{"pageNumber":"901","pageRowStart":"22500","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40797,"records":[{"id":81038,"text":"sir20075157 - 2008 - Methods for and estimates of 2003 and projected water use in the Seacoast Region, Southeastern New Hampshire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:26","indexId":"sir20075157","displayToPublicDate":"2008-03-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5157","title":"Methods for and estimates of 2003 and projected water use in the Seacoast Region, Southeastern New Hampshire","docAbstract":"New methods were developed to estimate water use in 2003 and future water demand in 2017 and 2025 in the Seacoast region in southeastern New Hampshire, which has experienced a 37-percent population increase during 1980 to 2000. Water-use activities for which estimates were developed include water withdrawal, delivery, demand, consumptive use, release, return flow, and transfer by registered and aggregated unregistered (less than 20,000 gallons per day (gal/d)) users at the census-block and town scales.\r\n\r\nEstimates of water use rely on understanding what influences water demand and its associated consumptive use, because changes in demand and consumptive use affect withdrawal and return flow. Domestic water demand was estimated using a per capita water demand model that related metered deliveries to domestic users with census block and block-group data. The model was used to predict annual, summer, and winter per capita water-demand coefficients for each census block. Significant predictors of domestic water demand include population per housing unit, median value of owner-occupied single family homes, median year of housing construction (with 1900 as the base value), population density, housing unit density, and proportion of housing units that are in urban areas. Mean annual domestic per capita water-demand coefficient in the Seacoast region was 75 gal/d; the coefficient increased to 91 gal/d during the summer and decreased to 65 gal/d during the winter. Domestic consumptive use was estimated as the difference between annual and winter domestic water demand. Estimates of commercial and industrial water demand were based on coefficients derived from reported use and metered deliveries. Projections of water demand in 2017 and 2025 were determined by using the housing and employee projections for those years developed through a Transportation Demand Model and applying current domestic and non-domestic coefficients.\r\n\r\nWater demand in 2003 was estimated as 25.8 million gallons per day (Mgal/d), 35 percent of which was during the summer months of June, July, and August. Domestic water demand was 18.6 Mgal/d (72 percent), commercial water demand was 3.7 Mgal/d (14 percent), industrial water demand was 2.9 Mgal/d (11 percent), irrigation water demand was 0.3 Mgal/d (1 percent), and mining and aquaculture water demand was 0.2 Mgal/d (1 percent). Domestic consumptive use for the Seacoast region was 16 percent of domestic water demand, which translates to a loss of 3 Mgal/d over the entire Seacoast region.\r\n\r\nIn 2003, water withdrawal was 771.2 Mgal/d, of which 742.2 Mgal/d was instream use for hydroelectric power generation and thermoelectric power cooling. The remaining 29.0 Mgal/d was withdrawn by community water systems (22.6 Mgal/d; 72 percent), domestic users (6.4 Mgal/d; 21 percent), commercial users (1.0 Mgal/d; 3 percent), industrial users (1.0 Mgal/d; 3 percent), irrigation (0.2 Mgal/d; 1 percent) and other users (less than 0.1 Mgal/d).\r\n\r\nReturn flow for 2003 was 772.2 Mgal/d, of which 742.0 Mgal/d was returned following use for hydroelectric power generation and thermoelectric plant cooling. The remaining 30.2 Mgal/d was returned by community wastewater systems (20.2 Mgal/d; 68 percent), domestic users (7.8 Mgal/d; 26 percent), commercial users (1.2 Mgal/d; 3 percent), industrial users (0.8 Mgal/d; 3 percent), and other users (0.1 Mgal/d).\r\n\r\nDomestic water demand is projected to increase by 54 percent to 28.7 Mgal/d from 2003 to 2025 based on projection of future population growth. Non-domestic (commercial, industrial, irrigation, and mining) water demand is projected to increase by 66 percent to 11.8 Mgal/d from 2003 to 2025.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20075157","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services","usgsCitation":"Horn, M.A., Moore, R.B., Hayes, L., and Flanagan, S., 2008, Methods for and estimates of 2003 and projected water use in the Seacoast Region, Southeastern New Hampshire: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5157, viii, 87 p., plus 2 appendixes on CD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075157.","productDescription":"viii, 87 p., plus 2 appendixes on CD-ROM","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":468,"text":"New Hampshire-Vermont Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":10901,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5157/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":195662,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -71.5,42.75 ], [ -71.5,43.75 ], [ -70.5,43.75 ], [ -70.5,42.75 ], [ -71.5,42.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db62a135","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Horn, Marilee A. mhorn@usgs.gov","contributorId":2792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horn","given":"Marilee","email":"mhorn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, Richard B. rmoore@usgs.gov","contributorId":1464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Richard","email":"rmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hayes, Laura 0000-0002-4488-1343 lhayes@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4488-1343","contributorId":2791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"Laura","email":"lhayes@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Flanagan, Sarah M.","contributorId":8492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flanagan","given":"Sarah M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":81026,"text":"sir20075152 - 2008 - Geomorphic characterization of the Middle Fork Saline River: Garland, Perry, and Saline Counties, Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-11T19:14:34.700888","indexId":"sir20075152","displayToPublicDate":"2008-03-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5152","title":"Geomorphic characterization of the Middle Fork Saline River: Garland, Perry, and Saline Counties, Arkansas","docAbstract":"This report was prepared to help address concerns raised by local residents, State, and Federal agencies about the current geomorphic conditions of the Middle Fork Saline River. Over the past 30 years the Middle Fork Saline River Basin has experienced a marked increase in urbanization. The report summarizes the Middle Fork?s current (2003) channel characteristics at nine stream reaches in the upper 91 square miles of the basin. Assessments at each study reach included comparing measured stream geometry dimensions (cross-sectional area, top width, and mean depth) at bankfull stage to regional hydraulic geometry curves for the Ouachita Mountains Physiographic Province of Arkansas and Oklahoma, evaluations of streambed materials and sinuosity, and classification of individual stream reach types.\r\n\r\nWhen compared to the Ouachita Mountains? regional hydraulic geometry curves for natural, stable, stream reaches, five of the nine study reaches had slightly smaller crosssectional areas, longer top widths, and shallower depths. Streambed material analysis indicates that the Middle Fork is a bedrock influenced, gravel dominated stream with lesser amounts of sand and cobbles. Slight increases in sinuosity from 1992 to 2002 at seven of the nine study reaches indicate a slight decrease in stream channel slope. Analyses of the Middle Fork?s hydraulic geometry and sinuosity indicate that the Middle Fork is currently overly wide and shallow, but is slowly adjusting towards a deeper, narrower hydraulic geometry.\r\n\r\nUsing the Rosgen system of channel classification, the two upstream study reaches classified as B4c/1 stream types; which were moderately entrenched, riffle dominated channels, with infrequently spaced pools. The downstream seven study reaches classified as C4/1 stream types; which were slightly entrenched, meandering, gravel-dominated, riffle/ pool channels with well developed flood plains. Analyses of stream reach types suggest that the downstream reaches of the Middle Fork are more vulnerable to streambank failure than the upstream reaches of the stream.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20075152","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Arkansas Natural Resources Commission and the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Natural Resources Conservation Service-National Water Management Center","usgsCitation":"Pugh, A., Garday, T.J., and Redman, R., 2008, Geomorphic characterization of the Middle Fork Saline River: Garland, Perry, and Saline Counties, Arkansas (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5152, v, 65 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075152.","productDescription":"v, 65 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":129,"text":"Arkansas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190851,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":415589,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_83405.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":10890,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5152/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","county":"Garland County, Perry County, Saline County","otherGeospatial":"Middle Fork Saline River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.1028,\n 34.6069\n ],\n [\n -93.1028,\n 34.75\n ],\n [\n -92.75,\n 34.75\n ],\n [\n -92.75,\n 34.6069\n ],\n [\n -93.1028,\n 34.6069\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c56b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pugh, Aaron L. apugh@usgs.gov","contributorId":2480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pugh","given":"Aaron L.","email":"apugh@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":129,"text":"Arkansas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garday, Thomas J.","contributorId":39874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garday","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Redman, Ronald","contributorId":89231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Redman","given":"Ronald","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":81024,"text":"fs20083004 - 2008 - An Overview of the GIS Weasel","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:15","indexId":"fs20083004","displayToPublicDate":"2008-03-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-3004","title":"An Overview of the GIS Weasel","docAbstract":"This fact sheet provides a high-level description of the GIS Weasel, a software system designed to aid users in preparing spatial information as input to lumped and distributed parameter environmental simulation models (ESMs). The GIS Weasel provides geographic information system (GIS) tools to help create maps of geographic features relevant to the application of a user?s ESM and to generate parameters from those maps. The operation of the GIS Weasel does not require a user to be a GIS expert, only that a user has an understanding of the spatial information requirements of the model. The GIS Weasel software system provides a GIS-based graphical user interface (GUI), C programming language executables, and general utility scripts. The software will run on any computing platform where ArcInfo Workstation (version 8.1 or later) and the GRID extension are accessible. The user controls the GIS Weasel by interacting with menus, maps, and tables.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/fs20083004","usgsCitation":"Viger, R., 2008, An Overview of the GIS Weasel (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2008-3004, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20083004.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":397,"text":"Modeling of Watershed Systems Project","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125266,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2008_3004.jpg"},{"id":10888,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3004/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db68616f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Viger, Roland J.","contributorId":97528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Viger","given":"Roland J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":81028,"text":"sir20075247 - 2008 - Water-Level Changes in Aquifers of the Atlantic Coastal Plain, Predevelopment to 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-10T12:54:45.273533","indexId":"sir20075247","displayToPublicDate":"2008-03-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5247","title":"Water-Level Changes in Aquifers of the Atlantic Coastal Plain, Predevelopment to 2000","docAbstract":"The Atlantic Coastal Plain aquifer system, which underlies a large part of the east coast of the United States, is an important source of water for more than 20 million people. As the population of the region increases, further demand is being placed on those ground-water resources. To define areas of past and current declines in ground-water levels, as well as to document changes in those levels, historical water-level data from more than 4,000 wells completed in 13 regional aquifers in the Atlantic Coastal Plain were examined.\r\n\r\nFrom predevelopment to 1980, substantial water-level declines occurred in many areas of the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Regional variability in water-level change in the confined aquifers of the Atlantic Coastal Plain resulted from regional differences in aquifer properties and patterns of ground-water withdrawals. Within the Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain, declines of more than 100 ft were observed in New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina. Regional declines in water levels were most widespread in the deeper aquifers that were most effectively confined?the Upper, Middle, and Lower Potomac aquifers. Within these aquifers, water levels had declined up to 200 ft in southern Virginia and to more than 100 ft in New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, and North Carolina. Substantial water-level declines were also evident in the regional Lower Chesapeake aquifer in southeastern New Jersey; in the Castle Hayne-Piney Point aquifer in Delaware, Maryland, southern Virginia and east-central North Carolina; in the Peedee-Severn aquifer in east-central New Jersey and southeastern North Carolina; and in the Black Creek-Matawan aquifer in east-central New Jersey and east-central North Carolina. Conversely, declines were least severe in the regional Upper Chesapeake aquifer during this period.\r\n\r\nIn the Southeastern Coastal Plain, declines of more than 100 ft in the Chattahoochee River aquifer occurred in eastern South Carolina and in southwestern Georgia, where water levels had declined approximately 140 and 200 ft from prepumping conditions, respectively. Within the Upper Floridan aquifer, decline was most pronounced in the coastal areas of Georgia and northern Florida where ground-water withdrawals were at their highest. These areas included Savannah, Jesup, and Brunswick, Ga., as well as the St. Marys, Ga. and Fernandina Beach, Fla., area. Regional water levels had declined by 80 ft near Brunswick and Fernandina Beach to as much as 160 ft near Savannah.\r\n\r\nSince 1980, water levels in many areas have continued to fall; however, in some places the rate at which levels declined has slowed. Conservation measures have served to limit withdrawals in affected areas, moderating or stabilizing water-level decline, and in some cases, resulting in substantial recovery. In other cases, increases in ground-water pumpage have resulted in continued rapid decline in water levels.\r\n\r\nFrom 1980 to 2000, water levels across the regional Upper, Middle, and Lower Potomac aquifers continued to decline across large parts of Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina, and water levels had stabilized or recovered throughout much of Long Island and New Jersey. Substantial water-level recovery had also occurred in east-central New Jersey in the Peedee-Severn and Black Creek-Matawan aquifers and in east-central North Carolina in the Castle Hayne-Piney Point aquifer. Substantial declines from about 1980 to about 2000 occurred in the Peedee-Severn aquifer in southern New Jersey, the Beaufort-Aquia aquifer in southern Maryland, and the Black Creek-Matawan and Upper Potomac aquifers in central and southern parts of the coastal plain in North Carolina.\r\n\r\nFrom 1980 to about 2000, water levels within the regional Upper Floridan aquifer had generally stabilized in response to shifting withdrawal patterns and reductions in pumpage at many places within the coastal region. Ground-water levels had stabilized and recovered at the ma","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20075247","usgsCitation":"dePaul, V., Rice, D.E., and Zapecza, O.S., 2008, Water-Level Changes in Aquifers of the Atlantic Coastal Plain, Predevelopment to 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5247, Report: viii, 89 p.; Plate: 36 x 18 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075247.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 89 p.; Plate: 36 x 18 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":41514,"text":"Maryland-Delaware-District of Columbia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122644,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2007_5247.jpg"},{"id":10892,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5247/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -86.25,27.75 ], [ -86.25,43 ], [ -68.75,43 ], [ -68.75,27.75 ], [ -86.25,27.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e47d9e4b07f02db4b5cac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"dePaul, Vincent T. 0000-0002-7977-5217","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7977-5217","contributorId":13972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"dePaul","given":"Vincent T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rice, Donald E.","contributorId":70440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zapecza, Otto S. ozapecza@usgs.gov","contributorId":3687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zapecza","given":"Otto","email":"ozapecza@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":294163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":81027,"text":"sir20075200 - 2008 - Hydrology Prior to Wetland and Prairie Restoration in and around the Glacial Ridge National Wildlife Refuge, Northwestern Minnesota, 2002-5","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:27","indexId":"sir20075200","displayToPublicDate":"2008-03-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5200","title":"Hydrology Prior to Wetland and Prairie Restoration in and around the Glacial Ridge National Wildlife Refuge, Northwestern Minnesota, 2002-5","docAbstract":"The Nature Conservancy (TNC) owned and managed 24,795 acres of mixed wetland, native prairie, farmland and woods east of Crookston, in northwestern Minnesota. The original wetlands and prairies that once occupied this land are being restored by TNC in cooperation with many partners and are becoming part of the Glacial Ridge National Wildlife Refuge. Results of this study indicate that these restorations are likely to have a substantial effect on the local hydrology.\r\n\r\nWater occurs within the study area on the land surface, in surficial aquifers, and in buried aquifers of various depths, the tops of which are 50 to several hundred feet below the land surface. Surficial aquifers are generally thin (about 20 feet), narrow (several hundred feet), and long (tens of miles). Estimates of the horizontal hydraulic conductivity of surficial aquifers were 2.7?300 feet per day. Buried aquifers underlie much of the study area, but interact with surficial aquifers only in isolated areas. In these areas, water flows directly from buried to surficial aquifers and forms a single aquifer as much as 78 feet thick. The surface?water channel network is modified by several manmade ditches that were installed to remove excess water seasonally and to drain wetlands. The channels of the network lie primarily parallel to the beach ridges but cut through them in places. Back?beach basin wetlands delay and reduce direct runoff to ditches.\r\n\r\nRecharge to the surficial aquifers (10.97?25.08 inches per year during 2003?5) is from vertical infiltration of rainfall and snowmelt (areal recharge); from surface waters (particularly ephemeral wetlands); and from upward leakage of water from buried aquifers through till confining units (estimated at about 1 inch per year). Areal recharge is highly variable in space and time. Water leaves (discharges from) the surficial aquifers as flow to surface waters (closed basins and ditches), evapotranspiration, and withdrawals from wells. Unmeasured losses (primarily discharge to ungaged (closed) basins) were 53?115 percent of areal recharge during 2003?5, while discharge to ditches that leave the study area was 17?41 percent. Discharge over 100 percent of areal recharge indicates a loss in ground?water storage. During the dry year of 2003, substantial ground water (about one?third of annual areal recharge) was released from aquifer storage but was replenished quickly during the subsequent normal year. Shallow ground?water flow is complex, with water in surficial aquifers, ditches, and wetlands part of a single hydrologic system. The ages determined for surficial ground?water samples were less than 15 years old, and one?third (8 of 24) were less than 5 years old, substantiating the close connection of surficial ground water to the land surface.\r\n\r\nDuring the study, 68?81 percent of water left the area through unmeasured surface?water losses (primarily evapotranspiration), which is 2? to 4?times that leaving through the ditch system. Base flow in ditches (ground?water discharge) was 30 to 71 percent of all ditch flow. Mean annual runoff in all gaged basins except SW3 (2.26 inches per year) was similar (3.69?4.12 inches per year).\r\n\r\nThe quality of water samples from surficial aquifers and surface water collected in the study area was generally suitable for most uses but was variable. Most ground? and surface?water samples were dominated by calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate ions. About one?quarter of surficial ground?water samples contained nitrate at concentrations greater than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency?s (USEPA) Maximum Contaminant Level for human consumption. The median concentration of dissolved phosphorus ranged from 0.0108 milligrams per liter as phosphorus (mg/L?P) to 0.0293 mg/L?P. Nutrient concentrations in ditches were generally above the USEPA nutrient guidelines for reference streams in the area. Water samples contained detectable concentrations of atrazine, acetachlor, metolachlor, pendimethalin","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20075200","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with The Nature Conservancy and the Red Lake Watershed District","usgsCitation":"Cowdery, T.K., Lorenz, D.L., and Arntson, A.D., 2008, Hydrology Prior to Wetland and Prairie Restoration in and around the Glacial Ridge National Wildlife Refuge, Northwestern Minnesota, 2002-5: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5200, vi, 68 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075200.","productDescription":"vi, 68 p.","temporalStart":"2002-01-01","temporalEnd":"2005-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195100,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10891,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5200/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -96.5,47.583333333333336 ], [ -96.5,47.833333333333336 ], [ -96.08333333333333,47.833333333333336 ], [ -96.08333333333333,47.583333333333336 ], [ -96.5,47.583333333333336 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e952","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cowdery, Timothy K. 0000-0001-9402-6575 cowdery@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9402-6575","contributorId":456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cowdery","given":"Timothy","email":"cowdery@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":294160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lorenz, David L. 0000-0003-3392-4034 lorenz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3392-4034","contributorId":1384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorenz","given":"David","email":"lorenz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Arntson, Allan D.","contributorId":79176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arntson","given":"Allan","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":81031,"text":"ds328 - 2008 - Water-quality data for water- and wastewater-treatment plants along the Red River of the North, North Dakota and Minnesota, January through October 2006","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-14T12:56:11","indexId":"ds328","displayToPublicDate":"2008-03-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"328","title":"Water-quality data for water- and wastewater-treatment plants along the Red River of the North, North Dakota and Minnesota, January through October 2006","docAbstract":"From January through October 2006, six sets of water-quality samples were collected at 28 sites, which included inflow and outflow from seven major municipal water-treatment plants (14 sites) and influent and effluent samples from seven major municipal wastewater treatment plants (14 sites) along the Red River of the North in North Dakota and Minnesota. Samples were collected in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation for use in the development of return-flow boundary conditions in a 2006 water-quality model for the Red River of the North. All samples were analyzed for nutrients and major ions. For one set of effluent samples from each of the wastewater-treatment plants, water was analyzed for Eschirichia coli, fecal coliform, 20-day biochemical oxygen demand, 20-day nitrogenous biochemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon, and dissolved organic carbon. In general, results from the field equipment blank and replicate samples indicate that the overall process of sample collection, processing, and analysis did not introduce substantial contamination and that consistent results were obtained.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds328","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Damschen, W., Hansel, J.A., and Nustad, R.A., 2008, Water-quality data for water- and wastewater-treatment plants along the Red River of the North, North Dakota and Minnesota, January through October 2006 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 328, iv, 68 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds328.","productDescription":"iv, 68 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2006-01-01","temporalEnd":"2006-10-31","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":10895,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/328/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":195326,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota, North Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Red River of the North","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -101,45 ], [ -101,49 ], [ -93,49 ], [ -93,45 ], [ -101,45 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f2e4b07f02db5eed8d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Damschen, William C. wcdamsch@usgs.gov","contributorId":1610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Damschen","given":"William C.","email":"wcdamsch@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hansel, John A.","contributorId":32634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansel","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nustad, Rochelle A. 0000-0002-4713-5944 ranustad@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4713-5944","contributorId":1811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nustad","given":"Rochelle","email":"ranustad@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":81011,"text":"sir20085025 - 2008 - Estimating the Probability of Elevated Nitrate Concentrations in Ground Water in Washington State","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:22","indexId":"sir20085025","displayToPublicDate":"2008-03-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5025","title":"Estimating the Probability of Elevated Nitrate Concentrations in Ground Water in Washington State","docAbstract":"Logistic regression was used to relate anthropogenic (manmade) and natural variables to the occurrence of elevated nitrate concentrations in ground water in Washington State. Variables that were analyzed included well depth, ground-water recharge rate, precipitation, population density, fertilizer application amounts, soil characteristics, hydrogeomorphic regions, and land-use types. Two models were developed: one with and one without the hydrogeomorphic regions variable. The variables in both models that best explained the occurrence of elevated nitrate concentrations (defined as concentrations of nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen greater than 2 milligrams per liter) were the percentage of agricultural land use in a 4-kilometer radius of a well, population density, precipitation, soil drainage class, and well depth. Based on the relations between these variables and measured nitrate concentrations, logistic regression models were developed to estimate the probability of nitrate concentrations in ground water exceeding 2 milligrams per liter. Maps of Washington State were produced that illustrate these estimated probabilities for wells drilled to 145 feet below land surface (median well depth) and the estimated depth to which wells would need to be drilled to have a 90-percent probability of drawing water with a nitrate concentration less than 2 milligrams per liter. Maps showing the estimated probability of elevated nitrate concentrations indicated that the agricultural regions are most at risk followed by urban areas. The estimated depths to which wells would need to be drilled to have a 90-percent probability of obtaining water with nitrate concentrations less than 2 milligrams per liter exceeded 1,000 feet in the agricultural regions; whereas, wells in urban areas generally would need to be drilled to depths in excess of 400 feet.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20085025","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Washington State Department of Health","usgsCitation":"Frans, L.M., 2008, Estimating the Probability of Elevated Nitrate Concentrations in Ground Water in Washington State: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5025, vi, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085025.","productDescription":"vi, 23 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190732,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10875,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5025/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -125,45 ], [ -125,49 ], [ -117,49 ], [ -117,45 ], [ -125,45 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db686621","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frans, Lonna M. 0000-0002-3217-1862 lmfrans@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3217-1862","contributorId":1493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frans","given":"Lonna","email":"lmfrans@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":81006,"text":"tm6A26 - 2008 - NetpathXL - An excel interface to the program NETPATH","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-20T12:42:14","indexId":"tm6A26","displayToPublicDate":"2008-03-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"6-A26","title":"NetpathXL - An excel interface to the program NETPATH","docAbstract":"NetpathXL is a revised version of NETPATH that runs under Windows? operating systems. NETPATH is a computer program that uses inverse geochemical modeling techniques to calculate net geochemical reactions that can account for changes in water composition between initial and final evolutionary waters in hydrologic systems. The inverse models also can account for the isotopic composition of waters and can be used to estimate radiocarbon ages of dissolved carbon in ground water. NETPATH relies on an auxiliary, database program, DB, to enter the chemical analyses and to perform speciation calculations that define total concentrations of elements, charge balance, and redox state of aqueous solutions that are then used in inverse modeling. Instead of DB, NetpathXL relies on Microsoft Excel? to enter the chemical analyses. The speciation calculation formerly included in DB is implemented within the program NetpathXL. A program DBXL can be used to translate files from the old DB format (.lon files) to NetpathXL spreadsheets, or to create new NetpathXL spreadsheets. Once users have a NetpathXL spreadsheet with the proper format, new spreadsheets can be generated by copying or saving NetpathXL spreadsheets. In addition, DBXL can convert NetpathXL spreadsheets to PHREEQC input files. New capabilities in PHREEQC (version 2.15) allow solution compositions to be written to a .lon file, and inverse models developed in PHREEQC to be written as NetpathXL .pat and model files. NetpathXL can open NetpathXL spreadsheets, NETPATH-format path files (.pat files), and NetpathXL-format path files (.pat files). Once the speciation calculations have been performed on a spreadsheet file or a .pat file has been opened, the NetpathXL calculation engine is identical to the original NETPATH. Development of models and viewing results in NetpathXL rely on keyboard entry as in NETPATH.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/tm6A26","usgsCitation":"Parkhurst, D.L., and Charlton, S.R., 2008, NetpathXL - An excel interface to the program NETPATH (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6-A26, iii, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tm6A26.","productDescription":"iii, 11 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":10870,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/06A26/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":124655,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tm_6_a26.gif"}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64aa7f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parkhurst, David L. 0000-0003-3348-1544 dlpark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3348-1544","contributorId":1088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parkhurst","given":"David","email":"dlpark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Charlton, Scott R. 0000-0001-7332-3394 charlton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7332-3394","contributorId":1632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Charlton","given":"Scott","email":"charlton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":81008,"text":"tm6A22 - 2008 - SEAWAT Version 4: A Computer Program for Simulation of Multi-Species Solute and Heat Transport","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:29","indexId":"tm6A22","displayToPublicDate":"2008-03-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"6-A22","title":"SEAWAT Version 4: A Computer Program for Simulation of Multi-Species Solute and Heat Transport","docAbstract":"The SEAWAT program is a coupled version of MODFLOW and MT3DMS designed to simulate three-dimensional, variable-density, saturated ground-water flow. Flexible equations were added to the program to allow fluid density to be calculated as a function of one or more MT3DMS species. Fluid density may also be calculated as a function of fluid pressure. The effect of fluid viscosity variations on ground-water flow was included as an option. Fluid viscosity can be calculated as a function of one or more MT3DMS species, and the program includes additional functions for representing the dependence on temperature. Although MT3DMS and SEAWAT are not explicitly designed to simulate heat transport, temperature can be simulated as one of the species by entering appropriate transport coefficients. For example, the process of heat conduction is mathematically analogous to Fickian diffusion. Heat conduction can be represented in SEAWAT by assigning a thermal diffusivity for the temperature species (instead of a molecular diffusion coefficient for a solute species). Heat exchange with the solid matrix can be treated in a similar manner by using the mathematically equivalent process of solute sorption. By combining flexible equations for fluid density and viscosity with multi-species transport, SEAWAT Version 4 represents variable-density ground-water flow coupled with multi-species solute and heat transport. SEAWAT Version 4 is based on MODFLOW-2000 and MT3DMS and retains all of the functionality of SEAWAT-2000.\r\n\r\nSEAWAT Version 4 also supports new simulation options for coupling flow and transport, and for representing constant-head boundaries. In previous versions of SEAWAT, the flow equation was solved for every transport timestep, regardless of whether or not there was a large change in fluid density. A new option was implemented in SEAWAT Version 4 that allows users to control how often the flow field is updated. New options were also implemented for representing constant-head boundaries with the Time-Variant Constant-Head (CHD) Package. These options allow for increased flexibility when using CHD flow boundaries with the zero-dispersive flux solute boundaries implemented by MT3DMS at constant-head cells.\r\n\r\nThis report contains revised input instructions for the MT3DMS Dispersion (DSP) Package, Variable-Density Flow (VDF) Package, Viscosity (VSC) Package, and CHD Package. The report concludes with seven cases of an example problem designed to highlight many of the new features.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Techniques and Methods Book 6, Chapter A22","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/tm6A22","usgsCitation":"Langevin, C.D., Thorne, D.T., Dausman, A., Sukop, M.C., and Guo, W., 2008, SEAWAT Version 4: A Computer Program for Simulation of Multi-Species Solute and Heat Transport: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6-A22, vi, 39 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/tm6A22.","productDescription":"vi, 39 p. ","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":275,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125765,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tm_6_a22.gif"},{"id":10872,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/tm6a22/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cfe4b07f02db54626b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langevin, Christian D. 0000-0001-5610-9759 langevin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5610-9759","contributorId":1030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langevin","given":"Christian","email":"langevin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thorne, Daniel T. Jr.","contributorId":41099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorne","given":"Daniel","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dausman, Alyssa M.","contributorId":64337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dausman","given":"Alyssa M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sukop, Michael C.","contributorId":52271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sukop","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Guo, Weixing","contributorId":28641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guo","given":"Weixing","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":81007,"text":"tm6A25 - 2008 - Guide to the Revised Ground-Water Flow and Heat Transport Simulator: HYDROTHERM - Version 3","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:27","indexId":"tm6A25","displayToPublicDate":"2008-03-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"6-A25","title":"Guide to the Revised Ground-Water Flow and Heat Transport Simulator: HYDROTHERM - Version 3","docAbstract":"The HYDROTHERM computer program simulates multi-phase ground-water flow and associated thermal energy transport in three dimensions. It can handle high fluid pressures, up to 1 ? 109 pascals (104 atmospheres), and high temperatures, up to 1,200 degrees Celsius. This report documents the release of Version 3, which includes various additions, modifications, and corrections that have been made to the original simulator. Primary changes to the simulator include: (1) the ability to simulate unconfined ground-water flow, (2) a precipitation-recharge boundary condition, (3) a seepage-surface boundary condition at the land surface, (4) the removal of the limitation that a specified-pressure boundary also have a specified temperature, (5) a new iterative solver for the linear equations based on a generalized minimum-residual method, (6) the ability to use time- or depth-dependent functions for permeability, (7) the conversion of the program code to Fortran 90 to employ dynamic allocation of arrays, and (8) the incorporation of a graphical user interface (GUI) for input and output.\r\n\r\nThe graphical user interface has been developed for defining a simulation, running the HYDROTHERM simulator interactively, and displaying the results. The combination of the graphical user interface and the HYDROTHERM simulator forms the HYDROTHERM INTERACTIVE (HTI) program. HTI can be used for two-dimensional simulations only. New features in Version 3 of the HYDROTHERM simulator have been verified using four test problems. Three problems come from the published literature and one problem was simulated by another partially saturated flow and thermal transport simulator. The test problems include: transient partially saturated vertical infiltration, transient one-dimensional horizontal infiltration, two-dimensional steady-state drainage with a seepage surface, and two-dimensional drainage with coupled heat transport.\r\n\r\nAn example application to a hypothetical stratovolcano system with unconfined ground-water flow is presented in detail. It illustrates the use of HTI with the combination precipitation-recharge and seepage-surface boundary condition, and functions as a tutorial example problem for the new user.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/tm6A25","usgsCitation":"Kipp, K.L., Hsieh, P.A., and Charlton, S.R., 2008, Guide to the Revised Ground-Water Flow and Heat Transport Simulator: HYDROTHERM - Version 3 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6-A25, xvi, 160 p. (variously paginated), https://doi.org/10.3133/tm6A25.","productDescription":"xvi, 160 p. (variously paginated)","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124466,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tm_6_a25.gif"},{"id":10871,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/06A25/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64af81","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kipp, Kenneth L. klkipp@usgs.gov","contributorId":1633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kipp","given":"Kenneth","email":"klkipp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":294119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hsieh, Paul A. 0000-0003-4873-4874 pahsieh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4873-4874","contributorId":1634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hsieh","given":"Paul","email":"pahsieh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":39113,"text":"WMA - Office of Quality Assurance","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Charlton, Scott R. 0000-0001-7332-3394 charlton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7332-3394","contributorId":1632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Charlton","given":"Scott","email":"charlton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":81005,"text":"ofr20081017 - 2008 - Basic Statistical Concepts and Methods for Earth Scientists","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:16","indexId":"ofr20081017","displayToPublicDate":"2008-03-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1017","title":"Basic Statistical Concepts and Methods for Earth Scientists","docAbstract":"INTRODUCTION\r\n\r\nStatistics is the science of collecting, analyzing, interpreting, modeling, and displaying masses of numerical data primarily for the characterization and understanding of incompletely known systems.\r\n\r\nOver the years, these objectives have lead to a fair amount of analytical work to achieve, substantiate, and guide descriptions and inferences.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081017","usgsCitation":"Olea, R., 2008, Basic Statistical Concepts and Methods for Earth Scientists: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1017, 193 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081017.","productDescription":"193 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190503,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10868,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1017/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db640745","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olea, Ricardo A. 0000-0003-4308-0808","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4308-0808","contributorId":47873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olea","given":"Ricardo A.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":294115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70199503,"text":"70199503 - 2008 - Physiographically sensitive mapping of climatological temperature and precipitation across the conterminous United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-19T15:34:30","indexId":"70199503","displayToPublicDate":"2008-03-12T15:33:55","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2032,"text":"International Journal of Climatology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Physiographically sensitive mapping of climatological temperature and precipitation across the conterminous United States","docAbstract":"

Spatial climate data sets of 1971–2000 mean monthly precipitation and minimum and maximum temperature were developed for the conterminous United States. These 30‐arcsec (∼800‐m) grids are the official spatial climate data sets of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The PRISM (Parameter‐elevation Relationships on Independent Slopes Model) interpolation method was used to develop data sets that reflected, as closely as possible, the current state of knowledge of spatial climate patterns in the United States. PRISM calculates a climate–elevation regression for each digital elevation model (DEM) grid cell, and stations entering the regression are assigned weights based primarily on the physiographic similarity of the station to the grid cell. Factors considered are location, elevation, coastal proximity, topographic facet orientation, vertical atmospheric layer, topographic position, and orographic effectiveness of the terrain. Surface stations used in the analysis numbered nearly 13 000 for precipitation and 10 000 for temperature. Station data were spatially quality controlled, and short‐period‐of‐record averages adjusted to better reflect the 1971–2000 period.

PRISM interpolation uncertainties were estimated with cross‐validation (C‐V) mean absolute error (MAE) and the 70% prediction interval of the climate–elevation regression function. The two measures were not well correlated at the point level, but were similar when averaged over large regions. The PRISM data set was compared with the WorldClim and Daymet spatial climate data sets. The comparison demonstrated that using a relatively dense station data set and the physiographically sensitive PRISM interpolation process resulted in substantially improved climate grids over those of WorldClim and Daymet. The improvement varied, however, depending on the complexity of the region. Mountainous and coastal areas of the western United States, characterized by sparse data coverage, large elevation gradients, rain shadows, inversions, cold air drainage, and coastal effects, showed the greatest improvement. The PRISM data set benefited from a peer review procedure that incorporated local knowledge and data into the development process.

","language":"English","publisher":"Royal Meteorological Society","doi":"10.1002/joc.1688","usgsCitation":"Daly, C., Halbleib, M., Smith, J.I., Gibson, W.P., Doggett, M.K., Taylor, G.H., Curtis, J., and Pasteris, P., 2008, Physiographically sensitive mapping of climatological temperature and precipitation across the conterminous United States: International Journal of Climatology, v. 28, no. 15, p. 2031-2064, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1688.","productDescription":"34 p.","startPage":"2031","endPage":"2064","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357508,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"28","issue":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-03-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10d445e4b034bf6a7f9f6c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Daly, Christopher","contributorId":83330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Daly","given":"Christopher","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Halbleib, Michael","contributorId":208013,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Halbleib","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, Joseph I.","contributorId":208014,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gibson, Wayne P.","contributorId":208015,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gibson","given":"Wayne","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Doggett, Matthew K.","contributorId":208016,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Doggett","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Taylor, George H.","contributorId":24386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Curtis, Jan","contributorId":208017,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Curtis","given":"Jan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Pasteris, Phil","contributorId":173363,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pasteris","given":"Phil","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70206344,"text":"70206344 - 2008 - Advancing process‐based watershed hydrological research using near‐surface geophysics: A vision for, and review of, electrical and magnetic geophysical methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-24T16:14:50","indexId":"70206344","displayToPublicDate":"2008-03-11T16:36:09","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Advancing process‐based watershed hydrological research using near‐surface geophysics: A vision for, and review of, electrical and magnetic geophysical methods","docAbstract":"

We want to develop a dialogue between geophysicists and hydrologists interested in synergistically advancing process based watershed research. We identify recent advances in geophysical instrumentation, and provide a vision for the use of electrical and magnetic geophysical instrumentation in watershed scale hydrology. The focus of the paper is to identify instrumentation that could significantly advance this vision for geophysics and hydrology during the next 3–5 years. We acknowledge that this is one of a number of possible ways forward and seek only to offer a relatively narrow and achievable vision. The vision focuses on the measurement of geological structure and identification of flow paths using electrical and magnetic methods. The paper identifies instruments, provides examples of their use, and describes how synergy between measurement and modelling could be achieved. Of specific interest are the airborne systems that can cover large areas and are appropriate for watershed studies. Although airborne geophysics has been around for some time, only in the last few years have systems designed exclusively for hydrological applications begun to emerge. These systems, such as airborne electromagnetic (EM) and transient electromagnetic (TEM), could revolutionize hydrogeological interpretations. Our vision centers on developing nested and cross scale electrical and magnetic measurements that can be used to construct a three‐dimensional (3D) electrical or magnetic model of the subsurface in watersheds. The methodological framework assumes a ‘top down’ approach using airborne methods to identify the large scale, dominant architecture of the subsurface. We recognize that the integration of geophysical measurement methods, and data, into watershed process characterization and modelling can only be achieved through dialogue. Especially, through the development of partnerships between geophysicists and hydrologists, partnerships that explore how the application of geophysics can answer critical hydrological science questions, and conversely provide an understanding of the limitations of geophysical measurements and interpretation. 

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/hyp.6963","usgsCitation":"Robinson, D., Binley, A., Crook, N., Day-Lewis, F., Ferre, T.P., Grauch, V.J., Knight, R., Knoll, M., Lakshmi, V., Miller, R., Nyquist, J., Pellerin, L., Singha, K., and Slater, L., 2008, Advancing process‐based watershed hydrological research using near‐surface geophysics: A vision for, and review of, electrical and magnetic geophysical methods: Hydrological Processes, v. 22, no. 18, p. 3604-3635, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6963.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"3604","endPage":"3635","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":368771,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-03-11","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, D.A.","contributorId":64895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Binley, A.","contributorId":220130,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Binley","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crook, N.","contributorId":222720,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Crook","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":783011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Day-Lewis, F. D. 0000-0003-3526-886X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3526-886X","contributorId":35773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day-Lewis","given":"F. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":783012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ferre, T. P. A","contributorId":206539,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ferre","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"P. A","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":783013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Grauch, V. J. S. 0000-0002-0761-3489 tien@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0761-3489","contributorId":886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grauch","given":"V.","email":"tien@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J. S.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":783014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Knight, R.","contributorId":22717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knight","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":783015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Knoll, M.","contributorId":222722,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Knoll","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":783016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Lakshmi, V.","contributorId":58071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lakshmi","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":783017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Miller, R.","contributorId":19118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":783018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Nyquist, J.","contributorId":222723,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nyquist","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":783019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Pellerin, L.","contributorId":94073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pellerin","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":783020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Singha, K.","contributorId":201025,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Singha","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":783021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Slater, L.","contributorId":99267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slater","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":783022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}} ,{"id":80995,"text":"ofr20071383 - 2008 - Head Observation Organizer (HObO)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:30","indexId":"ofr20071383","displayToPublicDate":"2008-03-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1383","title":"Head Observation Organizer (HObO)","docAbstract":"The Head Observation Organizer, HObO, is a computer program that stores and manages measured ground-water levels. HObO was developed to help ground-water modelers compile, manage, and document water-level data needed to calibrate ground-water models. Well-construction and water-level data from the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Database (NWIS) easily can be imported into HObO from the NWIS web site (NWISWeb). The water-level data can be flagged to determine which data will be included in the calibration data set. The utility program HObO_NWISWeb was developed to simplify the down loading of well and water-level data from NWISWeb. An ArcGIS NWISWeb Extension was developed to retrieve site information from NWISWeb. A tutorial is presented showing the basic elements of HObO.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071383","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy, \r\nNational Nuclear Security Administration Nevada Site Office under Interagency Agreement, DE-A152-07NA28100","usgsCitation":"Predmore, S., 2008, Head Observation Organizer (HObO): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1383, Report: v, 68 p.; Installer; Extension, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071383.","productDescription":"Report: v, 68 p.; Installer; Extension","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195031,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10857,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1383/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6be4b07f02db63d401","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Predmore, Steven","contributorId":105004,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Predmore","given":"Steven","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":81000,"text":"sir20085007 - 2008 - Calibration of a water-quality model for low-flow conditions on the Red River of the North at Fargo, North Dakota, and Moorhead, Minnesota, 2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-14T13:05:45","indexId":"sir20085007","displayToPublicDate":"2008-03-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5007","title":"Calibration of a water-quality model for low-flow conditions on the Red River of the North at Fargo, North Dakota, and Moorhead, Minnesota, 2003","docAbstract":"A time-of-travel and reaeration-rate study was conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the North Dakota Department of Health, the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, and the cities of Fargo, North Dakota, and Moorhead, Minnesota, to provide information to calibrate a water-quality model for streamflows of less than 150 cubic feet per second. Data collected from September 24 through 27, 2003, were used to develop and calibrate the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program model (hereinafter referred to as the Fargo WASP water-quality model) for a 19.2-mile reach of the Red River of the North.\r\n\r\nThe Fargo WASP water-quality model was calibrated for the transport of dye by fitting simulated time-concentration dye curves to measured time-concentration dye curves. Simulated peak concentrations were within 10 percent of measured concentrations. Simulated traveltimes of the dye cloud centroid were within 7 percent of measured traveltimes. The variances of the simulated dye concentrations were similar to the variances of the measured dye concentrations, indicating dispersion was reproduced reasonably well.\r\n\r\nAverage simulated dissolved-oxygen concentrations were within 6 percent of average measured concentrations. Average simulated ammonia concentrations were within the range of measured concentrations. Simulated dissolved-oxygen and ammonia concentrations were affected by the specification of a single nitrification rate in the Fargo WASP water-quality model.\r\n\r\nData sets from August 1989 and August 1990 were used to test traveltime and simulation of dissolved oxygen and ammonia. For streamflows that ranged from 60 to 407 cubic feet per second, simulated traveltimes were within 7 percent of measured traveltimes. Measured dissolved-oxygen concentrations were underpredicted by less than 15 percent for both data sets. Results for ammonia were poor; measured ammonia concentrations were underpredicted by as much as 70 percent for both data sets. Overall, application of the Fargo WASP water-quality model to the 1989 and 1990 data sets resulted in poor agreement between measured and simulated concentrations. This likely is a result of changes in the waste-load composition for the Fargo and Moorhead wastewater-treatment plants as a result of improvements to the wastewater-treatment plants since 1990. The change in waste-load composition probably resulted in a change in decay rates and in dissolved oxygen no longer being substantially depressed downstream from the Moorhead and Fargo wastewater-treatment plants. The Fargo WASP water-quality model is valid for the current (2008) treatment processes at the wastewater-treatment plants.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20085007","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the North Dakota Department of Health, the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, and the cities of Fargo, North Dakota, and Moorhead, Minnesota","usgsCitation":"Lundgren, R.F., and Nustad, R.A., 2008, Calibration of a water-quality model for low-flow conditions on the Red River of the North at Fargo, North Dakota, and Moorhead, Minnesota, 2003 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5007, v, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085007.","productDescription":"v, 42 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2003-09-24","temporalEnd":"2003-09-27","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":10862,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5007/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":195716,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota, North Dakota","city":"Fargo, Moorhead","otherGeospatial":"Red River of the North","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -101,45 ], [ -101,49 ], [ -94,49 ], [ -94,45 ], [ -101,45 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e7288","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lundgren, Robert F. 0000-0001-7669-0552 rflundgr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7669-0552","contributorId":1657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lundgren","given":"Robert","email":"rflundgr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nustad, Rochelle A. 0000-0002-4713-5944 ranustad@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4713-5944","contributorId":1811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nustad","given":"Rochelle","email":"ranustad@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":80996,"text":"ofr20071358 - 2008 - Hydrogeology and water quality of the Leetown area, West Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-18T09:49:17","indexId":"ofr20071358","displayToPublicDate":"2008-03-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1358","title":"Hydrogeology and water quality of the Leetown area, West Virginia","docAbstract":"

The U.S. Geological Survey’s Leetown Science Center and the co-located U.S. Department of Agriculture’s National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture both depend on large volumes of cold clean ground water to support research operations at their facilities. Currently, ground-water demands are provided by three springs and two standby production wells used to augment supplies during periods of low spring flow. Future expansion of research operations at the Leetown Science Center is dependent on assessing the availability and quality of water to the facilities and in locating prospective sites for additional wells to augment existing water supplies. The hydrogeology of the Leetown area, West Virginia, is a structurally complex karst aquifer. Although the aquifer is a karst system, it is not typical of most highly cavernous karst systems, but is dominated by broad areas of fractured rock drained by a relatively small number of solution conduits. Characterization of the aquifer by use of fluorometric tracer tests, a common approach in most karst terranes, therefore only partly defines the hydrogeologic setting of the area. In order to fully assess the hydrogeology and water quality in the vicinity of Leetown, a multi-disciplinary approach that included both fractured rock and karst research components was needed.

\n
\n

The U.S. Geological Survey developed this multi-disciplinary research effort to include geologic, hydrologic, geophysical, geographic, water-quality, and microbiological investigations in order to fully characterize the hydrogeology and water quality of the Leetown area, West Virginia. Detailed geologic and karst mapping provided the framework on which hydrologic investigations were based. Fracture trace and lineament analysis helped locate potential water-bearing fractures and guided installation of monitoring wells. Monitoring wells were drilled for borehole geophysical surveys, water-quality sampling, water-level measurements, and aquifer tests to characterize the quality of water and the hydraulic properties of the aquifer. Surface geophysical surveys provided a 3-dimensional view of bedrock resistivity in order to assess geologic and lithologic controls on ground-water flow. Borehole geophysical surveys were conducted in monitoring wells to assess the storage and movement of water in subsurface fractures. Numerous single-well, multi-well, and straddle packer aquifer tests and step-drawdown tests were conducted to define the hydraulic properties of the aquifer and to assess the role of bedrock fractures and solution conduits in the flow of ground water. Water samples collected from wells and springs were analyzed to assess the current quality of ground water and provide a baseline for future assessment. Microbiological sampling of wells for indicator bacteria and human and animal DNA provided an analysis of agricultural and suburban development impacts on ground-water quality. Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data were analyzed to develop digital elevation models (DEMs) for assessing sinkhole distribution, to provide elevation data for development of a ground-water flow model, and to assess the distribution of major fractures and faults in the Leetown area.

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The flow of ground water in the study area is controlled by lithology and geologic structure. Bedrock, especially low permeability units such as the shale Martinsburg Formation and the Conococheague Limestone, act as barriers to water flowing down gradient and across bedding. This retardation of cross-strike flow is especially pronounced in the Leetown area, where bedding typically dips at steep angles. Highly permeable fault and fracture zones that disrupt the rocks in cross-strike directions provide avenues through which ground water can flow laterally across or through strata of low primary permeability. Significant strike parallel thrust faults and cross-strike faults typically coincide with larger solution conduits and act as drains for the more pervasive network of interconnected diffuse fractures.

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Results of borehole geophysical surveys indicate that although numerous fractures may intersect a borehole, only one or two of the fractures typically transmit most of the water to a well. The diffuse-flow dominated network of fractures that provides the majority of storage occupies only a small proportion of the total aquifer volume but constitutes the majority of porosity within the aquifer. Solution conduits, while occupying a relatively small volume of the overall aquifer, are especially important because they serve as primary drains for the ground-water flow system. Surface resistivity maps and cross-sectionsshow anomalous areas of low resistivities coincident with the prevailing geologic strike at N. 20º E., with major cross-strike faults, and with major springs in the region.

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Transmissivity derived from straddle packer tests was highly variable, and ranged over three orders of magnitude (1.8 x 10-6 to 5.9 x 10-3 ft2/d) in diffuse-flow fractures. A similar large variability in transmissivity was documented by single- and multi-well aquifer tests conducted in conduit-flow dominated portions of the aquifer (2.0 x 103 to 1.4 x 104 ft2/d) in lowland areas immediately adjacent to the Leetown Science Center.

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A stream-gaging station installed on Hopewell Run near the point where the stream exits the Leetown watershed indicates average daily streamflow for the Hopewell Run of approximately 11.2 ft3/s, and ranged from a minimum of 1.80 ft3/s on September 28, 2005, to a maximum of 73.0 ft3/s on December 11, 2003. Base-flow (ground-water) discharge surveys identified numerous small seeps adjacent to streams in the area. Hydrographs of the stage of Balch Spring show rapid response to individual storms. Strong correlation of the flow of Hopewell Run and Balch Spring indicates the nearby losing stream reach is partly responsible for higher fluctuations in the stage of Balch Spring. A water budget for the study period (2003-2005), based on measured precipitation and hydrograph analyses, is expressed as Precipitation (38.60 in/yr) = Surface Runoff (1.36 in/yr) + Ground-Water Discharge (17.73 in/yr) + Evapotranspiration (24.23 in/yr) – Change in storage (4.72 in/yr).

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Flow of ground water through the epikarst, a shallow zone of intensely weathered rock and regolith, can be rapid (on the order of days or weeks) as flow is concentrated in solution conduits. Flow within the intermediate and deeper zones is typically much slower. Eight dye-tracer tests conducted in the Leetown area found ground-water flow patterns to be divergent, with velocities ranging from about 12.5 to 610 ft/day and a median velocity of 50 ft/day. Estimates of ground-water age in carbonate rocks in the region are on the order of 15 years in the shallower portions of the aquifer to 50 years or older for deeper portions of the aquifer. Shallow springs can have a significant component of fairly young water (< 5 years in age).

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Ground-water samples collected from 16 sites (12 wells and 4 springs) in the Leetown area were analyzed for more than 340 constituents. Only turbidity, indicator bacteria, and radon were typically present in concentrations exceeding U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) drinking-water or aquatic life standards.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071358","usgsCitation":"Kozar, M.D., McCoy, K.J., Weary, D.J., Field, M.S., Pierce, H., Schill, W.B., and Young, J.A., 2008, Hydrogeology and water quality of the Leetown area, West Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1358, Report: ix, 100 p.; 6 Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071358.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 100 p.; 6 Appendices","numberOfPages":"212","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":642,"text":"West Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195229,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20071358.PNG"},{"id":10858,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1358/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":294103,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1358/pdf/ofr2007-1358.all.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"West Virginia","city":"Leetown","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -78.0,39.3 ], [ -78.0,39.366667 ], [ -77.9,39.366667 ], [ -77.9,39.3 ], [ -78.0,39.3 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aeae1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kozar, Mark D. 0000-0001-7755-7657 mdkozar@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7755-7657","contributorId":1963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kozar","given":"Mark","email":"mdkozar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37280,"text":"Virginia and West Virginia Water Science Center ","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCoy, Kurt J. 0000-0002-9756-8238 kjmccoy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9756-8238","contributorId":1391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCoy","given":"Kurt","email":"kjmccoy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":37280,"text":"Virginia and West Virginia Water Science Center ","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Weary, David J. 0000-0002-6115-6397 dweary@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6115-6397","contributorId":545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weary","given":"David","email":"dweary@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Field, Malcolm S.","contributorId":89243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"Malcolm","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pierce, Herbert A.","contributorId":83093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierce","given":"Herbert A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schill, William Bane","contributorId":95970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schill","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"Bane","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Young, John A. 0000-0002-4500-3673 jyoung@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4500-3673","contributorId":3777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"John","email":"jyoung@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":80989,"text":"ofr20071356 - 2008 - Near-shore and off-shore habitat use by endangered juvenile Lost River and Shortnose Suckers in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon: 2006 data summary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-11T15:54:52","indexId":"ofr20071356","displayToPublicDate":"2008-03-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1356","title":"Near-shore and off-shore habitat use by endangered juvenile Lost River and Shortnose Suckers in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon: 2006 data summary","docAbstract":"

Lost River suckers Deltistes luxatus and shortnose suckers Chasmistes brevirostris , listed as endangered in 1988 under the Endangered Species Act, have shown infrequent recruitment into adult populations in Upper Klamath Lake (NRC 2004). In an effort to understand the causes behind and provide management solutions to apparent recruitment failure, a number of studies have been conducted including several on larval and juvenile sucker habitat use. Near-shore areas in Upper Klamath Lake with emergent vegetation, especially those near the mouth of the Williamson River, were identified as important habitat for larval suckers (Cooperman and Markle 2000; Reiser et al. 2001). Terwilliger et al. (2004) characterized primary age-0 sucker habitat as near-shore areas in the southern portion of Upper Klamath Lake with gravel and cobble substrates. Reiser et al. (2001) provided some evidence that juvenile suckers use habitats with emergent vegetation, but nothing concerning the extent or timing of use.

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The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) began investigating the importance of near-shore and off-shore habitats with and without emergent vegetation for juvenile suckers in 2000. We found substantial numbers of juvenile suckers using these habitats near the mouth of the Williamson River into late August (VanderKooi and Buelow 2003). The distribution and relative abundance of juvenile suckers showed high spatial variability throughout the summer for all species combined, Lost River suckers, and shortnose suckers (VanderKooi et al. 2006; Hendrixson et al. 2007a). Results from sampling near-shore areas in 2002 suggested juvenile sucker proximity to shoreline changes depending on the presence or absence of shoreline vegetation (VanderKooi et al. 2006), whereas in 2004 and 2005 results were equivocal (Hendrixson et al. 2007a, 2007b).

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Research by USGS of juvenile suckers in Upper Klamath Lake conducted since 2000 provides a valuable long-term data set which can be used to evaluate multi-year trends in juvenile sucker relative abundance and habitat use. Data on the relative abundance of juvenile suckers and their habitat use patterns will provide valuable information to guide restoration and management decisions in the Upper Klamath Basin. Information on juvenile sucker catch rates may also be valuable for evaluating year class success, estimating early life stage survival rates, and predicting upper bounds of future recruitment to adult spawning populations.

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We continued sampling juvenile suckers in 2006 as part of an effort to develop bioenergetics models for juvenile Lost River and shortnose suckers. This study required us to collect fish to determine growth rates and energy content of juvenile suckers. We followed the sampling protocols and methods described by Hendrixson et al. (2007b) to maintain continuity and facilitate comparisons with data collected in recent years, but sampled at a reduced level of effort compared to previous years (approximately one-third) due to limited funding. Here we present a summary of catch data collected in 2006. Bioenergetics models will be reported separately

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071356","usgsCitation":"Burdick, S.M., Wilkens, A.X., and VanderKooi, S., 2008, Near-shore and off-shore habitat use by endangered juvenile Lost River and Shortnose Suckers in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon: 2006 data summary: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1356, v, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071356.","productDescription":"v, 30 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190812,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20071356.PNG"},{"id":326418,"rank":101,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1356/pdf/ofr20071356.pdf","size":"297 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":10851,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1356/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Upper Klamath Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.13363647460938,\n 42.18375873465217\n ],\n [\n -122.13363647460938,\n 42.59151063198147\n ],\n [\n -121.74362182617188,\n 42.59151063198147\n ],\n [\n -121.74362182617188,\n 42.18375873465217\n ],\n [\n -122.13363647460938,\n 42.18375873465217\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db67201c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burdick, Summer M. 0000-0002-3480-5793 sburdick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3480-5793","contributorId":3448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burdick","given":"Summer","email":"sburdick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilkens, Alexander X.","contributorId":62688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilkens","given":"Alexander","email":"","middleInitial":"X.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"VanderKooi, Scott P.","contributorId":106584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"VanderKooi","given":"Scott P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":80991,"text":"ofr20081005 - 2008 - Geomorphic map of Worcester County, Maryland, interpreted from a LIDAR-based, digital elevation model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-07T19:24:37.232653","indexId":"ofr20081005","displayToPublicDate":"2008-03-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1005","title":"Geomorphic map of Worcester County, Maryland, interpreted from a LIDAR-based, digital elevation model","docAbstract":"

A recently compiled mosaic of a LIDAR-based digital elevation model (DEM) is presented with geomorphic analysis of new macro-topographic details. The geologic framework of the surficial and near surface late Cenozoic deposits of the central uplands, Pocomoke River valley, and the Atlantic Coast includes Cenozoic to recent sediments from fluvial, estuarine, and littoral depositional environments. Extensive Pleistocene (cold climate) sandy dune fields are deposited over much of the terraced landscape. The macro details from the LIDAR image reveal 2 meter-scale resolution of details of the shapes of individual dunes, and fields of translocated sand sheets. Most terrace surfaces are overprinted with circular to elliptical rimmed basins that represent complex histories of ephemeral ponds that were formed, drained, and overprinted by younger basins. The terrains of composite ephemeral ponds and the dune fields are inter-shingled at their margins indicating contemporaneous erosion, deposition, and re-arrangement and possible internal deformation of the surficial deposits. The aggregate of these landform details and their deposits are interpreted as the products of arid, cold climate processes that were common to the mid-Atlantic region during the Last Glacial Maximum.

In the Pocomoke valley and its larger tributaries, erosional remnants of sandy flood plains with anastomosing channels indicate the dynamics of former hydrology and sediment load of the watershed that prevailed at the end of the Pleistocene. As the climate warmed and precipitation increased during the transition from late Pleistocene to Holocene, dune fields were stabilized by vegetation, and the stream discharge increased. The increased discharge and greater local relief of streams graded to lower sea levels stimulated down cutting and created the deeply incised valleys out onto the continental shelf. These incised valleys have been filling with fluvial to intertidal deposits that record the rising sea level and warmer, more humid climate in the mid-Atlantic region throughout the Holocene. Thus, the geomorphic details provided by the new LIDAR DEM actually record the response of the landscape to abrupt climate change.

Holocene trends and land-use patterns from Colonial to modern times can also be interpreted from the local macro- scale details of the landscape. Beyond the obvious utility of these data for land-use planning and assessments of resources and hazards, the new map presents new details on the impact of climate changes on a mid-latitude, outer Coastal plain landscape.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081005","usgsCitation":"Newell, W., and Clark, I.E., 2008, Geomorphic map of Worcester County, Maryland, interpreted from a LIDAR-based, digital elevation model: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1005, Report: 34 p.; 2 Plates: 44.00 × 37.00 inches and 60.00 × 36.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081005.","productDescription":"Report: 34 p.; 2 Plates: 44.00 × 37.00 inches and 60.00 × 36.00 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190502,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10853,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1005/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":403214,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_83375.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","county":"Worcester County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.65048217773438,\n 38.01239425385966\n ],\n [\n -75.146484375,\n 38.01239425385966\n ],\n [\n -75.146484375,\n 38.28023506734758\n ],\n [\n -75.65048217773438,\n 38.28023506734758\n ],\n [\n -75.65048217773438,\n 38.01239425385966\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c558","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Newell, Wayne L.","contributorId":48538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newell","given":"Wayne L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, Inga E. 0000-0003-0084-0256 iclark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0084-0256","contributorId":3256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Inga","email":"iclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":80984,"text":"ofr20081009 - 2008 - Geologic and Geophysical Framework of the Santa Rosa 7.5' Quadrangle, Sonoma County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:51","indexId":"ofr20081009","displayToPublicDate":"2008-03-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1009","title":"Geologic and Geophysical Framework of the Santa Rosa 7.5' Quadrangle, Sonoma County, California","docAbstract":"The geologic and geophysical maps of Santa Rosa 7.5? quadrangle and accompanying structure sections portray the sedimentary and volcanic stratigraphy and crustal structure of the Santa Rosa 7.5? quadrangle and provide a context for interpreting the evolution of volcanism and active faulting in this region. The quadrangle is located in the California Coast Ranges north of San Francisco Bay and is traversed by the active Rodgers Creek, Healdsburg and Maacama Fault Zones. The geologic and geophysical data presented in this report, are substantial improvements over previous geologic and geophysical maps of the Santa Rosa area, allowing us to address important geologic issues. First, the geologic mapping is integrated with gravity and magnetic data, allowing us to depict the thicknesses of Cenozoic deposits, the depth and configuration of the Mesozoic basement surface, and the geometry of fault structures beneath this region to depths of several kilometers. This information has important implications for constraining the geometries of major active faults and for understanding and predicting the distribution and intensity of damage from ground shaking during earthquakes. Secondly, the geologic map and the accompanying description of the area describe in detail the distribution, geometry and complexity of faulting associated with the Rodgers Creek, Healdsburg and Bennett Valley Fault Zones and associated faults in the Santa Rosa quadrangle. The timing of fault movements is constrained by new 40Ar/39Ar ages and tephrochronologic correlations. These new data provide a better understanding of the stratigraphy of the extensive sedimentary and volcanic cover in the area and, in particular, clarify the formational affinities of Pliocene and Pleistocene nonmarine sedimentary units in the map area. Thirdly, the geophysics, particularly gravity data, indicate the locations of thick sections of sedimentary and volcanic fill within ground water basins of the Santa Rosa plain and Rincon, Bennett, and northwestern Sonoma Valleys, providing geohydrologists a more realistic framework for groundwater flow models.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081009","usgsCitation":"McLaughlin, R.J., Langenheim, V., Sarna-Wojcicki, A., Fleck, R., McPhee, D., Roberts, C.W., McCabe, C., and Wan, E., 2008, Geologic and Geophysical Framework of the Santa Rosa 7.5' Quadrangle, Sonoma County, California (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1009, Report: iv, 51 p.; 3 Sheets: each 54 x 36 inches; Data Files, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081009.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 51 p.; 3 Sheets: each 54 x 36 inches; Data Files","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":647,"text":"Western Earth Surface Processes","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193359,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10845,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1009/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"24000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.75,38.25 ], [ -122.75,38.5 ], [ -122.5,38.5 ], [ -122.5,38.25 ], [ -122.75,38.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a639d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McLaughlin, R. J. 0000-0002-4390-2288","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4390-2288","contributorId":107271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLaughlin","given":"R.","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Langenheim, V.E. 0000-0003-2170-5213","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2170-5213","contributorId":54956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langenheim","given":"V.E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":294050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sarna-Wojcicki, A.M. 0000-0002-0244-9149","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0244-9149","contributorId":104022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sarna-Wojcicki","given":"A.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fleck, R.J.","contributorId":25147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleck","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McPhee, D.K.","contributorId":96775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McPhee","given":"D.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Roberts, C. W.","contributorId":61816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"McCabe, C.A.","contributorId":88037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabe","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Wan, Elmira 0000-0002-9255-112X ewan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9255-112X","contributorId":3434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wan","given":"Elmira","email":"ewan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70193774,"text":"70193774 - 2008 - Implications of rate-limited mass transfer for aquifer storage and recovery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-21T11:41:43","indexId":"70193774","displayToPublicDate":"2008-03-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Implications of rate-limited mass transfer for aquifer storage and recovery","docAbstract":"

Pressure to decrease reliance on surface water storage has led to increased interest in aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) systems. Recovery efficiency, which is the ratio of the volume of recovered water that meets a predefined standard to total volume of injected fluid, is a common criterion of ASR viability. Recovery efficiency can be degraded by a number of physical and geochemical processes, including rate-limited mass transfer (RLMT), which describes the exchange of solutes between mobile and immobile pore fluids. RLMT may control transport behavior that cannot be explained by advection and dispersion. We present data from a pilot-scale ASR study in Charleston, South Carolina, and develop a three-dimensional finite-difference model to evaluate the impact of RLMT processes on ASR efficiency. The modeling shows that RLMT can explain a rebound in salinity during fresh water storage in a brackish aquifer. Multicycle model results show low efficiencies over one to three ASR cycles due to RLMT degrading water quality during storage; efficiencies can evolve and improve markedly, however, over multiple cycles, even exceeding efficiencies generated by advection-dispersion only models. For an idealized ASR model where RLMT is active, our simulations show a discrete range of diffusive length scales over which the viability of ASR schemes in brackish aquifers would be hindered.

","language":"English","publisher":"John Wiley & Sons, Inc.","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2008.00435.x","usgsCitation":"Culkin, S.L., Singha, K., and Day-Lewis, F.D., 2008, Implications of rate-limited mass transfer for aquifer storage and recovery: Groundwater, v. 46, no. 4, p. 591-605, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2008.00435.x.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"591","endPage":"605","ipdsId":"IP-003165","costCenters":[{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476617,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2008.00435.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":348495,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"46","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":11,"text":"Pembroke PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-07-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a0425f3e4b0dc0b45b4570a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Culkin, Sean L.","contributorId":199913,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Culkin","given":"Sean","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":13035,"text":"Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":720348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Singha, Kamini ","contributorId":199833,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Singha","given":"Kamini ","affiliations":[{"id":13035,"text":"Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":720347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Day-Lewis, Frederick D. 0000-0003-3526-886X daylewis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3526-886X","contributorId":1672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day-Lewis","given":"Frederick","email":"daylewis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":721387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70179558,"text":"70179558 - 2008 - Spatially explicit decision support for selecting translocation areas for Mojave desert tortoises","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-04T13:34:33","indexId":"70179558","displayToPublicDate":"2008-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1006,"text":"Biodiversity and Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatially explicit decision support for selecting translocation areas for Mojave desert tortoises","docAbstract":"

Spatially explicit decision support systems are assuming an increasing role in natural resource and conservation management. In order for these systems to be successful, however, they must address real-world management problems with input from both the scientific and management communities. The National Training Center at Fort Irwin, California, has expanded its training area, encroaching U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service critical habitat set aside for the Mojave desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii), a federally threatened species. Of all the mitigation measures proposed to offset expansion, the most challenging to implement was the selection of areas most feasible for tortoise translocation. We developed an objective, open, scientifically defensible spatially explicit decision support system to evaluate translocation potential within the Western Mojave Recovery Unit for tortoise populations under imminent threat from military expansion. Using up to a total of 10 biological, anthropogenic, and/or logistical criteria, seven alternative translocation scenarios were developed. The final translocation model was a consensus model between the seven scenarios. Within the final model, six potential translocation areas were identified.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10531-007-9282-3","usgsCitation":"Heaton, J.S., Nussear, K.E., Esque, T., Inman, R.D., Davenport, F., Leuteritz, T.E., Medica, P.A., Strout, N.W., Burgess, P.A., and Benvenuti, L., 2008, Spatially explicit decision support for selecting translocation areas for Mojave desert tortoises: Biodiversity and Conservation, v. 17, no. 3, p. 575-590, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-007-9282-3.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"575","endPage":"590","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476618,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-007-9282-3","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":332886,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"586e182fe4b0f5ce109fcb1d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heaton, Jill S.","contributorId":175155,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heaton","given":"Jill","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nussear, Kenneth E. knussear@usgs.gov","contributorId":2695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nussear","given":"Kenneth","email":"knussear@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":657723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Esque, Todd C. tesque@usgs.gov","contributorId":138964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esque","given":"Todd C.","email":"tesque@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":657724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Inman, Richard D. rdinman@usgs.gov","contributorId":3316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Inman","given":"Richard","email":"rdinman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":657725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Davenport, Frank","contributorId":145816,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Davenport","given":"Frank","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7168,"text":"UCSB","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":657726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Leuteritz, Thomas E.","contributorId":177992,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Leuteritz","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Medica, Philip A.","contributorId":55780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Medica","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Strout, Nathan W.","contributorId":177993,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Strout","given":"Nathan","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Burgess, Paul A.","contributorId":177994,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burgess","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Benvenuti, Lisa","contributorId":177995,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Benvenuti","given":"Lisa","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":80962,"text":"sir20075216 - 2008 - Estimating Water Fluxes Across the Sediment-Water Interface in the Lower Merced River, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:47","indexId":"sir20075216","displayToPublicDate":"2008-02-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5216","title":"Estimating Water Fluxes Across the Sediment-Water Interface in the Lower Merced River, California","docAbstract":"The lower Merced River Basin was chosen by the U.S. Geological Survey?s (USGS) National Water Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA) to be included in a national study on how hydrological processes and agricultural practices interact to affect the transport and fate of agricultural chemicals. As part of this effort, surface-water?ground-water (sw?gw) interactions were studied in an instrumented 100-m reach on the lower Merced River. This study focused on estimating vertical rates of exchange across the sediment?water interface by direct measurement using seepage meters and by using temperature as a tracer coupled with numerical modeling. Temperature loggers and pressure transducers were placed in monitoring wells within the streambed and in the river to continuously monitor temperature and hydraulic head every 15 minutes from March 2004 to October 2005. One-dimensional modeling of heat and water flow was used to interpret the temperature and head observations and deduce the sw?gw fluxes using the USGS numerical model, VS2DH, which simulates variably saturated water flow and solves the energy transport equation. Results of the modeling effort indicate that the Merced River at the study reach is generally a slightly gaining stream with small head differences (cm) between the surface water and ground water, with flow reversals occurring during high streamflow events. The average vertical flux across the sediment?water interface was 0.4?2.2 cm/day, and the range of hydraulic conductivities was 1?10 m/day. Seepage meters generally failed to provide accurate data in this high-energy system because of slow seepage rates and a moving streambed resulting in scour or burial of the seepage meters. Estimates of streambed hydraulic conductivity were also made using grain-size analysis and slug tests. Estimated hydraulic conductivity for the upstream transect determined using slug tests ranged from 40 to 250 m/day, whereas the downstream transect ranged from 10 to 100 m/day. The range in variability was a result of position along each transect. A relative percent difference was used to describe the variability in estimates of hydraulic conductivity by grain-size analysis and slug test. Variability in applied methods at the upstream transect ranged from 0 to 9 percent, whereas the downstream transect showed greater variability, with a range of 80 to 133 percent.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20075216","usgsCitation":"Zamora, C., 2008, Estimating Water Fluxes Across the Sediment-Water Interface in the Lower Merced River, California: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5216, x, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075216.","productDescription":"x, 48 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195379,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10824,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5216/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -121,37.333333333333336 ], [ -121,37.68333333333333 ], [ -120.25,37.68333333333333 ], [ -120.25,37.333333333333336 ], [ -121,37.333333333333336 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db686588","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zamora, Celia 0000-0003-1456-4360 czamora@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1456-4360","contributorId":1514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zamora","given":"Celia","email":"czamora@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":293980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":80969,"text":"sim3003 - 2008 - Potentiometric Surface of the Ozark Aquifer near Springfield, Missouri, 2006-07","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:48","indexId":"sim3003","displayToPublicDate":"2008-02-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3003","title":"Potentiometric Surface of the Ozark Aquifer near Springfield, Missouri, 2006-07","docAbstract":"INTRODUCTION\r\n\r\nA study of the water resources of the Springfield, Missouri, area in the 1970s determined that a cone of depression, formed by ground-water pumping, had developed in the Ozark aquifer beneath the city (Emmett and others, 1978). Continued ground-water usage in the 1970s and 1980s caused concern that ground-water resources would not be sufficient to meet the future needs of Springfield, Missouri, during periods of drought. As a result, a ground-water flow model of the Springfield area was developed by the U. S. Geological Survey (USGS) to assess the future role of ground water as a water source for the area (Imes, 1989). Results of the USGS model led to a decision by the City Utilities of Springfield to primarily rely on surface water from Stockton Lake as a source of city drinking water. Municipal and industrial ground-water usage continues in Springfield, but at lower rates than previously experienced (Jim Vandike, Missouri Department of Natural Resources, written commun., 2007).\r\n\r\nRapid growth in the area has caused commercial, industrial, and domestic water use to increase. Population growth has been especially rapid in Nixa, Ozark, and Republic, and water use in the vicinity of these cities has grown an estimated 39 percent since 1990 (Dintelmann and others, 2006). Unlike Springfield, ground water is the primary source of water for these cities. The increased stress on the Ozark aquifer, the primary aquifer in the study area, has raised new concerns about possible further water-level declines in the areas of increased ground-water use. Although there continues to be new development in the Ozark aquifer, since 1987 no new water-supply wells that produce water from the Springfield Plateau aquifer have been allowed to be constructed in most of Greene and northern Christian counties (Jim Vandike, Missouri Department of Natural Resources, written commun., 2007). There is concern that if the potentiometric surface of the Ozark aquifer continues to decline, increased leakage of contaminants into the Ozark aquifer from the overlying Springfield Plateau aquifer could occur (Jim Vandike, Missouri Department of Natural Resources, written commun., 2007). To address this concern, the USGS, in cooperation with Greene County, Missouri, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and the Missouri Department of Natural Resources, constructed a map of the potentiometric surface of the Ozark aquifer for 2006?2007. The map can be compared to previously constructed potentiometric-surface maps by Emmett and others (1978) and Imes (1989) to evaluate changes in ground-water flow directions, but the comparison is beyond the scope of this report.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sim3003","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Greene County, Missouri, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and the Missouri Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Richards, J.M., and Mugel, D.N., 2008, Potentiometric Surface of the Ozark Aquifer near Springfield, Missouri, 2006-07: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3003, Map Sheet: 18 x 24 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3003.","productDescription":"Map Sheet: 18 x 24 inches","temporalStart":"2006-01-01","temporalEnd":"2007-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":110766,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_83329.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"83329"},{"id":10829,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3003/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":195075,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -93.83333333333333,36.75 ], [ -93.83333333333333,37.583333333333336 ], [ -92.66666666666667,37.583333333333336 ], [ -92.66666666666667,36.75 ], [ -93.83333333333333,36.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bfab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Richards, Joseph M. 0000-0002-9822-2706 richards@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9822-2706","contributorId":2370,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richards","given":"Joseph","email":"richards@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":293997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mugel, Douglas N. dmugel@usgs.gov","contributorId":290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mugel","given":"Douglas","email":"dmugel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":293996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":80953,"text":"tm6D1 - 2008 - GSFLOW - Coupled Ground-Water and Surface-Water Flow Model Based on the Integration of the Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) and the Modular Ground-Water Flow Model (MODFLOW-2005)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:25","indexId":"tm6D1","displayToPublicDate":"2008-02-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"6-D1","title":"GSFLOW - Coupled Ground-Water and Surface-Water Flow Model Based on the Integration of the Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) and the Modular Ground-Water Flow Model (MODFLOW-2005)","docAbstract":"The need to assess the effects of variability in climate, biota, geology, and human activities on water availability and flow requires the development of models that couple two or more components of the hydrologic cycle. An integrated hydrologic model called GSFLOW (Ground-water and Surface-water FLOW) was developed to simulate coupled ground-water and surface-water resources. The new model is based on the integration of the U.S. Geological Survey Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) and the U.S. Geological Survey Modular Ground-Water Flow Model (MODFLOW). Additional model components were developed, and existing components were modified, to facilitate integration of the models. Methods were developed to route flow among the PRMS Hydrologic Response Units (HRUs) and between the HRUs and the MODFLOW finite-difference cells. This report describes the organization, concepts, design, and mathematical formulation of all GSFLOW model components. An important aspect of the integrated model design is its ability to conserve water mass and to provide comprehensive water budgets for a location of interest. This report includes descriptions of how water budgets are calculated for the integrated model and for individual model components. GSFLOW provides a robust modeling system for simulating flow through the hydrologic cycle, while allowing for future enhancements to incorporate other simulation techniques.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chapter 1 of Section D, Ground-Water/Surface-Water of Book 6, Modeling Techniques","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/tm6D1","usgsCitation":"Markstrom, S., Niswonger, R., Regan, R.S., Prudic, D.E., and Barlow, P.M., 2008, GSFLOW - Coupled Ground-Water and Surface-Water Flow Model Based on the Integration of the Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) and the Modular Ground-Water Flow Model (MODFLOW-2005): U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6-D1, x, 240 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tm6D1.","productDescription":"x, 240 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":438855,"rank":101,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9UY8G6L","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Version 2.3.0 of Coupled Ground-Water and Surface-Water Flow Model Based on the Integration of the Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) and the Modular Ground-Water Flow Model"},{"id":438854,"rank":101,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9D8AFBT","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"GSFLOW: Coupled Groundwater and Surface-Water Flow Model, version 2.2.0"},{"id":125731,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tm_6_d1.png"},{"id":10811,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/tm6d1/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b166d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Markstrom, Steven L. 0000-0001-7630-9547 markstro@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7630-9547","contributorId":1986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markstrom","given":"Steven L.","email":"markstro@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":293947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Niswonger, Richard G.","contributorId":45402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niswonger","given":"Richard G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":293949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Regan, R. Steven 0000-0003-4803-8596","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4803-8596","contributorId":87237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Regan","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Steven","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":293950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Prudic, David E. deprudic@usgs.gov","contributorId":3430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prudic","given":"David","email":"deprudic@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":293948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Barlow, Paul M. 0000-0003-4247-6456 pbarlow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4247-6456","contributorId":1200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barlow","given":"Paul","email":"pbarlow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":293946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70208631,"text":"70208631 - 2008 - Understanding the ecology of disease in Great Lakes fish populations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-24T06:12:17","indexId":"70208631","displayToPublicDate":"2008-02-21T11:06:47","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":865,"text":"Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Understanding the ecology of disease in Great Lakes fish populations","docAbstract":"

Disease may be an important factor affecting wild fish population dynamics in the Great Lakes, but a lack of information on the ecology of fish disease currently precludes the prediction of risks to fish populations. Here we propose a conceptual framework for conducting ecologically-oriented fish health research that addresses the inter-relationships among fish health, fish populations, and ecosystem dysfunction in the Great Lakes. The conceptual framework describes potential ways in which disease processes and the population-level impacts of disease may relate to ecosystem function, and suggests that functional ecosystems are more likely to be resilient with respect to disease events than dysfunctional ecosystems. We suggest that ecosystem- or population-level research on the ecology of fish disease is necessary to understand the relationships between ecosystem function and fish health, and to improve prediction of population-level effects of diseases on wild fish populations in the Great Lakes. Examples of how the framework can be used to generate research questions are provided using three disease models of current interest in the Great Lakes: thiamine deficiency complex, botulism, and bacterial kidney disease.

","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor and Francis","doi":"10.1080/14634980802301638","usgsCitation":"Riley, S., Munkittrick, K., Evans, A.N., and Krueger, C.C., 2008, Understanding the ecology of disease in Great Lakes fish populations: Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management, v. 11, no. 3, p. 321-334, https://doi.org/10.1080/14634980802301638.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"321","endPage":"334","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":372506,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States, Canada","otherGeospatial":"Great Lakes","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.59277343749999,\n 46.46813299215554\n ],\n [\n -89.6484375,\n 45.398449976304086\n ],\n [\n -87.5390625,\n 41.11246878918088\n ],\n [\n -81.9580078125,\n 41.178653972331674\n ],\n [\n -78.0908203125,\n 42.35854391749705\n ],\n [\n -75.9814453125,\n 43.100982876188525\n ],\n [\n -75.89355468749999,\n 44.33956524809713\n ],\n [\n -78.75,\n 45.644768217751924\n ],\n [\n -86.3525390625,\n 49.23912083246698\n ],\n [\n -91.669921875,\n 48.019324184801185\n ],\n [\n -92.59277343749999,\n 46.46813299215554\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"11","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Riley, Stephen 0000-0002-8968-8416 sriley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8968-8416","contributorId":169479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riley","given":"Stephen","email":"sriley@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":782826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Munkittrick, K.R.","contributorId":82540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Munkittrick","given":"K.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":782827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Evans, Allison N.","contributorId":208497,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Evans","given":"Allison","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":37809,"text":"Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, 2820 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":782828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Krueger, Charles C.","contributorId":169487,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Krueger","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":6601,"text":"Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":782829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}