{"pageNumber":"90","pageRowStart":"2225","pageSize":"25","recordCount":4111,"records":[{"id":70036649,"text":"70036649 - 2009 - Divergence in an obligate mutualism is not explained by divergent climatic factors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:58","indexId":"70036649","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2863,"text":"New Phytologist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Divergence in an obligate mutualism is not explained by divergent climatic factors","docAbstract":"Adaptation to divergent environments creates and maintains biological diversity, but we know little about the importance of different agents of ecological divergence. Coevolution in obligate mutualisms has been hypothesized to drive divergence, but this contention has rarely been tested against alternative ecological explanations. Here, we use a well-established example of coevolution in an obligate pollination mutualism, Yucca brevifolia and its two pollinating yucca moths, to test the hypothesis that divergence in this system is the result of mutualists adapting to different abiotic environments as opposed to coevolution between mutualists. ??? We used a combination of principal component analyses and ecological niche modeling to determine whether varieties of Y. brevifolia associated with different pollinators specialize on different environments. ??? Yucca brevifolia occupies a diverse range of climates. When the two varieties can disperse to similar environments, they occupy similar habitats. ??? This suggests that the two varieties have not specialized on distinct habitats. In turn, this suggests that nonclimatic factors, such as the biotic interaction between Y. brevifolia and its pollinators, are responsible for evolutionary divergence in this system. ?? New Phytologist (2009).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"New Phytologist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02942.x","issn":"0028646X","usgsCitation":"Godsoe, W., Strand, E., Smith, C., Yoder, J., Esque, T., and Pellmyr, O., 2009, Divergence in an obligate mutualism is not explained by divergent climatic factors: New Phytologist, v. 183, no. 3, p. 589-599, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02942.x.","startPage":"589","endPage":"599","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245666,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217706,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02942.x"}],"volume":"183","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-07-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0348e4b0c8380cd503e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Godsoe, W.","contributorId":7106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godsoe","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Strand, Espen","contributorId":91280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strand","given":"Espen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, C.I.","contributorId":41670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"C.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Yoder, J.B.","contributorId":58874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yoder","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Esque, T. C. 0000-0002-4166-6234","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4166-6234","contributorId":76250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esque","given":"T. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Pellmyr, O.","contributorId":98970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pellmyr","given":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70036622,"text":"70036622 - 2009 - Meeting reproductive demands in a dynamic upwelling system: Foraging strategies of a pursuit-diving seabird, the marbled murrelet","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:57","indexId":"70036622","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Meeting reproductive demands in a dynamic upwelling system: Foraging strategies of a pursuit-diving seabird, the marbled murrelet","docAbstract":"Seabirds maintain plasticity in their foraging behavior to cope with energy demands and foraging constraints that vary over the reproductive cycle, but behavioral studies comparing breeding and nonbreeding individuals are rare. Here we characterize how Marbled Murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus) adjust their foraging effort in response to changes in reproductive demands in an upwelling system in central California. We radio-marked 32 murrelets of known reproductive status (9 breeders, 12 potential breeders, and 11 nonbreeders) and estimated both foraging ranges and diving rates during the breeding season. Murrelets spent more time diving during upwelling than oceanographic relaxation, increased their foraging ranges as the duration of relaxation grew longer, and reduced their foraging ranges after transitions to upwelling. When not incubating, murrelets moved in a circadian pattern, spending nighttime hours resting near flyways used to reach nesting habitat and foraging during the daytime an average of 5.7 km (SD 6.7 km) from nighttime locations. Breeders foraged close to nesting habitat once they initiated nesting and nest attendance was at a maximum, and then resumed traveling longer distances following the completion of nesting. Nonbreeders had similar nighttime and daytime distributions and tended to be located farther from inland flyways. Breeders increased the amount of time they spent diving by 71-73% when they had an active nest by increasing the number of dives rather than by increasing the frequency of anaerobiosis. Thus, to meet reproductive demands during nesting, murrelets adopted a combined strategy of reducing energy expended commuting to foraging sites and increasing aerobic dive rates. ?? 2009 by The Cooper Ornithological Society. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Condor","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1525/cond.2009.080094","issn":"00105422","usgsCitation":"Peery, M., Newman, S.H., Storlazzi, C., and Beissinger, S., 2009, Meeting reproductive demands in a dynamic upwelling system: Foraging strategies of a pursuit-diving seabird, the marbled murrelet: Condor, v. 111, no. 1, p. 120-134, https://doi.org/10.1525/cond.2009.080094.","startPage":"120","endPage":"134","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476298,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525/cond.2009.080094","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":245723,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217759,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cond.2009.080094"}],"volume":"111","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5384e4b0c8380cd6cb30","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peery, M.Z.","contributorId":52818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peery","given":"M.Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Newman, S. H.","contributorId":21888,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Newman","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Storlazzi, C. D. 0000-0001-8057-4490","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8057-4490","contributorId":98905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storlazzi","given":"C. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Beissinger, S. R.","contributorId":10110,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Beissinger","given":"S. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70164330,"text":"70164330 - 2009 - Identification guide to skates (Family Rajidae) of the Canadian Atlantic and adjacent regions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-01T11:25:34","indexId":"70164330","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesNumber":"2850","subseriesTitle":"Candian technical report of fisheries and aquatic sciences","title":"Identification guide to skates (Family Rajidae) of the Canadian Atlantic and adjacent regions","docAbstract":"<p>Ecosystem-based management requires sound information on the distribution and abundance of species both common and rare. Therefore, the accurate identification for all marine species has assumed a much greater importance. The identification of many skate species is difficult as several are easily confused and has been found to be problematic in both survey data and fisheries data collection. Identification guides, in combination with training and periodic validation of taxonomic information, improve our accuracy in monitoring data required for ecosystem-based management and monitoring of populations. This guide offers a comparative synthesis of skate species known to occur in Atlantic Canada and adjacent regions. The taxonomic nomenclature and descriptions of key morphological features are based on the most up-to-date understanding of diversity among these species. Although this information will aid the user in accurate identification, some features vary geographically (such as colour) and others with life stage (most notably the proportion of tail length to body length; the presence of spines either sharper in juveniles or in some cases not yet present; and also increases in the number of tooth rows as species grow into maturity). Additional information on juvenile features are needed to facilitate problematic identifications (e.g. L. erinacea vs. L. ocellata). Information on size at maturity is still required for many of these species throughout their geographic distribution.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Fisheries and Oceans Canada","usgsCitation":"Sulak, K.J., MacWhirter, P.D., Luke, K., Norem, A., Miller, J., Cooper, J., and Harris, L., 2009, Identification guide to skates (Family Rajidae) of the Canadian Atlantic and adjacent regions, viii, 34 p.","productDescription":"viii, 34 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":316386,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56b08fe0e4b010e2af2a5ddc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sulak, Kenneth J. 0000-0002-4795-9310 ksulak@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4795-9310","contributorId":2217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sulak","given":"Kenneth","email":"ksulak@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":597046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"MacWhirter, P. D.","contributorId":156252,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"MacWhirter","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Luke, K.E.","contributorId":106347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luke","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Norem, A.D.","contributorId":20576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norem","given":"A.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Miller, J.M.","contributorId":88219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Cooper, J.A.","contributorId":57005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Harris, L.E.","contributorId":70476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70035662,"text":"70035662 - 2009 - Volcanic hazards to airports","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-16T10:22:10","indexId":"70035662","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2822,"text":"Natural Hazards","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volcanic hazards to airports","docAbstract":"<p><span>Volcanic activity has caused significant hazards to numerous airports worldwide, with local to far-ranging effects on travelers and commerce. Analysis of a new compilation of incidents of airports impacted by volcanic activity from 1944 through 2006 reveals that, at a minimum, 101 airports in 28 countries were affected on 171 occasions by eruptions at 46 volcanoes. Since 1980, five airports per year on average have been affected by volcanic activity, which indicates that volcanic hazards to airports are not rare on a worldwide basis. The main hazard to airports is ashfall, with accumulations of only a few millimeters sufficient to force temporary closures of some airports. A substantial portion of incidents has been caused by ash in airspace in the vicinity of airports, without accumulation of ash on the ground. On a few occasions, airports have been impacted by hazards other than ash (pyroclastic flow, lava flow, gas emission, and phreatic explosion). Several airports have been affected repeatedly by volcanic hazards. Four airports have been affected the most often and likely will continue to be among the most vulnerable owing to continued nearby volcanic activity: Fontanarossa International Airport in Catania, Italy; Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport in Alaska, USA; Mariscal Sucre International Airport in Quito, Ecuador; and Tokua Airport in Kokopo, Papua New Guinea. The USA has the most airports affected by volcanic activity (17) on the most occasions (33) and hosts the second highest number of volcanoes that have caused the disruptions (5, after Indonesia with 7). One-fifth of the affected airports are within 30&nbsp;km of the source volcanoes, approximately half are located within 150&nbsp;km of the source volcanoes, and about three-quarters are within 300&nbsp;km; nearly one-fifth are located more than 500&nbsp;km away from the source volcanoes. The volcanoes that have caused the most impacts are Soufriere Hills on the island of Montserrat in the British West Indies, Tungurahua in Ecuador, Mt. Etna in Italy, Rabaul caldera in Papua New Guinea, Mt. Spurr and Mt. St. Helens in the USA, Ruapehu in New Zealand, Mt. Pinatubo in the Philippines, and Anatahan in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (part of the USA). Ten countries—USA, Indonesia, Ecuador, Papua New Guinea, Italy, New Zealand, Philippines, Mexico, Japan, and United Kingdom—have the highest volcanic hazard and/or vulnerability measures for airports. The adverse impacts of volcanic eruptions on airports can be mitigated by preparedness and forewarning. Methods that have been used to forewarn airports of volcanic activity include real-time detection of explosive volcanic activity, forecasts of ash dispersion and deposition, and detection of approaching ash clouds using ground-based Doppler radar. Given the demonstrated vulnerability of airports to disruption from volcanic activity, at-risk airports should develop operational plans for ashfall events, and volcano-monitoring agencies should provide timely forewarning of imminent volcanic-ash hazards directly to airport operators.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s11069-008-9254-2","issn":"0921030X","usgsCitation":"Guffanti, M.C., Mayberry, G.C., Casadevall, T.J., and Wunderman, R., 2009, Volcanic hazards to airports: Natural Hazards, v. 51, no. 2, p. 287-302, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-008-9254-2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"287","endPage":"302","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487821,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1232830","text":"External Repository"},{"id":243978,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216131,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-008-9254-2"}],"volume":"51","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-06-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc2f4e4b08c986b32ae93","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guffanti, Marianne C. guffanti@usgs.gov","contributorId":641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guffanti","given":"Marianne","email":"guffanti@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":451720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mayberry, Gari C. gmayberr@usgs.gov","contributorId":2650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mayberry","given":"Gari","email":"gmayberr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":451721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Casadevall, Thomas J. 0000-0002-9447-6864 tcasadevall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9447-6864","contributorId":2734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casadevall","given":"Thomas","email":"tcasadevall@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":451722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wunderman, Richard","contributorId":33790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wunderman","given":"Richard","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70035661,"text":"70035661 - 2009 - Landsliding in partially saturated materials","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-26T15:22:45","indexId":"70035661","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landsliding in partially saturated materials","docAbstract":"<p><span>Rainfall‐induced landslides are pervasive in hillslope environments around the world and among the most costly and deadly natural hazards. However, capturing their occurrence with scientific instrumentation in a natural setting is extremely rare. The prevailing thinking on landslide initiation, particularly for those landslides that occur under intense precipitation, is that the failure surface is saturated and has positive pore‐water pressures acting on it. Most analytic methods used for landslide hazard assessment are based on the above perception and assume that the failure surface is located beneath a water table. By monitoring the pore water and soil suction response to rainfall, we observed shallow landslide occurrence under partially saturated conditions for the first time in a natural setting. We show that the partially saturated shallow landslide at this site is predictable using measured soil suction and water content and a novel unified effective stress concept for partially saturated earth materials.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/2008GL035996","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Godt, J., Baum, R., and Lu, N., 2009, Landsliding in partially saturated materials: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 36, no. 2, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL035996.","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487820,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gl035996","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":243977,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216130,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008GL035996"}],"volume":"36","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a446ce4b0c8380cd66ac5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Godt, J. W.","contributorId":76732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godt","given":"J. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baum, R.L.","contributorId":68752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baum","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lu, N.","contributorId":96025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70035445,"text":"70035445 - 2009 - Paleontological interpretations of crater processes and infilling of synimpact sediments from the Chesapeake Bay impact structure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-27T06:38:37","indexId":"70035445","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3459,"text":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleontological interpretations of crater processes and infilling of synimpact sediments from the Chesapeake Bay impact structure","docAbstract":"<p>Biostratigraphic analysis of sedimentary breccias and diamictons in the Chesapeake Bay impact structure provides information regarding the timing and processes of late-stage gravitational crater collapse and ocean resurge. Studies of calcareous nannofossil and palynomorph assemblages in the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP)-U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Eyreville A and B cores show the mixed-age, mixed-preservation microfossil assemblages that are typical of deposits from the upper part of the Chesapeake Bay impact structure. Sparse, poorly preserved, possibly thermally altered pollen is present within a gravelly sand interval below the granite slab at 1392 m in Eyreville core B, an interval that is otherwise barren of calcareous nannofossils and dinocysts. Gravitational collapse of watersaturated sediments from the transient crater wall resulted in the deposition of sediment clasts primarily derived from the nonmarine Cretaceous Potomac Formation. Collapse occurred before the arrival of resurge. Low pollen Thermal Alteration Index (TAI) values suggest that these sediments were not thermally altered by contact with the melt sheet. The arrival of resurge sedimentation is identified based on the presence of diamicton zones and stringers rich in glauconite and marine microfossils at 866.7 m. This horizon can be traced across the crater and can be used to identify gravitational collapse versus ocean-resurge sedimentation. Glauconitic quartz sand diamicton dominates the sediments above 618.2 m. Calcareous nannofossil and dinoflagellate data from this interval suggest that the earliest arriving resurge from the west contained little or no Cretaceous marine input, but later resurge pulses mined Cretaceous sediments east of the Watkins core in the annular trough. Additionally, the increased distance traveled by resurge to the central crater in turbulent flow conditions resulted in the disaggregation of Paleogene unconsolidated sediments. As a result, intact Paleogene clasts in Eyreville cores are rare, but clasts of semilithified Potomac Formation silts and clays are common.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/2009.2458(28)","issn":"00721077","usgsCitation":"Self-Trail, J., Edwards, L.E., and Litwin, R.J., 2009, Paleontological interpretations of crater processes and infilling of synimpact sediments from the Chesapeake Bay impact structure: Special Paper of the Geological Society of America, no. 458, p. 633-654, https://doi.org/10.1130/2009.2458(28).","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"633","endPage":"654","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":243278,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Chesapeake Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -77.54150390625,\n              36.73888412439431\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.157470703125,\n              36.73888412439431\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.157470703125,\n              39.70718665682654\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.54150390625,\n              39.70718665682654\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.54150390625,\n              36.73888412439431\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","issue":"458","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7435e4b0c8380cd774ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Self-Trail, Jean 0000-0002-3018-4985 jstrail@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3018-4985","contributorId":147370,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Self-Trail","given":"Jean","email":"jstrail@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":785756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Edwards, Lucy E. 0000-0003-4075-3317 leedward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4075-3317","contributorId":2647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Lucy","email":"leedward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":450716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Litwin, Ronald J. 0000-0002-8661-1296 rlitwin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8661-1296","contributorId":2478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Litwin","given":"Ronald","email":"rlitwin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":450718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70035441,"text":"70035441 - 2009 - Silicate glasses and sulfide melts in the ICDP-USGS Eyreville B core, Chesapeake Bay impact structure, Virginia, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:54","indexId":"70035441","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3459,"text":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Silicate glasses and sulfide melts in the ICDP-USGS Eyreville B core, Chesapeake Bay impact structure, Virginia, USA","docAbstract":"Optical and electron-beam petrography of melt-rich suevite and melt-rock clasts from selected samples from the Eyreville B core, Chesapeake Bay impact structure, reveal a variety of silicate glasses and coexisting sulfur-rich melts, now quenched to various sulfi de minerals (??iron). The glasses show a wide variety of textures, fl ow banding, compositions, devitrifi cation, and hydration states. Electron-microprobe analyses yield a compositional range of glasses from high SiO<sub>2</sub> (&gt;90 wt%) through a range of lower SiO<sub>2</sub> (55-75 wt%) with no relationship to depth of sample. Some samples show spherical globules of different composition with sharp menisci, suggesting immiscibility at the time of quenching. Isotropic globules of higher interfacial tension glass (64 wt% SiO<sub>2</sub>) are in sharp contact with lower-surface-tension, high-silica glass (95 wt% SiO<sub>2</sub>). Immiscible glass-pair composition relationships show that the immiscibility is not stable and probably represents incomplete mixing. Devitrifi cation varies and some low-silica, high-iron glasses appear to have formed Fe-rich smectite; other glass compositions have formed rapid quench textures of corundum, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, magnetite, K-feldspar, plagioclase, chrome-spinel, and hercynite. Hydration (H<sub>2</sub>O by difference) varies from ~10 wt% to essentially anhydrous; high-SiO<sub>2</sub> glasses tend to contain less H2O. Petrographic relationships show decomposition of pyrite and melting of pyrrhotite through the transformation series; pyrite? pyrrhotite? troilite??? iron. Spheres (~1 to ~50 ??m) of quenched immiscible sulfi de melt in silicate glass show a range of compositions and include phases such as pentlandite, chalcopyrite, Ni-As, monosulfi de solid solution, troilite, and rare Ni-Fe. Other sulfi de spheres contain small blebs of pure iron and exhibit a continuum with increasing iron content to spheres that consist of pure iron with small, remnant blebs of Fe-sulfi de. The Ni-rich sulfi de phases can be explained by melting and/or concentrating targetderived Ni without requiring an asteroid impactor source component. The presence of locally unaltered glasses in these rocks suggests that in some rock volumes, isolation from postimpact hydrothermal systems was suffi cient for glass preservation. Pressure and temperature indicators suggest that, on a thin-section scale, the suevites record rapid mixing and accumulation of particles that sustained widely different peak temperatures, from clasts that never exceeded 300 ?? 50 ??C, to the bulk of the glasses where melted sulfi de and unmelted monazite suggest temperatures of 1500 ?? 200 ??C. The presence of coesite in some glass-bearing samples suggests that pressures exceeded ~3 GPa. ?? 2009 Geological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/2009.2458(20)","issn":"00721077","usgsCitation":"Belkin, H., and Horton, J.W., 2009, Silicate glasses and sulfide melts in the ICDP-USGS Eyreville B core, Chesapeake Bay impact structure, Virginia, USA: Special Paper of the Geological Society of America, no. 458, p. 447-468, https://doi.org/10.1130/2009.2458(20).","startPage":"447","endPage":"468","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215468,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2009.2458(20)"},{"id":243276,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"458","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8f35e4b08c986b318dc3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Belkin, H. E. 0000-0001-7879-6529","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7879-6529","contributorId":38160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belkin","given":"H. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Horton, J. Wright Jr. 0000-0001-6756-6365 whorton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6756-6365","contributorId":81184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horton","given":"J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"whorton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Wright","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70034612,"text":"70034612 - 2009 - Estimating accuracy of land-cover composition from two-stage cluster sampling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:39","indexId":"70034612","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating accuracy of land-cover composition from two-stage cluster sampling","docAbstract":"Land-cover maps are often used to compute land-cover composition (i.e., the proportion or percent of area covered by each class), for each unit in a spatial partition of the region mapped. We derive design-based estimators of mean deviation (MD), mean absolute deviation (MAD), root mean square error (RMSE), and correlation (CORR) to quantify accuracy of land-cover composition for a general two-stage cluster sampling design, and for the special case of simple random sampling without replacement (SRSWOR) at each stage. The bias of the estimators for the two-stage SRSWOR design is evaluated via a simulation study. The estimators of RMSE and CORR have small bias except when sample size is small and the land-cover class is rare. The estimator of MAD is biased for both rare and common land-cover classes except when sample size is large. A general recommendation is that rare land-cover classes require large sample sizes to ensure that the accuracy estimators have small bias. ?? 2009 Elsevier Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Remote Sensing of Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.rse.2009.02.011","issn":"00344257","usgsCitation":"Stehman, S., Wickham, J., Fattorini, L., Wade, T., Baffetta, F., and Smith, J., 2009, Estimating accuracy of land-cover composition from two-stage cluster sampling: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 113, no. 6, p. 1236-1249, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2009.02.011.","startPage":"1236","endPage":"1249","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215890,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2009.02.011"},{"id":243725,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"113","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b08e4b0c8380cd52526","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stehman, S.V.","contributorId":91974,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stehman","given":"S.V.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27852,"text":"State University of New York, Syracuse","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":446664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wickham, J.D.","contributorId":28329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wickham","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fattorini, L.","contributorId":6280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fattorini","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wade, T.D.","contributorId":98564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wade","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Baffetta, F.","contributorId":46789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baffetta","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Smith, J.H.","contributorId":49331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70034498,"text":"70034498 - 2009 - Habitat structure mediates predation risk for sedentary prey: Experimental tests of alternative hypotheses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:40","indexId":"70034498","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2158,"text":"Journal of Animal Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Habitat structure mediates predation risk for sedentary prey: Experimental tests of alternative hypotheses","docAbstract":"Predation is an important and ubiquitous selective force that can shape habitat preferences of prey species, but tests of alternative mechanistic hypotheses of habitat influences on predation risk are lacking. 2. We studied predation risk at nest sites of a passerine bird and tested two hypotheses based on theories of predator foraging behaviour. The total-foliage hypothesis predicts that predation will decline in areas of greater overall vegetation density by impeding cues for detection by predators. The potential-prey-site hypothesis predicts that predation decreases where predators must search more unoccupied potential nest sites. 3. Both observational data and results from a habitat manipulation provided clear support for the potential-prey-site hypothesis and rejection of the total-foliage hypothesis. Birds chose nest patches containing both greater total foliage and potential nest site density (which were correlated in their abundance) than at random sites, yet only potential nest site density significantly influenced nest predation risk. 4. Our results therefore provided a clear and rare example of adaptive nest site selection that would have been missed had structural complexity or total vegetation density been considered alone. 5. Our results also demonstrated that interactions between predator foraging success and habitat structure can be more complex than simple impedance or occlusion by vegetation. ?? 2008 British Ecological Society.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Animal Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01506.x","issn":"00218790","usgsCitation":"Chalfoun, A., and Martin, T.E., 2009, Habitat structure mediates predation risk for sedentary prey: Experimental tests of alternative hypotheses: Journal of Animal Ecology, v. 78, no. 3, p. 497-503, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01506.x.","startPage":"497","endPage":"503","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476425,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01506.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":215652,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01506.x"},{"id":243469,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"78","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-03-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2f2be4b0c8380cd5cb50","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chalfoun, A.D.","contributorId":16954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chalfoun","given":"A.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martin, T. E.","contributorId":10911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70034399,"text":"70034399 - 2009 - Twentieth-century decline of large-diameter trees in Yosemite National Park, California, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:46","indexId":"70034399","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1687,"text":"Forest Ecology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Twentieth-century decline of large-diameter trees in Yosemite National Park, California, USA","docAbstract":"Studies of forest change in western North America often focus on increased densities of small-diameter trees rather than on changes in the large tree component. Large trees generally have lower rates of mortality than small trees and are more resilient to climate change, but these assumptions have rarely been examined in long-term studies. We combined data from 655 historical (1932-1936) and 210 modern (1988-1999) vegetation plots to examine changes in density of large-diameter trees in Yosemite National Park (3027 km<sup>2</sup>). We tested the assumption of stability for large-diameter trees, as both individual species and communities of large-diameter trees. Between the 1930s and 1990s, large-diameter tree density in Yosemite declined 24%. Although the decrease was apparent in all forest types, declines were greatest in subalpine and upper montane forests (57.0% of park area), and least in lower montane forests (15.3% of park area). Large-diameter tree densities of 11 species declined while only 3 species increased. Four general patterns emerged: (1) Pinus albicaulis, Quercus chrysolepis, and Quercus kelloggii had increases in density of large-diameter trees occur throughout their ranges; (2) Pinus jeffreyi, Pinus lambertiana, and Pinus ponderosa, had disproportionately larger decreases in large-diameter tree densities in lower-elevation portions of their ranges; (3) Abies concolor and Pinus contorta, had approximately uniform decreases in large-diameter trees throughout their elevational ranges; and (4) Abies magnifica, Calocedrus decurrens, Juniperus occidentalis, Pinus monticola, Pseudotsuga menziesii, and Tsuga mertensiana displayed little or no change in large-diameter tree densities. In Pinus ponderosa-Calocedrus decurrens forests, modern large-diameter tree densities were equivalent whether or not plots had burned since 1936. However, in unburned plots, the large-diameter trees were predominantly A. concolor, C. decurrens, and Q. chrysolepis, whereas P. ponderosa dominated the large-diameter component of burned plots. Densities of large-diameter P. ponderosa were 8.1 trees ha<sup>-1</sup> in plots that had experienced fire, but only 0.5 trees ha<sup>-1</sup> in plots that remained unburned. ?? 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Forest Ecology and Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2009.03.009","issn":"03781127","usgsCitation":"Lutz, J., van Wagtendonk, J., and Franklin, J., 2009, Twentieth-century decline of large-diameter trees in Yosemite National Park, California, USA: Forest Ecology and Management, v. 257, no. 11, p. 2296-2307, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.03.009.","startPage":"2296","endPage":"2307","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216980,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.03.009"},{"id":244885,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"257","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb909e4b08c986b327b73","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lutz, J.A.","contributorId":71792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lutz","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"van Wagtendonk, J. W.","contributorId":85111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Wagtendonk","given":"J. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Franklin, J.F.","contributorId":56583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franklin","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70032240,"text":"70032240 - 2009 - Geochemical evidence for African dust and volcanic ash inputs to terra rossa soils on carbonate reef terraces, northern Jamaica, West Indies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:28","indexId":"70032240","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3217,"text":"Quaternary International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical evidence for African dust and volcanic ash inputs to terra rossa soils on carbonate reef terraces, northern Jamaica, West Indies","docAbstract":"The origin of red or reddish-brown, clay-rich, \"terra rossa\" soils on limestone has been debated for decades. A traditional qualitative explanation for their formation has been the accumulation of insoluble residues as the limestone is progressively dissolved over time. However, this mode of formation often requires unrealistic or impossible amounts of carbonate dissolution. Therefore, where this mechanism is not viable and where local fluvial or colluvial inputs can be ruled out, an external source or sources must be involved in soil formation. On the north coast of the Caribbean island of Jamaica, we studied a sequence of terra rossa soils developed on emergent limestones thought to be of Quaternary age. The soils become progressively thicker, redder, more Fe- and Al-rich and Si-poor with elevation. Furthermore, although kaolinite is found in all the soils, the highest and oldest soils also contain boehmite. Major and trace element geochemistry shows that the host limestones and local igneous rocks are not likely source materials for the soils. Other trace elements, including the rare earth elements (REE), show that tephra from Central American volcanoes is not a likely source either. However, trace element geochemistry shows that airborne dust from Africa plus tephra from the Lesser Antilles island arc are possible source materials for the clay-rich soils. A third, as yet unidentified, source may also contribute to the soils. We hypothesize that older, more chemically mature Jamaican bauxites may have had a similar origin. The results add to the growing body of evidence of the importance of multiple parent materials, including far-traveled dust, to soil genesis.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary International","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.quaint.2007.10.026","issn":"10406","usgsCitation":"Muhs, D., and Budahn, J., 2009, Geochemical evidence for African dust and volcanic ash inputs to terra rossa soils on carbonate reef terraces, northern Jamaica, West Indies: Quaternary International, v. 196, no. 1-2, p. 13-35, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2007.10.026.","startPage":"13","endPage":"35","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215036,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2007.10.026"},{"id":242804,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"196","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a162ae4b0c8380cd55080","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Muhs, D.R. 0000-0001-7449-251X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7449-251X","contributorId":61460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muhs","given":"D.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Budahn, J. R. 0000-0001-9794-8882","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9794-8882","contributorId":83914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Budahn","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70032786,"text":"70032786 - 2009 - Effect of species rarity on the accuracy of species distribution models for reptiles and amphibians in southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:24","indexId":"70032786","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1399,"text":"Diversity and Distributions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of species rarity on the accuracy of species distribution models for reptiles and amphibians in southern California","docAbstract":"Aim: Several studies have found that more accurate predictive models of species' occurrences can be developed for rarer species; however, one recent study found the relationship between range size and model performance to be an artefact of sample prevalence, that is, the proportion of presence versus absence observations in the data used to train the model. We examined the effect of model type, species rarity class, species' survey frequency, detectability and manipulated sample prevalence on the accuracy of distribution models developed for 30 reptile and amphibian species. Location: Coastal southern California, USA. Methods: Classification trees, generalized additive models and generalized linear models were developed using species presence and absence data from 420 locations. Model performance was measured using sensitivity, specificity and the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) plot based on twofold cross-validation, or on bootstrapping. Predictors included climate, terrain, soil and vegetation variables. Species were assigned to rarity classes by experts. The data were sampled to generate subsets with varying ratios of presences and absences to test for the effect of sample prevalence. Join count statistics were used to characterize spatial dependence in the prediction errors. Results: Species in classes with higher rarity were more accurately predicted than common species, and this effect was independent of sample prevalence. Although positive spatial autocorrelation remained in the prediction errors, it was weaker than was observed in the species occurrence data. The differences in accuracy among model types were slight. Main conclusions: Using a variety of modelling methods, more accurate species distribution models were developed for rarer than for more common species. This was presumably because it is difficult to discriminate suitable from unsuitable habitat for habitat generalists, and not as an artefact of the effect of sample prevalence on model estimation. ?? 2008 The Authors.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Diversity and Distributions","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00536.x","issn":"13669","usgsCitation":"Franklin, J., Wejnert, K., Hathaway, S., Rochester, C., and Fisher, R., 2009, Effect of species rarity on the accuracy of species distribution models for reptiles and amphibians in southern California: Diversity and Distributions, v. 15, no. 1, p. 167-177, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00536.x.","startPage":"167","endPage":"177","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487763,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00536.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":213648,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00536.x"},{"id":241296,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-12-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a060ae4b0c8380cd510be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Franklin, J.","contributorId":81546,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Franklin","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wejnert, K.E.","contributorId":30048,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wejnert","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hathaway, S.A.","contributorId":56990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hathaway","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rochester, C.J.","contributorId":93851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rochester","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fisher, Robert N. 0000-0002-2956-3240","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2956-3240","contributorId":51675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Robert N.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":437902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70035734,"text":"70035734 - 2009 - Optimized DNA extraction methods for encysted embryos of the endangered fairy shrimp, Branchinecta sandiegonensis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:52","indexId":"70035734","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1324,"text":"Conservation Genetics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Optimized DNA extraction methods for encysted embryos of the endangered fairy shrimp, Branchinecta sandiegonensis","docAbstract":"The San Diego fairy shrimp Branchinecta sandiegonensis is a federally endangered species endemic to vernal pools in southern California, USA. Filling events in these habitats are highly variable, with some pools failing to hold water long enough for reproduction over many successive years. Studies of this species are thus hindered by the relatively rare appearance of aquatically active life history phases. Because diapausing cysts are abundant and present at all times, they provide an underutilized opportunity for both species identification and genetic studies. However, methods for extracting DNA from cysts are technically challenging because of their structure and size. Here we present a protocol for extracting DNA from B. sandiegonensis cysts in sufficient quantities for \"DNA Barcoding\", microsatellite analysis and other genotyping and sequencing applications. The technique will aid in population genetic studies and species identification (since taxonomic keys only distinguish among adults), and will be applicable to other crustaceans with similar diapausing cysts. ?? Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2008.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Conservation Genetics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10592-008-9733-8","issn":"15660621","usgsCitation":"Steele, A., Simovich, M., Pepino, D., Schroeder, K., Vandergast, A.G., and Bohonak, A., 2009, Optimized DNA extraction methods for encysted embryos of the endangered fairy shrimp, Branchinecta sandiegonensis: Conservation Genetics, v. 10, no. 6, p. 1777-1781, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-008-9733-8.","startPage":"1777","endPage":"1781","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":244177,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216314,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10592-008-9733-8"}],"volume":"10","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-11-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6efde4b0c8380cd758d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steele, A.N.","contributorId":47606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steele","given":"A.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Simovich, M.A.","contributorId":14348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simovich","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pepino, D.","contributorId":40446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pepino","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schroeder, K.M.","contributorId":93725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schroeder","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Vandergast, Amy G. 0000-0002-7835-6571","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7835-6571","contributorId":57201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vandergast","given":"Amy","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":452123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bohonak, A.J.","contributorId":20554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohonak","given":"A.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70034194,"text":"70034194 - 2009 - Sources of sediment to the coastal waters of the Southern California Bight","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:45","indexId":"70034194","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3459,"text":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sources of sediment to the coastal waters of the Southern California Bight","docAbstract":"The sources of sediment to the Southern California Bight were investigated with new calculations and published records of sediment fluxes, both natural and anthropogenic. We find that rivers are by far the largest source of sediment, producing over 10 ?? 10<sup>6</sup> t/yr on average, or over 80% of the sediment input to the Bight. This river flux is variable, however, over both space and time. The rivers draining the Transverse Ranges produce sediment at rates approximately an order of magnitude greater than the Peninsular Ranges (600-1500 t/km<sup>2</sup>/yr versus &lt;90 t/km<sup>2</sup>/yr, respectively). Although the Transverse Range rivers represent only 23% of the total Southern California watershed drainage area, they are responsible for over 75% of the total sediment flux. River sediment flux is ephemeral and highly pulsed due to the semiarid climate and the influence of infrequent large storms. For more than 90% of the time, negligible amounts of sediment are discharged from the region's rivers, and over half of the post-1900 sediment load has been discharged during events with recurrence intervals greater than 10 yr. These rare, yet important, events are related to the El Ni??o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and the majority of sediment flux occurs during ENSO periods. Temporal trends in sediment discharge due to land-use changes and river damming are also observed. We estimate that there has been a 45% reduction in suspended-sediment flux due to the construction of dams. However, pre-dam sediment loads were likely artificially high due to the massive land-use changes of coastal California to rangeland during the nineteenth century. This increase in sediment production is observed in estuarine deposits throughout coastal California, which reveal that sedimentation rates were two to ten times higher during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries than during pre-European colonization. ?? 2009 The Geological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/2009.2454(2.2)","issn":"00721077","usgsCitation":"Warrick, J., and Farnsworth, K., 2009, Sources of sediment to the coastal waters of the Southern California Bight: Special Paper of the Geological Society of America, no. 454, p. 39-52, https://doi.org/10.1130/2009.2454(2.2).","startPage":"39","endPage":"52","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216818,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2009.2454(2.2)"},{"id":244712,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"454","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b938fe4b08c986b31a56c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warrick, J.A.","contributorId":53503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warrick","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farnsworth, K.L.","contributorId":36746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farnsworth","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70032597,"text":"70032597 - 2009 - Influence of diet of double-crested cormorants on thiamine, lead, and mineral contents of their eggs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-19T13:25:19","indexId":"70032597","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2299,"text":"Journal of Freshwater Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of diet of double-crested cormorants on thiamine, lead, and mineral contents of their eggs","docAbstract":"Throughout much of the Great Lakes basin, reproduction of several fish species is impaired by deficiency of thiamine in their eggs, an effect attributed to consumption of thiaminase-containing forage species, primarily alewife (<i>Alosa pseudoharengus</i>). Because the double-crested cormorant (<i>Phalacrocorax auritus</i>) nesting on islands in Lake Ontario is known to consume considerable amounts of alewife, we examined cormorant food habits and measured thiamine content in eggs collected in 1999 from six separate nests of cormorants from colonies near Lake Ontario and contrasted them with food habits and eggs of cormorants from Oneida Lake where the alewife is rare. Thiamine concentrations in eggs varied between 4.31 and 11.24 nmoles/g with no significant (<i>P</i>>0.18) difference between mean concentrations for Lake Ontario and Oneida Lake (8.08 vs 8.36 nmoles/g) even though alewife comprised approximately 65 vs 0 % of their diets, respectively. Consumption of other thiaminase-containing species was minor in both lakes. Therefore, consumption of alewife and other thiaminase containing fishes by cormorants on Lake Ontario did not appear to significantly impair the levels of thiamine in their eggs. However, we found that the concentration of thiamine in eggs (T; nmoles/g) was inversely related (<i>P</i><0.02) to lead (Pb) concentration (µg/g) according to the equation: T = -3.142 Pb + 16.25. This relationship may reflect the known ability of thiamine to chelate lead and increase its excretion.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Freshwater Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"02705","usgsCitation":"Ketola, H.G., Johnson, J.H., Adams, C., and Farquhar, J., 2009, Influence of diet of double-crested cormorants on thiamine, lead, and mineral contents of their eggs: Journal of Freshwater Ecology, v. 24, no. 1, p. 39-43.","startPage":"39","endPage":"43","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":241592,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3b23e4b0c8380cd62271","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ketola, H. G.","contributorId":60976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ketola","given":"H.","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, J. H.","contributorId":54914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Adams, C.M.","contributorId":36483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Farquhar, J.F.","contributorId":52409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farquhar","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70035201,"text":"70035201 - 2009 - Fine sediment affects on survival to emergence of robust redhorse","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:54","indexId":"70035201","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1528,"text":"Environmental Biology of Fishes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fine sediment affects on survival to emergence of robust redhorse","docAbstract":"Robust redhorse (Moxostoma robustum) is a rare riverine sucker for which life history information is scarce. Spawning occurs over loose gravel substrate and eggs and larvae may be adversely affected by fine sediments among the gravel. A 2-year study was conducted to determine the threshold at which fine sediments are detrimental to successful egg incubation and larval emergence. Year 1 gravel treatments contained 0, 25, 50, and 75% fine sediments. Mean survival during Year 1 ranged from 63.5% in the 0% fine sediment treatment to 0% in the 75% fine sediment treatment. The results also indicated an adverse affect threshold between 0 and 25% fine sediment. Year 2 gravel treatments contained 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25% fine sediments. Mean survival during Year 2 ranged from 69.8% in the 0% treatment to 9.1% in the 25% treatment. Year 2 results also identified the 15% fine sediment treatment as the threshold at which survival began to decline. Substrates at one known spawning area used by robust redhorse typically contain 25 to 50% fine sediment, but the spawning act cleans some fines from the egg pocket. Whether the \"cleaning\" that results from the spawning act reduces the fines sufficiently to avoid adverse effects is unknown. According to our results, survival rates of robust redhorse eggs and larvae are predicted to be about 8.0% or less when fine sediment is >25%. ?? US Government 2009.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Biology of Fishes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10641-009-9561-9","issn":"03781909","usgsCitation":"Jennings, C., Dilts, E., Shelton, J., and Peterson, R.C., 2009, Fine sediment affects on survival to emergence of robust redhorse: Environmental Biology of Fishes, v. 87, no. 1, p. 43-53, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-009-9561-9.","startPage":"43","endPage":"53","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215213,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10641-009-9561-9"},{"id":243000,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"87","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-11-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1021e4b0c8380cd53b3a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jennings, Cecil A.","contributorId":38504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jennings","given":"Cecil A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dilts, E.W.","contributorId":38799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dilts","given":"E.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shelton, J.L. Jr.","contributorId":90850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shelton","given":"J.L.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Peterson, Ronald C.","contributorId":103070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70036054,"text":"70036054 - 2009 - Seed banks in a degraded desert shrubland: Influence of soil surface condition and harvester ant activity on seed abundance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:02","indexId":"70036054","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2183,"text":"Journal of Arid Environments","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seed banks in a degraded desert shrubland: Influence of soil surface condition and harvester ant activity on seed abundance","docAbstract":"We compared seed banks between two contrasting anthropogenic surface disturbances (compacted, trenched) and adjacent undisturbed controls to determine whether site condition influences viable seed densities of perennial and annual Mojave Desert species. Viable seeds of perennials were rare in undisturbed areas (3-4 seeds/m<sup>2</sup>) and declined to &lt;1 seed/m<sup>2</sup> within disturbed sites. Annual seed densities were an order of magnitude greater than those of perennials, were one-third the undisturbed seed densities on compacted sites, but doubled on trenched sites relative to controls. On trenched sites, greater litter cover comprising the infructescences of the dominant spring annuals, and low gravel content, enhanced seed densities of both annuals and perennials. Litter cover and surface ruggedness were the best explanations for viable perennial seed densities on compacted sites, but litter cover and the presence of a common harvester ant explained annual seed densities better than any other surface characteristics that were examined. Surface disturbances can have a varied impact on the condition of the soil surface in arid lands. Nevertheless, the consistently positive relationship between ground cover of litter and viable seed density emphasizes the importance of litter as an indicator of site degradation and recovery potential in arid lands.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Arid Environments","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jaridenv.2009.04.017","issn":"01401963","usgsCitation":"DeFalco, L., Esque, T., Kane, J., and Nicklas, M., 2009, Seed banks in a degraded desert shrubland: Influence of soil surface condition and harvester ant activity on seed abundance: Journal of Arid Environments, v. 73, no. 10, p. 885-893, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2009.04.017.","startPage":"885","endPage":"893","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218565,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2009.04.017"},{"id":246587,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"73","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8abae4b08c986b317338","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeFalco, L.A.","contributorId":46032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeFalco","given":"L.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Esque, T. C. 0000-0002-4166-6234","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4166-6234","contributorId":76250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esque","given":"T. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kane, J.M.","contributorId":13042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kane","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nicklas, M.B.","contributorId":95286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nicklas","given":"M.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70036402,"text":"70036402 - 2009 - A proposed origin for fossilized Pennsylvanian plant cuticles by pyrite oxidation (Sydney Coalfield, Nova Scotia, Canada)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:02","indexId":"70036402","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1104,"text":"Bulletin of Geosciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A proposed origin for fossilized Pennsylvanian plant cuticles by pyrite oxidation (Sydney Coalfield, Nova Scotia, Canada)","docAbstract":"Fossilized cuticles, though rare in the roof rocks of coal seam in the younger part of the Pennsylvanian Sydney Coalfield, Nova Scotia, represent nearly all of the major plant groups. Selected for investigation, by methods of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and elemental analysis, are fossilized cuticles (FCs) and cuticles extracted from compressions by Schulze's process (CCs) of Alethopteris ambigua. These investigations are supplemented by FTIR analysis of FCs and CCs of Cordaites principalis, and a cuticle-fossilized medullosalean(?) axis. The purpose of this study is threefold: (1) to try to determine biochemical discriminators between FCs and CCs of the same species using semi-quantitative FTIR techniques; (2) to assess the effects chemical treatments have, particularly Schulze's process, on functional groups; and most importantly (3) to study the primary origin of FCs. Results are equivocal in respect to (1); (2) after Schulze's treatment aliphatic moieties tend to be reduced relative to oxygenated groups, and some aliphatic chains may be shortened; and (3) a primary chemical model is proposed. The model is based on a variety of geological observations, including stratal distribution, clay and pyrite mineralogies associated with FCs and compressions, and regional geological structure. The model presupposes compression-cuticle fossilization under anoxic conditions for late authigenic deposition of sub-micron-sized pyrite on the compressions. Rock joints subsequently provided conduits for oxygen-enriched ground-water circulation to initiate in situ pyritic oxidation that produced sulfuric acid for macerating compressions, with resultant loss of vitrinite, but with preservation of cuticles as FCs. The timing of the process remains undetermined, though it is assumed to be late to post-diagenetic. Although FCs represent a pathway of organic matter transformation (pomd) distinct from other plant-fossilization processes, global applicability of the chemical models remains to be tested. CCs and FCs are inferred endpoints on a spectrum of pomd which complicates assessing origin of in-between transformations (partially macerated cuticles). FCs index highly acidic levels that existed locally in the roof rocks.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Geosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.3140/bull.geosci.1094","issn":"12141119","usgsCitation":"Zodrow, E., and Mastalerz, M., 2009, A proposed origin for fossilized Pennsylvanian plant cuticles by pyrite oxidation (Sydney Coalfield, Nova Scotia, Canada): Bulletin of Geosciences, v. 84, no. 2, p. 227-240, https://doi.org/10.3140/bull.geosci.1094.","startPage":"227","endPage":"240","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":488023,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3140/bull.geosci.1094","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":218556,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3140/bull.geosci.1094"},{"id":246578,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"84","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e517e4b0c8380cd46b0a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zodrow, E.L.","contributorId":99328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zodrow","given":"E.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mastalerz, Maria","contributorId":78065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastalerz","given":"Maria","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70035191,"text":"70035191 - 2009 - Age, geochemical composition, and distribution of Oligocene ignimbrites in the northern Sierra Nevada, California: Implications for landscape morphology, elevation, and drainage divide geography of the Nevadaplano","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-25T16:20:20","indexId":"70035191","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2020,"text":"International Geology Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age, geochemical composition, and distribution of Oligocene ignimbrites in the northern Sierra Nevada, California: Implications for landscape morphology, elevation, and drainage divide geography of the Nevadaplano","docAbstract":"<p><span>To gain a better understanding of the topographic and landscape evolution of the Cenozoic Sierra Nevada and Basin and Range, we combine geochemical and isotopic age correlations with palaeoaltimetry data from widely distributed ignimbrites in the northern Sierra Nevada, California. A sequence of Oligocene rhyolitic ignimbrites is preserved across the modern crest of the range and into the western foothills. Using trace and rare earth element geochemical analyses of volcanic glass, these deposits have been correlated to ignimbrites described and isotopically dated in the Walker Lane fault zone and in central Nevada (Henry&nbsp;</span><i>et al.</i><span>, 2004, Geologic map of the Dogskin mountain quadrangle; Washoe County, Nevada; Faulds<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>et al.</i><span>, 2005, Geology, v. 33, p. 505–508). Ignimbrite deposits were sampled within the northern Sierra Nevada and western Nevada, and four distinct geochemical compositions were identified. The majority of samples from within the northern Sierra Nevada have compositions similar to the tuffs of Axehandle Canyon or Rattlesnake Canyon, both likely sourced from the same caldera complex in either the Clan Alpine Mountains or the Stillwater Range, or to the tuff of Campbell Creek, sourced from the Desatoya Mountains caldera. New<span>&nbsp;</span></span><sup>40</sup><span>Ar/</span><sup>39</sup><span>Ar age determinations from these samples of 31.2, 30.9, and 28.7&nbsp;Ma, respectively, support these correlations. Based on an Oligocene palinspastic reconstruction of the region, our results show that ignimbrites travelled over 200&nbsp;km from their source calderas across what is now the crest of the Sierra Nevada, and that during that time, no drainage divide existed between the ignimbrite source calderas in central Nevada and sample locations 200&nbsp;km to the west. Palaeoaltimetry data from Sierra Nevada ignimbrites, based on the hydrogen isotopic composition of hydration water in glass, reflect the effect of a steep western slope on precipitation and indicate that the area had elevations similar to the present-day range. These combined results suggest that source calderas were likely located in a region of high elevation to the east of the Oligocene Sierra Nevada, which had a steep western slope that allowed for the large extent and broad distribution of the ignimbrites.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/00206810902880370","issn":"00206814","usgsCitation":"Cassel, E.J., Calvert, A.T., and Graham, S.A., 2009, Age, geochemical composition, and distribution of Oligocene ignimbrites in the northern Sierra Nevada, California: Implications for landscape morphology, elevation, and drainage divide geography of the Nevadaplano: International Geology Review, v. 51, no. 7-8, p. 723-742, https://doi.org/10.1080/00206810902880370.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"723","endPage":"742","numberOfPages":"20","ipdsId":"IP-012618","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":242861,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215089,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00206810902880370"}],"volume":"51","issue":"7-8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-07-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e8f6e4b0c8380cd47fef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cassel, Elizabeth J.","contributorId":198355,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cassel","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Calvert, Andrew T. 0000-0001-5237-2218 acalvert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5237-2218","contributorId":2694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calvert","given":"Andrew","email":"acalvert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":449661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Graham, Stephan A.","contributorId":45902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graham","given":"Stephan","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70036623,"text":"70036623 - 2009 - Effects of an unseasonable snowstorm on red-faced Warbler nesting success","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:57","indexId":"70036623","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of an unseasonable snowstorm on red-faced Warbler nesting success","docAbstract":"Earlier initiation of nests by breeding birds may reflect an adaptive response to changes in food availability or warming of spring temperatures, but the consequences of initiating nests too early may be severe, particularly at high elevations. A rare snowstorm in late May 2008 resulted in nest abandonment by 68% of Red-faced Warblers (Cardellina rubrifrons) breeding in a high-elevation riparian ecosystem of southeastern Arizona. In addition, climate data from our study site from 1950 to 2008 revealed higher-than-average springtime temperatures during the past 10 years. If birds respond to this increase in springtime temperatures by nesting earlier their vulnerability to spring snowstorms may increase. ?? 2009 by The Cooper Ornithological Society. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Condor","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1525/cond.2009.080055","issn":"00105422","usgsCitation":"Decker, K.L., and Conway, C., 2009, Effects of an unseasonable snowstorm on red-faced Warbler nesting success: Condor, v. 111, no. 2, p. 392-395, https://doi.org/10.1525/cond.2009.080055.","startPage":"392","endPage":"395","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476432,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525/cond.2009.080055","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":245724,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217760,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cond.2009.080055"}],"volume":"111","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a068be4b0c8380cd512d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Decker, Karie L.","contributorId":51094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Decker","given":"Karie","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Conway, C.J.","contributorId":33417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conway","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70036624,"text":"70036624 - 2009 - Modeling the effects of environmental disturbance on wildlife communities: Avian responses to prescribed fire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:01","indexId":"70036624","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling the effects of environmental disturbance on wildlife communities: Avian responses to prescribed fire","docAbstract":"Prescribed fire is a management tool used to reduce fuel loads on public lands in forested areas in the western United States. Identifying the impacts of prescribed fire on bird communities in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests is necessary for providing land management agencies with information regarding the effects of fuel reduction on sensitive, threatened, and migratory bird species. Recent developments in occupancy modeling have established a framework for quantifying the impacts of management practices on wildlife community dynamics. We describe a Bayesian hierarchical model of multi-species occupancy accounting for detection probability, and we demonstrate the model's usefulness for identifying effects of habitat disturbances on wildlife communities. Advantages to using the model include the ability to estimate the effects of environmental impacts on rare or elusive species, the intuitive nature of the modeling, the incorporation of detection probability, the estimation of parameter uncertainty, the flexibility of the model to suit a variety of experimental designs, and the composite estimate of the response that applies to the collection of observed species as opposed to merely a small subset of common species. Our modeling of the impacts of prescribed fire on avian communities in a ponderosa pine forest in Washington indicate that prescribed fire treatments result in increased occupancy rates for several bark-insectivore, cavity-nesting species including a management species of interest, Black-backed Woodpeckers (Picoides arcticus). Three aerial insectivore species, and the ground insectivore, American Robin (Turdus migratorius), also responded positively to prescribed fire, whereas three foliage insectivores and two seed specialists, Clark's Nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana) and the Pine Siskin (Carduelis pinus), declined following treatments. Land management agencies interested in determining the effects of habitat manipulations on wildlife communities can use these methods to provide guidance for future management activities. ?? 2009 by the Ecological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Applications","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1890/08-0910.1","issn":"10510761","usgsCitation":"Russell, R., Royle, J., Saab, V., Lehmkuhl, J., Block, W., and Sauer, J., 2009, Modeling the effects of environmental disturbance on wildlife communities: Avian responses to prescribed fire: Ecological Applications, v. 19, no. 5, p. 1253-1263, https://doi.org/10.1890/08-0910.1.","startPage":"1253","endPage":"1263","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476231,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1890/08-0910.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":217786,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1890/08-0910.1"},{"id":245755,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c3fe4b0c8380cd6fb31","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Russell, R.E.","contributorId":34728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Russell","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Royle, J. Andrew 0000-0003-3135-2167","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3135-2167","contributorId":96221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Royle","given":"J. Andrew","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Saab, V.A.","contributorId":70328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saab","given":"V.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lehmkuhl, J.F.","contributorId":98572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lehmkuhl","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Block, W.M.","contributorId":12152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Block","given":"W.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sauer, J.R. 0000-0002-4557-3019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":66197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70035135,"text":"70035135 - 2009 - Mid-Wisconsinan environments on the eastern Great Plains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:53","indexId":"70035135","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mid-Wisconsinan environments on the eastern Great Plains","docAbstract":"Few sites on the eastern Great Plains contain paleobotanical records for the mid-Wisconsin. We report on four sites, two stream cutbanks and two quarry exposures, ranging in age from >50 to ???23.4 ka. The oldest site at >50 ka contains a suite of macrofossils from prairie and disturbed ground habitats, with no representation of trees, indicating an open prairie. By ???38 ka the assemblages include aquatic, wetland, mudflat, and prairie elements with rare specimens of Populus, Betula cf. papyrifera, Salix and at the most northerly site, Picea. This assemblage suggests a prairie/parkland with interspersed marshes, cooler temperatures and increased moisture. Populus and Salix continued to be represented from ???36 to ???29 ka, but the only other taxon was Carex. A hiatus may be present at some time during this interval. After ???29 ka, Picea became dominant on the uplands and it was joined by sedges in local wetlands. At sites near riverine loess sources, loess accumulation began to fill in the wetlands and organic deposition ceased some time after 29 ka. ?? 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Science Reviews","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.12.021","issn":"02773791","usgsCitation":"Baker, R.G., Bettis, E., Mandel, R., Dorale, J., and Fredlund, G.G., 2009, Mid-Wisconsinan environments on the eastern Great Plains: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 28, no. 9-10, p. 873-889, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.12.021.","startPage":"873","endPage":"889","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215210,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.12.021"},{"id":242996,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"9-10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a56c3e4b0c8380cd6d7ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baker, R. G.","contributorId":96326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bettis, E. Arthur III","contributorId":72822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bettis","given":"E. Arthur","suffix":"III","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mandel, R.D.","contributorId":58000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mandel","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dorale, J.A.","contributorId":33939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorale","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fredlund, G. G.","contributorId":53568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fredlund","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70036632,"text":"70036632 - 2009 - Size distribution of submarine landslides along the U.S. Atlantic margin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-18T10:02:23","indexId":"70036632","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Size distribution of submarine landslides along the U.S. Atlantic margin","docAbstract":"Assessment of the probability for destructive landslide-generated tsunamis depends on the knowledge of the number, size, and frequency of large submarine landslides. This paper investigates the size distribution of submarine landslides along the U.S. Atlantic continental slope and rise using the size of the landslide source regions (landslide failure scars). Landslide scars along the margin identified in a detailed bathymetric Digital Elevation Model (DEM) have areas that range between 0.89??km<sup>2</sup> and 2410??km<sup>2</sup> and volumes between 0.002??km<sup>3</sup> and 179??km<sup>3</sup>. The area to volume relationship of these failure scars is almost linear (inverse power-law exponent close to 1), suggesting a fairly uniform failure thickness of a few 10s of meters in each event, with only rare, deep excavating landslides. The cumulative volume distribution of the failure scars is very well described by a log-normal distribution rather than by an inverse power-law, the most commonly used distribution for both subaerial and submarine landslides. A log-normal distribution centered on a volume of 0.86??km<sup>3</sup> may indicate that landslides preferentially mobilize a moderate amount of material (on the order of 1??km<sup>3</sup>), rather than large landslides or very small ones. Alternatively, the log-normal distribution may reflect an inverse power law distribution modified by a size-dependent probability of observing landslide scars in the bathymetry data. If the latter is the case, an inverse power-law distribution with an exponent of 1.3 ?? 0.3, modified by a size-dependent conditional probability of identifying more failure scars with increasing landslide size, fits the observed size distribution. This exponent value is similar to the predicted exponent of 1.2 ?? 0.3 for subaerial landslides in unconsolidated material. Both the log-normal and modified inverse power-law distributions of the observed failure scar volumes suggest that large landslides, which have the greatest potential to generate damaging tsunamis, occur infrequently along the margin. ?? 2008 Elsevier B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.margeo.2008.08.007","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Chaytor, J., ten Brink, U., Solow, A., and Andrews, B., 2009, Size distribution of submarine landslides along the U.S. Atlantic margin: Marine Geology, v. 264, no. 1-2, p. 16-27, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2008.08.007.","startPage":"16","endPage":"27","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245424,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217474,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2008.08.007"}],"volume":"264","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b911ae4b08c986b319769","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chaytor, J.D.","contributorId":80936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chaytor","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"ten Brink, Uri S. 0000-0001-6858-3001 utenbrink@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6858-3001","contributorId":127560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"ten Brink","given":"Uri S.","email":"utenbrink@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":457075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Solow, A.R.","contributorId":9404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Solow","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Andrews, B.D.","contributorId":87737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"B.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70034950,"text":"70034950 - 2009 - An experimental study of hydromagmatic fragmentation through energetic, non-explosive magma-water mixing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:43","indexId":"70034950","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An experimental study of hydromagmatic fragmentation through energetic, non-explosive magma-water mixing","docAbstract":"In this paper we report the first experimental investigation of non-explosive hydromagmatic fragmentation during energetic mixing with water. We mix magma and water by two methods: (1) pouring a basaltic melt between two converging water sprays; and (2) jetting basaltic melt at high pressure (3??MPa) through a nozzle into a tank of stagnant water. These experiments involved shear at relative velocities of ~ 5-16??m/s and vigorous mixing for less than a second, providing sufficient time for glassy rinds to grow but insufficient time for clot interiors to cool. In resulting fragments, we examined the gross morphology, which reflects fluid deformation during mixing, and surface textures, which reflect the growth and disruption of glassy rinds. We find major differences in both fragment morphology and surface texture between experiments. Water-spray experiments produced Pele's hair, thin bubble shards, melt droplets, and angular, fracture-bound droplet pieces. Melt-jet experiments produced mostly coarse (> 1??mm diameter), wavy fluidal fragments with broken ends. Fluidal surfaces of fragments produced by water-spray experiments were generally shiny under reflected light and, in microscopic examination, smooth down to micron scale, implying no disruption of glassy rinds, except for (a) rare flaking on Pele's hair that was bent prior to solidification; or (b) cracking and alligator-skin textures on segments of melt balls that had expanded before complete cooling. In contrast, textures of fluidal surfaces on fragments produced by melt-jet experiments are dull in reflected light and, in scanning electron images, exhibit ubiquitous discontinuous skins (\"rinds\") that are flaked, peeled, or smeared away in stripes. Adhering to these surfaces are flakes, blocks, and blobs of detached material microns to tens of microns in diameter. In the water-spray fragments, we interpret the scarcity of disrupted surface rinds to result from lack of bending after surfaces formed. In the melt-jet fragments, the ubiquity of partially detached rinds and rind debris likely reflects repeated bending, scraping, impact, and other disruption through turbulent velocity fluctuations. When extrapolated to jets of Surtseyan scale, where velocity fluctuations reach tens of meters per second and turbulent mixing persists for tens of seconds, rind disintegration could fragment a large fraction of the erupted material.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.09.012","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Mastin, L., Spieler, O., and Downey, W., 2009, An experimental study of hydromagmatic fragmentation through energetic, non-explosive magma-water mixing: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 180, no. 2-4, p. 161-170, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.09.012.","startPage":"161","endPage":"170","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215738,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.09.012"},{"id":243561,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"180","issue":"2-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea66e4b0c8380cd48831","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mastin, L.G.","contributorId":80313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastin","given":"L.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spieler, O.","contributorId":59648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spieler","given":"O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Downey, W.S.","contributorId":58492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Downey","given":"W.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70034945,"text":"70034945 - 2009 - Arc-continent collision and the formation of continental crust: A new geochemical and isotopic record from the Ordovician Tyrone Igneous Complex, Ireland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-17T10:00:13","indexId":"70034945","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2545,"text":"Journal of the Geological Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Arc-continent collision and the formation of continental crust: A new geochemical and isotopic record from the Ordovician Tyrone Igneous Complex, Ireland","docAbstract":"Collisions between oceanic island-arc terranes and passive continental margins are thought to have been important in the formation of continental crust throughout much of Earth's history. Magmatic evolution during this stage of the plate-tectonic cycle is evident in several areas of the Ordovician Grampian-Taconic orogen, as we demonstrate in the first detailed geochemical study of the Tyrone Igneous Complex, Ireland. New U-Pb zircon dating yields ages of 493 2 Ma from a primitive mafic intrusion, indicating intra-oceanic subduction in Tremadoc time, and 475 10 Ma from a light rare earth element (LREE)-enriched tonalite intrusion that incorporated Laurentian continental material by early Arenig time (Early Ordovician, Stage 2) during arc-continent collision. Notably, LREE enrichment in volcanism and silicic intrusions of the Tyrone Igneous Complex exceeds that of average Dalradian (Laurentian) continental material that would have been thrust under the colliding forearc and potentially recycled into arc magmatism. This implies that crystal fractionation, in addition to magmatic mixing and assimilation, was important to the formation of new crust in the Grampian-Taconic orogeny. Because similar super-enrichment of orogenic melts occurred elsewhere in the Caledonides in the British Isles and Newfoundland, the addition of new, highly enriched melt to this accreted arc terrane was apparently widespread spatially and temporally. Such super-enrichment of magmatism, especially if accompanied by loss of corresponding lower crustal residues, supports the theory that arc-continent collision plays an important role in altering bulk crustal composition toward typical values for ancient continental crust. ?? 2009 Geological Society of London.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the Geological Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1144/0016-76492008-102","issn":"00167649","usgsCitation":"Draut, A.E., Clift, P.D., Amato, J.M., Blusztajn, J., and Schouten, H., 2009, Arc-continent collision and the formation of continental crust: A new geochemical and isotopic record from the Ordovician Tyrone Igneous Complex, Ireland: Journal of the Geological Society, v. 166, no. 3, p. 485-500, https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-76492008-102.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"485","endPage":"500","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476390,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1912/2831","text":"External Repository"},{"id":215649,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1144/0016-76492008-102"},{"id":243466,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"166","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-05-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed2ce4b0c8380cd49684","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Draut, Amy E.","contributorId":92215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Draut","given":"Amy","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clift, Peter D.","contributorId":17711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clift","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Amato, Jeffrey M.","contributorId":67317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amato","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Blusztajn, Jerzy","contributorId":14659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blusztajn","given":"Jerzy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schouten, Hans","contributorId":64474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schouten","given":"Hans","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
]}