As part of a joint Saudi Geological Survey (SGS) and United States Geological Survey project, we analyzed P-wave receiver functions from seismic stations covering most of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to map the thickness of the crust across the Arabia Plate. We present an update of crustal thickness estimates and fill in gaps for the western Arabian Shield and the rifted margin at the Red Sea (the coastal plain), as well as the eastern Arabian Platform. We applied a conventional H-k stacking algorithm and included careful attention to stacking weights, two forms of sedimentary corrections for stations located on the Arabian Platform, and additional processing for noisy stations. We obtained useful results at 154 stations from 898 teleseismic events over a 2-year period from 1995–1997 (for non-SGS stations) and a 6-year period from 2008–2014 (for SGS stations). Average crustal thickness (that is, depth to the Mohorovičić discontinuity [Moho] below the surface) beneath the Red Sea coastal plain (the rift margin) is 29 kilometers (km), beneath the volcanic fields (known in Arabic as harra [plural] or harrat [singular]) is 35 km, beneath the Arabian Shield (excluding harrats) is 37 km, and beneath the Arabian Platform is 38 km. Crustal thinning appears not to extend east of the rift escarpment, suggesting uniform extension that is no broader at depth than at the surface. In contrast to some previous interpretations that the Arabian Platform crust is thicker than that of the Arabian Shield, we find no statistically significant difference between their whole crustal thicknesses. However, the average sub-sedimentary crustal thickness (that is, the crystalline crust) for stations on the Arabian Platform is 34 km, 3 km thinner than the crust of the Arabian Shield. Individual station P-wave (pressure) velocity and S-wave (shear) velocity ratios (VP/VS) are highly variable for the Arabia Plate, ranging from 1.60 to 1.97 and averaging 1.75, with a standard deviation of 0.07. There are no statistically significant differences between VP/VS ratios of the different geologic regions of Saudi Arabia. Similar VP/ VS ratios, coupled with similar crustal thicknesses for harrats and the Arabian Shield, indicate that Cenozoic magmatism has contributed negligibly to crustal growth.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20231042","usgsCitation":"Blanchette, A.R., Klemperer, S.L., and Mooney, W.D., 2023, Crustal thickness and the VP/VS ratio within the Arabia Plate from P-wave receiver functions at 154 broadband seismic stations: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2023–1042, 325 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231042.","productDescription":"xi, 325 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-136065","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":421029,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1042/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":421030,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1042/ofr20231042.pdf","text":"Report","size":"84.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2023-1042"}],"country":"Saudi Arabia","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[42.77933,16.34789],[42.64957,16.77464],[42.34799,17.07581],[42.27089,17.47472],[41.75438,17.83305],[41.22139,18.6716],[40.93934,19.48649],[40.24765,20.17463],[39.80168,20.33886],[39.1394,21.2919],[39.0237,21.98688],[39.06633,22.57966],[38.49277,23.68845],[38.02386,24.07869],[37.48363,24.28549],[37.15482,24.85848],[37.20949,25.08454],[36.93163,25.60296],[36.6396,25.82623],[36.24914,26.57014],[35.64018,27.37652],[35.13019,28.06335],[34.63234,28.05855],[34.78778,28.60743],[34.83222,28.95748],[34.95604,29.35655],[36.06894,29.19749],[36.50121,29.50525],[36.74053,29.86528],[37.50358,30.00378],[37.66812,30.33867],[37.99885,30.5085],[37.00217,31.50841],[39.00489,32.01022],[39.19547,32.16101],[40.39999,31.88999],[41.88998,31.19001],[44.7095,29.17889],[46.56871,29.09903],[47.45982,29.00252],[47.70885,28.52606],[48.41609,28.552],[48.80759,27.68963],[49.29955,27.46122],[49.47091,27.11],[50.15242,26.68966],[50.21294,26.27703],[50.1133,25.94397],[50.23986,25.60805],[50.52739,25.32781],[50.66056,24.9999],[50.81011,24.75474],[51.11242,24.55633],[51.38961,24.62739],[51.57952,24.2455],[51.61771,24.01422],[52.00073,23.00115],[55.0068,22.49695],[55.20834,22.70833],[55.66666,22],[54.99998,19.99999],[52.00001,19],[49.11667,18.61667],[48.18334,18.16667],[47.46669,17.11668],[47,16.95],[46.74999,17.28334],[46.36666,17.23332],[45.4,17.33334],[45.21665,17.43333],[44.06261,17.41036],[43.79152,17.31998],[43.38079,17.57999],[43.1158,17.08844],[43.21838,16.66689],[42.77933,16.34789]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Saudi Arabia\"}}]}","contact":"Earthquake Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
350 N. Akron Rd.
Moffett Field, CA 94035
The U.S. Geological Survey and collaborators from EcoAnalysts, Inc., completed field and laboratory studies during 2016–19 to evaluate the toxicity of metals to freshwater mussels in streams draining the Tri-State Mining District. This project consisted of (1) sampling and analysis of metals in water and sediment, (2) surveys of mussel assemblages at sites with suitable mussel habitat, (3) toxicity tests with juvenile mussels exposed to zinc or to a mixture of metals (zinc, lead, and cadmium) in water, and (4) toxicity tests to evaluate the contributions of metals in sediment and metals in overlying water to toxic effects on mussels. Field sampling at sites in the Spring River and Neosho River and their tributaries demonstrated wide ranges of metal contamination in water and sediment. Zinc was the predominant toxic metal in water, and concentrations of lead and cadmium were much lower. Mussel areal density and species richness were greater at reference sites with low sediment metal concentrations (for example, zinc, 29–141 micrograms per gram) than at test sites that had higher concentrations of sediment zinc (416–3,420 micrograms per gram) as a result of effects of upstream mining activity. Juvenile mussels were highly sensitive to zinc in water in 12-week toxicity tests compared to previous water-only tests, and adding low levels of waterborne lead and cadmium typical of their occurrence in Tri-State Mining District streams produced greater toxicity. Thresholds for mussel toxicity were at or less than waterborne metal concentrations detected in Tri-State Mining District streams, and sites with waterborne metal concentrations exceeding thresholds had decreased mussel density and decreased mussel species richness. The 12-week toxicity tests with juvenile mussels in Tri-State Mining District sediments also demonstrated negative mussel responses with metal exposure. Thresholds for reductions in survival, growth, or biomass were at sediment metal concentrations less than thresholds reported for previous 4-week tests. We documented strong associations between reduced survival in laboratory tests and reduced species richness in community surveys. Attempts to estimate combined toxicity thresholds for metals in sediment and overlying water were not successful. These inconclusive results may be attributable to several factors, including (1) unexpected losses of waterborne metals from solution, (2) differences in sensitivity of different age/size classes of juvenile mussels, (3) disruption of sediment-water equilibria and changes in metal bioavailability, and (4) behavioral or physiological responses allowing juvenile mussels to temporarily reduce or avoid metal exposure. We also observed differences in metal toxicity thresholds between sediment toxicity tests started with different ages/sizes of test organisms. A followup study that combined exposure to Tri-State Mining District sediments with exposures to multiple levels of waterborne metals demonstrated toxic effects of sediments with low metal concentrations; however, some treatments also indicated unexpected reversals of concentration-response trends and reduced toxicity in treatments that had high metal concentrations in overlying water. These unusual responses may reflect development of physiological tolerance to metal toxicity by induction of metal-binding proteins (for example, metallothionein) in response to high metal levels in water.
Results of laboratory and field studies indicated strong associations between metal exposure in Tri-State Mining District streams and toxic effects on juvenile freshwater mussels. Mussel community characteristics corresponded to differences in metal concentrations in sediment and water among Tri-State Mining District sampling sites. Responses of juvenile mussels in 12-week water and sediment exposures were strongly correlated with the status of mussel assemblages in Tri-State Mining District streams. The combined results support the hypothesis that exposure to metals from historical mining activities adversely affects freshwater mussel communities in the Spring River/Neosho River drainage.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20231024","usgsCitation":"Besser, J.M., Ivey, C.D., Kunz, J.L., Kemble, N.E., Cleveland, D.M., Steevens, J.A., Dunn, H., and Foley, R., 2023, Responses of juvenile mussels to metals in sediment and water of the Tri-State Mining District: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2023–1024, 80 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231024.","productDescription":"Report: x, 80 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"94","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-144147","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":499773,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_115408.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":420914,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1024/ofr20231024.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2023–1024"},{"id":420913,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1024/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":420915,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9R9FHAF","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Response of juvenile mussels and amphipods to metal concentrations in water and sediment of streams draining the Tri-State Mining District, Missouri, Kansas and Oklahoma, USA"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95,\n 37.5\n ],\n [\n -95,\n 36.5\n ],\n [\n -94,\n 36.5\n ],\n [\n -94,\n 37.5\n ],\n [\n -95,\n 37.5\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Columbia Environmental Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
4200 New Haven Road
Columbia, MO 65201
The population of southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) at San Nicolas Island, California, has been monitored annually since the translocation of 140 southern sea otters to the island was completed in 1990. Monitoring efforts have varied in frequency and type across years. In 2017, the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service initiated a southern sea otter monitoring and research plan to determine the effects of military readiness activities on the growth or decline of the southern sea otter population at San Nicolas Island. The southern sea otter is the only subspecies of sea otter in California (hereafter, “sea otter\"). The monitoring program, at its basic level, includes seasonal surveys of population abundance, distribution, and foraging activity. From 2020 to 2023, we measured a 10-percent per annum increase in population abundance (95-percent confidence interval =0–20 percent), with 146 total individuals as of April 2023. Coinciding with the recent population growth, the sea otter distribution, which previously tended to concentrate on the island’s west end during 2003–2006 before shifting toward more use in the north and south sides during 2017–2019, appears to have shifted again during 2020–2023 to concentrate at the island’s east end. Forage data were collected between February 2020 and April 2023. There was a total of 773 forage dives in 60 forage bouts, with most of the identified prey on successful dives (n=401) recorded as sea urchins (66 percent), followed by bivalves (15 percent), snails (12 percent), and crabs (5.2 percent). Two lobsters and three abalone also were identified among the sea otter prey. Estimates of energy intake rates averaged 14.0 kilocalories per minute (95-percent confidence interval =10.8–17.2 kilocalories per minute). Monitoring data from the past two decades indicate that sea otters at San Nicolas Island have maintained a steady pattern of energy intake and population growth characteristic of a robust population, including a sixfold growth between 2000 and 2023. There was no conclusive evidence of density-dependent effects based on these patterns; however, estimates of energy intake rates for 2020–2023 were slightly lower than previous estimates from 2017 to 2019. Additionally, subtidal monitoring results at four sites around San Nicolas Island indicated that counts of purple sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) have increased between 2003 and 2023, whereas sea otter foraging surveys completed during the same period revealed that some sea otters have shifted toward higher consumption of purple sea urchins and bivalves compared to red sea urchins (S. fransicanus), which generally are the preferred larger prey of sea otters. These results contribute to the understanding of population dynamics and to the conservation and planning of future monitoring and research of sea otters at San Nicolas Island.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20231071","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the U.S. Navy","programNote":"Ecosystems Mission Area—Species Management Research Program","usgsCitation":"Yee, J.L., Tomoleoni, J.A., Kenner, M.C., Fujii, J.A., Bentall, G.B., Staedler, M.M., and Hatfield, B.B., 2023, Southern (California) sea otter population status and trends at San Nicolas Island, 2020–2023: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2023–1071, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231071.","productDescription":"vii, 37 p.","numberOfPages":"37","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-155128","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":420734,"rank":5,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20231071/full"},{"id":420730,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1071/covrthb.jpg"},{"id":420731,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1071/ofr20231071.pdf","text":"Report","size":"11 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":420732,"rank":3,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1071/ofr20231071.xml"},{"id":420733,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1071/images"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Nicolas Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.41914133101146,\n 33.23095571590274\n ],\n [\n -119.5256785251456,\n 33.28967086732948\n ],\n [\n -119.583789721946,\n 33.28157457228808\n ],\n [\n -119.57410452247933,\n 33.24816941739742\n ],\n [\n -119.54504892407897,\n 33.22791765206338\n ],\n [\n -119.47119927814498,\n 33.20867413062352\n ],\n [\n -119.43730108001157,\n 33.21576434144701\n ],\n [\n -119.41914133101146,\n 33.23095571590274\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Western Ecological Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3020 State University Drive East
Sacramento, California 95819
Marbled Murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus) have been listed as “endangered” by the State of California and “threatened” by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service since 1992 in California, Oregon, and Washington. Information regarding murrelet abundance, distribution, and habitat associations is critical for risk assessment, effective management, evaluation of conservation efficacy, and ultimately, the meeting of Federal- and State-mandated recovery efforts. From 1999 to present, line-transect surveys have been performed to estimate at-sea abundance and reproductive output of Marbled Murrelets in the marine environment in U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Conservation Zone 6 (San Francisco Bay to Point Sur in central California). Using this long-term annual time series, we developed a new and comprehensive analytical framework to estimate annual murrelet abundance and trend at sea, evaluated the effectiveness of spatial and temporal components of the monitoring study design, assessed two measures of annual murrelet reproductive output, and developed new spatial models to map murrelet at-sea density and estimate model-based annual at-sea abundances. The long-term average, design-based after-hatch-year (AHY) abundance estimate for the study area was 376 murrelets (range: 163–586 annually), and we did not detect any significant trend during the 23 years of monitoring. Spatial-model-based AHY abundance estimates were similar to design-based estimates but with smaller estimated variance. The AHY murrelets were most abundant nearshore, with little annual variation; alongshore, distribution was more annually variable, and some long-term hotspots occurred, particularly around Point Año Nuevo. The AHY murrelet densities were greatest in July and least in June and August. The long-term average hatch-year (HY) abundance estimate was 13 murrelets (range: 0–31 annually), and the long-term average HY:AHY ratio was 0.052; both metrics indicated similar interannual patterns. Evidence of a significant trend in either metric of reproductive output was not detected; although large overlap among interannual abundance and ratio estimates at the 95-percent confidence interval level made it difficult to evaluate interannual differences. Despite the apparent long-term stability in murrelet abundance in this region from 1999 to 2021, future long-term annual monitoring at sea will be critical to determine if the large-scale August 2020 CZU Santa Cruz Mountain wildfire that occurred adjacent to our study area affects local murrelet at-sea abundance and distribution. We also evaluated potential changes to survey and analytical design that could benefit this monitoring program in the future. Results indicated that eliminating the offshore stratum, focusing more effort on the nearshore stratum, and doing fewer surveys focused on a narrower timeframe could maintain or improve AHY trend estimates while preserving the ability to compare them to past years.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20231065","programNote":"Ecosystems Mission Area—Species Management Research Program","usgsCitation":"Felis, J., Adams, J., and Becker, B., 2023, Status, trend, and monitoring effectiveness of Marbled Murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus) at sea abundance and reproductive output off central California, 1999–2021: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2023–1065, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231065.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 47 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"47","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-147273","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":420681,"rank":5,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F75B01RW","text":"USGS Data Release","description":"Felis, J.J., Adams, J., Peery, M.Z., Henry, R.W., Henkel, L.A., Becker, B.H., and Halbert, P., 2022, Annual marbled murrelet abundance and productivity surveys off central California (Zone 6), 1999–2021 (ver. 4.0, May 2022): U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/F75B01RW.","linkHelpText":"Annual marbled murrelet abundance and productivity surveys off central California (Zone 6), 1999–2021 (ver. 4.0, May 2022)"},{"id":420675,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1065/covrthb.jpg"},{"id":420676,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1065/ofr20231065.pdf","text":"Report","size":"10 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":420677,"rank":3,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1065/ofr20231065.xml"},{"id":420678,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1065/images"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.02806862776823,\n 36.92229477756594\n ],\n [\n -121.92468779073133,\n 36.98296517484485\n ],\n [\n -122.46905251075435,\n 37.54475259884556\n ],\n [\n -122.79696360323157,\n 37.35110782152849\n ],\n [\n -122.23483030184242,\n 36.782698937994695\n ],\n [\n -122.02806862776823,\n 36.92229477756594\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Western Ecological Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3020 State University Drive East
Sacramento, California 95819
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Clathrate Hydrate Properties Project, active from 1993 to 2022 in Menlo Park, California, stemmed from an earlier project on the properties of planetary ices supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA’s) Planetary Geology and Geophysics Program. We took a material science approach in both projects, emphasizing chemical purity of samples, having controlled grain size and grain texture, and having verified crystal structures and phase relations. A foundational contribution from our USGS Gas Hydrate Properties Laboratory (GHPL) was in demonstrating the ability to reproducibly create such pure clathrate hydrate samples for study. Clathrate sample synthesis was achieved by heating sieved and weighed pure granular water ice in the presence of cold clathrate-forming gas or liquid. During heating, the ice melts at the grain scale and reacts with the gas to form clathrate. The resulting material has the desired uniformity and purity, with known intergranular porosity; our subsequent measurements showed that these clathrates exhibited the established clathrate structures and phase relations. This novel synthesis method was successful in creating clathrates of pure methane, ethane, propane, carbon dioxide, and multi-component gases. By mixing sand or silt with granular ice, we were also able to make clathrate-sediment aggregates with controlled grain textures. This simple method, adopted by many others in the community, permitted us to measure the physical and chemical properties of well-characterized and well-crystallized clathrates and clathrate/sediment aggregates. At about the same time, we adapted conventional scanning electron microscopy to cryogenic conditions for analysis of grain-scale characteristics of clathrates made in the GHPL as well as those collected from nature by drill core. The uniformity and reproducibility of our samples also allowed us to investigate how clathrates respond to environmental changes in chemistry, temperature, and pressure: we measured chemical exchange rates with dissolved gas species—such as noble gases and chlorofluorocarbons—as well as rates of clathrate dissolution and decomposition. These advances include the first accurate mapping of the conditions that promote the remarkable process of “anomalous preservation” at room pressure, a metastability that offers potential application for low-cost and safe transportation of natural gas from gas fields far from pipelines.
Another advancement stemming from the GHPL was the compaction of as-synthesized porous clathrates to nearly full density by applying external pressure using three different techniques. Compaction allows for high-accuracy measurements of many fundamental physical and chemical properties of these materials, such as elastic wavespeeds and moduli, complete thermal properties, decomposition rates, thermal expansion, and clathrate equations of state. These properties and others, in turn, have helped USGS scientists to interpret geophysical well logs and active geophysical surveys, as well as model the rates of gas production from hydrate deposits in nature.
Studying this class of icy minerals that occur in abundance on Earth and in the outer solar system has been a fascinating laboratory journey. Here, we summarize the history and major findings of the USGS GHPL in Menlo Park, including both in-house research as well as findings from the synergistic collaborations with other agencies and institutes that were key to the success of our laboratory. The Menlo Park GHPL was more formally incorporated within the USGS Gas Hydrates Project, a collaboration among multiple USGS Science Centers, in the early 2000s under the leadership of Deborah Hutchinson, and now under the leadership of Carolyn Ruppel and Timothy Collett.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20231063","usgsCitation":"Stern, L.A., and Kirby, S.H., 2023, Summary of the history and research of the U.S. Geological Survey gas hydrate properties laboratory in Menlo Park, California, active from 1993 to 2022: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2023–1063, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231063.","productDescription":"v, 29 p.","numberOfPages":"29","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-140366","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":420685,"rank":3,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1063/images"},{"id":420683,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1063/ofr20231063.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":420682,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1063/covrthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Earthquake Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
350 N. Akron Road
Moffett Field, CA 94035
Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard geoform, substrate, and biotic component geographic information system products were developed for the California State waters of south-central California in the region offshore of Morro Bay. The study was motivated by interest in development of offshore wind-energy capacity and infrastructure in Federal waters offshore. The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, in coordination with the State of California and many other members of the California Intergovernmental Renewable Energy Task Force, issued calls for information in 2018 for the study area offshore of Morro Bay, California. The study area is adjacent to a nuclear power plant (currently scheduled for decommissioning) with a developed electric grid connection, and in an area of high wind resource potential. The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is the lead agency responsible for planning and leasing in the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone and funded this project to assess baseline conditions of, and the potential effects on, the seafloor environment. This project, carried out by the U.S. Geological Survey, resulted in three data releases for individual map blocks that are part of the California State Waters Map Series: (1) Offshore of Point Estero, (2) Offshore of Morro Bay, and (3) Offshore of Point Buchon. The study area consists of 341 square kilometers (km2) of multibeam echo sounder (MBES) data acquired by Fugro, Inc., in 2010. Towed camera-sled video was acquired in 2012 to supervise the classification of the MBES data into habitats. There were 935 annotations of organisms and habitat made from 22 video transects. Using video observations of habitat as ground truth, derivatives of the MBES data were classified into 3 seafloor character types (hard-rugged, hard-flat, and soft-flat), 25 modifier groups, and 9 geoforms. The study area substrate is predominantly soft-flat sediment (mud and fine sand) covering 191.3 km2 (56.1 percent) of the area. Hard-flat substrate areas, predominantly coarse sediment in scour depressions, cover 52.2 km2 (15.3 percent) of the study area. The hard-rugged substrate areas are primarily outcrops of layered sedimentary bedrock and constitute 97.5 km2 of the study area (28.6 percent). After classification of bathymetry and backscatter raster images according to substrate, false-positive hard areas produced by noise artifacts were removed by manual editing. Nine geoforms were then identified in the analysis. The predominant geoforms mirror the seafloor character results, shelf geoforms (flat areas covered in soft sediment), rock outcrop geoforms (hard, rugged areas), and scour depression geoforms (flat areas covered in coarse sediment formed by bottom currents).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20231064","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with California State University Monterey Bay, University of California Santa Cruz, the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, and the California Ocean Protection Council","usgsCitation":"Cochrane, G.R., Kvitek, R., Cole, A., Sherrier, M., Roca-Lezra, A., Hallahan, S., and Dartnell, P., 2023, California State waters map series—Benthic habitat characterization in the region offshore of Morro Bay, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2023–1064, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231064.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 14 p.; 3 Data Releases","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-142408","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":420580,"rank":6,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ZSTUK1","text":"USGS Data Release","description":"Cochrane, G.R., Cole, A., Sherrier, M., and Hallahan, S., 2022, Bathymetry, backscatter intensity, and benthic habitat offshore of Point Estero, California: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ZSTUK1.","linkHelpText":"Bathymetry, backscatter intensity, and benthic habitat offshore of Point Estero, California"},{"id":420579,"rank":5,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9HEZNRO","text":"USGS Data Release","description":"Cochrane, G.R., Cole, A., Sherrier, M., and Roca-Lezra, A., 2022, Bathymetry, backscatter intensity, and benthic habitat offshore of Morro Bay, California: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9HEZNRO.","linkHelpText":"Bathymetry, backscatter intensity, and benthic habitat offshore of Morro Bay, California"},{"id":499787,"rank":9,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_115244.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":420582,"rank":8,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20231064/full"},{"id":420581,"rank":7,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9KBGELE","text":"USGS Data Release","description":"Cochrane, G.R., Cole, A., and Sherrier, M., 2022, Bathymetry, backscatter intensity, and benthic habitat offshore of Point Buchon, California: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9KBGELE.","linkHelpText":"Bathymetry, backscatter intensity, and benthic habitat offshore of Point Buchon, California"},{"id":420575,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1064/covrthb.jpg"},{"id":420576,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1064/ofr20231064.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":420577,"rank":3,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1064/ofr20231064.xml"},{"id":420578,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1064/images"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Morro Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.14748785119099,\n 35.56953868165078\n ],\n [\n -121.14748785119099,\n 35.15085512961322\n ],\n [\n -120.69449617338131,\n 35.15085512961322\n ],\n [\n -120.69449617338131,\n 35.56953868165078\n ],\n [\n -121.14748785119099,\n 35.56953868165078\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2885 Mission St.
Santa Cruz, CA 95060
Acipenser fulvescens (Rafinesque, 1817; lake sturgeon) are the only sturgeon species native to the Great Lakes region and are threatened across most of their range. They are historically vulnerable because of overfishing and habitat fragmentation with the potential for climate change acting as an increasing stressor in the future. Lake sturgeon span multiple habitats during their long lifespans, including high gradient streams, nearshore areas, and deep rivers and lakes. Climate change is projected to strongly affect the suitability of these habitats through increasing precipitation and temperatures and decreasing ice cover and snowmelt. Changes in flow timing and amount can affect movement to spawning and nursery sites, and increased water temperatures are likely to affect species activity patterns, survival, and prey availability. Ultimately, the Great Lakes region is expected to face wide ranging effects from climate change, which may have positive and negative effects on lake sturgeon depending on a variety of factors, including the life stages affected, habitat availability, and interactions with other stressors, but all shifts are likely to affect spawning. Importantly, several areas of further research would be beneficial to understanding the complex effects of climate change on lake sturgeon.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20211104E","usgsCitation":"Embke, H.S., Nikiel, C.A., and Lyons, M.P., 2023, Potential effects of climate change on Acipenser fulvescens (lake sturgeon): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1104–E, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211104E.","productDescription":"vi, 41 p.","numberOfPages":"52","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-153300","costCenters":[{"id":65882,"text":"Midwest Climate Adaptation Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":420401,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1104/e/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":420402,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1104/e/ofr20211104e.pdf","text":"Report","size":"29 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2021–1104–E"},{"id":420403,"rank":3,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1104/e/ofr20211104e.XML","linkFileType":{"id":8,"text":"xml"}},{"id":420404,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1104/e/images/"},{"id":420418,"rank":5,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20211104E/full","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Great Lakes","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.26983596511643,\n 49.61486945160706\n ],\n [\n -94.26983596511643,\n 39.91917013904123\n ],\n [\n -74.76648518232544,\n 39.91917013904123\n ],\n [\n -74.76648518232544,\n 49.61486945160706\n ],\n [\n -94.26983596511643,\n 49.61486945160706\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Midwest Climate Adaptation Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1954 Buford Avenue
St. Paul, MN 55108
The explosion of the Deepwater Horizon mobile drilling platform on April 20, 2010, caused a massive oil spill and injury to natural resources in the Gulf of Mexico. Gavia immer (common loon) were negatively affected from the spill. The Open Ocean Trustee Implementation Group funded the project “Restoration of Common Loons in Minnesota” to restore common loons lost to the spill. Here, we report on activities conducted for this project in an eight-county region in Minnesota in calendar year 2022. We identified a subset of territories that were monitored in 2021 as focal territories (n=99) from which multiyear study inferences can ultimately be made. We monitored nonfocal territories on all study lakes as well. We conducted surveys from May 9 to August 12, 2022. At least 1 nest attempt was observed in 68 of 99 focal territories, and a second nest attempt after a failed initial attempt was observed in 17 focal territories. Chicks or other evidence of hatching was observed in 33 of 99 territories. Data collected in 2021 and 2022 for this project are presented in a U.S. Geological Survey data release (https://doi.org/10.5066/P9LA536E). We present no formal data analysis in this report.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20231062","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources and Minnesota Pollution Control Agency","usgsCitation":"Beatty, W.S., Fara, L.J., Houdek, S.C., Rabasco, R., Rettler, S., Rasmussen, E., Kenow, K.P., Gray, B.R., Yang, S., and Amoth, K., 2023, Restoration of Gavia immer (common loon) in Minnesota—2022 annual report: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2023–1062, 5 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231062.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 5 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"16","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-151382","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":420377,"rank":6,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML 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\"}}]}","contact":"Director, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2630 Fanta Reed Road
La Crosse, WI 54603
Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus (Atlantic sturgeon) were once abundant and supported large-scale fisheries throughout much of the east coast of the United States. However, historic overharvest and habitat loss resulted in dramatic declines in abundance and eventual listing under the Endangered Species Act of the United States. As part of this listing, Atlantic sturgeon populations were divided into five distinct population segments (DPSs), with many management activities occurring at the level of the DPS. However, because subadult and adult Atlantic sturgeon can make large, coast-wide migrations and often mix extensively with individuals from other populations, individuals may be exposed to conservation threats away from their natal river or DPS, ultimately making it difficult to determine the appropriate spatial scale for management activities. To help address this uncertainty, the U.S. Geological Survey performed genetic assignment tests to determine the natal origin of 329 Atlantic sturgeon that were encountered as mortalities or taken during permitted activities in 2021. Overall, most individuals assigned to the Hudson River population, with additional major contributions from the James River Fall and Delaware River populations. However, a sizeable proportion of individuals were assigned to more distantly located populations in the southeastern United States. These results highlight the prevalence of long-distance movements in Atlantic sturgeon and underscore that populations may be vulnerable to threats far from their natal rivers.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20231054","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Marine Fisheries Service","usgsCitation":"White, S.L., Johnson, R.L., Lubinski, B.A., Eackles, M.S., and Kazyak, D.C., 2023, Genetic population assignments of Atlantic sturgeon provided to National Marine Fisheries Service, 2022: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2023–1054, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231054.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 10 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-136703","costCenters":[{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":419992,"rank":6,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P943B0GT","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Individual assignments and microsatellite genotypes for Atlantic sturgeon from 2021"},{"id":419987,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1054/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":419988,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1054/ofr20231054.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.22 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2023-1054"},{"id":419989,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20231054/full","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"OFR 2023-1054"},{"id":419990,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1054/images/"},{"id":419991,"rank":5,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1054/ofr20231054.XML"}],"country":"Canada, United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -66.7831526539585,\n 44.088449979425064\n ],\n [\n -69.15659153864834,\n 48.019075945012474\n ],\n [\n -72.30141815542203,\n 45.45727029656064\n ],\n [\n -75.65820657339519,\n 44.94778904002476\n ],\n [\n -75.28903339967198,\n 40.89558675319671\n ],\n [\n -76.46298604911388,\n 40.19400583735714\n ],\n [\n -78.43915371095366,\n 36.5604218577474\n ],\n [\n -84.16051772711577,\n 32.88156909351903\n ],\n [\n -83.55638083759197,\n 30.468214471664382\n ],\n [\n -80.73133729902378,\n 30.687235465695224\n ],\n [\n -78.61360348508101,\n 32.88392643413653\n ],\n [\n -75.62804928587406,\n 34.56644068656462\n ],\n [\n -74.64749468377897,\n 36.185966080642245\n ],\n [\n -74.65126231991508,\n 38.03204715851999\n ],\n [\n -73.38050438077715,\n 40.0657922005791\n ],\n [\n -69.39263502960705,\n 41.17701014917236\n ],\n [\n -70.1486437939862,\n 43.328483757491426\n ],\n [\n -66.7831526539585,\n 44.088449979425064\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Eastern Ecological Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
11649 Leetown Road
Kearneysville, WV 25430
We used multi-component seismic data (including two-dimensional images of compressional-wave velocity [vP], shear-wave velocity [vS], the ratio of compressional-wave velocity to shear-wave velocity [vP/vS ratio], Poisson’s ratio [μ], and seismic reflections) along a transect across northeastern Edwards Air Force Base to investigate the upper few hundred meters of the subsurface. The shallow subsurface there is characterized by unconsolidated sediments (vP of less than 2,500 meters per second [m/s]; vS of less than 1,500 m/s) in the upper 40 meters (m), underlain by weathered granitic basement rock (vP of 2,500–4,000 m/s; vS of 1,500–2,700 m/s) to about 100 m depth and unweathered granitic basement rock (vP of 4,000–6,000 m/s; vS of 2,700–4,000 m/s). The depth to basement rock varies laterally along the transect by as many as tens of meters. The top of groundwater, as indicated by both the 1,500-m/s vP contour and measurements in five wells along the transect, is located 8–30 m below the surface. In places, the top of groundwater is vertically offset over short lateral distances, likely the result of fault barriers. Faults mapped at the surface along the northeastern part of the transect correlate with multiple seismic indicators of faulting at the same locations. These same indicators show evidence for faulting in several other places along the transect beneath the alluvium. A major zone of faulting is apparent near the center of the seismic profile and is characterized by offsets in the top of groundwater; diffractions on the reflection image; a near-vertical zone of low vS; a corresponding near-vertical, shallow-depth zone of high vP relative to adjacent rocks (indicating high saturation); a near-vertical zone of high vP/vS ratios; and a near-vertical zone of high Poisson’s ratios (also indicating saturation). Many of these anomalies extend at least 400 m deep, reaching into granitic basement rock and indicating that the fault zone is water-saturated to those depths. There is likely vertical flow of contaminants along these fault zones, which are apparently barriers to the lateral flow of groundwater. The major central fault zone marks a boundary beyond which contaminant flow is apparently impeded. Along the southwestern part of the transect, there are also areas with similar indicators of faulting, but these appear to be smaller fault zones.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20231018","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Air Force","usgsCitation":"Catchings, R.D., Goldman, M.R., Chan, J.H., Sickler, R.R., and Criley, C.J., 2023, Seismic images and subsurface structures of northeastern Edwards Air Force Base, Kern County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2023–1018, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231018.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 29 p.,; Data Release; 8 Figures","numberOfPages":"29","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-139215","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":499769,"rank":12,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_115219.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":420028,"rank":11,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ZAM79S","text":"Data release for a 2020 high-resolution seismic survey across northeastern Edwards Air Force Base, Kern County, California","description":"Goldman, M.R., Catchings, R.D., Chan, J.H., Criley, C.J., and Sickler, R.R., 2021, Data release for a 2020 high-resolution seismic survey across northeastern Edwards Air Force Base, Kern County, California: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ZAM79S."},{"id":420027,"rank":10,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1018/ofr20231018_figure14.pdf","text":"Figure 14","size":"2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"- Two-dimensional Poisson’s ratio model along the Edwards seismic profile (Edwards Air Force Base, California), annotated with interpretative faults shown in figure 11."},{"id":420024,"rank":8,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1018/ofr20231018_figure08def.pdf","text":"Figure 8D, E, F","size":"11 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"- Unmigrated reflection image of the upper 400 meters (depth) along the Edwards seismic profile, Edwards Air Force Base, California."},{"id":420025,"rank":7,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1018/ofr20231018_figure08abc.pdf","text":"Figure 8A, B, C","size":"7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"- Unmigrated reflection image of the upper 400 meters (depth) along the Edwards seismic profile, Edwards Air Force Base, California."},{"id":420023,"rank":6,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1018/ofr20231018_figure07a.pdf","text":"Figure 7A","size":"1.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"- Two-dimensional Poisson’s ratio model along the Edwards seismic profile (Edwards Air Force Base, California), derived from the tomographic compressional-wave velocity model and the multichannel analysis of surface waves shear-wave velocity model."},{"id":420022,"rank":5,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1018/ofr20231018_figure06a.pdf","text":"Figure 6A","size":"1.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"- Two-dimensional model of the ratio of compressional-wave velocity to shear-wave velocity along the Edwards seismic profile (Edwards Air Force Base, California), derived from the tomographic compressional-wave velocity model and the multichannel analysis of surface waves shear-wave velocity model."},{"id":420021,"rank":4,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1018/ofr20231018_figure05.pdf","text":"Figure 5","size":"1.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"- Two-dimensional shear-wave velocity model along the Edwards seismic profile (Edwards Air Force Base, California) developed from Rayleigh surface waves and the multichannel analysis of surface waves modeling technique."},{"id":420019,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1018/ofr20231018.pdf","text":"Report","size":"20 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":420018,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1018/covrthb.jpg"},{"id":420020,"rank":3,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1018/ofr20231018_figure04a.pdf","text":"Figure 4A","size":"1.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"- Two-dimensional compressional-wave velocity tomography model along the Edwards seismic profile (Edwards Air Force Base, California), generated using a subset of the seismic data with short offset distances between the shots and the receivers."},{"id":420026,"rank":9,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1018/ofr20231018_figure13.pdf","text":"Figure 13","size":"2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"- Two-dimensional model of the ratio of compressional-wave velocity to shear-wave velocity along the Edwards seismic profile (Edwards Air Force Base, California), annotated with interpretive faults shown in figure 11"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Kern County","otherGeospatial":"Edwards Air Force Base","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.13696891699124,\n 35.05523690329453\n ],\n [\n -118.13696891699124,\n 34.719740760796995\n ],\n [\n -117.59793378058632,\n 34.719740760796995\n ],\n [\n -117.59793378058632,\n 35.05523690329453\n ],\n [\n -118.13696891699124,\n 35.05523690329453\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Earthquake Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
350 N. Akron Road
Moffett Field, CA 94035
This report describes a study that characterized reductions in total and dissolved forms of phosphorus and nitrogen in stormwater runoff through implementation of a municipal leaf collection and street cleaning program in two medium-density residential catchments in Madison, Wisconsin. One catchment was established as a control in which no effort was made to remove leaf litter and other organic detritus from streets. The second catchment served as the test catchment in which leaf litter was removed through a combination of biweekly leaf collection and weekly mechanical-broom street cleaning. Loads of total and dissolved phosphorus in the test catchment were reduced by 46 and 51 percent (probability less than 0.20), respectively, and total and dissolved nitrogen by 42 and 52 percent (probability less than 0.20), respectively, with an active leaf collection and street cleaning program compared to no program in the control catchment. Results from this study support an ongoing effort to characterize how various combinations of municipal leaf collection and street cleaning can affect nutrient loads in urban runoff.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20231061","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources and League of Wisconsin Municipalities","usgsCitation":"Selbig, W.R., and Stenehjem, K.J., 2023, Fall contributions of phosphorus and nitrogen in stormwater runoff through weekly street cleaning: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2023–1061, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231061.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 11 p.; Dataset","numberOfPages":"22","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-150684","costCenters":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":419832,"rank":5,"type":{"id":28,"text":"Dataset"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7P55KJN","text":"USGS National Water Information System database","linkHelpText":"—USGS water data for the Nation"},{"id":499786,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_115215.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":419833,"rank":6,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20231061/full"},{"id":419831,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1061/images"},{"id":419830,"rank":3,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1061/ofr20231061.XML"},{"id":419829,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1061/ofr20231061.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2023–1061"},{"id":419828,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1061/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Dane County","city":"Madison","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.38888315075111,\n 43.151755311064505\n ],\n [\n -89.38888315075111,\n 43.13561018325166\n ],\n [\n -89.36103939056075,\n 43.13561018325166\n ],\n [\n -89.36103939056075,\n 43.151755311064505\n ],\n [\n -89.38888315075111,\n 43.151755311064505\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Upper Midwest Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1 Gifford Pinchot Drive
Madison, WI 53726
Water withdrawn from rivers and streams accounts for approximately 80 percent of the public water supply in West Virginia. Localized and (or) seasonal droughts may threaten future water availability in the state, particularly in rural communities located in the headwaters of unregulated watersheds. Monthly water withdrawal data obtained from the West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection’s Large Quantity User program’s regulatory database was used to calculate all-time, seasonal, and monthly 75th quantile withdrawal rates for 109 public water system (PWS) intakes withdrawing from surface waters in West Virginia. A drought-vulnerability assessment value was calculated by comparing PWS withdrawal rates to the 1-day, 10-year hydrologically based streamflow statistic (1Q10) for 71 of the 109 PWS in locations with valid streamflow statistics. Withdrawal rates were evaluated against thresholds representing different levels of drought-related impacts from the West Virginia interagency drought plan and ecological-flow literature. The drought-vulnerability assessment found 33 of 71 PWS have 75th quantile withdrawal rates greater than 100 percent of 1Q10 streamflow. Forty-five of 71 PWS have 75th quantile withdrawal rates more than 10 percent of 1Q10 streamflow, suggesting some level of ecological impairment during severe drought. Additionally, a publicly available, near real-time drought-awareness web tool was created to compare the estimated withdrawal rate for 109 PWS to forecast streamflows from the National Water Model to support decision-making for emergency and water managers.
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Virginia\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","contact":"Director, Virginia and West Virginia Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1730 East Parham Road
Richmond, VA 23228
Invasive carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis [Richardson, 1845; Bighead Carp], H. molitrix [Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1844; Silver Carp], Ctenopharyngodon idella [Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1844; Grass Carp], and Mylopharyngodon piceus [Richardson, 1846; Black Carp]) expansion threatens the Laurentian Great Lakes and other major waterways. Numerous tools and techniques are being tested or developed to curtail the upstream expansion of invasive carps while minimizing the effect to native species. Underwater sound is one technology that has shown promise as a deterrent in the laboratory and ponds and is being considered for use at bottleneck locks and dams to reduce the risk of invasive carps moving to uninvaded areas. To test this technology at a management-relevant scale, an underwater acoustic deterrent system (UADS) was designed and installed at Lock 19 on the Mississippi River in 2021. The experimental UADS operates on a continuous schedule of 80 hours on and 80 hours off to allow for comparisons of fish behavior during varying environmental, operational, and navigation traffic conditions. Two telemetry systems, operating at 69 and 307 kilohertz, were deployed to evaluate how the UADS may affect movement and behavior of invasive carps and native fish species. During 2021–22, Silver Carp were twice as likely to pass over the UADS and into the lock when it was off compared to on; however, Bigmouth Buffalo, a native fish, were 1.2 times more likely to make upstream passage when the UADS was off compared to on.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20231058","usgsCitation":"Brey, M.K., Woodley, C.M., Stanton, J.C., Fritts, A.K., Sholtis, M., Castro-Santos, T., Vallazza, J.M., and Albers, J.L., 2023, Lock 19 underwater acoustic deterrent system study—Interim project update, through 2022: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2023–1058, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231058.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 11 p.; 2 Data Releases; Dataset","numberOfPages":"22","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-153233","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":419707,"rank":7,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9HOPS3O","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"2017–2018 telemetry data for Asian carp and native fish species at Lock and Dam 19 in the Upper Mississippi River Basin"},{"id":419706,"rank":6,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9PGL147","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Data release for Lock 19 underwater acoustic deterrent system (UADS) study—Interim project update"},{"id":419702,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1058/ofr20231058.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2023–1058"},{"id":419703,"rank":3,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1058/ofr20231058.XML"},{"id":419705,"rank":5,"type":{"id":28,"text":"Dataset"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7P55KJN","text":"USGS National Water Information System database","linkHelpText":"—USGS water data for the Nation"},{"id":419704,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1058/images"},{"id":419701,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1058/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":419720,"rank":8,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20231058/full"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Iowa","otherGeospatial":"Lock 19","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.40921032418395,\n 40.41896333943944\n ],\n [\n -91.40921032418395,\n 40.368258319993515\n ],\n [\n -91.33577076429651,\n 40.368258319993515\n ],\n [\n -91.33577076429651,\n 40.41896333943944\n ],\n [\n -91.40921032418395,\n 40.41896333943944\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2630 Fanta Reed Road
La Crosse, Wisconsin 54603
Invasive carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis [Bighead Carp], Mylopharyngodon piceus [Black Carp], Ctenopharyngodon idella [Grass Carp], and H. molitrix [Silver Carp]) continue to spread in the United States and deterrents at river navigation locks are one emerging control strategy for slowing the spread. High-head navigation dams on large rivers serve as impediments to the upstream spread of these populations. One possible control technique is using a multimodal deterrent that utilizes a combination of lights, sound, and air bubbles to guide fish away from a location. Laboratory tests and small-scale field deployments of similar multi-stimuli deterrents have demonstrated potential for deterring invasive carp. These earlier studies led to the deployment and initiation of a field study of a multimodal deterrent in 2019 at the downstream lock approach at Barkley Lock and Dam on the Cumberland River near Grand Rivers, Kentucky. We are using two types of telemetry systems to evaluate how the multimodal deterrent affects movement and behavior of Silver Carp, Grass Carp, and four native species: Aplodinotus grunniens (Freshwater Drum), Polyodon spathula (Paddlefish), Ictiobus bubalus (Smallmouth Buffalo), and Acipenser fulvescens (Lake Sturgeon). We are evaluating fish movements in response to the multimodal deterrent by using a study design that cycles between 1 week with the multimodal deterrent on and 1 week with it off. This weekly cycling provides baseline comparisons across variable environmental conditions. When the multimodal deterrent is on, the number of Silver Carp completing upstream passage through Barkley Lock is reduced by about one-half. This study that began in 2019 can provide insights into the effectiveness of a multimodal deterrent for limiting upstream movement of invasive carp or effects on native fishes through strategic navigation locks on large rivers.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20231051","usgsCitation":"Fritts, A., Gibson-Reinemer, D., Stanton, J., Mosel, K., Brey, M., Vallazza, J., Appel, D., Faulkner, J., Tompkins, J., Castro-Santos, T., Sholtis, M., Turnpenny, A., Sorensen, P., and Simmonds, R., 2023, Multimodal invasive carp deterrent study at Barkley Lock and Dam—Status update through 2022: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2023–1051, 7 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231051.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 7 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"18","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-152060","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":419719,"rank":6,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20231051/full"},{"id":419570,"rank":5,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9EKGK94","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Data release for multimodal invasive carp deterrent study at Barkley Lock and Dam—Status update through 2022"},{"id":419569,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1051/images/"},{"id":419568,"rank":3,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1051/ofr20231051.XML"},{"id":419567,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1051/ofr20231051.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2023–1051"},{"id":419566,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1051/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","otherGeospatial":"Barkley Lock and Dam","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.06563176427669,\n 36.91369487844129\n ],\n [\n -88.06563176427669,\n 36.769782774646316\n ],\n [\n -87.88100333801793,\n 36.769782774646316\n ],\n [\n -87.88100333801793,\n 36.91369487844129\n ],\n [\n -88.06563176427669,\n 36.91369487844129\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2630 Fanta Reed Road
La Crosse, Wisconsin 54603
LANDFIRE (LF) completed the LF 2016 Remap effort in 2021, the biggest revision of its product suite since its inception. This document serves to describe the processes that went into this effort and elucidate the methods for creating each LF product. Although the document focuses on the LF 2016 Remap effort, it also details the two updates that have been completed since that effort, LF 2019 Limited (released June 2021) and LF 2020 (underway at the writing of this document).
The LF program is complex, requiring a team of interdisciplinary professionals to manage, produce, and maintain it. LF data production falls under six primary categories: reference, disturbance, vegetation, fuels, fire regime, and topography. Several data production units have the dual goals of producing a valuable stand-alone dataset and serving subsequent LF production needs. This document delves into the technical details of the six primary categories individually while also describing the connections to other LF products. Importantly, this LF technical documentation provides a transparent view of actual LF data layer production processes and can become a general information source for future production, production improvements, user questions, and leadership reference.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20231045","usgsCitation":"La Puma, I.P., ed., 2023, LANDFIRE technical documentation: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2023–1045, 103 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231045.","productDescription":"Report: xii, 103 p.; 2 Data Releases","numberOfPages":"120","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-139238","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":419200,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7ZS2TM0","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"GAP/LANDFIRE National Terrestrial Ecosystems 2011"},{"id":419201,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P955KPLE","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Protected Areas Database of the United States 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Earth Resources Observation and Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
47914 252nd Street
Sioux Falls, SD 57198
The nesting biology and demography of spectacled eiders (Somateria fischeri) along the lower Kashunuk River on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska, were studied from 1993 to 2002. This previous work demonstrated that the breeding population on the study area was declining, and demographic modeling predicted that the population would continue to decline from 2002 forward. The predicted decline was primarily because of lead shot in tundra wetlands in the area, exposure of nesting females to lead, resulting in low adult female survival. The model predicted that lead pellets already in wetlands would slowly settle beyond the foraging depth of eiders, and that, lead exposure rates would decline. The goal of this project was to test this prediction by revisiting the lower Kashunuk River study area in 2022 to (1) update previous datasets regarding demographic parameters and (2) validate (or refute) existing models relative to lead exposure rates and the effects of lead on population dynamics. In the summer of 2022, a total of 37 nests were found in a sub-area of the historical study area. Comparing to past efforts in this same sub-area, more nests were found than predicted but the proportion of nesting female spectacled eiders exposed to lead in 2022 (24.3 percent) was still similar to levels of exposure observed between 1994 and 2002 (28.5 percent). Thus, data from the 2022 survey suggests that the earlier decline in numbers of nesting spectacled eiders has reversed, but there has been little decrease in lead exposure over time.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20231052","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Flint, P.L., 2023, Status of spectacled eiders (Somateria fischeri) on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska, 2022—Testing and updating predictive models: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2023–1052, 5 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231052.","productDescription":"vi, 5 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-151770","costCenters":[{"id":65299,"text":"Alaska Science Center Ecosystems","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":419316,"rank":5,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1052/ofr20231052.XML"},{"id":419315,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1052/images"},{"id":419314,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20231052/full","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"OFR 2023-1052"},{"id":419313,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1052/ofr20231052.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2023-1052"},{"id":419312,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1052/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -166.06721221943172,\n 61.59887493914758\n ],\n [\n -166.06721221943172,\n 60.1670676261173\n ],\n [\n -162.86058022136012,\n 60.1670676261173\n ],\n [\n -162.86058022136012,\n 61.59887493914758\n ],\n [\n -166.06721221943172,\n 61.59887493914758\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Alaska Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
4210 University Drive
Anchorage, Alaska 99508
This report outlines quality assurance (QA) processes, including radiometric and geometric calibration guidelines, and guidelines for data acquisition and quality control to be followed by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) researchers for acquiring and processing uncrewed aircraft systems (UAS) data. These QA processes ensure that UAS data can be used for quantitative analysis and are comparable with other standard geospatial data.
Remote sensing data play a critical role in monitoring Earth’s resources. Traditionally, the USGS and Department of the Interior have used well calibrated metric sensors mounted on satellite or aircraft platforms to collect these data. These sensors and platforms are stable, and data have been processed using standard pipelines. These processes ensured that the data are generally consistent with each other and benefitted a diverse group of users. These data are shared among multiple researchers around the world through the internet and other means, using standard formats and metadata.
In the last few years, UAS platforms have democratized the remote sensing data collection further, bringing an unparalleled level of control of time, sensors, and processes to individual researchers. Together with the development of cheaper and lighter sensors and relaxation of prohibitions against UAS operation in the National Airspace System by the Federal Aviation Authority, researchers can collect remote sensing data using UAS platforms. Researchers often customize the sensors on these UAS systems based on their specific requirements and use ad hoc processing steps to generate data.
A challenge is that these data are often produced by a wide array of sensors and processes that render them potentially inconsistent with each other. Therefore, unlike data collected from metric sensors, UAS-based data are designed to benefit only specific user groups. The data thus generated often lack traceability to known standards, making them difficult to use with other geospatial data.
This report provides radiometric and geometric calibration guidelines, as well as guidelines for data acquisition and quality control, that can be followed by USGS researchers in acquiring and processing UAS data. Instead of calibrating sensors, researchers collecting UAS data can focus on calibrating the data. Various radiometric calibration processes are provided, and the two panel empirical line method is highlighted for radiometric calibration.
For geometric calibration, USGS and Department of the Interior researchers are experienced in following standard calibration procedures provided by standard UAS data processing software. However, researchers may be aided in paying attention to the tie points and the accuracy of the ground control points used for geometric calibration and data production. The accuracy of ground control points are related to the requirements of the project. The ground control points and the quality of tie points directly contribute to the geometric accuracy of the data, regardless of the ground sample distance of the imagery.
The guidelines outlined in this report are intended to ensure that the data are in common units and are quantifiable and comparable with other data. These QA and calibration processes can be critical in ensuring that these datasets are used to the maximum extent possible. Including the calibration parameters (and their uncertainties) as part of metadata can allow for easier data discovery and analytical filters.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20231033","usgsCitation":"Sampath, A., Shrestha, M., While, M., and Scholl, V.M., 2023, Guidelines for calibration of uncrewed aircraft systems imagery: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2023–1033, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231033.","productDescription":"v, 23 p.","numberOfPages":"34","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-146359","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":419305,"rank":5,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20231033/full"},{"id":419252,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1033/images/"},{"id":419251,"rank":3,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1033/ofr20231033.XML"},{"id":419250,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1033/ofr20231033.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2023–1033"},{"id":419249,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1033/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Director, Earth Resources Observation and Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
47914 252nd Street
Sioux Falls, SD 57198
The U.S. Geological Survey Earth Resources Observation and Science Calibration and Validation (Cal/Val) Center of Excellence (ECCOE) focuses on improving the accuracy, precision, calibration, and product quality of remote-sensing data, leveraging years of multiscale optical system geometric and radiometric calibration and characterization experience. The ECCOE Landsat Cal/Val Team continually monitors the geometric and radiometric performance of active Landsat missions and makes calibration adjustments, as needed, to maintain data quality at the highest level.
This report provides observed geometric and radiometric analysis results for Landsats 7–8 for quarter 1 (January–March) of 2023. All data used to compile the Cal/Val analysis results presented in this report are freely available from the U.S. Geological Survey EarthExplorer website: https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov.
One specific activity that the ECCOE Landsat Cal/Val Team closely monitored was a Landsat 8 safehold anomaly. On January 26, 2023, the Global Positioning System (GPS) onboard Landsat 8 became invalid because the GPS fault tripped. Later that same day, the GPS was reinitialized, but a Field of View 1 fault trip occurred early the next morning, causing the observatory to go into Earth Point Safe mode, which put the Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) into safehold. Once it was safe to reactivate the sensors, the OLI was transitioned to operational status late on January 27 and TIRS was reactivated early on January 28. Additional information about the Landsat 8 safehold anomaly is here: https://www.usgs.gov/landsat-missions/news/landsat-8-recovers-safehold.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20231050","usgsCitation":"Haque, M.O., Rengarajan, R., Lubke, M., Hasan, M.N., Shrestha, A., Tuli, F.T.Z., Shaw, J.L., Denevan, A., Franks, S., Micijevic, E., Choate, M.J., Anderson, C., Thome, K., Kaita, E., Barsi, J., Levy, R., and Miller, J., 2023, ECCOE Landsat quarterly Calibration and Validation report—Quarter 1, 2023: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2023–1050, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231050.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 39 p.; Dataset","numberOfPages":"52","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-152817","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":419162,"rank":5,"type":{"id":28,"text":"Dataset"},"url":"https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov","text":"USGS database","linkHelpText":"—EarthExplorer"},{"id":419161,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1050/images/"},{"id":419158,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1050/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":419181,"rank":6,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20231050/full"},{"id":419160,"rank":3,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1050/ofr20231050.XML"},{"id":419159,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1050/ofr20231050.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.0 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2023–1050"}],"contact":"Director, Earth Resources Observation and Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
47914 252nd Street
Sioux Falls, SD 57198
A telemetry study was conducted during March–October 2022 to evaluate behavior and movement patterns of adult smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) in the forebay of Bonneville Dam, on the Columbia River in Washington and Oregon. This study was a follow-up to a previous study conducted at the site during August–December 2020. In 2022, a total of 41 smallmouth bass were collected, tagged, and released during March–May in three distinct areas of the dam forebay and monitored until late-October. Movement data from 39 tagged smallmouth bass were used in behavior analyses with an average detection duration (elapsed time from release to last detection) of 121.5 days. Most tagged smallmouth bass had site fidelity while present in the forebay of Bonneville Dam, primarily remaining within their zone of release, or moving into nearby adjacent zones. Although site fidelity was common during the study, we found that some tagged smallmouth bass left the forebay of Bonneville Dam and moved substantial distances upstream or downstream. Thirty-six percent of the tagged smallmouth bass were detected at least 8 kilometers upstream or downstream from the Bonneville Dam at some point during the study period (several of these fish eventually returned to the forebay), and 10 percent of the tagged fish were detected at sites located 24 river kilometers upstream or downstream from the dam. Results from this study build upon previous data collected during 2020 and provide new insights into behavior patterns of smallmouth bass collected and tagged in the Bonneville Dam forebay.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20231046","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Kock, T.J., and Hansen, G.S., 2023, Behavior and movement of smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) near Bonneville Dam, Columbia River, Washington and Oregon, March–October 2022: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2023–1046, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231046.","productDescription":"vii, 14 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-150147","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":419025,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20231046/full","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"OFR 2023-1046"},{"id":419024,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1046/ofr20231046.pdf","text":"Report","size":"16.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2023-1046"},{"id":419023,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1046/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":419027,"rank":5,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1046/ofr20231046.XML"},{"id":419026,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1046/images"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Bonneville Dam","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.98471940891719,\n 45.66526448575243\n ],\n [\n -121.98471940891719,\n 45.62085268028778\n ],\n [\n -121.90466791018856,\n 45.62085268028778\n ],\n [\n -121.90466791018856,\n 45.66526448575243\n ],\n [\n -121.98471940891719,\n 45.66526448575243\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Western Fisheries Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6505 NE 65th Street
Seattle, Washington 98115-5016
The Poso Creek Oil Field is one of the many fields selected for regional groundwater mapping and monitoring by the California State Water Resources Control Board as part of the Oil and Gas Regional Monitoring Program (RMP; California State Water Resources Control Board, 2015, 2022b; U.S. Geological Survey, 2022a). The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board, is evaluating several questions about oil and gas development and groundwater resources in California, including (1) the location of groundwater resources; (2) the proximity of oil and gas operations to groundwater and the geologic materials between them; (3) evidence (or no evidence) of fluids from oil and gas sources in groundwater; and (4) the pathways or processes responsible when fluids from oil and gas sources are present in groundwater (U.S. Geological Survey, 2022a). As part of this evaluation, the USGS installed a multiple-well monitoring site within the administrative boundary of the Poso Creek Oil Field about 12 miles north of Bakersfield, California (fig. 1). Data collected at the Poso Creek multiple-well monitoring site (PCCT) provide information about the geology, hydrology, geophysical properties, and water quality of the aquifer system overlying the oil-bearing zone, thus enhancing understanding of relations between adjacent groundwater and the Poso Creek Oil Field in an area where groundwater data are limited, particularly at different depths in the aquifer. This report presents construction information for the PCCT and initial geohydrologic data collected from the site. Similar sites installed on the east side of the Lost Hills Oil Field and North and South Belridge Oil Fields were described by Everett and others (2020a, b).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20231047","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board","usgsCitation":"Everett, R.R., McMahon, P.B., Stephens, M.J., Gillespie, J.M., Shepherd, M.M., and Fenton, N.C., 2023, Multiple-well monitoring site within the Poso Creek Oil Field, Kern County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2023-1047, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231047.","productDescription":"11 p.","numberOfPages":"11","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-143467","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":499783,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_114968.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":418877,"rank":5,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/preview/ofr20231047/full"},{"id":418876,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1047/images"},{"id":418875,"rank":3,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1047/ofr20231047.xml"},{"id":418874,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1047/ofr20231047.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":418873,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1047/covrthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Kern County","otherGeospatial":"Poso Creek Oil Field","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.02751948230053,\n 35.55715768005527\n ],\n [\n -119.02751948230053,\n 35.37156425616723\n ],\n [\n -118.8051417495576,\n 35.37156425616723\n ],\n [\n -118.8051417495576,\n 35.55715768005527\n ],\n [\n -119.02751948230053,\n 35.55715768005527\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director,
California Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6000 J Street, Placer Hall
Sacramento, California 95819
This report provides analysis to extend the 2040 forecasts of polar bear (Ursus maritimus) land use for the southern Beaufort and Chukchi Sea populations presented in a recent publication (Rode and others, 2022) through the year 2065. To inform long-term polar bear management considerations, we provide point-estimate forecasts and 95-percent prediction intervals of the proportion of polar bear populations summering onshore for 21 days or more (≥) and their duration onshore every 5 years from 2040 to 2065. Because sea-ice projections based on earth system models show greater divergence with emission scenarios after 2040, we have provided forecasts for three greenhouse gas emission scenarios, SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5, compared to the two emission scenarios used in Rode and others (2022). Our forecasting methods estimated that 61–97 percent of polar bears in the southern Beaufort Sea and 80–100 percent of polar bears in the Chukchi Sea populations may summer onshore for ≥21 days by 2065. Forecasts of mean duration onshore were 105–158 days for polar bears in the southern Beaufort Sea and 111–178 days in the Chukchi Sea populations by 2065. Sea ice conditions projected to occur by 2065 could alter the current patterns of bear behavior from what has been observed over the past 30 years. As a result, these extended projections are associated with a higher degree of uncertainty than estimates through 2040, especially under the SSP5-8.5 scenario.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20231048","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Land Management","usgsCitation":"Rode, K.D., Douglas, D.C., Atwood, T.C., and Wilson, R.R., Forecasts of polar bear (Ursus maritimus) land use in the southern Beaufort and Chukchi Seas, 2040–65: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2023–1048, 7 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231048.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 7 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"7","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-148069","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":418953,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20211048/full"},{"id":418955,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1048/images"},{"id":418954,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1048/ofr20231048.xml"},{"id":418956,"rank":6,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9XEOBWV","text":"Polar bear Continuous Time-Correlated Random Walk (CTCRW) location data derived from satellite location data, Chukchi and Beaufort Seas, July-November 1985-2017","description":"Rode, K. D., Douglas, D. C., Atwood, T. C., Durner, G. M., Wilson, R. R., Bromaghin, J. F., Pagano, A. M. and Simac, K. S., 2022, Polar bear Continuous Time-Correlated Random Walk (CTCRW) location data derived from satellite location data, Chukchi and Beaufort Seas, July-November 1985-2017: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9XEOBWV."},{"id":418951,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1048/covrthb.jpg"},{"id":418952,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1048/ofr20231048.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"contact":"Director,
Alaska Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
4210 University Drive
Anchorage, Alaska 99508
The Rocky Flats National Wildlife Refuge (RFNWR) in Colorado is home to increasingly rare, xeric tallgrass prairie. The RFNWR is also located near many combustion and agricultural sources of inorganic reactive nitrogen (Nr), which emit Nr to the atmosphere. Wet atmospheric deposition of Nr was monitored at RFNWR during 2017–19 by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Comparison of measured Nr deposition amounts to critical load values indicated local urban air pollution is at a level that could impair the protected RFNWR habitat.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20231027","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Wetherbee, G.A., 2023, Atmospheric deposition of inorganic reactive nitrogen at the Rocky Flats National Wildlife Refuge, 2017–19: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2023–1027, 1 sheet, available at https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231027.","productDescription":"1 Sheet: 40.00 × 30.00 inches; Data Release; Project Site","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-136270","costCenters":[{"id":37786,"text":"WMA - Observing Systems Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":418692,"rank":4,"type":{"id":18,"text":"Project Site"},"url":"https://nadp.slh.wisc.edu/","text":"National Atmospheric Deposition Program"},{"id":418689,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1027/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":418690,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1027/ofr20231027.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.74 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2023-1027"},{"id":418691,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9OOIQ0E","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Chemical analyses and precipitation depth data for wet deposition samples collected as part of the National Atmospheric Deposition Program in the Colorado Front Range, 2017-2019"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Rocky Flats National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.26103714983329,\n 39.95142757778845\n ],\n [\n -105.26103714983329,\n 39.83241452322963\n ],\n [\n -105.11415803005896,\n 39.83241452322963\n ],\n [\n -105.11415803005896,\n 39.95142757778845\n ],\n [\n -105.26103714983329,\n 39.95142757778845\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Observing Systems Division
Hydrologic Instrumentation Facility
U.S. Geological Survey
Buildings 2101 2204 HIF
Stennis Space Center
Bay St Louis, MS 39529
We completed four protocol surveys for Least Bell’s Vireos (Vireo bellii pusillus; vireo) during the breeding season, supplemented by weekly territory monitoring visits. We identified a total of 133 territorial male vireos; 114 were confirmed as paired, and 3 were confirmed as single males. For the remaining 16 territories, we were unable to confirm breeding status. Two transient vireos were detected in 2022. The vireo population in the Project Area increased by 9 percent from 2021 to 2022. The vireo population at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton also increased (4 percent), whereas the population at Marine Corps Air Station remained relatively stable (decreased from 10 pairs to 9) and the Otay River population decreased by 10 percent (2 territories).
We used an index of treatment (Treatment Index) to evaluate the effect of on-going vegetation clearing on the Project Area vireo population. The Treatment Index measures the cumulative effect of vegetation treatment within a territory (since 2005) by using the percentage area treated weighted by the number of years since treatment. We determined that the Treatment Index for unoccupied habitat was more than four times that of occupied habitat, indicating that vireos selected habitat that was less treated in which to settle.
We monitored vireo nests at three general site types: (1) within the flood channel where exotic and native vegetation removal has occurred regularly (Channel), (2) three sites near the flood channel where limited exotic and native vegetation removal has occurred (Off-channel), and (3) three sites that have been actively restored by planting native vegetation (Restoration). Nesting activity was monitored in 80 territories, 3 of which were occupied by single males and 1 by a male whose breeding status could not be confirmed. Overall, 38 percent of completed nests were successful and nest success did not differ among the three sites. In 2022, there were no differences with regard to clutch size, hatching, or fledging success among Channel, Off-channel and Restoration sites. Overall breeding success and productivity were slightly higher in 2022 than in 2021, with 72 percent of pairs fledgling at least one young and pairs fledging an average of 2.2±1.7 young.
To investigate if the cumulative years of treatment had an effect on vireo reproductive effort, we looked at the effects of the Treatment Index on reproductive parameters. Results from generalized linear models indicated that treatment did not have an effect on vireo nesting effort or the number of vireo fledglings per pair produced in 2022. Similarly, we did not detect an effect of Treatment Index on daily survival rate (DSR) of nests.
Analysis of vegetation data collected at vireo nests from 2006 to 2022 did not reveal an effect of vegetation cover at the nest on DSR. We did find, however, that Channel nests were placed higher in the host plant than Off-channel nests. In the Channel and Off-channel sites, successful nests were placed closer to the edge of the host plants than unsuccessful nests. Additionally, successful Off-channel nests were placed lower in the vegetation, in shorter host plants, and closer to the edge of the vegetation clump than unsuccessful nests.
Red/arroyo willow (Salix laevigata or Salix lasiolepis) were the species most commonly selected for nesting by vireos in all three site types. Black willow (Salix gooddingii) and mule fat (Baccharis salicifolia) also were commonly used. Vireos used a wider variety of species for nesting in Channel and Off-channel sites (eight and six species, respectively) compared to Restoration sites (two species), although there was limited nesting in Restoration sites in 2022.
There were 43 vireos banded before the 2022 breeding season that were resighted and identified at the Project Area in 2022, all of which were originally banded in the Project Area. Adult birds of known age ranged from 1 to 7 years old. A total of 146 vireos were newly banded in 2022. There were 8 adult vireos banded with a unique color combination, and 138 nestlings were banded with a single dark blue numbered federal band on the left leg. Between 2006 and 2022, survivorship of males (66±11 percent) was consistently higher than that of females (59±12 percent). First-year birds from 2006 to 2022 had an average annual survivorship of 15±6 percent.
First-year dispersal in 2022 averaged 6.7±7.4 kilometers (km), with the longest dispersal (15.3 km) by a male that was recaptured at Fallbrook Creek, Fallbrook Naval Weapons Station (FNWS). From 2007 to 2011, most returning first-year vireos returned to the Project Area, whereas from 2014 to 2016, the majority of returning birds dispersed to areas outside of the Project Area. From 2018 to 2021, the trend shifted, and more first-year vireos returned to the Project area. In 2022, only one first-year vireo returned to the project area and two dispersed to sites outside the Project Area (upstream to the middle San Luis Rey River and to Fallbrook Creek, FNWS). However, the total number of identified first-year vireos was low and the trend in 2022 will likely shift as additional returning first-year vireos are identified in subsequent years.
Most of the returning adult male vireos showed strong between-year site fidelity to their previous territories. Seventy-three percent of males (27/37) occupied a territory in 2022 that they had defended in 2021 (within 100 meters [m]). There were no females (0/4) detected in 2022 that returned to a territory they occupied in 2021; however, 50 percent of females (2/4) detected in 2022 returned to areas adjacent to their previous territories (within 300 m). The average between-year movement for returning adult vireos was 0.3±0.7 km. The amount of treatment at adults’ 2021 territories did not affect the distance adults moved to their 2022 territories.
We completed four protocol surveys for the endangered Southwestern Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii extimus; flycatcher) at the Project Area between May 16 and July 25, 2022. Four transient Willow Flycatchers were detected in the Project Area in 2022. Two transients were detected in Reach 1, one in Reach 3a, and one in Pilgrim Pond. There were not any resident flycatchers documented in the Project Area in 2022.
A total of 46 vegetation transects (528 points) were sampled at the Project Area in 2022. Seventy-one percent (378/528) of points were located in the Channel, and 22 percent (115/528) were in Upper Pond. The remaining 7 percent (35/528) of points were at the Whelan Restoration site. Foliage cover below 2 m was higher at the Channel points compared to Upper Pond and Whelan Restoration, which can be attributed to the dense herbaceous vegetation that grows after mowing. Above 2 m, foliage cover was similar at the Channel and Whelan Restoration sites and was higher than at Upper Pond. Average canopy height was higher in the Channel (5.6±3.4 m) compared to Upper Pond (4.7±2.9 m) and Whelan Restoration (4.6±1.9 m). From 2006 to 2022, total foliage cover declined above 2 m in the Channel, in contrast to Upper Pond and Whelan Restoration, where little directional change in vegetation cover has occurred and where vegetation cover has largely recovered to 2006 levels. Within the Channel, the steepest declines occurred between 2009 and 2013 and between 2014 and 2016. Since 2016, we observed an increase in foliage cover, largely herbaceous, between 0 and 2 m within the Channel. The percent cover remained below levels detected before 2009 for other height classes.
We sampled vegetation at 44 vireo nests and 44 random plots (“territory” plots) within territories in the Channel and Upper Pond after the 2022 breeding season. Vireos in the Channel established territories in areas with significantly more cover from 3 to 6 m but less cover below 2 m relative to the available habitat. Within territories, Channel vireos selected nest sites with significantly more foliage cover from 2 to 3 m. Vireos at Upper Pond established territories in areas with significantly more foliage cover from 5 to 6 m and below 1 m relative to available habitat. However, within territories, Upper Pond vireos selected nest sites with significantly less foliage cover from 5 to 6 m and below 1 m.
Data either are not available or have limited availability owing to restrictions of the funding entity (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers). Please contact Christopher Chabot, Planning Division, Los Angeles District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, for more information.
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Ecological Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3020 State University Drive East
Sacramento, California 95819
Loss and degradation of sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) rangelands due to an accelerated invasive annual grass-wildfire cycle and other stressors are significant management, conservation, and economic issues in the western U.S. These sagebrush rangelands comprise a unique biome spanning 11 states, support over 350 wildlife species, and provide important ecosystem services that include stabilizing the economies of western communities. Impacts to sagebrush ecosystem processes over large areas due to the annual grass-wildfire cycle necessitated the development of a coordinated, science-based strategy for improving efforts to achieve long-term protection, conservation, and restoration of sagebrush rangelands, which was framed in 2015 under the Integrated Rangeland Fire Management Strategy (IRFMS). Central to this effort was the development of an Actionable Science Plan (Plan) that identified 37 priority science needs (hereinafter, “Needs”) for informing the actions proposed under the five topics (Fire, Invasives, Restoration, Sagebrush and Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus), Climate and Weather) that were part of the collective focus of the IRFMS. Notable keys to this effort were identification of the Needs co-produced by managers and researchers, and a focus on resulting science being “actionable.”
Substantial investments aimed at fulfilling the Needs identified in the Plan have been made since its release in 2016. While the state of the science has advanced considerably, the extent to which knowledge gaps remain relative to identified Needs is relatively unknown. Moreover, new Needs have likely emerged since the original strategy as results from actionable science reveal new questions and possible (yet untested) solutions. A quantifiable assessment of the progress made on the original science Needs can identify unresolved gaps and new information that can help inform prioritization of future research efforts.
This report details a systematic literature review that evaluated how well peer-reviewed journal articles and formal technical reports published between January 1, 2015, and December 31, 2020, addressed four Needs identified under the Climate and Weather topic in the Plan. The topic outlined research Needs broadly focused on understanding the potential effects of climate change on vegetative resilience to inform restoration of sagebrush rangelands. We established the level of progress towards addressing each Need following a standardized set of criteria, and developed summaries detailing how research objectives nested within Needs identified in the Plan (hereinafter, “Next Steps”) were either addressed well, partially addressed or remain outstanding (that is, addressed poorly) in the literature through 2020. Our searches resulted in the inclusion of 92 science products that at least partially addressed a Need identified in the Climate and Weather topic. The Needs that were well and partially addressed included:
The Need addressed poorly was the identification of native plant species, genotypes and ecotypes, and seed mixes that may be resilient to a changing climate. The information provided in this assessment will assist updating the Plan, and can inform updates of other relevant science planning documents as needed.
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777 NW 9th Street, Suite 400
Corvallis, OR 97330
Increasing density of pinyon (Pinus spp.) and juniper (Juniperus spp.) woodlands (hereinafter “pinyon-juniper”), as well as expansion of these woodlands into adjacent shrublands and grasslands, has altered ecosystem function and wildlife habitat across large areas of the interior western United States. Although there are many natural and human-caused drivers of woodland infilling and expansion, restoration of sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) habitat through removal of pinyon-juniper is considered an urgent management objective in many locations, particularly in support of sagebrush-dependent wildlife species of conservation concern. In December 2020, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) established the Pinyon-Juniper Management Categorical Exclusion (PJCX) to expedite the regulatory process for pinyon-juniper removal projects on public lands, largely intended to benefit mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) habitats. During final preparation of this report, the BLM discontinued use of the PJCX (as of November, 2022), but the pinyon-juniper tree removal techniques assessed in this report are commonly used and understanding their effects remains relevant to land use planning.
To address areas of uncertainty relative to potential ecological effects of the PJCX, we conducted a review of the peer-reviewed science literature to better understand the likely responses of vegetation, environmental (for example, soils), and wildlife variables to specific tree removal techniques permitted by the PJCX. In brief, the PJCX permitted removal of trees by either manual cutting, mechanical cutting, or mastication; allowed certain methods to redistribute or remove resulting tree biomass after treatment; and prohibited broadcast burning, roadbuilding, removal of old-growth, and seeding of non-native species. Specifically, we conducted our review to address the following questions:
To answer these questions, we considered studies related to pinyon-juniper ecosystems, focusing on research that occurred over a large portion of the interior western United States that is the primary focus of the PJCX. We also focused on papers published from 2014 onward, to avoid excessive overlap with other recent reviews on pinyon-juniper management effects. Using strict criteria, including only considering research that tested responses for statistical significance, we identified 48 papers that primarily examined treatment effects on vegetation and other environmental variables (1,709 responses), and 11 papers that addressed effects on wildlife (132 responses). Responses to the PJCX-permitted treatments were summarized as either positive (that is, a significant increase), negative (that is, a significant decrease), or non-significant (that is, no significant difference). Responses were assigned to categories (for example, Native Annual Grass/Forb Abundance) and hierarchical treatment levels.
We found that there were large proportions of non-significant responses among all categories combined, with roughly half or more of all responses non-significant (48 percent for wildlife, 60 percent for vegetation-environmental), comparable to other recent systematic reviews of pinyon-juniper treatment effects. However, we also found that when there were significant responses, some important trends potentially emerged. Important undesirable outcomes included far more positive than negative responses of exotic grass and forb abundance among nearly all treatment types. Cutting treatments were also more likely to decrease biocrust cover and microbial activity. Potentially beneficial outcomes included mostly positive responses among sagebrush obligate species, including more positive than negative responses for mule deer and sage-grouse. Some treatment types (for example, mastication) also resulted in more positive than negative responses for native grasses and forbs (although, non-significant responses were the majority). We also highlighted many limitations of this review, including how responses often come from few studies, and how some response-treatment category combinations lack adequate response data. Moreover, the existing research is often insufficient to address many key questions about treatment effects, largely owing to short time-scales and limited spatial extents of observations, which do not match the size of treatments being implemented by land managers, nor capture long-term, post-treatment ecological dynamics. We also identify a lack of research that addresses key interactions that could undermine restoration objectives, including potential effects of climate change and grazing on post-treatment environments. Thus, we emphasize the importance of integrating these factors into future pinyon-juniper treatment research, and we stress the need for use of monitoring programs and research studies that partake in data collection and analysis over long durations and broad spatial scales.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20231041","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Land Management","usgsCitation":"Shinneman, D.J., McIlroy, S.K., Poessel, S.A., Downing, R.L., Johnson, T.N., Young, A.C., and Katzner, T.E., 2023, Ecological effects of pinyon-juniper removal in the Western United States—A synthesis of scientific research, January 2014–March 2021: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2023–1041, 56 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231041.","productDescription":"viii, 56 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-147314","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":417951,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1041/images"},{"id":417950,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20231041/full","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"OFR 2023-1041"},{"id":417949,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1041/ofr20231041.pdf","text":"Report","size":"96 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2023-1041"},{"id":417948,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1041/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":417952,"rank":5,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1041/ofr20231041.XML"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -127.07350481470358,\n 50.40448106244946\n ],\n [\n -127.07350481470358,\n 30.159124183877992\n ],\n [\n -101.68400762449346,\n 30.159124183877992\n ],\n [\n -101.68400762449346,\n 50.40448106244946\n ],\n [\n -127.07350481470358,\n 50.40448106244946\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center
777 NW 9th Street, Suite 400
Corvallis, OR 97330