Kīlauea is an active shield volcano in the southeastern part of the Island of Hawai'i. The middle east rift zone (MERZ) map includes about 27 square kilometers of the MERZ and shows the distribution of the products of 37 separate eruptions during late Holocene time. Lava flows erupted during 1983-96 have reached the mapped area. The subaerial part of the MERZ is 3-4 km wide and about 18 km long. It is a constructional ridge, 50-150 m above the adjoining terrain, marked by low spatter ramparts and cones as high as 60 m. Lava typically flowed either northeast or southeast, depending on vent location relative to the topographic crest of the rift zone. The MERZ receives more than 100 in. of rainfall annually and is covered by tropical rain forest. Vegetation begins to grow on lava a few months after its eruption. Relative heights of trees can be a guide to relative ages of underlying lava flows, but proximity to faults, presence of easily weathered cinders, and human activity also affect the rate of growth. The rocks have been grouped into five basic age groups. The framework for the ages assigned is provided by eight radiocarbon ages from previous mapping by the authors and a single date from the current mapping effort. The numerical ages are supplemented by observations of stratigraphic relations, degree of weathering, soil development, and vegetative cover.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i2614","isbn":"9781411306592","usgsCitation":"Trusdell, F., and Moore, R.B., 2006, Geologic map of the middle east rift geothermal subzone, Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaiʻi (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2614, 1 Map, 34.17 × 26.40 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/i2614.","productDescription":"1 Map, 34.17 × 26.40 inches","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":110687,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_78353.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"78353"},{"id":8825,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2614/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":191248,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/i2614.PNG"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -155.0670,19.4071 ], [ -155.0670,19.4634 ], [ -154.9965,19.4634 ], [ -154.9965,19.4071 ], [ -155.0670,19.4071 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a84b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Trusdell, Frank A. 0000-0002-0681-0528 trusdell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0681-0528","contributorId":754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trusdell","given":"Frank A.","email":"trusdell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, Richard B. rmoore@usgs.gov","contributorId":1464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Richard","email":"rmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70238533,"text":"70238533 - 2005 - East Molokai and other Kea-trend volcanoes: Magmatic processes and sources as they migrate away from the Hawaiian hot spot","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-28T18:44:04.83895","indexId":"70238533","displayToPublicDate":"2005-05-28T12:26:04","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1757,"text":"Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"East Molokai and other Kea-trend volcanoes: Magmatic processes and sources as they migrate away from the Hawaiian hot spot","docAbstract":"[1] There are geochemical differences between shield lavas from the two parallel trends, Kea and Loa, defined by young Hawaiian volcanoes. The shield of East Molokai volcano, at greater than 1.5 Ma, is the oldest volcano on the Kea trend. Sequences of older tholeiitic to younger alkalic basalt that erupted as this volcano evolved from the shield to postshield stage of volcanism are well exposed. Much younger, ∼0.34–0.57 Ma, alkalic basalt and basanite erupted during rejuvenated stage volcanism. Like rejuvenated stage lavas erupted at other Hawaiian volcanoes, rejuvenated stage East Molokai lavas have relatively low 87Sr/86Sr and high 143Nd/144Nd. Such ratios reflect a source component with a long-term depletion in abundance of incompatible elements. On the basis of positive correlations of 87Sr/86Sr versus 206Pb/204Pb and negative correlations of these isotopic ratios with Nb/Zr, a smaller proportion of this depleted component also contributed to the late shield/postshield lavas erupted at East Molokai and the other Kea-trend volcanoes, Haleakala and Mauna Kea. At each of these Kea-trend volcanoes, as the volcano moved away from the hot spot, the extent of melting and magma supply from the mantle decreased, the depth of melt segregation increased, and there was an increasing role for a component with long-term relative depletion in incompatible elements. This depleted component has Kea-trend Pb isotopic characteristics and relatively low 208Pb/204Pb at a given 206Pb/204Pb, and it is probably not related to oceanic lithosphere or the source of mid-ocean ridge basalt. The overlap in Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope ratios of recent Kilauea shield lavas and 550 ka Mauna Kea shield lavas has been used to argue that Kea-trend shield volcanism samples a vertically continuous, geochemically distinct stripe which persisted in the hot spot source for 550 kyr (Eisele et al., 2003; Abouchami et al., 2005). As Kea-trend volcanoes migrate away from the hot spot and evolve from the shield to postshield stage, there are systematic changes in Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope ratios. However, the overlap of Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope ratios in late shield/postshield lavas from Mauna Kea (<350 ka) and East Molokai (∼1.5 Ma) show that the periphery of the hot spot sampled by Kea-trend postshield lavas also had long-term geochemical homogeneity.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2004GC000830","usgsCitation":"Xu, G., Frey, F.A., Clague, D.A., Weis, D., and Beeson, M.H., 2005, East Molokai and other Kea-trend volcanoes: Magmatic processes and sources as they migrate away from the Hawaiian hot spot: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, v. 6, no. 5, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GC000830.","productDescription":"28 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477661,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gc000830","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":409740,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","otherGeospatial":"East Molokai Volcano, Molokai","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.96464370161624,\n 21.071441403145613\n ],\n [\n -156.96121047407718,\n 21.0624708918498\n ],\n [\n -156.9351179447802,\n 21.057344642523958\n ],\n [\n -156.89666579634272,\n 21.050295761368517\n ],\n [\n -156.88567946821772,\n 21.043246546437842\n ],\n [\n -156.86096022993655,\n 21.043887397948126\n ],\n [\n -156.82594130903814,\n 21.053499839640224\n ],\n [\n -156.81632827192865,\n 21.06183012034316\n ],\n [\n -156.80053542524908,\n 21.0624708918498\n ],\n [\n -156.77718947798343,\n 21.079129982161774\n ],\n [\n -156.73530410200686,\n 21.107958610827183\n ],\n [\n -156.70715163618647,\n 21.14446683628519\n ],\n [\n -156.70577834517096,\n 21.1662393904723\n ],\n [\n -156.73187087446777,\n 21.16495874063054\n ],\n [\n -156.73530410200686,\n 21.177764740239226\n ],\n [\n -156.76688979536618,\n 21.182246578173547\n ],\n [\n -156.79366897017093,\n 21.175203629005296\n ],\n [\n -156.80190871626456,\n 21.18032580712078\n ],\n [\n -156.81976149946775,\n 21.177764740239226\n ],\n [\n -156.8341810551318,\n 21.16880065690566\n ],\n [\n -156.84448073774905,\n 21.172002177598202\n ],\n [\n -156.86576674849113,\n 21.16880065690566\n ],\n [\n -156.89666579634272,\n 21.175203629005296\n ],\n [\n -156.90147231489746,\n 21.16816034445435\n ],\n [\n -156.92550490767087,\n 21.17904527922434\n ],\n [\n -156.93374465376468,\n 21.17456334426663\n ],\n [\n -156.9406111088427,\n 21.177124466588054\n ],\n [\n -156.94473098188968,\n 21.18736851231759\n ],\n [\n -156.95503066450675,\n 21.208494614313437\n ],\n [\n -156.96945022017084,\n 21.220016668973187\n ],\n [\n -156.98592971235834,\n 21.211695275266365\n ],\n [\n -156.9852430668506,\n 21.2033734124783\n ],\n [\n -156.9927961674365,\n 21.186088045418515\n ],\n [\n -156.99897597700675,\n 21.184167324272664\n ],\n [\n -157.0113355961474,\n 21.188008741608186\n ],\n [\n -157.04292128950686,\n 21.19377068041922\n ],\n [\n -157.05734084517096,\n 21.190569631036354\n ],\n [\n -157.06832717329596,\n 21.191209846459486\n ],\n [\n -157.00721572310056,\n 21.11564529989772\n ],\n [\n -156.96464370161624,\n 21.071441403145613\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"6","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-05-28","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Xu, Guanping","contributorId":299414,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Xu","given":"Guanping","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12444,"text":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":857756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frey, Frederick A.","contributorId":167154,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Frey","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":24632,"text":"Earth, Atmospheric & Planetary Sciences, MIT","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":857757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clague, David A.","contributorId":77105,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clague","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":857758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Weis, Dominique","contributorId":121531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weis","given":"Dominique","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":857759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Beeson, Melvin H. mbeeson@usgs.gov","contributorId":5017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beeson","given":"Melvin","email":"mbeeson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":857760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70364,"text":"ofr20051062 - 2005 - Reconnaissance gas measurements on the East Rift Zone of Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-07T09:53:01","indexId":"ofr20051062","displayToPublicDate":"2005-04-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-1062","title":"Reconnaissance gas measurements on the East Rift Zone of Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy","docAbstract":"We report the results of a set of measurements of volcanic gases on two small ground level plumes in the vicinity of Pu`u `O`o cone on the middle East Rift Zone (ERZ) of Kilauea volcano, Hawai`i on 15 June 2001 using open-path Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The work was carried out as a reconnaissance survey to assess the monitoring and research value of FTIR measurements at this volcano. Despite representing emissions of residual volatiles from lava that has undergone prior degassing, the plumes contained detectable amounts of CO2, CO, SO2, HCl, HF and SiF4. Various processes, including subsurface cooling, condensation of water in the atmospheric plume, oxidation, dissolution in water, and reactions with wall rocks at plume vents affect the abundance of these gases. Low concentrations of volcanic CO2 measured against a high ambient background are not well constrained by FTIR spectroscopy. Although there appear to be some differences between these gases and Pu`u `O`o source gases, ratios of HCl/SO2, HF/SO2 and CO/SO2 determined by FTIR measurements of these two small plumes compare reasonably well with earlier published analyses of ERZ vent samples. The measurements yielded emission rate estimates of 4, 11 and 4 t d-1","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20051062","usgsCitation":"McGee, K.A., Elias, T., Sutton, A.J., Doukas, M.P., Zemek, P.G., and Gerlach, T.M., 2005, Reconnaissance gas measurements on the East Rift Zone of Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1062, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20051062.","productDescription":"28 p.","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":186326,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6526,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1062/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kılauea volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.3144073486328,\n 19.276146935787732\n ],\n [\n -155.1605987548828,\n 19.276146935787732\n ],\n [\n -155.1605987548828,\n 19.47241867420536\n ],\n [\n -155.3144073486328,\n 19.47241867420536\n ],\n [\n -155.3144073486328,\n 19.276146935787732\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a73e4b07f02db643f0e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGee, Kenneth A. kenmcgee@usgs.gov","contributorId":2135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGee","given":"Kenneth","email":"kenmcgee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":282290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Elias, Tamar 0000-0002-9592-4518 telias@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9592-4518","contributorId":3916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elias","given":"Tamar","email":"telias@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":282292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sutton, A. Jefferson","contributorId":47860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutton","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"Jefferson","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doukas, Michael P. mdoukas@usgs.gov","contributorId":2686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doukas","given":"Michael","email":"mdoukas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":282291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zemek, Peter G.","contributorId":32244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zemek","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gerlach, Terrence M.","contributorId":30246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerlach","given":"Terrence","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":76777,"text":"ofr20051420 - 2005 - Visitor and community survey results for Kilauea Point National Wildlife Refuge and Lighthouse: Completion report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-25T15:03:17","indexId":"ofr20051420","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-1420","title":"Visitor and community survey results for Kilauea Point National Wildlife Refuge and Lighthouse: Completion report","docAbstract":"The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) and the Central Federal Lands Highway Division of the Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation are currently pursuing the planning and potential design of an alternative transportation system (ATS) for Kilauea Point National Wildlife Refuge (Refuge or Kilauea Point NWR). The USFWS and CFLHD seek an alternative transportation solution that provides the highest quality visitor experience and is sensitive to biological and cultural resources and the needs of the local community. In planning the alternative transportation system, managers need to consider how an ATS would change factors such as visitor access, visitor experience, visitor willingness to pay, and visitor net economic benefits. The Policy Analysis and Science Assistance branch (PASA) at the U.S. Geological Survey Fort Collins Science Center is dedicated to studying relations between humans and the environment. The objective of PASA is to conduct studies to understand how humans are affected by environmental management decisions and how human activities impact use and conservation of natural resources.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20051420","usgsCitation":"Sexton, N., Gillette, S.C., Koontz, L., Stewart, S., Loomis, J., and Wundrock, K.D., 2005, Visitor and community survey results for Kilauea Point National Wildlife Refuge and Lighthouse: Completion report: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1420, vi, 221 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20051420.","productDescription":"vi, 221 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192492,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20051420.PNG"},{"id":320277,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1420/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Point National Wildlife Refuge and Lighthouse","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2fe4b07f02db615cbe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sexton, Natalie","contributorId":103320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sexton","given":"Natalie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gillette, Shana C.","contributorId":9346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gillette","given":"Shana","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Koontz, Lynne koontzl@usgs.gov","contributorId":2174,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Koontz","given":"Lynne","email":"koontzl@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":7016,"text":"Environmental Quality Division, National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":287877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stewart, Susan C.","contributorId":48257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"Susan C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Loomis, John","contributorId":60746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loomis","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wundrock, Katherine D.","contributorId":29083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wundrock","given":"Katherine","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70027728,"text":"70027728 - 2005 - An efficient algorithm for double-difference tomography and location in heterogeneous media, with an application to the Kilauea volcano","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-08T08:48:32","indexId":"70027728","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An efficient algorithm for double-difference tomography and location in heterogeneous media, with an application to the Kilauea volcano","docAbstract":"Improving our understanding of crustal processes requires a better knowledge of the geometry and the position of geological bodies. In this study we have designed a method based upon double-difference relocation and tomography to image, as accurately as possible, a heterogeneous medium containing seismogenic objects. Our approach consisted not only of incorporating double difference in tomography but also partly in revisiting tomographic schemes for choosing accurate and stable numerical strategies, adapted to the use of cross-spectral time delays. We used a finite difference solution to the eikonal equation for travel time computation and a Tarantola-Valette approach for both the classical and double-difference three-dimensional tomographic inversion to find accurate earthquake locations and seismic velocity estimates. We estimated efficiently the square root of the inverse model's covariance matrix in the case of a Gaussian correlation function. It allows the use of correlation length and a priori model variance criteria to determine the optimal solution. Double-difference relocation of similar earthquakes is performed in the optimal velocity model, making absolute and relative locations less biased by the velocity model. Double-difference tomography is achieved by using high-accuracy time delay measurements. These algorithms have been applied to earthquake data recorded in the vicinity of Kilauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes for imaging the volcanic structures. Stable and detailed velocity models are obtained: the regional tomography unambiguously highlights the structure of the island of Hawaii and the double-difference tomography shows a detailed image of the southern Kilauea caldera-upper east rift zone magmatic complex. Copyright 2005 by the American Geophysical Union.","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/2004JB003466","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Monteiller, V., Got, J., Virieux, J., and Okubo, P., 2005, An efficient algorithm for double-difference tomography and location in heterogeneous media, with an application to the Kilauea volcano: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 110, no. 12, p. 1-22, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JB003466.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"22","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477690,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2004jb003466","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":238140,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211005,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004JB003466"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.3679656982422,\n 19.281980191903514\n ],\n [\n -155.137939453125,\n 19.281980191903514\n ],\n [\n -155.137939453125,\n 19.479539596600667\n ],\n [\n -155.3679656982422,\n 19.479539596600667\n ],\n [\n -155.3679656982422,\n 19.281980191903514\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"110","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-12-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea2fe4b0c8380cd486b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Monteiller, V.","contributorId":62409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monteiller","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Got, J.-L.","contributorId":80867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Got","given":"J.-L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Virieux, J.","contributorId":10617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Virieux","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Okubo, P. 0000-0002-0381-6051","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0381-6051","contributorId":49432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okubo","given":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":414967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70029673,"text":"70029673 - 2005 - DUCKS: Low cost thermal monitoring units for near-vent deployment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-02T11:49:25","indexId":"70029673","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"DUCKS: Low cost thermal monitoring units for near-vent deployment","docAbstract":"During 1999 we designed and tested a thermal monitoring system to provide a cheap, robust, modular, real-time system capable of surviving the hostile conditions encountered proximal to active volcanic vents. In November 2000 the first system was deployed at Pu'u 'O'o (Kilauea, Hawai'i) to target persistently active vents. Aside from some minor problems, such as sensor damage due to tampering, this system remained operational until January 2004. The success of the prototype system led us to use the blueprint for a second installation at Stromboli (Aeolian Islands, Italy). This was deployed, dug into a bomb-proof bunker, during May 2002 and survived the April 2003 paroxysmal eruption despite being located just 250 m from the vent. In both cases, careful waterproofing of connectors and selection of suitable protection has prevented water damage and corrosion in the harsh atmosphere encountered at the crater rim.
The Pu'u 'O'o system cost ∼US$10,000 and comprises four modules: sensors, transmission and power hub, repeater station and reception site. The sensor component consists of three thermal infrared thermometers housed in Pelican™ cases fitted with Germanium–Arsenide–Selenium windows. Two 1° field of view(FOV) sensors allow specific vents to be targeted and a 60° FOV sensor provides a crater floor overview. A hard wire connection links to a Pelican™-case-housed microprocessor, modem and power module. From here data are transmitted, via a repeater site, to a dedicated PC at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. Here data are displayed with a delay of ∼3 s between acquisition and display. The modular design allows for great flexibility. At Stromboli, 1° and 15° FOV sensor modules can be switched depending changes in activity style and crater geometry. In addition a direct line of site to the Stromboli reception center negates the repeater site requirement, reducing the cost to US$5500 for a single sensor system.
We have also constructed self-contained units with internal data loggers for US$1500/unit. These have been tested at Kilauea, Stromboli, Etna, Masaya, Santiaguito, Fuego, Pacaya, Poas, Soufriere Hills, Villarrica and Erta Ale. These instruments have proved capable of detecting thermal signals associated with: (1) gas emission; (2) gas jetting events; (3) crater floor collapse; (4) lava effusion; (5) lava flow in tubes; (6) lava lake activity; (7) lava dome activity; and (8) crater lake skin temperature.
","largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.12.007","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Harris, A., Pirie, D., Horton, K., Garbeil, H., Pilger, E., Ramm, H., Hoblitt, R., Thornber, C., Ripepe, M., Marchetti, E., and Poggi, P., 2005, DUCKS: Low cost thermal monitoring units for near-vent deployment: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 143, no. 4, p. 335-360, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.12.007.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"335","endPage":"360","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":240444,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":212884,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.12.007"}],"volume":"143","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fd53e4b0c8380cd4e79c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harris, A.","contributorId":67703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pirie, D.","contributorId":59248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pirie","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Horton, K.","contributorId":28408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horton","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Garbeil, H.","contributorId":103023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garbeil","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pilger, E.","contributorId":86976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pilger","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ramm, H.","contributorId":16227,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramm","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hoblitt, R.","contributorId":103738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoblitt","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Thornber, C.","contributorId":28629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thornber","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Ripepe, M.","contributorId":46310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ripepe","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Marchetti, E.","contributorId":19355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marchetti","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Poggi, P.","contributorId":20982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poggi","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70027651,"text":"70027651 - 2005 - Thermal observations of gas pistoning at Kilauea Volcano","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-07T10:00:37","indexId":"70027651","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermal observations of gas pistoning at Kilauea Volcano","docAbstract":"Data acquired by three continuously recording thermal infrared thermometers situated on the north rim of Pu'u'O' o Crater at Kilauea Volcano during 2002 revealed episodes of periodic thermal pulses originating from a degassing vent on the crater floor. These thermal pulses are interpreted as gas release (jetting events) associated with gas pistoning, a mechanism observed previously at both Mauna Ulu and Pu'u'O' o. During a 35-day-long period spanning June and July 2002, gas pistoning was frequently the dominant mode of gas release, with as many as several hundred pulses occurring in uninterrupted series. On other days, degassing alternated between periods of quasi-continuous gas jetting and intervals of gas pistoning that contained a few to a few dozen pulses. Characteristic time intervals between pistoning events ranged from 2 up to 7 min. We identify three types of pistoning. Type 1 involves emission of lava, followed by gas jetting and drain back; type 2 is the same but the elevated position of the vent does not allow postjet drain back; and type 3 involves gas jetting only with no precursory lava flow. To explain gas pistoning, we apply a model whereby a stagnant cap of degassed magma develops in the conduit below the vent. Gas bubbles rise through the magma column and collect under the cap. The collective buoyancy of these bubbles pushes the cap upward. When the cap reaches the surface, it erupts from the vent as a lava flow. Unloading of the conduit magma in this way results in an abrupt pressure drop (i.e., the overburden felt by the bubbles is reduced), causing explosive gas expansion in the form of gas jetting from the vent. This terminates the event and lava drains back into the conduit to start the cycle anew. In the case where there is no surface lava emission or drain back, the cap instead pushes into and spreads out within a subsurface cavity. Again, this unloads the conduit magma and terminates in explosive gas release. Once gas is expelled, lava in the cavity is free to drain back. We hypothesize that pistoning is a stable mode of degassing for low-viscosity basaltic magmas with appropriate conduit geometries and volatile supply rates. Copyright 2005 by the American Geophysical Union.","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/2005JB003944","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Johnson, J., Harris, A., and Hoblitt, R., 2005, Thermal observations of gas pistoning at Kilauea Volcano: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 110, no. 11, p. 1-12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB003944.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"12","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":211000,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JB003944"},{"id":238134,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.33432006835938,\n 19.264479800497103\n ],\n [\n -155.10223388671875,\n 19.264479800497103\n ],\n [\n -155.10223388671875,\n 19.46141299683288\n ],\n [\n -155.33432006835938,\n 19.46141299683288\n ],\n [\n -155.33432006835938,\n 19.264479800497103\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"110","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-11-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb24fe4b08c986b3256fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, J.B.","contributorId":35107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"J.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harris, A.J.L.","contributorId":82878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"A.J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hoblitt, R.","contributorId":89536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoblitt","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70029359,"text":"70029359 - 2005 - Source process of a long-period event at Kilauea volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-03T12:35:23","indexId":"70029359","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1803,"text":"Geophysical Journal International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Source process of a long-period event at Kilauea volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"We analyse a long-period (LP) event observed by a dense seismic network temporarily operated at Kilauea volcano, Hawaii, in 1996. We systematically perform spectral analyses, waveform inversions and forward modeling of the LP event to quantify its source process. Spectral analyses identify two dominant spectral frequencies at 0.6 and 1.3 Hz with associated Q values in the range 10-20. Results from waveform inversions assuming six moment-tensor and three single-force components point to the resonance of a horizontal crack located at a depth of approximately 150 m near the northeastern rim of the Halemaumau pit crater. Waveform simulations based on a fluid-filled crack model suggest that the observed frequencies and Q values can be explained by a crack filled with a hydrothermal fluid in the form of either bubbly water or steam. The shallow hydrothermal crack located directly above the magma conduit may have been heated by volcanic gases leaking from the conduit. The enhanced flux of heat raised the overall pressure of the hydrothermal fluid in the crack and induced a rapid discharge of fluid from the crack, which triggered the acoustic vibrations of the resonator generating the LP waveform. The present study provides further support to the idea that LP events originate in the resonance of a crack. 2005 RAS.
","largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Journal International","language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02502.x","issn":"0956540X","usgsCitation":"Kumagai, H., Chouet, B., and Dawson, P., 2005, Source process of a long-period event at Kilauea volcano, Hawaii: Geophysical Journal International, v. 161, no. 1, p. 243-254, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02502.x.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"243","endPage":"254","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477756,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.2005.02502.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":237810,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210784,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02502.x"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.37002563476562,\n 19.255404787818094\n ],\n [\n -155.07751464843747,\n 19.255404787818094\n ],\n [\n -155.07751464843747,\n 19.478244906718306\n ],\n [\n -155.37002563476562,\n 19.478244906718306\n ],\n [\n -155.37002563476562,\n 19.255404787818094\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"161","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9339e4b08c986b31a39b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kumagai, Hiroyuki","contributorId":71337,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kumagai","given":"Hiroyuki","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chouet, B. A.","contributorId":31813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"B. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dawson, P.B.","contributorId":75934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"P.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70029625,"text":"70029625 - 2005 - Structure and stress state of Hawaiian island basalts penetrated by the Hawaii Scientific Drilling Project deep core hole","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:53","indexId":"70029625","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structure and stress state of Hawaiian island basalts penetrated by the Hawaii Scientific Drilling Project deep core hole","docAbstract":"As part of the Hawaii Scientific Drilling Project (HSDP), an exploratory hole was drilled in 1993 to a depth of 1056 meters below sea level (mbsl) and a deeper hole was drilled to 3098 mbsl in 1999. A set of geophysical well logs was obtained in the deeper hole that provides fundamental information regarding the structure and the state of stress that exist within a volcanic shield. The acoustic televiewer generates digital, magnetically oriented images of the borehole wall, and inspection of this log yields a continuous record of fracture orientation with depth and also with age to 540 ka. The data depict a clockwise rotation in fracture strike through the surficial Mauna Loa basalts that settles to a constant heading in the underlying Mauna Kea rocks. This behavior reflects the depositional slope directions of lavas and the locations of volcanic sources relative to the drill site. The deviation log delineates the trajectory of the well bore in three-dimensional space. This path closely follows changes in fracture orientation with depth as the drill bit is generally prodded perpendicular to fracture strike during the drilling process. Stress-induced breakouts observed in the televiewer log identify the orientations ot the maximum and minimum horizontal principal stresses to be north-south and east-west, respectively. This stress state is attributed to the combination of a sharp break in onshore-offshore slope that reduces stress east-west and the emergence of Kilauea that increases stress north-south. Breakouts are extensive and appear over approximately 30% of the open hole. Copyright 2005 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2004JB003410","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Morin, R.H., and Wilkens, R., 2005, Structure and stress state of Hawaiian island basalts penetrated by the Hawaii Scientific Drilling Project deep core hole: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 110, no. 7, p. 1-8, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JB003410.","startPage":"1","endPage":"8","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477948,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.519.963","text":"External Repository"},{"id":210517,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004JB003410"},{"id":237460,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"110","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-07-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9c34e4b08c986b31d316","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morin, R. H.","contributorId":31794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morin","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilkens, R.H.","contributorId":77727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilkens","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":58241,"text":"fs20043085 - 2004 - The ongoing Pu'u 'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-21T07:50:59","indexId":"fs20043085","displayToPublicDate":"2004-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-3085","title":"The ongoing Pu'u 'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs20043085","usgsCitation":"Heliker, C., and Brantley, S., 2004, The ongoing Pu'u 'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2004-3085, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20043085.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":120644,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2004_3085.bmp"},{"id":5824,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2004/3085/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.3425598144531,\n 19.27873951970705\n ],\n [\n -155.16265869140625,\n 19.27873951970705\n ],\n [\n -155.16265869140625,\n 19.449111649832837\n ],\n [\n -155.3425598144531,\n 19.449111649832837\n ],\n [\n -155.3425598144531,\n 19.27873951970705\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db6493a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heliker, Christina","contributorId":53353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heliker","given":"Christina","affiliations":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":258532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brantley, Steven R. srbrant@usgs.gov","contributorId":4182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brantley","given":"Steven R.","email":"srbrant@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70206483,"text":"70206483 - 2004 - What makes hydromagmatic eruptions violent? Some insights from the Keanakāko'i Ash, Kı̄lauea Volcano, Hawai'i","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-12T13:13:11","indexId":"70206483","displayToPublicDate":"2004-11-06T13:40:09","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"What makes hydromagmatic eruptions violent? Some insights from the Keanakāko'i Ash, Kı̄lauea Volcano, Hawai'i","docAbstract":"Volcanic eruptions at the summit of Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i, are of two dramatically contrasting types: (1) benign lava flows and lava fountains; and (2) violent, mostly prehistoric eruptions that dispersed tephra over hundreds of square kilometers. The violence of the latter eruptions has been attributed to mixing of water and magma within a wet summit caldera; however, magma injection into water at other volcanoes does not consistently produce widespread tephras. To identify other factors that may have contributed to the violence of these eruptions, we sampled tephra from the Keanakako'i Ash, the most recent large hydromagmatic deposit, and measured vesicularity, bubble-number density and dissolved volatile content of juvenile matrix glass to constrain magma ascent rate and degree of degassing at the time of quenching. Bubble-number densities (9X10 (super 4) -1X10 (super 7) cm (super -3) ) of tephra fragments exceed those of most historically erupted Kilauean tephras (3X10 (super 3) -1.8X10 (super 5) cm (super -3) ), and suggest exceptionally high magma effusion rates. Dissolved sulfur (average=330 ppm) and water (0.15-0.45 wt.%) concentrations exceed equilibrium-saturation values at 1 atm pressure (100-150 ppm and approximately 0.09%, respectively), suggesting that clasts quenched before equilibrating to atmospheric pressure. We interpret these results to suggest rapid magma injection into a wet crater, perhaps similar to continuous-uprush jets at Surtsey. Estimates of Reynolds number suggest that the erupting magma was turbulent and would have mixed with surrounding water in vortices ranging downward in size to centimeters. Such fine-scale mixing would have ensured rapid heat exchange and extensive magma fragmentation, maximizing the violence of these eruptions.
","language":"English","publisher":" Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.05.015","usgsCitation":"Mastin, L.G., Christiansen, R.L., Thornber, C., and Lowenstern, J.B., 2004, What makes hydromagmatic eruptions violent? Some insights from the Keanakāko'i Ash, Kı̄lauea Volcano, Hawai'i: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 137, no. 1, p. 15-31, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.05.015.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"15","endPage":"31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":368989,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":" Kilauea volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.27870178222653,\n 19.25929414046391\n ],\n [\n -155.24780273437497,\n 19.263183400864964\n ],\n [\n -155.20179748535153,\n 19.250218840825706\n ],\n [\n -155.15510559082028,\n 19.255404787818094\n ],\n [\n -155.0830078125,\n 19.28910944501149\n ],\n [\n -155.0287628173828,\n 19.30984732486229\n ],\n [\n -154.9999237060547,\n 19.321511226817176\n ],\n [\n -155.01296997070312,\n 19.361680514501174\n ],\n [\n -155.0438690185547,\n 19.405725775580528\n ],\n [\n -155.0994873046875,\n 19.437456881792503\n ],\n [\n -155.11940002441406,\n 19.452348936859018\n ],\n [\n -155.17021179199216,\n 19.43616185591159\n ],\n [\n -155.2306365966797,\n 19.41803040932666\n ],\n [\n -155.27870178222653,\n 19.25929414046391\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"137","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mastin, Larry G. 0000-0002-4795-1992 lgmastin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4795-1992","contributorId":555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastin","given":"Larry","email":"lgmastin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":774794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christiansen, Robert L. 0000-0002-8017-3918 rchris@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8017-3918","contributorId":4412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christiansen","given":"Robert","email":"rchris@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":774795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thornber, Carl 0000-0002-6382-4408 cthornber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6382-4408","contributorId":167396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thornber","given":"Carl","email":"cthornber@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":774796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lowenstern, Jacob B. 0000-0003-0464-7779 jlwnstrn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0464-7779","contributorId":2755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowenstern","given":"Jacob","email":"jlwnstrn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":774797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":58246,"text":"ofr20041378 - 2004 - Major-element, sulfur, and chlorine compositions of glasses from the submarine flank of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, Collected During 1998-2002 Japan Marine Science and Technology Center (JAMSTEC) Cruises","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-16T08:50:09","indexId":"ofr20041378","displayToPublicDate":"2004-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1378","title":"Major-element, sulfur, and chlorine compositions of glasses from the submarine flank of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, Collected During 1998-2002 Japan Marine Science and Technology Center (JAMSTEC) Cruises","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041378","usgsCitation":"Coombs, M.L., Sisson, T.W., and Lipman, P.W., 2004, Major-element, sulfur, and chlorine compositions of glasses from the submarine flank of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, Collected During 1998-2002 Japan Marine Science and Technology Center (JAMSTEC) Cruises (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1378, 7 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041378.","productDescription":"7 p.","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":5829,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1378/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":185147,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.29131889343262,\n 19.378603724290507\n ],\n [\n -155.2375030517578,\n 19.378603724290507\n ],\n [\n -155.2375030517578,\n 19.416816177675052\n ],\n [\n -155.29131889343262,\n 19.416816177675052\n ],\n [\n -155.29131889343262,\n 19.378603724290507\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649cb9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coombs, Michelle L. 0000-0002-6002-6806 mcoombs@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6002-6806","contributorId":2809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coombs","given":"Michelle","email":"mcoombs@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sisson, Thomas W. 0000-0003-3380-6425 tsisson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3380-6425","contributorId":2341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sisson","given":"Thomas","email":"tsisson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lipman, Peter W. 0000-0001-9175-6118 plipman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9175-6118","contributorId":3486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lipman","given":"Peter","email":"plipman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70200852,"text":"70200852 - 2004 - The emplacement of pahoehoe toes: Field observations and comparison to laboratory simulations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-22T14:21:01","indexId":"70200852","displayToPublicDate":"2004-06-01T08:04:58","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The emplacement of pahoehoe toes: Field observations and comparison to laboratory simulations","docAbstract":"We observed active pahoehoe lobes erupted on Kilauea during May-June 1996, and found a range of emplacement styles associated with variations in local effusion rate, flow velocity, and strain rate. These emplacement styles were documented and quantified for comparison with earlier laboratory experiments.
At the lowest effusion rates, velocities, and strain rates, smooth-surfaced lobes were emplaced via swelling, where new crust formed along an incandescent lip at the front of the lobe and the rest of the lobe was covered with a dark crust. At higher effusion rates, strain rates and velocities, lobes were emplaced through tearing or cracking. Tearing was characterized by ripping of the ductile crust near the initial breakout point, and most of the lobe surface was incandescent during its emplacement. This mechanism was observed to generate both smooth-surfaced lobes, and, when the lava encountered an obstacle, folded lobes. Cracking lobes were similar to those emplaced via tearing, but involved breaking of a thicker, brittle crust at the initial breakout of the lobe and therefore required somewhat higher flow rates than did tearing. Cracking lobes typically formed ropy folds in the center of the lobe, and smooth margins. At the highest effusion rates, strain rates, and flow velocities, the lava formed open channels with distinct levees.
The final lobe morphologies were compared to results from laboratory simulations, which were designed to infer effusion rate from final flow morphology, to quantitatively test the laboratory results on the scale of individual natural pahoehoe lobes. There is general agreement between results from laboratory simulations and natural lavas on the scale of individual pahoehoe lobes, but there are disparities between laboratory flows and lava flows on the scale of an entire pahoehoe lava flow field.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00445-003-0319-5","issn":"1432-0819","usgsCitation":"Gregg, T., and Keszthelyi, L., 2004, The emplacement of pahoehoe toes: Field observations and comparison to laboratory simulations: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 66, no. 5, p. 381-391, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-003-0319-5.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"381","endPage":"391","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":359264,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.5938720703125,\n 18.895892559415024\n ],\n [\n -155.225830078125,\n 19.145168196205297\n ],\n [\n -154.8193359375,\n 19.342244996771804\n ],\n [\n -154.8797607421875,\n 19.48730751856426\n ],\n [\n -155.23681640625,\n 19.585668899245324\n ],\n [\n -155.4840087890625,\n 19.46141299683288\n ],\n [\n -155.74768066406247,\n 19.16592425362802\n ],\n [\n -155.5938720703125,\n 18.895892559415024\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"66","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-04-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5be40826e4b0b3fc5cf7cc1e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gregg, Tracy K. P.","contributorId":57937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gregg","given":"Tracy K. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keszthelyi, Laszlo P. 0000-0003-1879-4331 laz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1879-4331","contributorId":52802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keszthelyi","given":"Laszlo P.","email":"laz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":750874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70027511,"text":"70027511 - 2004 - The perception of volcanic risk in Kona communities from Mauna Loa and Hualālai volcanoes, Hawai'i","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-17T11:04:53","indexId":"70027511","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The perception of volcanic risk in Kona communities from Mauna Loa and Hualālai volcanoes, Hawai'i","docAbstract":"Volcanic hazards in Kona (i.e. the western side of the island of Hawai'i) stem primarily from Mauna Loa and Hualālai volcanoes. The former has erupted 39 times since 1832. Lava flows were emplaced in Kona during seven of these eruptions and last impacted Kona in 1950. Hualālai last erupted in ca. 1800. Society's proximity to potential eruptive sources and the potential for relatively fast-moving lava flows, coupled with relatively long time intervals since the last eruptions in Kona, are the underlying stimuli for this study of risk perception. Target populations were high-school students and adults ( n =462). Using these data, we discuss threat knowledge as an influence on risk perception, and perception as a driving mechanism for preparedness. Threat knowledge and perception of risk were found to be low to moderate. On average, fewer than two-thirds of the residents were aware of the most recent eruptions that impacted Kona, and a minority felt that Mauna Loa and Hualālai could ever erupt again. Furthermore, only about one-third were aware that lava flows could reach the coast in Kona in less than 3 h. Lava flows and ash fall were perceived to be among the least likely hazards to affect the respondent's community within the next 10 years, whereas vog (volcanic smog) was ranked the most likely. Less than 18% identified volcanic hazards as amongst the most likely hazards to affect them at home, school, or work. Not surprisingly, individual preparedness measures were found on average to be limited to simple tasks of value in frequently occurring domestic emergencies, whereas measures specific to infrequent hazard events such as volcanic eruptions were seldom adopted. Furthermore, our data show that respondents exhibit an 'unrealistic optimism bias' and infer that responsibility for community preparedness for future eruptions primarily rests with officials. We infer that these respondents may be less likely to attend to hazard information, react to warnings as directed, and undertake preparedness measures than other populations who perceive responsibility to lie with themselves. There are significant differences in hazard awareness and risk perception between students and adults, between subpopulations representing local areas, and between varying ethnicities. We conclude that long time intervals since damaging lava flows have occurred in Kona have contributed to lower levels of awareness and risk perceptions of the threat from lava flows, and that the on-going eruption at Kilauea has facilitated greater awareness and perception of risk of vog but not of other volcanic hazards. Low levels of preparedness may be explained by low perceptions of threat and risk and perhaps by the lack of a clear motivation or incentive to seek new modes of adjustment. 2003 Published by Elsevier B.V.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsvier","doi":"10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00288-9","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Gregg, C., Houghton, B.F., Johnston, D., Paton, D., and Swanson, D.A., 2004, The perception of volcanic risk in Kona communities from Mauna Loa and Hualālai volcanoes, Hawai'i: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 130, no. 3-4, p. 179-196, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00288-9.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"179","endPage":"196","numberOfPages":"18","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":238162,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211021,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00288-9"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Mauna Loa volcano, Hualālai volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.9893798828125,\n 19.287813240262167\n ],\n [\n -155.3466796875,\n 19.287813240262167\n ],\n [\n -155.3466796875,\n 19.72534224805787\n ],\n [\n -155.9893798828125,\n 19.72534224805787\n ],\n [\n -155.9893798828125,\n 19.287813240262167\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"130","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae84e4b08c986b32415d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gregg, Chris E.","contributorId":40397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gregg","given":"Chris E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Houghton, Bruce F. 0000-0002-7532-9770","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7532-9770","contributorId":140077,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Houghton","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":13351,"text":"University of Hawaii Cooperative Studies Unit","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":6977,"text":"University of Hawai`i at Hilo","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":413954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnston, David M.","contributorId":68082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"David M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Paton, Douglas","contributorId":64861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paton","given":"Douglas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Swanson, D. A.","contributorId":34102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70026436,"text":"70026436 - 2004 - Application of near real-time radial semblance to locate the shallow magmatic conduit at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-16T09:12:24","indexId":"70026436","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of near real-time radial semblance to locate the shallow magmatic conduit at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Radial Semblance is applied to broadband seismic network data to provide source locations of Very-Long-Period (VLP) seismic energy in near real time. With an efficient algorithm and adequate network coverage, accurate source locations of VLP energy are derived to quickly locate the shallow magmatic conduit system at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. During a restart in magma flow following a brief pause in the current eruption, the shallow magmatic conduit is pressurized, resulting in elastic radiation from various parts of the conduit system. A steeply dipping distribution of VLP hypocenters outlines a region extending from sea level to about 550 m elevation below and just east of the Halemaumau Pit Crater. The distinct hypocenters suggest the shallow plumbing system beneath Halemaumau consists of a complex plexus of sills and dikes. An unconstrained location for a section of the conduit is also observed beneath the region between Kilauea Caldera and Kilauea Iki Crater.","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/2004GL021163","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Dawson, P., Whilldin, D., and Chouet, B., 2004, Application of near real-time radial semblance to locate the shallow magmatic conduit at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 31, no. 21, L21606, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021163.","productDescription":"L21606","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478197,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gl021163","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":234266,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208492,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021163"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.29131889343262,\n 19.378603724290507\n ],\n [\n -155.2375030517578,\n 19.378603724290507\n ],\n [\n -155.2375030517578,\n 19.416816177675052\n ],\n [\n -155.29131889343262,\n 19.416816177675052\n ],\n [\n -155.29131889343262,\n 19.378603724290507\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"21","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-11-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eca9e4b0c8380cd493ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dawson, P. 0000-0003-4065-0588","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4065-0588","contributorId":49529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Whilldin, D.","contributorId":47128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whilldin","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chouet, B.","contributorId":68465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70027546,"text":"70027546 - 2004 - Hawaiian submarine manganese-iron oxide crusts - A dating tool?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-06T00:54:50.099022","indexId":"70027546","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hawaiian submarine manganese-iron oxide crusts - A dating tool?","docAbstract":"Black manganese-iron oxide crusts form on most exposed rock on the ocean floor. Such crusts are well developed on the steep lava slopes of the Hawaiian Ridge and have been sampled during dredging and submersible dives. The crusts also occur on fragments detached from bedrock by mass wasting, on submerged coral reefs, and on poorly lithified sedimentary rocks. The thickness of the crusts was measured on samples collected since 1965 on the Hawaiian Ridge from 140 dive or dredge localities. Fifty-nine (42%) of the sites were collected in 2001 by remotely operated vehicles (ROVs). The thinner crusts on many samples apparently result from postdepositional breakage, landsliding, and intermittent burial of outcrops by sediment. The maximum crust thickness was selected from each dredge or dive site to best represent crusts on the original rock surface at that site. The measurements show an irregular progressive thickening of the crusts toward the northwest—i.e., progressive thickening toward the older volcanic features with increasing distance from the Hawaiian hotspot. Comparison of the maximum crust thickness with radiometric ages of related subaerial features supports previous studies that indicate a crust-growth rate of about 2.5 mm/m.y. The thickness information not only allows a comparison of the relative exposure ages of two or more features offshore from different volcanoes, but also provides specific age estimates of volcanic and landslide deposits. The data indicate that some of the landslide blocks within the south Kona landslide are the oldest exposed rock on Mauna Loa, Kilauea, or Loihi volcanoes. Crusts on the floors of submarine canyons off Kohala and East Molokai volcanoes indicate that these canyons are no longer serving as channelways for downslope, sediment-laden currents. Mahukona volcano was approximately synchronous with Hilo Ridge, both being younger than Hana Ridge. The Nuuanu landslide is considerably older than the Wailau landslide. The Waianae landslide southwest of Oahu has yielded samples with the greatest manganese-iron oxide crusts (9.5 mm thick) and therefore apparently represents the oldest submarine material yet found in the study area. The submarine volcanic field 100 km southwest of Oahu is apparently younger than the Waianae landslide.
Lava flows from Mauna Loa and Hualālai volcanoes are a major volcanic hazard that could impact the western portion of the island of Hawai'i (e.g., Kona). The most recent eruptions of these two volcanoes to affect Kona occurred in A.D. 1950 and ca. 1800, respectively. In contrast, in eastern Hawai'i, eruptions of neighboring Kilauea volcano have occurred frequently since 1955, and therefore have been the focus for hazard mitigation. Official preparedness and response measures are therefore modeled on typical eruptions of Kilauea. The combinations of short-lived precursory activity (e.g., volcanic tremor) at Mauna Loa, the potential for fast-moving lava flows, and the proximity of Kona communities to potential vents represent significant emergency management concerns in Kona. Less is known about past eruptions of Hualālai, but similar concerns exist. Future lava flows present an increased threat to personal safety because of the short times that may be available for responding. Mitigation must address not only the specific characteristics of volcanic hazards in Kona, but also the manner in which the hazards relate to the communities likely to be affected. This paper describes the first steps in developing effective mitigation plans: measuring the current state of people's knowledge of eruption parameters and the implications for their safety. We present results of a questionnaire survey administered to 462 high school students and adults in Kona. The rationale for this study was the long lapsed time since the last Kona eruption, and the high population growth and expansion of infrastructure over this time interval. Anticipated future growth in social and economic infrastructure in this area provides additional justification for this work. The residents of Kona have received little or no specific information about how to react to future volcanic eruptions or warnings, and short-term preparedness levels are low. Respondents appear uncertain about how to respond to threatening lava flows and overestimate the minimum time available to react, suggesting that personal risk levels are unnecessarily high. A successful volcanic warning plan in Kona must be tailored to meet the unique situation there. Springer-Verlag 2004.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00445-004-0338-x","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Gregg, C., Houghton, B.F., Paton, D., Swanson, D., and Johnston, D., 2004, Community preparedness for lava flows from Mauna Loa and Hualālai volcanoes, Kona, Hawai'i: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 66, no. 6, p. 531-540, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-004-0338-x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"531","endPage":"540","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":502532,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Community_preparedness_for_lava_flows_from_Mauna_Loa_and_Hualalai_volcanoes_Kona_Hawai_i/22847921","text":"External Repository"},{"id":235117,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208976,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00445-004-0338-x"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Mauna Loa volcano, Hualālai volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.9893798828125,\n 19.287813240262167\n ],\n [\n -155.3466796875,\n 19.287813240262167\n ],\n [\n -155.3466796875,\n 19.72534224805787\n ],\n [\n -155.9893798828125,\n 19.72534224805787\n ],\n [\n -155.9893798828125,\n 19.287813240262167\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"66","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-03-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f809e4b0c8380cd4ce3f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gregg, Chris E.","contributorId":40397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gregg","given":"Chris E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Houghton, Bruce F. 0000-0002-7532-9770","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7532-9770","contributorId":140077,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Houghton","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":6977,"text":"University of Hawai`i at Hilo","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":13351,"text":"University of Hawaii Cooperative Studies Unit","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":411630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Paton, Douglas","contributorId":64861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paton","given":"Douglas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Swanson, Donald A. 0000-0002-1680-3591 donswan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1680-3591","contributorId":3137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"Donald A.","email":"donswan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":411629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Johnston, David M.","contributorId":68082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"David M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":69623,"text":"i2759 - 2003 - Geologic Map of the Summit Region of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:34","indexId":"i2759","displayToPublicDate":"2004-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2759","title":"Geologic Map of the Summit Region of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"This report consists of a large map sheet and a pamphlet. The map shows the geology, some photographs, description of map units, and correlation of map units. The pamphlet gives the full text about the geologic map. \r\n\r\nThe area covered by this map includes parts of four U.S. Geological Survey 7.5' topographic quadrangles (Kilauea Crater, Volcano, Ka`u Desert, and Makaopuhi). It encompasses the summit, upper rift zones, and Koa`e Fault System of Kilauea Volcano and a part of the adjacent, southeast flank of Mauna Loa Volcano. \r\n\r\nThe map is dominated by products of eruptions from Kilauea Volcano, the southernmost of the five volcanoes on the Island of Hawai`i and one of the world's most active volcanoes. At its summit (1,243 m) is Kilauea Crater, a 3 km-by-5 km collapse caldera that formed, possibly over several centuries, between about 200 and 500 years ago. Radiating away from the summit caldera are two linear zones of intrusion and eruption, the east and the southwest rift zones. Repeated subaerial eruptions from the summit and rift zones have built a gently sloping, elongate shield volcano covering approximately 1,500 km2. Much of the volcano lies under water; the east rift zone extends 110 km from the summit to a depth of more than 5,000 m below sea level; whereas the southwest rift zone has a more limited submarine continuation. South of the summit caldera, mostly north-facing normal faults and open fractures of the Koa`e Fault System extend between the two rift zones. The Koa`e Fault System is interpreted as a tear-away structure that accommodates southward movement of Kilauea's flank in response to distension of the volcano perpendicular to the rift zones.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/i2759","usgsCitation":"Neal, C., and Lockwood, J.P., 2003, Geologic Map of the Summit Region of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2759, map, 49 by 38 inches + 15 p. pamphlet, https://doi.org/10.3133/i2759.","productDescription":"map, 49 by 38 inches + 15 p. pamphlet","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110495,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_68315.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"68315"},{"id":188436,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6259,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i2759/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8435","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Neal, Christina A. 0000-0002-7697-7825","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7697-7825","contributorId":82660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neal","given":"Christina A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":280751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lockwood, John P. 0000-0002-6562-0222","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6562-0222","contributorId":30976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lockwood","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":280750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":53241,"text":"ofr03493 - 2003 - Trace element and Nd, Sr, Pb isotope geochemistry of Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i, near-vent eruptive products: 1983-2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-14T09:22:59","indexId":"ofr03493","displayToPublicDate":"2004-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-493","title":"Trace element and Nd, Sr, Pb isotope geochemistry of Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i, near-vent eruptive products: 1983-2001","docAbstract":"This open-file report serves as a repository for geochemical data referred to in U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1676 (Heliker, Swanson, and Takahashi, eds., 2003), which includes multidisciplinary research papers pertaining to the first twenty years of Puu Oo Kupaianaha eruption activity. Details of eruption characteristics and nomenclature are provided in the introductory chapter of that volume (Heliker and Mattox, 2003). Geochemical relations of this data are depicted and interpreted by Thornber (2003), Thornber and others (2003a) and Thornber (2001).\n\nThis report supplements Thornber and others (2003b) in which whole-rock and glass major-element data on ~1000 near-vent lava samples collected during the 1983 to 2001 eruptive interval of Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i, are presented. Herein, we present whole-rock trace element compositions of 85 representative samples collected from January 1983 to May 2001; glass trace-element compositions of 39 Pele’s Tear (tephra) samples collected from September 1995 to September 1996, and whole-rock Nd, Sr and Pb isotopic analyses of 10 representative samples collected from September 1983 to September 1993. Thornber and others (2003b) provide a specific record of sample characteristics, location, etc., for each of the samples reported here. Spreadsheets of both reports may be integrated and sorted based upon time of formation or sample numbers. General information pertaining to the selectivity and petrologic significance of this sample suite is presented by Thornber and others (2003b). As justified in that report, this select suite of time-constrained geochemical data is suitable for constructing petrologic models of pre-eruptive magmatic processes associated with prolonged rift zone eruption of Hawaiian shield volcanoes.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr03493","usgsCitation":"Thornber, C.R., Budahn, J.R., Ridley, W., and Unruh, D., 2003, Trace element and Nd, Sr, Pb isotope geochemistry of Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i, near-vent eruptive products: 1983-2001: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-493, Report: 5 p.; Geochem data, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03493.","productDescription":"Report: 5 p.; Geochem data","numberOfPages":"5","temporalStart":"1983-01-01","temporalEnd":"2001-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":178221,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr03493.jpg"},{"id":4894,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0493/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":284001,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0493/pdf/of03-493.pdf"},{"id":284002,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0493/OF03-493data.xls"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -155.305533,19.38969 ], [ -155.305533,19.443418 ], [ -155.232799,19.443418 ], [ -155.232799,19.38969 ], [ -155.305533,19.38969 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db627ef4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thornber, Carl R. cthornber@usgs.gov","contributorId":2016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thornber","given":"Carl","email":"cthornber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":247024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Budahn, James R. 0000-0001-9794-8882 jbudahn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9794-8882","contributorId":1175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Budahn","given":"James","email":"jbudahn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ridley, W. Ian 0000-0001-6787-558X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6787-558X","contributorId":17269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ridley","given":"W. Ian","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Unruh, Daniel M.","contributorId":96291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Unruh","given":"Daniel M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":53203,"text":"ofr03477 - 2003 - A compilation of whole-rock and glass major-element geochemistry of Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i, near-vent eruptive products: January 1983 through September 2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-13T16:20:45","indexId":"ofr03477","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-477","title":"A compilation of whole-rock and glass major-element geochemistry of Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i, near-vent eruptive products: January 1983 through September 2001","docAbstract":"This report presents major-element geochemical data from 652 glasses (~6,520 analyses) and 795 whole-rock aliquots from 1,002 fresh samples of olivine-tholeiitic lava collected throughout the near-continuous eruption of Kïlauea Volcano, Hawai'i, from January 1983 through September 2001. The data presented herein provide a unique temporal compilation of lava geochemistry that best reflects variations of pre-eruptive magma compositions during prolonged rift-zone eruption. This document serves as a repository for geochemical data referred to in U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1676 (Heliker, Swanson, and Takahashi, eds., 2003) which includes multidisciplinary research papers pertaining to the first twenty years of Puu Oo-Kupaianaha eruption activity. Details of eruption characteristics and nomenclature are provided in the introductory chapter of that volume (Heliker and Mattox, 2003). Geochemical relations among all or portions of this data set are depicted and interpreted by Thornber (2003), Thornber and others (2003) and Thornber (2001). Trace element compositions and Nd, Sr and Pb isotopic analyses of representative samples of this select eruption suite will be provided in a separate and complimentary open file report. From 1983 to October 2001, approximately 2,500 eruption samples were collected and archived by the U.S. Geological Survey’s Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO). Geochemical data for 1,002 of these samples are included here. Previous reports present bulk-lava major- element chemistry for eruption samples collected from 1983 to 1986 and from 1990 to 1994 (Neal and others, 1988 and Mangan and others, 1995, respectively). Major element glass chemistry and thermometry data for samples collected from 1983 to 1994 is reported by Helz and Hearn (1998) and whole-rock and glass chemistry for samples collected from September 1994 to October 2001 is provided by Thornber and others (2002). This report is a compilation of previously published data along with unpublished whole-rock data for the 1986–1990 eruptive interval (episode 48, see Heliker and Mattox, 2003). The geochemical data in this report is mostly limited to well-quenched samples collected at or near their respective vents. The samples include tephra and spatter, in addition to lava dipped from lava lakes, lava tubes, and surface lava flows. The details of sample collection techniques as described by Thornber and others (2002) are generally applicable for this entire sampling interval.\n\nSpecifically excluded from this database are samples of distal surface flows, many of which were collected for topical studies of emplacement dynamics (for example, Cashman and others, 1999). Samples of sluggish or crystal-laden tube flows collected during eruptive pauses were also excluded, because they bear visual, petrographic and geochemical evidence for crystal accumulation during surface-flow stagnation. In addition, the pre-1992 whole-rock major element data reported here has been corrected to compensate for minor analytical discrepancies between pre- and post-1991 XRF analyses. These discrepancies resulted from a change in instrumentation at the USGS Denver analytical laboratories. This select suite of time-constrained geochemical data is suitable for constructing petrologic models of pre-eruptive magmatic processes associated with prolong rift zone eruption of Hawaiian shield volcanoes.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr03477","usgsCitation":"Thornber, C.R., Hon, K., Heliker, C., and Sherrod, D.A., 2003, A compilation of whole-rock and glass major-element geochemistry of Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i, near-vent eruptive products: January 1983 through September 2001: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-477, Report: 8 p.; Data, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03477.","productDescription":"Report: 8 p.; Data","numberOfPages":"8","temporalStart":"1983-01-01","temporalEnd":"2001-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":177292,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr03477.jpg"},{"id":4795,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0477/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":283972,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0477/pdf/of03-477.pdf"},{"id":283973,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0477/OF03-477data.xls"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -155.305533,19.38969 ], [ -155.305533,19.443418 ], [ -155.232799,19.443418 ], [ -155.232799,19.38969 ], [ -155.305533,19.38969 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae139","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thornber, Carl R. cthornber@usgs.gov","contributorId":2016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thornber","given":"Carl","email":"cthornber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":246897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hon, Ken","contributorId":19163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hon","given":"Ken","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Heliker, Christina","contributorId":53353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heliker","given":"Christina","affiliations":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":246899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sherrod, David A.","contributorId":53458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":69713,"text":"i2809 - 2003 - Hawaii's volcanoes revealed","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-20T13:18:56","indexId":"i2809","displayToPublicDate":"2003-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2809","title":"Hawaii's volcanoes revealed","docAbstract":"Hawaiian volcanoes typically evolve in four stages as volcanism waxes and wanes: (1) early alkalic, when volcanism originates on the deep sea floor; (2) shield, when roughly 95 percent of a volcano's volume is emplaced; (3) post-shield alkalic, when small-volume eruptions build scattered cones that thinly cap the shield-stage lavas; and (4) rejuvenated, when lavas of distinct chemistry erupt following a lengthy period of erosion and volcanic quiescence. During the early alkalic and shield stages, two or more elongate rift zones may develop as flanks of the volcano separate. Mantle-derived magma rises through a vertical conduit and is temporarily stored in a shallow summit reservoir from which magma may erupt within the summit region or be injected laterally into the rift zones. The ongoing activity at Kilauea's Pu?u ?O?o cone that began in January 1983 is one such rift-zone eruption. The rift zones commonly extend deep underwater, producing submarine eruptions of bulbous pillow lava.
\nOnce a volcano has grown above sea level, subaerial eruptions produce lava flows of jagged, clinkery ?a?a or smooth, ropy pahoehoe. If the flows reach the ocean they are rapidly quenched by seawater and shatter, producing a steep blanket of unstable volcanic sediment that mantles the upper submarine slopes. Above sea level then, the volcanoes develop the classic shield profile of gentle lava-flow slopes, whereas below sea level slopes are substantially steeper. While the volcanoes grow rapidly during the shield stage, they may also collapse catastrophically, generating giant landslides and tsunami, or fail more gradually, forming slumps. Deformation and seismicity along Kilauea's south flank indicate that slumping is occurring there today.
\nLoading of the underlying Pacific Plate by the growing volcanic edifices causes subsidence, forming deep basins at the base of the volcanoes. Once volcanism wanes and lava flows no longer reach the ocean, the volcano continues to submerge, while erosion incises deep river valleys, such as those on the Island of Kaua?i. The edges of the submarine terraces that ring the islands, thus, mark paleocoastlines that are now as much as 2,000 m underwater, many of which are capped by drowned coral reefs.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i2809","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Japan Marine Science and Technology Center, the University of Hawai‘i, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, and the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute.","usgsCitation":"Eakins, B., Robinson, J., Kanamatsu, T., Naka, J., Smith, J., Takahashi, E., and Clague, D.A., 2003, Hawaii's volcanoes revealed: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2809, Map: 38 x 25.03 inches; Bathymetry image: 24.54 x 18.96 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/i2809.","productDescription":"Map: 38 x 25.03 inches; Bathymetry image: 24.54 x 18.96 inches","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110452,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_59473.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"59473"},{"id":191480,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6384,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2809/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":280472,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2809/pdf/i2809.pdf"},{"id":280473,"type":{"id":14,"text":"Image"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2809/pdf/bathy.pdf"}],"scale":"0","projection":"Mercator map projection","country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -160.9973,17.9899 ], [ -160.9973,23.1811 ], [ -153.9977,23.1811 ], [ -153.9977,17.9899 ], [ -160.9973,17.9899 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db640cab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eakins, Barry W.","contributorId":18462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eakins","given":"Barry W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":280973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robinson, Joel E. 0000-0002-5193-3666 jrobins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5193-3666","contributorId":2757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"Joel E.","email":"jrobins@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":280971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kanamatsu, Toshiya","contributorId":108203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kanamatsu","given":"Toshiya","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":280977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Naka, Jiro","contributorId":64347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naka","given":"Jiro","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":280974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, John R.","contributorId":13321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"John R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":280972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Takahashi, Eiichi","contributorId":79966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takahashi","given":"Eiichi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":280976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Clague, David A.","contributorId":77105,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clague","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":280975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":52910,"text":"pp1676 - 2003 - The Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō-Kūpaianaha eruption of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i: The first 20 years","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-17T21:54:17.64303","indexId":"pp1676","displayToPublicDate":"2003-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1676","title":"The Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō-Kūpaianaha eruption of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i: The first 20 years","docAbstract":"The Pu'u 'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption started on January 3, 1983. The ensuing 20-year period of nearly continuous eruption is the longest at Kilauea Volcano since the famous lava-lake activity of the 19th century. No rift-zone eruption in more than 600 years even comes close to matching the duration and volume of activity of these past two decades. Fortunately, such a landmark event came during a period of remarkable technological advancements in volcano monitoring. When the eruption began, the Global Positioning System (GPS) and the Geographic Information System (GIS) were but glimmers on the horizon, broadband seismology was in its infancy, and the correlation spectrometer (COSPEC), used to measure SO2 flux, was still very young. Now, all of these techniques are employed on a daily basis to track the ongoing eruption and construct models about its behavior. The 12 chapters in this volume, written by present or past Hawaiian Volcano Observatory staff members and close collaborators, celebrate the growth of understanding that has resulted from research during the past 20 years of Kilauea's eruption. The chapters range widely in emphasis, subject matter, and scope, but all present new concepts or important modifications of previous ideas - in some cases, ideas long held and cherished.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1676","usgsCitation":"2003, The Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō-Kūpaianaha eruption of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i: The first 20 years: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1676, ix, 206 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1676.","productDescription":"ix, 206 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125529,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1676.jpg"},{"id":12885,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1676/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":391829,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_55310.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.3231,\n 19.2411\n ],\n [\n -154.8083,\n 19.2411\n ],\n [\n -154.8083,\n 19.5619\n ],\n [\n -155.3231,\n 19.5619\n ],\n [\n -155.3231,\n 19.2411\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67ad48","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Heliker, Christina C.","contributorId":60712,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heliker","given":"Christina","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":747029,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swanson, Donald A. 0000-0002-1680-3591 donswan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1680-3591","contributorId":3137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"Donald A.","email":"donswan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":770124,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Takahashi, Taeko Jane","contributorId":104049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takahashi","given":"Taeko","email":"","middleInitial":"Jane","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":770125,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70074415,"text":"70074415 - 2003 - Chasing lava: a geologist's adventures at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-29T14:36:32","indexId":"70074415","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T14:30:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"title":"Chasing lava: a geologist's adventures at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","docAbstract":"A lively account of the three years (1969-1972) spent by geologist Wendell Duffield working at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory at Kilauea, one of the world's more active volcanoes. Abundantly illustrated in b&w and color, with line drawings and maps, as well. Volcanologists and general readers alike will enjoy author Wendell Duffield's report from Kilauea--home of Pele, the goddess of fire and volcanoes. Duffield's narrative encompasses everything from the scientific (his discovery that the movements of cooled lava on a lava lake mimic the movements of the earth's crust, providing an accessible model for understanding plate tectonics) to the humorous (his dog's discovery of a snake on the supposedly snake-free island) to the life-threatening (a colleague's plunge into molten lava). This charming account of living and working at Kilauea, one of the world's most active volcanoes, is sure to be a delight.","language":"English","publisher":"Mountain Press Publishing","publisherLocation":"Missoula, MT","isbn":"0878424628","usgsCitation":"Duffield, W.A., 2003, Chasing lava: a geologist's adventures at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, 171 p.","productDescription":"171 p.","numberOfPages":"171","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":281674,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -159.422598,22.196185 ], [ -159.422598,22.22117 ], [ -159.392682,22.22117 ], [ -159.392682,22.196185 ], [ -159.422598,22.196185 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd50cae4b0b290850f38c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duffield, Wendell A.","contributorId":14363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duffield","given":"Wendell","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70025600,"text":"70025600 - 2003 - Infrasonic tremor observed at Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-06T15:43:17.475536","indexId":"70025600","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Infrasonic tremor observed at Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i","docAbstract":"[1] Infrasonic array data collected at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai'i, during November 12–21, 2002 indicate that the active vents and lava tube system near the Pu'u 'Ō'ō vent complex emit almost continuous infrasound in the 0.3–10 Hz frequency band. The spectral content of these infrasonic signals matches well that of synchronous seismic tremor. In sites protected from wind noise, significant signal to noise ratios were recorded as far as ∼13 km from the crater of Pu'u 'Ō'ō. The infrasonic recordings suggest that one or more tremor sources may be close to the surface. In addition, these results demonstrate that adequate site and instrument selections for infrasonic arrays are essential in order to obtain consistent and reliable infrasonic detections.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/2003GL018038","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Garces, M., Harris, A., Hetzer, C., Johnson, J., Rowland, S., Marchetti, E., and Okubo, P., 2003, Infrasonic tremor observed at Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 30, no. 20, 2, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018038.","productDescription":"2, 4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":489753,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2003gl018038","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":235831,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","otherGeospatial":"Kīlauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.29131889343262,\n 19.397225320423033\n ],\n [\n -155.28659820556638,\n 19.398844488980487\n ],\n [\n -155.28033256530762,\n 19.40013981222548\n ],\n [\n -155.27741432189939,\n 19.39981598238101\n ],\n [\n -155.27329444885254,\n 19.39876353093527\n ],\n [\n -155.26883125305173,\n 19.39997789738381\n ],\n [\n -155.2668571472168,\n 19.40208277775666\n ],\n [\n -155.25870323181152,\n 19.406373411096283\n ],\n [\n -155.25750160217285,\n 19.408235348838843\n ],\n [\n -155.25492668151855,\n 19.410097265263875\n ],\n [\n -155.25054931640625,\n 19.410906787494763\n ],\n [\n -155.25080680847168,\n 19.417463769018042\n ],\n [\n -155.2565574645996,\n 19.423372920825656\n ],\n [\n -155.25681495666504,\n 19.425072774013827\n ],\n [\n -155.25750160217285,\n 19.427015441594985\n ],\n [\n -155.2587890625,\n 19.42920091485609\n ],\n [\n -155.26239395141602,\n 19.43081976498137\n ],\n [\n -155.26728630065918,\n 19.4303341116379\n ],\n [\n -155.27114868164062,\n 19.430981649106492\n ],\n [\n -155.2738094329834,\n 19.43187200891054\n ],\n [\n -155.27990341186523,\n 19.42928185774553\n ],\n [\n -155.28101921081543,\n 19.427905823139497\n ],\n [\n -155.28573989868164,\n 19.422482514439473\n ],\n [\n -155.29149055480957,\n 19.41794946083209\n ],\n [\n -155.29483795166016,\n 19.415520987249117\n ],\n [\n -155.29483795166016,\n 19.413011526433195\n ],\n [\n -155.29698371887207,\n 19.40977345524309\n ],\n [\n -155.2961254119873,\n 19.405725775580528\n ],\n [\n -155.29131889343262,\n 19.397225320423033\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"30","issue":"20","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-10-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3bc8e4b0c8380cd62833","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garces, M.","contributorId":42406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garces","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harris, A.","contributorId":67703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hetzer, C.","contributorId":17812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hetzer","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, J.","contributorId":31719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rowland, S.","contributorId":38341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowland","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Marchetti, E.","contributorId":19355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marchetti","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Okubo, P. 0000-0002-0381-6051","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0381-6051","contributorId":49432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okubo","given":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":405815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70025975,"text":"70025975 - 2003 - Gaussian statistics for palaeomagnetic vectors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-29T12:00:23","indexId":"70025975","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1803,"text":"Geophysical Journal International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gaussian statistics for palaeomagnetic vectors","docAbstract":"With the aim of treating the statistics of palaeomagnetic directions and intensities jointly and consistently, we represent the mean and the variance of palaeomagnetic vectors, at a particular site and of a particular polarity, by a probability density function in a Cartesian three-space of orthogonal magnetic-field components consisting of a single (unimoda) non-zero mean, spherically-symmetrical (isotropic) Gaussian function. For palaeomagnetic data of mixed polarities, we consider a bimodal distribution consisting of a pair of such symmetrical Gaussian functions, with equal, but opposite, means and equal variances. For both the Gaussian and bi-Gaussian distributions, and in the spherical three-space of intensity, inclination, and declination, we obtain analytical expressions for the marginal density functions, the cumulative distributions, and the expected values and variances for each spherical coordinate (including the angle with respect to the axis of symmetry of the distributions). The mathematical expressions for the intensity and off-axis angle are closed-form and especially manageable, with the intensity distribution being Rayleigh-Rician. In the limit of small relative vectorial dispersion, the Gaussian (bi-Gaussian) directional distribution approaches a Fisher (Bingham) distribution and the intensity distribution approaches a normal distribution. In the opposite limit of large relative vectorial dispersion, the directional distributions approach a spherically-uniform distribution and the intensity distribution approaches a Maxwell distribution. We quantify biases in estimating the properties of the vector field resulting from the use of simple arithmetic averages, such as estimates of the intensity or the inclination of the mean vector, or the variances of these quantities. With the statistical framework developed here and using the maximum-likelihood method, which gives unbiased estimates in the limit of large data numbers, we demonstrate how to formulate the inverse problem, and how to estimate the mean and variance of the magnetic vector field, even when the data consist of mixed combinations of directions and intensities. We examine palaeomagnetic secular-variation data from Hawaii and Re??union, and although these two sites are on almost opposite latitudes, we find significant differences in the mean vector and differences in the local vectorial variances, with the Hawaiian data being particularly anisotropic. These observations are inconsistent with a description of the mean field as being a simple geocentric axial dipole and with secular variation being statistically symmetrical with respect to reflection through the equatorial plane. Finally, our analysis of palaeomagnetic acquisition data from the 1960 Kilauea flow in Hawaii and the Holocene Xitle flow in Mexico, is consistent with the widely held suspicion that directional data are more accurate than intensity data.","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.01858.x","issn":"0956540X","usgsCitation":"Love, J.J., and Constable, C., 2003, Gaussian statistics for palaeomagnetic vectors: Geophysical Journal International, v. 152, no. 3, p. 515-565, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.01858.x.","productDescription":"51 p.","startPage":"515","endPage":"565","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":208754,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.01858.x"},{"id":234723,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"152","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a14e6e4b0c8380cd54c05","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Love, Jeffrey J. 0000-0002-3324-0348 jlove@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3324-0348","contributorId":760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Love","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jlove@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":407351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Constable, C.G.","contributorId":22948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Constable","given":"C.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}