) units, is intended to be a dynamic resource that will be modified to include accepted changes of unit names and boundary age estimates. This fact sheet is a modification of USGS Fact Sheet 2007-3015 by the U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Names Committee.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs20103059","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Names Committee, 2010, Divisions of geologic time-major chronostratigraphic and geochronologic units: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2010-3059, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20103059.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":302,"text":"Geologic Names Committee","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125948,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2010_3059.jpg"},{"id":356913,"rank":4,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/fs20183054","text":"Fact Sheet 2018-3054","linkHelpText":"- Divisions of Geologic Time—Major Chronostratigraphic and Geochronologic Units"},{"id":356914,"rank":4,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/fs20073015","text":"Fact Sheet 2007-3015","linkHelpText":"- Divisions of Geologic Time—Major Chronostratigraphic and Geochronologic Units"},{"id":13928,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059/","text":"Index Page","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":356955,"rank":5,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059/pdf/FS10-3059.pdf","text":"Report","size":"237 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db635ffd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Names Committee","contributorId":127948,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Names Committee","id":535032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70243857,"text":"70243857 - 2010 - Recent subsidence-rate reductions in the Mississippi Delta and their geological implications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-23T14:05:38.834288","indexId":"70243857","displayToPublicDate":"2010-05-01T08:57:11","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recent subsidence-rate reductions in the Mississippi Delta and their geological implications","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Mississippi Delta has long been characterized as an area of rapid subsidence; however, recent subsidence rates are substantially lower than previously reported. Tide-gauge records indicate that rates of relative sea-level rise were slow from 1947 until the mid-1960s, relatively fast from the mid-1960s until the early 1990s, and then slow since the early 1990s. These trends and rates are independently verified by repeat benchmark surveys and height monitoring at continuously operating geographic positioning system stations. Subsidence rates for the slow periods were a few millimeters per year, comparable to rates averaged over geological time scales that are attributed to natural processes such as shallow sediment compaction and deep crustal loading. The decadal pattern of slow, then rapid, then slow subsidence may be caused by natural deep-basin processes (</span><i>e.g.,</i><span>&nbsp;gravity gliding and salt migration), but it is more likely related to rates of hydrocarbon production that followed the same temporal trends. If accelerated subsidence was primarily induced by reservoir compaction and fault reactivation associated with fluid withdrawal that also accelerated in the 1960s and 1970s, then the recent reductions in subsidence rates likely reflect a balancing of subsurface stresses and a return to near preproduction conditions.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Allen Press","doi":"10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-09-00014R1.1","usgsCitation":"Bernier, J., and Morton, R.A., 2010, Recent subsidence-rate reductions in the Mississippi Delta and their geological implications: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 26, no. 3, p. 555-561, https://doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-09-00014R1.1.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"555","endPage":"561","ipdsId":"IP-011086","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":417336,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi Delta","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -90.54574708608203,\n              34.87638255573431\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.73553169837413,\n              34.48369704372655\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.17632176563357,\n              34.00799369523986\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.31100761951801,\n              33.51940318306656\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.28651928244814,\n              32.93559882393609\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.16407759709845,\n              32.311703921809794\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.59262349582195,\n              31.673266161525035\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.76404185531173,\n              31.072162712928943\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.87021755225851,\n              29.85321725067682\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.27235355844417,\n              30.17658267650077\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.68865528863336,\n              30.68860575648489\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.56621360328366,\n              31.0302040615546\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.90905032226289,\n              31.532483279870817\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.08659076602024,\n              32.13063222730449\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.87843990092553,\n              32.82370104719912\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.61519027742344,\n              33.68887212878171\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.82946176991513,\n              34.18881423152217\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.94578137099727,\n              35.00018367925969\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.38657143825668,\n              35.0252543699099\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.54574708608203,\n              34.87638255573431\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"26","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bernier, Julie 0000-0002-9918-5353 jbernier@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9918-5353","contributorId":3549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bernier","given":"Julie","email":"jbernier@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":873516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morton, Robert A.","contributorId":305683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morton","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":873517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":98331,"text":"cir1347 - 2010 - Water-the Nation's Fundamental Climate Issue A White Paper on the U.S. Geological Survey Role and Capabilities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-02T17:16:07","indexId":"cir1347","displayToPublicDate":"2010-04-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1347","title":"Water-the Nation's Fundamental Climate Issue A White Paper on the U.S. Geological Survey Role and Capabilities","docAbstract":"Of all the potential threats posed by climatic variability and change, those associated with water resources are arguably the most consequential for both society and the environment (Waggoner, 1990). Climatic effects on agriculture, aquatic ecosystems, energy, and industry are strongly influenced by climatic effects on water. Thus, understanding changes in the distribution, quantity and quality of, and demand for water in response to climate variability and change is essential to planning for and adapting to future climatic conditions. A central role of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) with respect to climate is to document environmental changes currently underway and to develop improved capabilities to predict future changes. Indeed, a centerpiece of the USGS role is a new Climate Effects Network of monitoring sites. Measuring the climatic effects on water is an essential component of such a network (along with corresponding effects on terrestrial ecosystems).\r\n\r\nThe USGS needs to be unambiguous in communicating with its customers and stakeholders, and with officials at the Department of the Interior, that although modeling future impacts of climate change is important, there is no more critical role for the USGS in climate change science than that of measuring and describing the changes that are currently underway. One of the best statements of that mission comes from a short paper by Ralph Keeling (2008) that describes the inspiration and the challenges faced by David Keeling in operating the all-important Mauna Loa Observatory over a period of more than four decades. Ralph Keeling stated: 'The only way to figure out what is happening to our planet is to measure it, and this means tracking changes decade after decade and poring over the records.'\r\n\r\nThere are three key ideas that are important to the USGS in the above-mentioned sentence. First, to understand what is happening requires measurement. While models are a tool for learning and testing our understanding, they are not a substitute for observations. The second key idea is that measurement needs to be done over a period of many decades. When viewing hydrologic records over time scales of a few years to a few decades, trends commonly appear. However, when viewed in the context of many decades to centuries, these short-term trends are recognized as being part of much longer term oscillations. Thus, while we might want to initiate monitoring of important aspects of our natural resources, the data that will prove to be most useful in the next few years are those records that already have long-term continuity. USGS streamflow and groundwater level data are excellent examples of such long-term records. These measured data span many decades, follow standard protocols for collection and quality assurance, and are stored in a database that provides access to the full period of record.\r\n\r\nThe third point from the Keeling quote relates to the notion of ?poring over the records.? Important trends will not generally jump off the computer screen at us. Thoughtful analyses are required to get past a number of important but confounding influences in the record, such as the role of seasonal variation, changes in water management, or influences of quasi-periodic phenomena, such as El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) or the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). No organization is better situated to pore over the records than the USGS because USGS scientists know the data, quality-assure the data, understand the factors that influence the data, and have the ancillary information on the watersheds within which the data are collected.\r\n\r\nTo fulfill the USGS role in understanding climatic variability and change, we need to continually improve and strengthen two of our key capabilities: (1) preserving continuity of long-term water data collection and (2) analyzing and interpreting water data to determine how the Nation's water resources are changing.\r\n\r\nUnderstanding change in water resources","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir1347","usgsCitation":"Lins, H.F., Hirsch, R.M., and Kiang, J., 2010, Water-the Nation's Fundamental Climate Issue A White Paper on the U.S. Geological Survey Role and Capabilities: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1347, iv, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1347.","productDescription":"iv, 9 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125362,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir_1347.jpg"},{"id":13580,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1347/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4bcb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lins, Harry F. 0000-0001-5385-9247 hlins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5385-9247","contributorId":1505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lins","given":"Harry","email":"hlins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hirsch, Robert M. 0000-0002-4534-075X rhirsch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4534-075X","contributorId":2005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hirsch","given":"Robert","email":"rhirsch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37316,"text":"WMA - Integrated Information Dissemination Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kiang, Julie","contributorId":45804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kiang","given":"Julie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70035425,"text":"70035425 - 2010 - Limited hydrologic response to Pleistocene climate change in deep vadose zones - Yucca Mountain, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-31T17:21:40","indexId":"70035425","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Limited hydrologic response to Pleistocene climate change in deep vadose zones - Yucca Mountain, Nevada","docAbstract":"Understanding the movement of water through thick vadose zones, especially on time scales encompassing long-term climate change, is increasingly important as societies utilize semi-arid environments for both water resources and sites viewed as favorable for long-term disposal or storage of hazardous waste. Hydrologic responses to Pleistocene climate change within a deep vadose zone in the eastern Mojave Desert at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, were evaluated by uranium-series dating of finely layered hyalitic opal using secondary ion mass spectrometry. Opal is present within cm-thick secondary hydrogenic mineral crusts coating floors of lithophysal cavities in fractured volcanic rocks at depths of 200 to 300 m below land surface. Uranium concentrations in opal fluctuate systematically between 5 and 550 μg/g. Age-calibrated profiles of uranium concentration correlate with regional climate records over the last 300,000 years and produce time-series spectral peaks that have distinct periodicities of 100- and 41-ka, consistent with planetary orbital parameters. These results indicate that the chemical compositions of percolating solutions varied in response to near-surface, climate-driven processes. However, slow (micrometers per thousand years), relatively uniform growth rates of secondary opal and calcite deposition spanning several glacial–interglacial climate cycles imply that water fluxes in the deep vadose zone remained low and generally buffered from the large fluctuations in available surface moisture during different climates.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2010.10.006","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Paces, J., Neymark, L., Whelan, J.F., Wooden, J.L., Lund, S., and Marshall, B., 2010, Limited hydrologic response to Pleistocene climate change in deep vadose zones - Yucca Mountain, Nevada: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 300, no. 3-4, p. 287-298, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.10.006.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"287","endPage":"298","costCenters":[{"id":308,"text":"Geology and Environmental Change Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":243178,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215379,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.10.006"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Yucca Mountain","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -116.5,36.83 ], [ -116.5,36.86 ], [ -116.45,36.86 ], [ -116.45,36.83 ], [ -116.5,36.83 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"300","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4791e4b0c8380cd678d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paces, J.B. 0000-0002-9809-8493","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9809-8493","contributorId":27482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paces","given":"J.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Neymark, L.A. 0000-0003-4190-0278","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4190-0278","contributorId":56673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neymark","given":"L.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Whelan, J. F.","contributorId":45328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whelan","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wooden, J. L.","contributorId":58678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooden","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lund, S.P.","contributorId":98054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lund","given":"S.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Marshall, B.D.","contributorId":19581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marshall","given":"B.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
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