{"pageNumber":"903","pageRowStart":"22550","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40797,"records":[{"id":70047364,"text":"pp175014 - 2008 - Constraints and conundrums resulting from ground-deformation measurements made during the 2004-2005 dome-building eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-31T10:59:55","indexId":"pp175014","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T16:03:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1750-14","displayTitle":"Constraints and conundrums resulting from ground-deformation measurements made during the 2004-2005 dome-building eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington: Chapter 14 in <i>A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006</i>","title":"Constraints and conundrums resulting from ground-deformation measurements made during the 2004-2005 dome-building eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington","docAbstract":"A prolonged period of dome growth at Mount St. Helens \nstarting in September-October 2004 provides an opportunity \nto study how the volcano deforms before, during, and after an \neruption by using modern instruments and techniques, such as \nglobal positioning system (GPS) receivers and interferometric \nsynthetic aperture radar (InSAR), together with more traditional ones, including tiltmeters, triangulation, photogrammetry, and time-lapse photography. No precursory ground \ndeformation was detected by campaign GPS measurements \nmade in 2000 and 2003, nor by a continuous GPS station \n(JRO1) operating ~9 km to the north-northwest of the vent \narea since May 1997. However, JRO1 abruptly began moving downward and southward, toward a source centered about \n8 km beneath the volcano, concurrently with the start of a \nshallow earthquake swarm on September 23, 2004. The JRO1 \nvelocity slowed from ~0.5 millimeters per day (mm/d) in late \nSeptember–early October 2004 until spring 2005. Thereafter, \nit was essentially constant at ~0.04 mm/d through December \n2005. In similar fashion, the growth rate of the welt on the \nsouth crater floor slowed from 8.9 m<sup>3</sup>/s during October 4–11 \nto 6.4 m<sup>3</sup>/s during October 11-13, 2004; this trend continued \nafter emergence of the first lava spine on October 11. The \nvolumetric extrusion rate decreased from 5.9 m<sup>3</sup>/s during \nOctober 13-November 4, 2004, to 2.5 m<sup>3</sup>/s during December \n11, 2004-January 3, 2005, and for the remainder of 2005, it \nwas in the range 2.0-0.7 m<sup>3</sup>/s. Fifteen continuous GPS stations, installed soon after the eruption began, showed radially \ninward and downward ground motions through December \n2005. Likewise, InSAR observations spanning the first year of the eruption indicate broad subsidence centered near the vent. \nModel-derived estimates of source-volume decrease from \nSeptember 23, 2004, to October 31, 2006, are 16-24×10<sup>6</sup> m<sup>3</sup>, \nsubstantially less than the volume erupted during the same \nperiod (87×10<sup>6</sup> m<sup>3</sup>\n through October 21, 2006). The discrepancy can be explained by a combination of magma expansion \nand recharge in the source region.\nLack of precursory deformation at JRO1 suggests that \nthe conduit is poorly coupled to the rest of the edifice, so the \nrising magma column was able to push ahead older conduit material rather than intruding it. Constraints on conduit \nlength and radius require that reservoir magma (as opposed \nto conduit-filling magma) reached the surface early during \nthe eruption, probably soon after CO<sub>2</sub>\n emission rates peaked \nin early October 2004. If rapid emergence of spine 3 (the first \nwhaleback-shaped extrusion) in late October 2004 marked \nthe arrival of reservoir magma, then the volume of conduit \nmaterial flushed from the system was about 20×10<sup>6</sup> m<sup>3</sup>\n--the \nvolume of surface deformation plus spines on November 4, \n2004. The corresponding radius for a cylinder extending from \nthe surface to depth d = 5 km is 35.7 m, or 28.2 m for d = 8 \nkm. The average ascent rate through the conduit, assuming \nreservoir magma began its rise on September 23, 2004, was \n120 m/d for d = 5 km, or 190 m/d for d = 8 km. Observed lineal extrusion rates were 2-10 m/d, so the conduit must widen \nconsiderably near the surface. Equating magma flux through \nthe conduit to that at the surface, we obtain a vent radius of \n125 m and an extrusion rate of 5.7 m<sup>3</sup>/s--both values representative of the early part of the eruption.\nLack of precursory inflation suggests that the volcano was poised to erupt magma already stored in a crustal \nreservoir when JRO1 was installed in 1997. Trilateration \nand campaign GPS data indicate surface dilatation, presumably caused by reservoir expansion between 1982 and 1991, \nbut no measurable deformation between 1991 and 2003. We \nconclude that all three of the traditionally reliable eruption precursors (seismicity, ground deformation, and volcanic \ngas emission) failed to provide warning that an eruption was \nimminent until a few days before a visible welt appeared at \nthe surface--a situation reminiscent of the 1980 north-flank \nbulge at Mount St. Helens.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006 (Professional Paper 1750)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp175014","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 14 in <i>A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006</i>.  For more information, see: <a href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/\" target=\"_blank\">Professional Paper 1750</a>","usgsCitation":"Dzurisin, D., Lisowski, M., Poland, M., Sherrod, D.R., and LaHusen, R.G., 2008, Constraints and conundrums resulting from ground-deformation measurements made during the 2004-2005 dome-building eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1750-14, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp175014.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"281","endPage":"300","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":275900,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp175014.jpg"},{"id":275898,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/"},{"id":275899,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/chapters/pp2008-1750_chapter14.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.238678,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.161175 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51fbca6fe4b04b00e3d88f8d","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sherrod, David R. 0000-0001-9460-0434 dsherrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9460-0434","contributorId":527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"David","email":"dsherrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509479,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, William E. 0000-0001-8156-979X wescott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8156-979X","contributorId":1725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"William","email":"wescott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509481,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stauffer, Peter H. pstauffe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"Peter","email":"pstauffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":509480,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Dzurisin, Daniel 0000-0002-0138-5067 dzurisin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0138-5067","contributorId":538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dzurisin","given":"Daniel","email":"dzurisin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lisowski, Michael 0000-0003-4818-2504 mlisowski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4818-2504","contributorId":637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"Michael","email":"mlisowski@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Poland, Michael P. 0000-0001-5240-6123 mpoland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5240-6123","contributorId":635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poland","given":"Michael P.","email":"mpoland@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":481842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sherrod, David R. 0000-0001-9460-0434 dsherrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9460-0434","contributorId":527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"David","email":"dsherrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"LaHusen, Richard G.","contributorId":60205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaHusen","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70047426,"text":"pp175035 - 2008 - Trace element and Pb isotope composition of plagioclase from dome samples from the 2004-2005 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-31T10:48:01","indexId":"pp175035","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T15:42:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1750-35","displayTitle":"Trace element and Pb isotope composition of plagioclase from dome samples from the 2004-2005 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington: Chapter 35 in <i>A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006</i>","title":"Trace element and Pb isotope composition of plagioclase from dome samples from the 2004-2005 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington","docAbstract":"We report the results of in-situ laser ablation ICP–MS \nanalyses of anorthite content, trace-element (Li, Ti, Sr, Ba, La, \nPr, Ce, Nd, Eu, Pb) concentrations, and Pb-isotope compositions \nin plagioclase from eight dome-dacite samples collected from \nthe 2004-5 eruption of Mount St. Helens and, for comparison, \nfrom three dome samples from 1981-85. For 2004-5 samples, \nplagioclase phenocrysts range in composition from An<sub>30</sub> to \nAn<sub>80</sub>, with the majority An<sub>42</sub>-An<sub>65</sub>. With the exception of Li, the \nrange of trace-element abundances in plagioclase phenocrysts is \nlargely constant in material erupted between October 2004 and \nApril 2005 and is broadly consistent with the 1983-85 dome \nsamples. Anomalously high Li contents in the early stage of the \neruption are thought to reflect addition of Li to the upper part \nof the magma chamber immediately before eruption (within \n~1 year) by transfer of an alkali-enriched, exsolved vapor from \ndeep within the magma chamber. Other trace elements show \nsignificant correlations (at >99 percent confidence limits) with \nanorthite content in plagioclase phenocrysts--Ba, light rareearth elements (LREE), and Pb show positive correlations, \nwhereas Ti and Sr correlate negatively. Variations in plagioclase-melt partitioning as a function of anorthite content cannot \nexplain trace-element variations--in particular predicting \ntrends for Ti and Sr opposite to those observed. A simple model \ninvolving closed-system fractional crystallization of plagioclase \n+ hypersthene + amphibole + oxides largely reproduces the \nobserved trends. The model requires no gain or loss of plagioclase and is consistent with the lack of europium anomalies \nin bulk dacite samples. Analytical traverses within individual \nplagioclase phenocrysts support this model but also point to a \ndiversity of melt compositions present within the magma storage zone in which plagioclase crystallized.\nPlagioclase crystals from gabbronorite inclusions in three \ndacite samples have markedly different trace-element and Pbisotope compositions from those of plagioclase phenocrysts, \ndespite having a similar range of anorthite contents. Inclusions show some systematic differences from each other but \ntypically have higher Ti, Ba, LREE, and Pb and lower Sr and \nhave lower <sup>208</sup>Pb/<sup>206</sup>Pb and <sup>207</sup>Pb/<sup>206</sup>Pb ratios than coexisting \nplagioclase phenocrysts. The compositions of plagioclase from \ninclusions cannot be related to phenocryst compositions by \nany reasonable petrologic model. From this we suggest that \nthey are unlikely to represent magmatic cumulates or restite \ninclusions but instead are samples of mafic Tertiary basement \nfrom beneath the volcano.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006 (Professional Paper 1750)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp175035","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 35 in <i>A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006</i>.  For more information, see: <a href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/\" target=\"_blank\">Professional Paper 1750</a>","usgsCitation":"Kent, A., Rowe, M.C., Thornber, C.R., and Pallister, J.S., 2008, Trace element and Pb isotope composition of plagioclase from dome samples from the 2004-2005 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1750-35, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp175035.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"809","endPage":"826","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":276074,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/chapters/pp2008-1750_chapter35.pdf"},{"id":276072,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/"},{"id":276075,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp175035.png"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.238678,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.161175 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5200c96be4b009d47a4c23fe","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sherrod, David R. 0000-0001-9460-0434 dsherrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9460-0434","contributorId":527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"David","email":"dsherrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509542,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, William E. 0000-0001-8156-979X wescott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8156-979X","contributorId":1725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"William","email":"wescott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509544,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stauffer, Peter H. pstauffe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"Peter","email":"pstauffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":509543,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Kent, Adam J. R.","contributorId":99842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kent","given":"Adam J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rowe, Michael C.","contributorId":79191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowe","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thornber, Carl R. cthornber@usgs.gov","contributorId":2016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thornber","given":"Carl","email":"cthornber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":482013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pallister, John S. 0000-0002-2041-2147 jpallist@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2041-2147","contributorId":2024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pallister","given":"John","email":"jpallist@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":482014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70047393,"text":"pp175021 - 2008 - Dynamics of seismogenic volcanic extrusion resisted by a solid surface plug, Mount St. Helens, 2004-2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-03T08:54:55","indexId":"pp175021","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T15:03:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1750-21","displayTitle":"Dynamics of seismogenic volcanic extrusion resisted by a solid surface plug, Mount St. Helens, 2004-2005: Chapter 21 in <i>A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006</i>","title":"Dynamics of seismogenic volcanic extrusion resisted by a solid surface plug, Mount St. Helens, 2004-2005","docAbstract":"The 2004-5 eruption of Mount St. Helens exhibited \nsustained, near-equilibrium behavior characterized by nearly \nsteady extrusion of a solid dacite plug and nearly periodic \noccurrence of shallow earthquakes. Diverse data support the \nhypothesis that these earthquakes resulted from stick-slip \nmotion along the margins of the plug as it was forced incrementally upward by ascending, solidifying, gas-poor magma. \nI formalize this hypothesis with a mathematical model derived \nby assuming that magma enters the base of the eruption \nconduit at a steady rate, invoking conservation of mass and \nmomentum of the magma and plug, and postulating simple \nconstitutive equations that describe magma and conduit compressibilities and friction along the plug margins. Reduction \nof the model equations reveals a strong mathematical analogy \nbetween the dynamics of the magma-plug system and those of \na variably damped oscillator. Oscillations in extrusion velocity \nresult from the interaction of plug inertia, a variable upward \nforce due to magma pressure, and a downward force due to \nthe plug weight. Damping of oscillations depends mostly \non plug-boundary friction, and oscillations grow unstably if \nfriction exhibits rate weakening similar to that observed in \nexperiments. When growth of oscillations causes the extrusion \nrate to reach zero, however, gravity causes friction to reverse \ndirection, and this reversal instigates a transition from unstable \noscillations to self-regulating stick-slip cycles. The transition \noccurs irrespective of the details of rate-weakening behavior, \nand repetitive stick-slip cycles are, therefore, robust features of \nthe system’s dynamics. The presence of a highly compressible \nelastic driving element (that is, magma containing bubbles) \nappears crucial for enabling seismogenic slip events to occur \nrepeatedly at the shallow earthquake focal depths (<1 km) \nobserved during the 2004-5 eruption. Computations show that fluctuations in magma pressure accompanying such slip events \nare <3 kPa, indicating that deviations from mechanical equilibrium are slight and that coseismic force drops are <10<sup>8</sup>\n N. \nThese results imply that the system’s self-regulating behavior \nis not susceptible to dramatic change--provided that the rate \nof magma ascent remains similar to the rate of magma accretion at the base of the plug, that plug surface erosion more or \nless compensates for mass gain due to basal accretion, and that \nmagma and rock properties do not change significantly. Even \nif disequilibrium initial conditions are imposed, the dynamics \nof the magma-plug system are strongly attracted to self-regulating stick-slip cycles, although this self-regulating behavior \ncan be bypassed on the way to runaway behavior if the initial \nstate is too far from equilibrium.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006 (Professional Paper 1750)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp175021","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 21 in <i>A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006</i>.  For more information, see: <a href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/\" target=\"_blank\">Professional Paper 1750</a>","usgsCitation":"Iverson, R.M., 2008, Dynamics of seismogenic volcanic extrusion resisted by a solid surface plug, Mount St. Helens, 2004-2005: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1750-21, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp175021.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"425","endPage":"460","numberOfPages":"36","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":275981,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp175021.jpg"},{"id":275979,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/"},{"id":275980,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/chapters/pp2008-1750_chapter21.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.238678,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.161175 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51fcd4e0e4b0296e5a4b5c19","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sherrod, David R. 0000-0001-9460-0434 dsherrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9460-0434","contributorId":527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"David","email":"dsherrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509500,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, William E. 0000-0001-8156-979X wescott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8156-979X","contributorId":1725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"William","email":"wescott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509502,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stauffer, Peter H. pstauffe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"Peter","email":"pstauffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":509501,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Iverson, Richard M. 0000-0002-7369-3819 riverson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7369-3819","contributorId":536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"Richard","email":"riverson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70047423,"text":"pp175033 - 2008 - Evolving magma storage conditions beneath Mount St. Helens inferred from chemical variations in melt inclusions from the 1980-1986 and current (2004-2006) eruptions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-03T08:55:54","indexId":"pp175033","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T14:49:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1750-33","displayTitle":"Evolving magma storage conditions beneath Mount St. Helens inferred from chemical variations in melt inclusions from the 1980-1986 and current (2004-2006) eruptions: Chapter 33 in A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006","title":"Evolving magma storage conditions beneath Mount St. Helens inferred from chemical variations in melt inclusions from the 1980-1986 and current (2004-2006) eruptions","docAbstract":"Major element, trace element, and volatile concentrations in 187 glassy melt inclusions and 25 groundmass glasses from the 1980-86 eruption of Mount St. Helens are presented, together with 103 analyses of touching FE-Ti oxide pairs from the same samples.  These data are used to evaluate the temporal evolution of the magmatic plumbing system beneath the volcano during 1980-86 and so provide a framework in which to interpret analyses of melt inclusions from the current (2004-2006) eruption.\n\nMajor and trace element concentrations of all melt inclusions lie at the high SiO<sub>2</sub> end of the data array defined by eruptive products of the late Quaternary age from Mount St. Helens.  For several major and trace elements, the glasses define a trend that is oblique to the whole-rock trend, indicating that different mineral assemblages were responsible for the two trends.  The whole-rock trend can be ascribed to differentiation of hydrous basaltic parents in a deep-seated magma reservoir, probably at depths great enough to stabilize garnet.  In contrast, the glass trends were generated by closed-system crystallization of the phenocryst and microlite mineral assemblages at low pressures.\n\nThe dissolved H<sub>2</sub>O content of the melt inclusions from 1980-86, as measured by the ion microprobe, ranges from 0 to 6.7 wt. percent, with the highest values obtained from the plinian phase of May 18, 1980.  Water contents decrease with increasing SiO<sub>2</sub>, consistent with decompression-driven crystallization.  Preliminary data for dissolved CO<sub>2</sub> in melt inclusions from the May 18 plinian phase from August 7, 1980, indicate that X<sub>H<sub>2</sub>O</sub> in a vapor phase was approximately constant at 0.80, irrespective of H<sub>2</sub>O content, suggestive of closed-system degassing with a high bubble fraction or gas streaming through the subvolcanic system.  Temperature and f\n<sub>O<sub>2</sub></sub>\n estimates \nfor touching Fe-Ti oxides show evidence for heating during \ncrystallization owing to release of latent heat. Consequently, \nmagmas with the highest microlite crystallinities record the \nhighest temperatures. Magmas also become progressively \nreduced during ascent and degassing, probably as a result of \nredox equilibria between exsolving S-bearing gases and magmas. The lowest temperature oxides have f\n<sub>O<sub>2</sub></sub>\n&asymp; NNO, similar \nto high-temperature fumarole gases from the volcano. The \ntemperature and f\n<sub>O<sub>2</sub></sub>\n of the magma tapped by the plinian phase \nof May 18, 1980, are 870-875&deg;C and NNO+0.8, respectively.\nThe dissolved volatile contents of the melt inclusions \nhave been used to calculate sealing pressures; that is, the \npressure at which chemical exchange between inclusion and \nmatrix melt ceased. These are greatest for the May 18 plinian \nmagma (120 to 320 MPa); lower pressures are recorded by \nsamples of the preplinian cryptodome and by all post-May 18 \nmagmas. Magma crystallinity, calculated from melt-inclusion \nRb contents, is negatively correlated with sealing pressure, \nconsistent with decompression crystallization. Elevated \ncontents of Li in melt inclusions from the cryptodome and \npost-May 18 samples are consistent with transfer of Li in a \nmagmatic vapor phase from deeper parts of the magma system to magma stored at shallower levels. The Li enrichment \nattains its maximum extent at ~150 MPa, which is ascribed to \nseparation of a single vapor phase into H<sub>2</sub>\nO-rich gas and dense \nLi-rich brine at the top of the magma column.\nThere are striking correlations between melt-inclusion \nchemistry and monitoring data for the 1980-86 eruption. Dissolved SO<sub>2</sub>\n contents of melt inclusions from any given event, \nmultiplied by the mass of magma erupted during that event, correlate with the measured flux of SO<sub>2</sub>\n at the surface, suggesting that magma degassing and melt-inclusion sealing are \nclosely related in time and space.\nTextural and chemical evidence indicates that melt inclusions became effectively sealed (physically or kinetically) \nshortly before eruption. Thus by converting pressure to depth \nusing a density model and edifice-loading algorithm for the \nvolcano, changing depths of magma extraction with time can \nbe tracked and compared to the seismic record. The plinian \neruption of May 18, 1980, involved magma stored 5-11 km \nbelow sea level; this is inferred to be the subvolcanic magma \nchamber. The preceding eruptions, including the May 18, \n1980, blast, involved magma withdrawal from the cryptodome \nand conduit down to 5 km below sea level. Subsequent 1980 \neruptions tapped magma down to depths of &le;10 km below \nsea level. Tapping of magma stored deeper than 2 km below \nsea level stopped abruptly at the end of 1980, coincident \nwith the onset of extensive shallow seismicity and a change \nfrom explosive to effusive eruption style from 1981 to 1986. \nOverall, the 1980-86 eruption is consistent with the evisceration of a thin, vertically extensive body of magma extending \nfrom 5 to at least 11 km below sea level and connected to the \nsurface by a thin conduit. In the absence of sustained high \nmagma-supply rates from depth, decompression crystallization of magma ascending through the system leads eventually \nto plugging of the conduit.\nThe current eruption of Mount St. Helens shares some \nsimilarities with the 1981-86 dome-building phase of the \nprevious eruption, in that there is extensive shallow seismicity \nand extrusion of highly crystalline material in the form of a \nsequence of flows and spines. Melt inclusions from the current eruption have low H<sub>2</sub>\nO contents, consistent with magma \nextraction from shallow depths. Highly enriched Li in melt \ninclusions suggests that vapor transport of Li is a characteristic \nfeature of Mount St. Helens. Melt inclusions from the current \neruption have subtly different trace-element chemistry from \nall but one of the 1980-86 melt inclusions, with steeper rareearth-element (REE) patterns and low U, Th, and high-fieldstrength elements (HFSE), indicating addition of a new melt \ncomponent to the magma system. It is anticipated that increasing involvement of the new melt component will be evident as \nthe current eruption proceeds.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006 (Professional Paper 1750)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp175033","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 33 in <i>A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006</i>.  For more information, see: <a href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/\" target=\"_blank\">Professional Paper 1750</a>","usgsCitation":"Blundy, J., Cashman, K., and Berlo, K., 2008, Evolving magma storage conditions beneath Mount St. Helens inferred from chemical variations in melt inclusions from the 1980-1986 and current (2004-2006) eruptions: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1750-33, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp175033.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"755","endPage":"790","numberOfPages":"36","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":276065,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp175033.png"},{"id":276063,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/"},{"id":276064,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/chapters/pp2008-1750_chapter33.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.238678,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.161175 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5200c960e4b009d47a4c236a","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sherrod, David R. 0000-0001-9460-0434 dsherrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9460-0434","contributorId":527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"David","email":"dsherrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509536,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, William E. 0000-0001-8156-979X wescott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8156-979X","contributorId":1725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"William","email":"wescott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509538,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stauffer, Peter H. pstauffe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"Peter","email":"pstauffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":509537,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Blundy, Jon","contributorId":89050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blundy","given":"Jon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cashman, Katharine V.","contributorId":40097,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cashman","given":"Katharine V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Berlo, Kim","contributorId":55324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berlo","given":"Kim","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70047421,"text":"pp175032 - 2008 - Chemistry, mineralogy, and petrology of amphibole in Mount St. Helens 2004-2006 dacite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-03T08:57:39","indexId":"pp175032","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T14:33:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1750-32","displayTitle":"Chemistry, mineralogy, and petrology of amphibole in Mount St. Helens 2004-2006 dacite: Chapter 32 in <i>A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006</i>","title":"Chemistry, mineralogy, and petrology of amphibole in Mount St. Helens 2004-2006 dacite","docAbstract":"Textural, compositional, and mineralogical data are \nreported and interpreted for a large population of clinoamphibole phenocrysts in 22 samples from the seven successive \ndacite spines erupted at Mount St. Helens between October \n2004 and January 2006. Despite the uniformity in bulk composition of magma erupted since 2004, there is striking textural \nand compositional diversity among amphibole phenocrysts \nand crystal fragments that have grown from, partly dissolved \nin, or been accidentally incorporated in the new dacite. This \nstudy demonstrates that magma erupted throughout the current \ndome-building episode is the end product of small-scale, thorough mixing of multiple generations of crystal-laden magma. \nThe mixed amphibole population provides important clues to \nmagma conditions within the dacite magma reservoir prior to \nascent and, to some extent, the dynamics of mixing and ascent.\nThe predominant amphibole in new dome rock ranges \nfrom moderate- to high-alumina tschermakite and magnesiohastingsite compositions. As substantiated by major- and \ntrace-element geochemistry and barometry calculations, \nthis compositional range of crystals, along with plagioclase, \northopyroxene, and iron-titanium oxide, is likely to have \nprecipitated from dacite magma over a range of pressures and \ntemperatures consistent with experimentally determined phase relations (~900&deg;C to ~800&deg;C between 100 MPa and ~350-400 \nMPa or ~4-km and 13.5-15-km depth). Along with traceelement characteristics, textural and compositional data help \nto distinguish some low-alumina magnesiohornblende crystals \nas xenocrysts. The diverse range in composition of amphibole \nin all samples of 2004-6 dacite, and the complex zonation \nobserved in many phenocrysts, suggests a well-mixed source \nmagma with components that are subjected to repeated heating and (or) pressurization within this pressure-temperature \nwindow. Amphibole textural and compositional diversity \nsuggest dynamic conditions in the upper-reservoir zone, which \nhas been tapped steadily during ~2 years of continuous and \nmonotonous eruption. This well-mixed crystal mush is likely \nto have been subjected to repeated injection of hotter magma \ninto cooler crystal-laden magma while simultaneously assimilating earlier generations of dacitic roof material and surrounding gabbroic rock.\nDecompression-related reaction rims around subhedral, \nrounded, resorbed, and fragmented amphibole phenocrysts, \nregardless of composition, indicate that this mixed-crystal \nassemblage was being broken, abraded, and dissolved in \nthe magma as a result of mechanical mixing before and \nduring early stages of ascent from conduit roots extending \ninto a mushy cupola of the shallow reservoir. In the earliest \nlava samples (October 2004), amphiboles with <3-&mu;m rims \nassociated with a glassier matrix than later samples suggest a \nslightly faster ascent rate consistent with the relatively high \neruptive flux of the earliest phases of dome extrusion. Reaction rim widths of ~5 &mu;m on amphibole in all subsequently \nextruded lava result from a steady influx and upward transport \nof magma from 3.5-2.5-km to ~1-km depth at rates of ~600 \nto ~1,200 m/day, through a conduit less than 10 m in radius. \nSlower ascent rates inferred from volumetric-flux and matrixcrystallization parameters are explained by a widening of the \nconduit to greater than 60 m radius within 1 km of the surface.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006 (Professional Paper 1750)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp175032","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 32 in <i>A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006</i>.  For more information, see: <a href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/\" target=\"_blank\">Professional Paper 1750</a>","usgsCitation":"Thornber, C.R., Pallister, J.S., Lowers, H., Rowe, M.C., Mandeville, C., and Meeker, G.P., 2008, Chemistry, mineralogy, and petrology of amphibole in Mount St. Helens 2004-2006 dacite: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1750-32, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp175032.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"727","endPage":"754","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":276055,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp175032.png"},{"id":276053,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/"},{"id":276054,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/chapters/pp2008-1750_chapter32.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.238678,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.161175 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5200c95fe4b009d47a4c235b","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sherrod, David R. 0000-0001-9460-0434 dsherrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9460-0434","contributorId":527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"David","email":"dsherrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509533,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, William E. 0000-0001-8156-979X wescott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8156-979X","contributorId":1725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"William","email":"wescott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509535,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stauffer, Peter H. pstauffe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"Peter","email":"pstauffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":509534,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Thornber, Carl R. cthornber@usgs.gov","contributorId":2016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thornber","given":"Carl","email":"cthornber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":482000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pallister, John S. 0000-0002-2041-2147 jpallist@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2041-2147","contributorId":2024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pallister","given":"John","email":"jpallist@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":482001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lowers, Heather 0000-0001-5360-9264 hlowers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5360-9264","contributorId":710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowers","given":"Heather","email":"hlowers@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":481998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rowe, Michael C.","contributorId":79191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowe","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mandeville, Charlie 0000-0002-8485-3689 cmandeville@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8485-3689","contributorId":753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mandeville","given":"Charlie","email":"cmandeville@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Meeker, Gregory P.","contributorId":62974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meeker","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70094795,"text":"70094795 - 2008 - Methane hydrates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-29T16:09:05.554315","indexId":"70094795","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T13:54:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"8","title":"Methane hydrates","docAbstract":"<p><span>Gas hydrate is a solid, naturally occurring substance consisting predominantly of methane gas and water. Recent scientific drilling programs in Japan, Canada, the United States, Korea and India have demonstrated that gas hydrate occurs broadly and in a variety of forms in shallow sediments of the outer continental shelves and in Arctic regions. Field, laboratory and numerical modelling studies conducted to date indicate that gas can be extracted from gas hydrates with existing production technologies, particularly for those deposits in which the gas hydrate exists as pore-filling grains at high saturation in sand-rich reservoirs. A series of regional resource assessments indicate that substantial volumes of gas hydrate likely exist in sand-rich deposits. Recent field programs in Japan, Canada and in the United States have demonstrated the technical viability of methane extraction from gas-hydrate-bearing sand reservoirs and have investigated a range of potential production scenarios. At present, basic reservoir depressurisation shows the greatest promise and can be conducted using primarily standard industry equipment and procedures. Depressurisation is expected to be the foundation of future production systems; additional processes, such as thermal stimulation, mechanical stimulation and chemical injection, will likely also be integrated as dictated by local geological and other conditions. An innovative carbon dioxide and methane swapping technology is also being studied as a method to produce gas from select gas hydrate deposits. In addition, substantial additional volumes of gas hydrate have been found in dense arrays of grain-displacing veins and nodules in fine-grained, clay-dominated sediments; however, to date, no field tests, and very limited numerical modelling, have been conducted with regard to the production potential of such accumulations. Work remains to further refine: (1) the marine resource volumes within potential accumulations that can be produced through exploratory drilling programs; (2) the tools for gas hydrate detection and characterisation from remote sensing data; (3) the details of gas hydrate reservoir production behaviour through additional, well-monitored and longer duration field tests and (4) the understanding of the potential environmental impacts of gas hydrate resource development. The results of future production tests, in the context of varying market and energy supply conditions around the globe, will be the key to determine the ultimate timing and scale of the commercial production of natural gas from gas hydrates.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Future energy: Improved, sustainable and clean options for our planet","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-08-099424-6.00008-9","usgsCitation":"Boswell, R., Yamamoto, K., Lee, S., Collett, T.S., Kumar, P., and Dallimore, S., 2008, Methane hydrates, chap. 8 <i>of</i> Future energy: Improved, sustainable and clean options for our planet, p. 159-178, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-099424-6.00008-9.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"159","endPage":"178","ipdsId":"IP-049794","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":495021,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-099424-6.00008-9","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":285054,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Second Edition","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"535594b5e4b0120853e8c07f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boswell, Ray","contributorId":12307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boswell","given":"Ray","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yamamoto, Koji","contributorId":72709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yamamoto","given":"Koji","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lee, Sung-Rock","contributorId":7179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Sung-Rock","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Collett, Timothy S. 0000-0002-7598-4708 tcollett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7598-4708","contributorId":1698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collett","given":"Timothy","email":"tcollett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kumar, Pushpendra","contributorId":54886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kumar","given":"Pushpendra","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dallimore, Scott","contributorId":85503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dallimore","given":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70047352,"text":"pp17508 - 2008 - Use of digital aerophotogrammetry to determine rates of lava dome growth, Mount St. Helens, Washington, 2004-2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-31T10:56:17","indexId":"pp17508","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T13:53:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1750-8","displayTitle":"Use of digital aerophotogrammetry to determine rates of lava dome growth, Mount St. Helens, Washington, 2004-2005: Chapter 8 in <i>A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006</i>","title":"Use of digital aerophotogrammetry to determine rates of lava dome growth, Mount St. Helens, Washington, 2004-2005","docAbstract":"Beginning in October 2004, a new lava dome grew on the \nglacier-covered crater floor of Mount St. Helens, Washington, \nimmediately south of the 1980s lava dome. Seventeen digital \nelevation models (DEMs) constructed from vertical aerial \nphotographs have provided quantitative estimates of extruded \nlava volumes and total volume change. To extract volumetric \nchanges and calculate volumetric extrusion rates (magma \ndischarge rates), each DEM surface was compared to preeruption DEM reference surfaces from 1986 and 2003. Early in the \n2004-5 eruption, DEMs documented deforming glacier ice \nand crater floor that formed a prominent “welt” having a volume of 10×10<sup>6</sup> m<sup>3</sup>\n and a growth rate of 8.9 m<sup>3</sup>/s before dacite \nlava first appeared at the surface on October 11, 2004. Afterward, the rate was initially 5.9 m<sup>3</sup>/s but slowed to 2.5 m<sup>3</sup>/s by \nthe beginning of January 2005. During 2005, the extrusion rate \ndeclined gradually to about 0.7 m<sup>3</sup>/s. By December 15, 2005, \nthe new dome complex was about 900 m long and 625 m wide \nand reached 190 m above the 2003 surface. More than 73×10<sup>6</sup>\nm<sup>3</sup>\n of dacite lava had extruded onto the crater floor.\nSuccessful application of aerophotogrammetry was possible during the critical earliest parts of the eruption because we \nhad baseline data and photogrammetric infrastructure in place \nbefore the eruption began. The vertical aerial photographs, \nincluding the DEMs and calculations derived from them, were \none of the most widely used data sets collected during the \n2004-5 eruption, as evidenced in numerous contributions to \nthis volume. These data were used to construct photogeologic \nmaps, deformation vector fields, and profiles of the evolving dome and glacier. Extruded volumes and rates proved to \nbe critical parameters to constrain models and hypotheses of \neruption dynamics and thus helped to assess volcano hazards.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006 (Professional Paper 1750)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp17508","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 8 in <i>A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006</i>.  For more information, see: <a href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/\" target=\"_blank\">Professional Paper 1750</a>","usgsCitation":"Schilling, S.P., Thompson, R.A., Messerich, J.A., and Iwatsubo, E.Y., 2008, Use of digital aerophotogrammetry to determine rates of lava dome growth, Mount St. Helens, Washington, 2004-2005: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1750-8, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp17508.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"145","endPage":"167","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":275760,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp17508.jpg"},{"id":275759,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/chapters/pp2008-1750_chapter08.pdf"},{"id":275758,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.238678,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.161175 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51fbca85e4b04b00e3d89137","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sherrod, David R. 0000-0001-9460-0434 dsherrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9460-0434","contributorId":527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"David","email":"dsherrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509461,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, William E. 0000-0001-8156-979X wescott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8156-979X","contributorId":1725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"William","email":"wescott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509463,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stauffer, Peter H. pstauffe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"Peter","email":"pstauffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":509462,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Schilling, Steve P. sschilli@usgs.gov","contributorId":634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schilling","given":"Steve","email":"sschilli@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, Ren A. 0000-0002-3044-3043 rathomps@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3044-3043","contributorId":1265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Ren","email":"rathomps@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Messerich, James A. jmesser@usgs.gov","contributorId":2535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Messerich","given":"James","email":"jmesser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":481789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Iwatsubo, Eugene Y.","contributorId":16308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iwatsubo","given":"Eugene","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70047351,"text":"pp17507 - 2008 - Seismic-monitoring changes and the remote deployment of seismic stations (seismic spider) at Mount St. Helens, 2004-2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-31T10:55:47","indexId":"pp17507","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T13:39:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1750-7","displayTitle":"Seismic-monitoring changes and the remote deployment of seismic stations (seismic spider) at Mount St. Helens, 2004-2005: Chapter 7 in <i>A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006</i>","title":"Seismic-monitoring changes and the remote deployment of seismic stations (seismic spider) at Mount St. Helens, 2004-2005","docAbstract":"The instruments in place at the start of volcanic unrest at \nMount St. Helens in 2004 were inadequate to record the large \nearthquakes and monitor the explosions that occurred as the \neruption developed. To remedy this, new instruments were \ndeployed and the short-period seismic network was modified. \nA new method of establishing near-field seismic monitoring \nwas developed, using remote deployment by helicopter. The \nremotely deployed seismic sensor was a piezoelectric accelerometer mounted on a surface-coupled platform. Remote \ndeployment enabled placement of stations within 250 m of \nthe active vent.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006 (Professional Paper 1750)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp17507","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 7 in <i>A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006</i>.  For more information, see: <a href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/\" target=\"_blank\">Professional Paper 1750</a>","usgsCitation":"McChesney, P.J., Couchman, M.R., Moran, S.C., Lockhart, A., Swinford, K.J., and LaHusen, R.G., 2008, Seismic-monitoring changes and the remote deployment of seismic stations (seismic spider) at Mount St. Helens, 2004-2005: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1750-7, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp17507.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"129","endPage":"140","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":275757,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp17507.jpg"},{"id":275755,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/"},{"id":275756,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/chapters/pp2008-1750_chapter07.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.238678,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.161175 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51fbca80e4b04b00e3d890e7","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sherrod, David R. 0000-0001-9460-0434 dsherrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9460-0434","contributorId":527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"David","email":"dsherrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509458,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, William E. 0000-0001-8156-979X wescott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8156-979X","contributorId":1725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"William","email":"wescott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509460,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stauffer, Peter H. pstauffe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"Peter","email":"pstauffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":509459,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"McChesney, Patrick J.","contributorId":23428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McChesney","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Couchman, Marvin R. couchman@usgs.gov","contributorId":2669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Couchman","given":"Marvin","email":"couchman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":481784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moran, Seth C. 0000-0001-7308-9649 smoran@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7308-9649","contributorId":548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moran","given":"Seth","email":"smoran@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lockhart, Andrew B. ablock@usgs.gov","contributorId":632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lockhart","given":"Andrew B.","email":"ablock@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":481782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Swinford, Kelly J. kjswinfo@usgs.gov","contributorId":636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swinford","given":"Kelly","email":"kjswinfo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":481783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"LaHusen, Richard G.","contributorId":60205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaHusen","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70047417,"text":"pp175030 - 2008 - Petrology of the 2004-2006 Mount St. Helens lava dome -- implications for magmatic plumbing and eruption triggering","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-03T08:50:56","indexId":"pp175030","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T13:28:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1750-30","displayTitle":"Petrology of the 2004-2006 Mount St. Helens lava dome -- implications for magmatic plumbing and eruption triggering: Chapter 30 in A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006","title":"Petrology of the 2004-2006 Mount St. Helens lava dome -- implications for magmatic plumbing and eruption triggering","docAbstract":"Eighteen years after dome-forming eruptions ended in \n1986, and with little warning, Mount St. Helens began to \nerupt again in October 2004. During the ensuing two years, \nthe volcano extruded more than 80×10<sup>6</sup>\n m<sup>3</sup>\n of gas-poor, \ncrystal-rich dacite lava. The 2004-6 dacite is remarkably \nuniform in bulk-rock composition and, at 65 percent SiO<sub>2</sub>\n, \namong the richest in silica and most depleted in incompatible \nelements of the magmas erupted at Mount St. Helens during the past 500 years. Since shortly after the first spine of \nlava appeared, samples have been collected using a steel box \ndredge (“Jaws”) suspended 20-35 m below a helicopter and, \noccasionally, by hand sampling. As of the spring of 2006, 25 \nage-controlled samples have been collected from the seven \nspines of the new lava dome. Samples were obtained from \nboth the interiors of spines and from their carapaces, which \nare composed of fault gouge and cataclasite 1-2 m thick. The \ndacite lava is crystal rich, with 40-50 percent phenocrysts. \nThe groundmass is extensively crystallized to a cotectic \nassemblage of quartz, tridymite, and Na- and K-rich feldspar \nmicrolites, raising the total crystal content to more than 80 \npercent on a vesicle-free basis in all but the earliest erupted samples. Early samples and those collected from near the \nspine margin are more glassy and vesicular that those collected later and from the interior of the spines. Oxide thermobarometer determinations for the earliest erupted samples \nwe collected cluster at temperatures of approximately 850&deg;C \nand at an oxygen fugacity one log unit above the nickel-nickel \noxide (NNO) buffer curve. In contrast, samples from relatively glass-poor samples erupted in late 2004 and early 2005 \nhave zoned oxides with apparent temperatures that range to \ngreater than 950&deg;C. The higher temperatures in these microlite-rich rocks are attributed to latent heat evolved during \nextensive and rapid groundmass crystallization. Low volatile \ncontents of matrix glasses and presence of tridymite and \nquartz in the high-silica rhyolite matrix glass indicate extensive shallow (<1 km) crystallization of the matrix, driven by \ndegassing of water and solidifying the magma below the level \nof the vent. The mode of eruption of the dacite as a series of \nfault-gouge-mantled spines is explained by this process of \nextensive subvent degassing and solidification.\nAlthough the dacite from this eruption is more silica \nrich than 1980-86 dome rocks, most major and trace element \nconcentrations of the 1980-86 and 2004-6 magma batches are \nsimilar, and magmatic gas emissions have been low and have \nhad similar ratios to those of the 1980s, raising the possibility \nthat the magma might be residual from the 1980–86 reservoir. \nHowever, titanium and chromium are enriched slightly relative \nto the most recent 1980-86 and Goat Rocks (A.D. 1800-1857) \neruptive cycles, and heavy rare-earth-element abundances are \nslightly depleted relative to those erupted during the past 500 \nyears at Mount St. Helens. These data suggest either addition \nof new gas-poor dacite magma or tapping of a region of the \npreexisting reservoir that was not erupted previously.\nA relatively low pressure of last phenocryst growth \nsuggests that the magma was derived from near the apex of \nthe Mount St. Helens magma reservoir at a depth of about 5 km. Viewed in the context of seismic, deformation, and \ngas-emission data, the petrologic and geochemical data can \nbe explained by ascent of a geochemically distinct batch \nof magma into the apex of the reservoir during the period \n1987-97, followed by upward movement of magma into a new \nconduit beginning in late September 2004.\nThe question of new versus residual magma has implications for the long-term eruptive behavior of Mount St. Helens, \nbecause arrival of a new batch of dacitic magma from the deep \ncrust could herald the beginning of a new long-term cycle of \neruptive activity. It is also important to our understanding of \nwhat triggered the eruption and its future course. Two hypotheses for triggering are considered: (1) top-down fracturing \nrelated to the shallow groundwater system and (2) an increase \nin reservoir pressure brought about by recent magmatic replenishment. With respect to the future course of the eruption, \nsimilarities between textures and character of eruption of the \n2004-6 dome and the long-duration (greater than 100 years) \npre-1980 summit dome, along with the low eruptive rate of the \ncurrent eruption, suggest that the eruption could continue sluggishly or intermittently for years to come.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006 (Professional Paper 1750)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp175030","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 30 in <i>A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006</i>.  For more information, see: <a href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/\" target=\"_blank\">Professional Paper 1750</a>","usgsCitation":"Pallister, J.S., Thornber, C.R., Cashman, K., Clynne, M.A., Lowers, H., Mandeville, C., Brownfield, I.K., and Meeker, G.P., 2008, Petrology of the 2004-2006 Mount St. Helens lava dome -- implications for magmatic plumbing and eruption triggering: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1750-30, 56 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp175030.","productDescription":"56 p.","startPage":"647","endPage":"702","numberOfPages":"56","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":276045,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp175030.png"},{"id":276043,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/"},{"id":276044,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/chapters/pp2008-1750_chapter30.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.238678,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.161175 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5200c965e4b009d47a4c23a7","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sherrod, David R. 0000-0001-9460-0434 dsherrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9460-0434","contributorId":527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"David","email":"dsherrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509527,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, William E. 0000-0001-8156-979X wescott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8156-979X","contributorId":1725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"William","email":"wescott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509529,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stauffer, Peter H. pstauffe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"Peter","email":"pstauffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":509528,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Pallister, John S. 0000-0002-2041-2147 jpallist@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2041-2147","contributorId":2024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pallister","given":"John","email":"jpallist@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science 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mclynne@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4220-2968","contributorId":2032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clynne","given":"Michael","email":"mclynne@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lowers, Heather 0000-0001-5360-9264 hlowers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5360-9264","contributorId":710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowers","given":"Heather","email":"hlowers@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":481987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mandeville, Charlie 0000-0002-8485-3689 cmandeville@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8485-3689","contributorId":753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mandeville","given":"Charlie","email":"cmandeville@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Brownfield, Isabelle K.","contributorId":97108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brownfield","given":"Isabelle","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Meeker, Gregory P.","contributorId":62974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meeker","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70202033,"text":"70202033 - 2008 - Buy it now: A hybrid internet market institution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-07T12:34:43","indexId":"70202033","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T12:34:34","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5798,"text":"Journal of Electronic Commerce Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Buy it now: A hybrid internet market institution","docAbstract":"<p><span>This paper analyzes seller choices and outcomes in approximately 700 Internet auctions of a relatively homogeneous good. The ‘Buy it Now’ option allows the seller to convert the auction into a posted price market. We use a structural model to control for the conduct of the auction as well as product and seller characteristics. In explaining seller choices, we find that the ‘Buy it Now’ option was used more often by sellers with higher ratings and offering fewer units; and posted prices were more prevalent for used items. In explaining auction outcomes, we find that auctions with a ‘Buy it Now’ price had higher winning bids, ceteris paribus, whether or not the auction ended with the ‘Buy it Now’ offer being accepted, possibly reflecting signaling or bounded rationality. We also find that posting prices, by combining ‘Buy it Now’ and an equal starting price, was an effective strategy for sellers in the sample.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"California State University Long Beach","usgsCitation":"Anderson, S.T., Friedman, D., Milam, G., and Singh, N., 2008, Buy it now: A hybrid internet market institution: Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, v. 9, no. 2, p. 137-153.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"137","endPage":"153","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":361075,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jecr.org/node/139"},{"id":361076,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, Steven T. 0000-0003-3481-3424 sanderson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3481-3424","contributorId":2532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Steven","email":"sanderson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":756787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Friedman, Daniel","contributorId":69435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"Daniel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":756788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Milam, Garrett","contributorId":212870,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Milam","given":"Garrett","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":756789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Singh, Nirvikar","contributorId":212871,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Singh","given":"Nirvikar","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":756790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70047372,"text":"pp175015 - 2008 - Analysis of GPS-measured deformation associated with the 2004-2006 dome-building eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-03T08:49:05","indexId":"pp175015","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T11:54:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1750-15","displayTitle":"Analysis of GPS-measured deformation associated with the 2004-2006 dome-building eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington: Chapter 15 in <i>A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006</i>","title":"Analysis of GPS-measured deformation associated with the 2004-2006 dome-building eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington","docAbstract":"Detecting far-field deformation at Mount St. Helens \nsince the crater-forming landslide and blast in 1980 has been \ndifficult despite frequent volcanic activity and improved \nmonitoring techniques. Between 1982 and 1991, the systematic extension of line lengths in a regional GPS trilateration network is consistent with recharge of a deep magma \nchamber during that interval. The rate of extension, however, \naverages only 3 mm/yr, and some of this apparent deformation may result from systematic scale error in the electronic \ndistance measurements. Subsequent GPS surveys and data \nfrom a continuous GPS station, located 9 km north of Mount \nSt. Helens and operating since 1997, show no significant \nvolcanic deformation until the start of unrest on September \n23, 2004. The current eruption has been accompanied by \nsubtle but widespread inward and downward movement of \nGPS monitoring stations, exponentially decreasing with time \nand totaling as much as 30 mm. The observed deformation is \nconsistent with the predictions of an elastic half-space model \nof a vertically elongate magma chamber with its center at \na depth of around 7 to 8 km and with a total cavity-volume \nloss of about 16–24×10<sup>6</sup> m<sup>3</sup>\n. The discrepancy between the \nestimated cavity-volume loss and the >83×10<sup>6</sup>-m<sup>3</sup>\n volume \nof the erupted dome can be explained, for the most part, by \nexsolution of gas in the stored magma and by minor input of \nnew magma during the eruption.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006 (Professional Paper 1750)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp175015","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 15 in <i>A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006</i>.  For more information, see: <a href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/\" target=\"_blank\">Professional Paper 1750</a>","usgsCitation":"Lisowski, M., Dzurisin, D., Denlinger, R.P., and Iwatsubo, E.Y., 2008, Analysis of GPS-measured deformation associated with the 2004-2006 dome-building eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1750-15, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp175015.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"301","endPage":"333","numberOfPages":"33","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":275945,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":275943,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/"},{"id":275944,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/chapters/pp2008-1750_chapter15.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51fcd4dfe4b0296e5a4b5c0b","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sherrod, David R. 0000-0001-9460-0434 dsherrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9460-0434","contributorId":527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"David","email":"dsherrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":519985,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, William E. 0000-0001-8156-979X wescott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8156-979X","contributorId":1725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"William","email":"wescott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":519987,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stauffer, Peter H. pstauffe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"Peter","email":"pstauffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":519986,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Lisowski, Michael 0000-0003-4818-2504 mlisowski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4818-2504","contributorId":637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"Michael","email":"mlisowski@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":518101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dzurisin, Daniel 0000-0002-0138-5067 dzurisin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0138-5067","contributorId":538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dzurisin","given":"Daniel","email":"dzurisin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":518100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Denlinger, Roger P. 0000-0003-0930-0635 roger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0930-0635","contributorId":2679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denlinger","given":"Roger","email":"roger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":518102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Iwatsubo, Eugene Y.","contributorId":16308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iwatsubo","given":"Eugene","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":518103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70004408,"text":"70004408 - 2008 - Use of a groundwater flow model to assess the location, extent, and hydrologic properties of faults in the Rialto-Colton Basin, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-03-23T16:57:07.458815","indexId":"70004408","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T11:45:46","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Use of a groundwater flow model to assess the location, extent, and hydrologic properties of faults in the Rialto-Colton Basin, California","docAbstract":"Faults within a groundwater basin can greatly influence the direction of groundwater flow and contaminant migration. Existing steady-state and transient groundwater flow models were used to assess the location, extent, and hydrologic properties of two alternative fault configurations within the Rialto-Colton basin. Adjustments were made to the hydrologic properties of the faults and the location of the interface between the model cells that define the fault locations. The first configuration tested was the reorientation of Barrier H, a mapped fault that has been subject to various interpretations. The second configuration tested included the redefined Barrier H and a single composite of two previously unmapped faults. Steady-state and transient simulations for both alternative models produced good overall fits to the measured data and are similar to those of the existing model. However, the second alternative fault configuration better represents the available data.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"MODFLOW and More 2008: Ground water and public policy — Conference proceedings","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"MODFLOW and More 2008: Ground Water and Public Policy","conferenceDate":"May 18-21, 2008","conferenceLocation":"Golden, Colorado, United States","publisher":"Colorado School of Mines","usgsCitation":"Woolfenden, L.R., 2008, Use of a groundwater flow model to assess the location, extent, and hydrologic properties of faults in the Rialto-Colton Basin, California, <i>in</i> MODFLOW and More 2008: Ground water and public policy — Conference proceedings, Golden, Colorado, United States, May 18-21, 2008, p. 78-82.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"78","endPage":"82","ipdsId":"IP-005019","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":397473,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Rialto-Colton Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -117.3065185546875,\n              34.01396527491264\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.11975097656249,\n              34.10611931869012\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.42187500000001,\n              34.24132422972854\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.61001586914062,\n              34.15272698011818\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.3065185546875,\n              34.01396527491264\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Poeter, Eileen","contributorId":24616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poeter","given":"Eileen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":838668,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, Mary C. mchill@usgs.gov","contributorId":974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Mary","email":"mchill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":838669,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zheng, Chunmiao","contributorId":214041,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zheng","given":"Chunmiao","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16675,"text":"U Alabama","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":838670,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Woolfenden, Linda R. 0000-0003-3500-4709 lrwoolfe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3500-4709","contributorId":1476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woolfenden","given":"Linda","email":"lrwoolfe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":838667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70047344,"text":"pp17505 - 2008 - Broadband characteristics of earthquakes recorded during a dome-building eruption at Mount St. Helens, Washington, between October 2004 and May 2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-31T11:01:03","indexId":"pp17505","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T11:22:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1750-5","displayTitle":"Broadband characteristics of earthquakes recorded during a dome-building eruption at Mount St. Helens, Washington, between October 2004 and May 2005: Chapter 5 in <i>A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006</i>","title":"Broadband characteristics of earthquakes recorded during a dome-building eruption at Mount St. Helens, Washington, between October 2004 and May 2005","docAbstract":"From October 2004 to May 2005, the Center for Earthquake Research and Information of the University of Memphis \noperated two to six broadband seismometers within 5 to 20 \nkm of Mount St. Helens to help monitor recent seismic and \nvolcanic activity. Approximately 57,000 earthquakes identified during the 7-month deployment had a normal magnitude \ndistribution with a mean magnitude of 1.78 and a standard \ndeviation of 0.24 magnitude units. Both the mode and range \nof earthquake magnitude and the rate of activity varied during \nthe deployment. We examined the time domain and spectral \ncharacteristics of two classes of events seen during dome \nbuilding. These include volcano-tectonic earthquakes and \nlower-frequency events. Lower-frequency events are further \nclassified into hybrid earthquakes, low-frequency earthquakes, \nand long-duration volcanic tremor. Hybrid and low-frequency \nearthquakes showed a continuum of characteristics that varied \nsystematically with time. A progressive loss of high-frequency \nseismic energy occurred in earthquakes as magma approached \nand eventually reached the surface. The spectral shape of large \nand small earthquakes occurring within days of each other did \nnot vary with magnitude. Volcanic tremor events and lower-frequency earthquakes displayed consistent spectral peaks, \nalthough higher frequencies were more favorably excited during tremor than earthquakes.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006 (Professional Paper 1750)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp17505","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 5 in <i>A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006</i>.  For more information, see: <a href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/\" target=\"_blank\">Professional Paper 1750</a>","usgsCitation":"Horton, S.P., Norris, R.D., and Moran, S.C., 2008, Broadband characteristics of earthquakes recorded during a dome-building eruption at Mount St. Helens, Washington, between October 2004 and May 2005: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1750-5, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp17505.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"97","endPage":"110","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":275678,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp17505.jpg"},{"id":275677,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/chapters/pp2008-1750_chapter05.pdf"},{"id":275676,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.238678,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.161175 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51fbca6fe4b04b00e3d88f83","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sherrod, David R. 0000-0001-9460-0434 dsherrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9460-0434","contributorId":527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"David","email":"dsherrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509452,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, William E. 0000-0001-8156-979X wescott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8156-979X","contributorId":1725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"William","email":"wescott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509454,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stauffer, Peter H. pstauffe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"Peter","email":"pstauffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":509453,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Horton, Stephen P.","contributorId":106402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horton","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Norris, Robert D.","contributorId":79783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norris","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moran, Seth C. 0000-0001-7308-9649 smoran@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7308-9649","contributorId":548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moran","given":"Seth","email":"smoran@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70047407,"text":"pp175027 - 2008 - Chlorine degassing during the lava dome-building eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-03T08:44:48","indexId":"pp175027","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T11:20:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1750-27","displayTitle":"Chlorine degassing during the lava dome-building eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2005: Chapter 27 in <i>A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006</i>","title":"Chlorine degassing during the lava dome-building eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2005","docAbstract":"Remote measurements of volcanic gases from the \nMount St. Helens lava dome were carried out using OpenPath Fourier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy on August 31, \n2005. Measurements were performed at a site ~1 km from \nthe lava dome, which was used as a source of IR radiation. \nOn average, during the period of measurement, the volcanic \ngas contained 99 mol percent H<sub>2</sub>\nO, 0.78 percent CO<sub>2</sub>\n, 0.095 \npercent HCl, 0.085 percent SO<sub>2</sub>\n, 0.027 percent HF, 4.8×10<sup>-4</sup>\npercent CO, and 2.5×10<sup>-4</sup> percent COS close to the active \nvent. The fluxes of these species, constrained by synchronous \nmeasurements of SO<sub>2</sub>\n flux, were 7,200 t/d H<sub>2</sub>\nO, 140 t/d CO<sub>2</sub>\n, \n22 t/d SO<sub>2</sub>\n, 14 t/d HCl, 2.0 t/d HF, 54 kg/d CO, and 59 kg/d \nCOS, &plusmn;20 percent. Observations of H<sub>2</sub>\nO/Cl in the vapor and \nmelt are compared to models of closed- and open-system \ndegassing and to models where a closed system dominates \nto depths as shallow as ~1 km, and gases are then allowed \nto escape through a permeable bubble network. Although \nseveral features are consistent with this model--for example, \n(1) H<sub>2</sub>\nO/Cl in the gases emitted from stagnant parts of the \nlava dome, (2) the concentration of Cl in the matrix glass of \nerupted dacite, and (3) the glass H<sub>2</sub>\nO/Cl--the gases emitted \nfrom the active part of the lava dome have much higher H<sub>2</sub>\nO/\nCl than expected. These higher H<sub>2</sub>\nO/Cl levels result from \na combination of two factors (1) the addition of substantial \namounts of ground water or glacier-derived H<sub>2</sub>\nO to the gases \nat shallow depths, such that only ~10 mol percent of the measured H<sub>2</sub>\nO is magmatic, and (or) (2) some Cl present as alkali \nchloride (NaCl and KCl) in the gas phase. The mean molar \nCl/S is similar to gases measured at other silicic subductionzone volcanoes during effusive activity; this may be due to the influence of Cl in the vapor on S solubility in the melt, \nwhich produces a solubility maximum for S at vapor Cl/S ~1.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006 (Professional Paper 1750)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp175027","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 27 in <i>A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006</i>.  For more information, see: <a href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/\" target=\"_blank\">Professional Paper 1750</a>","usgsCitation":"Edmonds, M., McGee, K.A., and Doukas, M.P., 2008, Chlorine degassing during the lava dome-building eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2005: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1750-27, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp175027.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"573","endPage":"589","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":276024,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp175027.png"},{"id":276023,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/chapters/pp2008-1750_chapter27.pdf"},{"id":276022,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/"}],"country":"United States","city":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.238678,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.161175 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5200c960e4b009d47a4c235f","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sherrod, David R. 0000-0001-9460-0434 dsherrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9460-0434","contributorId":527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"David","email":"dsherrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509518,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, William E. 0000-0001-8156-979X wescott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8156-979X","contributorId":1725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"William","email":"wescott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509520,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stauffer, Peter H. pstauffe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"Peter","email":"pstauffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":509519,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Edmonds, Marie","contributorId":45991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edmonds","given":"Marie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McGee, Kenneth A. kenmcgee@usgs.gov","contributorId":2135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGee","given":"Kenneth","email":"kenmcgee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":481966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Doukas, Michael P. mdoukas@usgs.gov","contributorId":2686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doukas","given":"Michael","email":"mdoukas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70200676,"text":"70200676 - 2008 - Lightning‐driven electric fields measured in the lower ionosphere: Implications for transient luminous events","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-29T11:09:50","indexId":"70200676","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T11:09:41","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2313,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research A: Space Physics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lightning‐driven electric fields measured in the lower ionosphere: Implications for transient luminous events","docAbstract":"<p><span>Transient luminous events above thunderstorms such as sprites, halos, and elves require large electric fields in the lower ionosphere. Yet very few in situ measurements in this region have been successfully accomplished, since it is typically too low in altitude for rockets and satellites and too high for balloons. In this article, we present some rare examples of lightning‐driven electric field changes obtained at 75–130 km altitude during a sounding rocket flight from Wallops Island, Virginia, in 1995. We summarize these electric field changes and present a few detailed case studies. Our measurements are compared directly to a 2D numerical model of lightning‐driven electromagnetic fields in the middle and upper atmosphere. We find that the in situ electric field changes are smaller than predicted by the model, and the amplitudes of these fields are insufficient for elve production when extrapolated to a 100 kA peak current stroke. This disagreement could be due to lightning‐induced ionospheric conductivity enhancement, or it might be evidence of flaws in the electromagnetic pulse mechanism for elves.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/2008JA013567","usgsCitation":"Thomas, J.N., Barnum, B.H., Lay, E., Holzworth, R.H., Cho, M., and Kelley, M., 2008, Lightning‐driven electric fields measured in the lower ionosphere: Implications for transient luminous events: Journal of Geophysical Research A: Space Physics, v. 113, no. A12, p. 1-8, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JA013567.","productDescription":"Article A12306; 8 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"8","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476627,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2008ja013567","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":358875,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"113","issue":"A12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10d475e4b034bf6a7fa238","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, Jeremy N.","contributorId":105996,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"Jeremy","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barnum, Benjamin H.","contributorId":210178,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barnum","given":"Benjamin","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lay, Erin","contributorId":210179,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lay","given":"Erin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Holzworth, Robert H.","contributorId":210180,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Holzworth","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cho, Mengu","contributorId":210181,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cho","given":"Mengu","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kelley, Michael C.","contributorId":210182,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kelley","given":"Michael C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70047343,"text":"pp17504 - 2008 - Absolute and relative locations of earthquakes at Mount St. Helens, Washington, using continuous data: Implications for magmatic processes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-31T10:53:59","indexId":"pp17504","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T10:59:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1750-4","displayTitle":"Absolute and relative locations of earthquakes at Mount St. Helens, Washington, using continuous data: Implications for magmatic processes: Chapter 4 in <i>A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006</i>","title":"Absolute and relative locations of earthquakes at Mount St. Helens, Washington, using continuous data: Implications for magmatic processes","docAbstract":"This study uses a combination of absolute and relative locations from earthquake multiplets to investigate the \nseismicity associated with the eruptive sequence at Mount St. \nHelens between September 23, 2004, and November 20, 2004. \nMultiplets, a prominent feature of seismicity during this time \nperiod, occurred as volcano-tectonic, hybrid, and low-frequency earthquakes spanning a large range of magnitudes and \nlifespans. Absolute locations were improved through the use \nof a new one-dimensional velocity model with excellent shallow constraints on P-wave velocities. We used jackknife tests \nto minimize possible biases in absolute and relative locations \nresulting from station outages and changing station configurations. In this paper, we show that earthquake hypocenters shallowed before the October 1 explosion along a north-dipping \nstructure under the 1980-86 dome. Relative relocations of \nmultiplets during the initial seismic unrest and ensuing eruption showed rather small source volumes before the October 1 \nexplosion and larger tabular source volumes after October 5. \nAll multiplets possess absolute locations very close to each \nother. However, the highly dissimilar waveforms displayed by \neach of the multiplets analyzed suggest that different sources \nand mechanisms were present within a very small source \nvolume. We suggest that multiplets were related to pressurization of the conduit system that produced a stationary source \nthat was highly stable over long time periods. On the basis \nof their response to explosions occurring in October 2004, \nearthquakes not associated with multiplets also appeared to be pressure dependent. The pressure source for these earthquakes \nappeared, however, to be different from the pressure source of \nthe multiplets.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006 (Professional Paper 1750)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp17504","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 4 in <i>A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006</i>.  For more information, see: <a href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/\" target=\"_blank\">Professional Paper 1750</a>","usgsCitation":"Thelen, W.A., Crosson, R.S., and Creager, K.C., 2008, Absolute and relative locations of earthquakes at Mount St. Helens, Washington, using continuous data: Implications for magmatic processes: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1750-4, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp17504.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"71","endPage":"95","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":275675,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp17504.jpg"},{"id":275673,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/"},{"id":275674,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/chapters/pp2008-1750_chapter04.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.238678,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.161175 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51fbca68e4b04b00e3d88f4e","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sherrod, David R. 0000-0001-9460-0434 dsherrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9460-0434","contributorId":527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"David","email":"dsherrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509449,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, William E. 0000-0001-8156-979X wescott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8156-979X","contributorId":1725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"William","email":"wescott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509451,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stauffer, Peter H. pstauffe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"Peter","email":"pstauffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":509450,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Thelen, Weston A. 0000-0003-2534-5577 wthelen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2534-5577","contributorId":4126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thelen","given":"Weston","email":"wthelen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crosson, Robert S.","contributorId":29816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crosson","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Creager, Kenneth C.","contributorId":32810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Creager","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70047405,"text":"pp175025 - 2008 - Pre- and post-eruptive investigations of gas and water samples from Mount St. Helens, Washington, 2002 to 2005","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70047405,"text":"pp175025 - 2008 - Pre- and post-eruptive investigations of gas and water samples from Mount St. Helens, Washington, 2002 to 2005","indexId":"pp175025","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"displayTitle":"Pre- and post-eruptive investigations of gas and water samples from Mount St. Helens, Washington, 2002 to 2005: Chapter 25 in A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006","title":"Pre- and post-eruptive investigations of gas and water samples from Mount St. Helens, Washington, 2002 to 2005"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":97424,"text":"pp1750 - 2008 - A volcano rekindled: The renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006","indexId":"pp1750","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"title":"A volcano rekindled: The renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":97424,"text":"pp1750 - 2008 - A volcano rekindled: The renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006","indexId":"pp1750","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"title":"A volcano rekindled: The renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006"},"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-03T08:43:53","indexId":"pp175025","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T10:42:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1750-25","displayTitle":"Pre- and post-eruptive investigations of gas and water samples from Mount St. Helens, Washington, 2002 to 2005: Chapter 25 in A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006","title":"Pre- and post-eruptive investigations of gas and water samples from Mount St. Helens, Washington, 2002 to 2005","docAbstract":"Samples of gas and water from thermal springs in \nLoowit and Step canyons and creeks that drain the crater at \nMount St. Helens have been collected since October 2004 \nto monitor the flux of dissolved magmatic volatiles in the \nhydrologic system. The changing composition of the waters \nhighlights a trend that began as early as 1994 and includes \ndecreasing SO<sub>4</sub>\n and Cl concentrations and large increases in \nHCO<sub>3</sub>\n. Geochemical models indicate that mineral sources and \nsinks are not the main controls on the changing water chemistry, and carbon and helium isotopes indicate that their sources \nin the gases and waters have remained unchanged during \nthis time. The present-day molar ratios of C, S, and Cl in the \nsprings approximate ratios measured in plume emissions in \nAugust 2005 and provide supporting evidence that changes \nin water chemistry most likely reflect changes in the release \nrates of sulfur gases, HCl, and CO<sub>2</sub>\n from the magma and a \nvarying degree of efficiency of gas scrubbing by the overlying \nwater. Results from coupled chemical analyses and discharge \nmeasurements on the creeks yield an estimate of the dissolved \nflux of magmatic HCl, SO<sub>2</sub>\n, and CO<sub>2</sub>\n of around 5.2, 4.7, and \n22 metric tons per day, respectively.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006 (Professional Paper 1750)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp175025","usgsCitation":"Bergfeld, D., Evans, W.C., McGee, K.A., and Spicer, K.R., 2008, Pre- and post-eruptive investigations of gas and water samples from Mount St. Helens, Washington, 2002 to 2005: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1750-25, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp175025.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"523","endPage":"542","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":276010,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp175025.png"},{"id":276009,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/"},{"id":276008,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/chapters/pp2008-1750_chapter25.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.238678,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.161175 ] ] ] } } ] }","publicComments":"This report is Chapter 25 in <i>A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006</i>.  For more information, see: <a href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/\" target=\"_blank\">Professional Paper 1750</a>","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5200c966e4b009d47a4c23b2","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sherrod, David R. 0000-0001-9460-0434 dsherrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9460-0434","contributorId":527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"David","email":"dsherrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509512,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, William E. 0000-0001-8156-979X wescott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8156-979X","contributorId":1725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"William","email":"wescott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509514,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stauffer, Peter H. pstauffe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"Peter","email":"pstauffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":509513,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Bergfeld, D. dbergfel@usgs.gov","contributorId":2069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergfeld","given":"D.","email":"dbergfel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":481959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Evans, William C. 0000-0001-5942-3102 wcevans@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5942-3102","contributorId":2353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"William","email":"wcevans@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McGee, Kenneth A. kenmcgee@usgs.gov","contributorId":2135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGee","given":"Kenneth","email":"kenmcgee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":481960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Spicer, Kurt R. 0000-0001-5030-3198 krspicer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5030-3198","contributorId":2684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spicer","given":"Kurt","email":"krspicer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70209633,"text":"70209633 - 2008 - Lake Manix shorelines and Afton Canyon terraces: Implications for incision of Afton Canyon ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-16T15:35:02.295624","indexId":"70209633","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T10:27:25","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Lake Manix shorelines and Afton Canyon terraces: Implications for incision of Afton Canyon ","docAbstract":"<p>Lake Manix, in south-central California, was the terminal basin of the Mojave River until the late Pleistocene, when it drained east to the Lake Mojave Basin. Based on new field observations, radiocarbon ages, and soil development, we propose modifications to previously published hypotheses on the timing of the last 543 m above sea level (masl) highstand of Lake Manix, the timing of the first discharge eastward, and the time required to cut Afton Canyon between the two basins.</p><p>Subtle beach barriers, wave-cut scarps, and lagged beach gravels indicate that Lake Manix reached highstands between 547 and 558 masl at least twice prior to its previously known 543 m highstands. Properties of soils formed on beach barriers at 547–549 masl compared to soils on dated deposits suggest an age of older than 35 cal ka for this highstand. Calibrated radiocarbon ages for three lacustrine highstands at or near 543 masl are ca. 40–35 ka, 33–30 ka, and 27–25 ka. Lake Manix periodically discharged down a drainage presently located on the north rim of Afton Canyon at 539 masl. Soil development estimated from multiple buried soils within fluvial deposits and overlying fan deposits suggests that discharge was coeval with or somewhat older than the 547–549 m highstand, and that fluvial aggradation in this drainageway was followed by a period of relative landscape stability and episodic burial by alluvial-fan deposits.</p><p>Strath terraces below these highest fluvial deposits, but above the canyon rim, record initial incision of the Lake Manix threshold. Surface and soil properties indicate that they are latest Pleistocene to early Holocene in age, similar to the previously studied strath terraces that are inset well below the rim and below the basal lake sediments. We suggest that the higher straths above the rim formed no earlier than ca. 25 cal ka. We interpret the soils, stratigraphy, and fluvial landforms in the canyon to indicate relatively rapid incision of Afton Canyon to the depth of the bedrock floor of Lake Manix, followed by intermittent, gradual bedrock incision.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Late Cenozoic Drainage History of the Southwestern Great Basin and Lower Colorado River Region: Geologic and Biotic Perspectives","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/2008.2439(10)","usgsCitation":"Reheis, M.C., and Redwine, J.L., 2008, Lake Manix shorelines and Afton Canyon terraces: Implications for incision of Afton Canyon , chap. <i>of</i> Late Cenozoic Drainage History of the Southwestern Great Basin and Lower Colorado River Region: Geologic and Biotic Perspectives, v. 439, p. 227-259, https://doi.org/10.1130/2008.2439(10).","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"227","endPage":"259","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374058,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Lake Manix","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -115.72998046875,\n              35.782170703266075\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.6416015625,\n              34.75966612466248\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.82861328125001,\n              34.016241889667015\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.80712890625,\n              35.10193405724606\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.72998046875,\n              35.782170703266075\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"439","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reheis, Marith C. 0000-0002-8359-323X mreheis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8359-323X","contributorId":138571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reheis","given":"Marith","email":"mreheis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":787277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Redwine, Joanna L.","contributorId":104581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Redwine","given":"Joanna","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":787278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70047338,"text":"pp17501 - 2008 - Overview of the 2004 to 2006, and continuing, eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-31T10:52:31","indexId":"pp17501","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T09:59:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1750-1","displayTitle":"Overview of the 2004 to 2006, and continuing, eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington: Chapter 1 in <i>A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006</i>","title":"Overview of the 2004 to 2006, and continuing, eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington","docAbstract":"Rapid onset of unrest at Mount St. Helens on September 23, 2004, initiated an uninterrupted lava-dome-building eruption that continues to the time of writing this overview (spring 2006) for a volume of papers focused on this eruption. About three weeks of intense seismic unrest and localized surface uplift, punctuated by four brief explosions, constituted a ventclearing phase, during which there was a frenzy of media attention and considerable uncertainty regarding the likely course of the eruption. The third week exhibited lessened seismicity and only minor venting of steam and ash, but rapid growth of the uplift, or welt, south of the 1980-86 lava dome proceeded as magma continued to push upward. Crystalrich dacite (~65 weight percent SiO<sub>2</sub>) lava first appeared at the surface on October 11, 2004, beginning the growth of a complex lava dome of uniform chemical composition accompanied by persistent but low levels of seismicity, rare explosions, low gas emissions, and frequent rockfalls. Petrologic studies suggest that the dome lava is chiefly of 1980s vintage, but with an admixed portion of new dacite. Alternatively, it may derive from a part of the magma chamber not tapped by 1980s eruptions. Regardless, detailed investigations of crystal chemistry, melt inclusions, and isotopes reveal a complex magmatic history. Largely episodic extrusion between 1980 and 1986 produced a relatively symmetrical lava dome composed of stubby lobes. In contrast, continuous extrusion at mean rates of about 5 m<sup>3</sup>/s in autumn 2004 to <1 m<sup>3</sup>/s in early 2006 has produced an east-west ridge of three mounds with total volume about equal to that of the old dome. During much of late 2004 to summer 2005, a succession of spines, two recumbent and one steeply sloping and each mantled by striated gouge, grew to nearly 500 m in length in the southeastern sector of the 1980 crater and later disintegrated into two mounds. Since then, growth has been concentrated in the southwestern sector, producing a relatively symmetrical mound with steep gougecovered slabs on its east flank. Throughout the eruption, the position of the extrusive vent has remained more or less fixed. Lack of geodetic evidence for either volume increase or pressure increase in the deep magmatic system since about 1990 and geodetic modeling that can account for only 20 to 30 percent of the 2004-to-present dome volume puzzles geodesists. Better constraints on parameters such as magma-chamber volume, crustal properties, and magma compressibility are needed to improve the models. Development of the welt and the new dome bisected horseshoe-shaped Crater Glacier, which formerly wrapped around three sides of the 1980s dome, and fractured, compressed, and thickened the glacier’s surviving east and west arms. Doubling of ice thickness resulted in increased flow rate and advance of termini, although rapid infiltration of water into the highly porous glacier bed prevented substantial basal sliding. Overall, dome growth and disintegration has removed surprisingly little ice. The outcome of the ongoing eruption remains uncertain, but Mount St. Helens’ varied eruptive history suggests multiple possibilities. One dynamical model and several petrologic investigations regard the current eruption as an extension of 1980s dome building that may persist continuously or episodically for years to come.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006 (Professional Paper 1750)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp17501","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 1 in <i>A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006</i>.  For more information, see: <a href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/\" target=\"_blank\">Professional Paper 1750</a>","usgsCitation":"Scott, W.E., Sherrod, D.R., and Gardner, C.A., 2008, Overview of the 2004 to 2006, and continuing, eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1750-1, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp17501.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"3","endPage":"22","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":275666,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp17501.jpg"},{"id":275664,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/"},{"id":275665,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/chapters/pp2008-1750_chapter01.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.238678,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.161175 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51fbca7ae4b04b00e3d89074","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sherrod, David R. 0000-0001-9460-0434 dsherrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9460-0434","contributorId":527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"David","email":"dsherrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509440,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, William E. 0000-0001-8156-979X wescott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8156-979X","contributorId":1725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"William","email":"wescott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509442,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stauffer, Peter H. pstauffe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"Peter","email":"pstauffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":509441,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Scott, William E. 0000-0001-8156-979X wescott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8156-979X","contributorId":1725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"William","email":"wescott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sherrod, David R. 0000-0001-9460-0434 dsherrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9460-0434","contributorId":527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"David","email":"dsherrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gardner, Cynthia A. 0000-0002-6214-6182 cgardner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6214-6182","contributorId":1959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"Cynthia","email":"cgardner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70048656,"text":"70048656 - 2008 - Relating streamflow characteristics to specialized insectivores in the Tennessee River Valley: a regional approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-10-29T09:56:45","indexId":"70048656","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T09:51:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1447,"text":"Ecohydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relating streamflow characteristics to specialized insectivores in the Tennessee River Valley: a regional approach","docAbstract":"Analysis of hydrologic time series and fish community data across the Tennessee River Valley identified three hydrologic metrics essential to habitat suitability and food availability for insectivorous fish communities in streams of the Tennessee River Valley: constancy (flow stability or temporal invariance), frequency of moderate flooding (frequency of habitat disturbance), and rate of streamflow recession. Initial datasets included 1100 fish community sites and 300 streamgages. Reduction of these datasets to sites with coexisting data yielded 33 sites with streamflow and fish community data for analysis. Identification of critical hydrologic metrics was completed using a multivariate correlation procedure that maximizes the rank correlation between the hydrologic metrics and fish community resemblance matrices. Quantile regression was used to define thresholds of potential ranges of insectivore scores for given values of the hydrologic metrics. Increased values of constancy and insectivore scores were positively correlated. Constancy of streamflow maintains wetted perimeter, which is important for providing habitat for fish spawning and increased surface area for invertebrate colonization and reproduction. Site scores for insectivorous fish increased as the frequency of moderate flooding (3 times the median annual streamflow) decreased, suggesting that insectivorous fish communities respond positively to less frequent disturbance and a more stable habitat. Increased streamflow recession rates were associated with decreased insectivore scores. Increased streamflow recession can strand fish in pools and other areas that are disconnected from flowing water and remove invertebrates as food sources that were suspended during high-streamflow events.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecohydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/eco.32","usgsCitation":"Knight, R., Gregory, M.B., and Wales, A.K., 2008, Relating streamflow characteristics to specialized insectivores in the Tennessee River Valley: a regional approach: Ecohydrology, v. 1, no. 4, p. 394-407, https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.32.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"394","endPage":"407","numberOfPages":"14","ipdsId":"IP-006881","costCenters":[{"id":581,"text":"Tennessee Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":278503,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eco.32"},{"id":278505,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Tennessee","otherGeospatial":"Tennessee River Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -91.17,34.11 ], [ -91.17,36.68 ], [ -80.75,36.68 ], [ -80.75,34.11 ], [ -91.17,34.11 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"1","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-11-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5270d90ae4b0f7a10664fbec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knight, Rodney R. rrknight@usgs.gov","contributorId":2272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knight","given":"Rodney R.","email":"rrknight@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":581,"text":"Tennessee Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":485313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gregory, M. Brian","contributorId":105772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gregory","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"Brian","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wales, Amy K.","contributorId":108021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wales","given":"Amy","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70094198,"text":"70094198 - 2008 - Integration of regional hydrologic modeling using FORTRAN and ArcGIS","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-18T09:08:41","indexId":"70094198","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T09:03:53","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3720,"text":"Water Resources Impact","printIssn":"1522-3175","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Integration of regional hydrologic modeling using FORTRAN and ArcGIS","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Resources Impact","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","publisherLocation":"Herndon, VA","usgsCitation":"Flint, A.L., and Flint, L.E., 2008, Integration of regional hydrologic modeling using FORTRAN and ArcGIS: Water Resources Impact, v. 10, no. 1, p. 31-35.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"35","numberOfPages":"5","ipdsId":"IP-003555","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":286412,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":282491,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.awra.org/impact/"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 73.0,16.916667 ], [ 73.0,71.833333 ], [ -66.95,71.833333 ], [ -66.95,16.916667 ], [ 73.0,16.916667 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"10","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5355947ce4b0120853e8c02b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flint, Alan L. 0000-0002-5118-751X aflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5118-751X","contributorId":1492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Alan","email":"aflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flint, Lorraine E. 0000-0002-7868-441X lflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7868-441X","contributorId":1184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Lorraine","email":"lflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70236964,"text":"70236964 - 2008 - Toward a time-dependent probabilistic seismic hazard analysis for Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-06T15:57:49.891931","indexId":"70236964","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T08:58:01","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Toward a time-dependent probabilistic seismic hazard analysis for Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>We report on a time-dependent seismic hazard analysis for Alaska and the Aleutians to complement our recently completed time-independent map. Whereas the time-independent map treats all sources as statistically independent, the time-dependent analysis is based on calculations of the conditional probability of occurrence for the next 50 years by using a Brownian Passage Time model for the seismic sources judged to be characteristic. We then consider how those probabilities are modified by coseismic and postseismic stress changes resulting from large regional earthquakes occurring from 1938 to 2002. Recombining the time-dependent probabilities with time-independent truncated Gutenberg–Richter and smoothed seismicity sources leads to our time-dependent probabilistic seismic hazard results. We find that when accounting for time dependence without stress changes, earthquake probabilities can be significantly altered, reducing probabilities to near zero or increasing them to several times the time-independent values. In addition, accounting for coseismic stress changes tends to have a local influence on earthquake probabilities, whereas postseismic effects can be far-reaching in both time and space. In sum, however, since we combine time-dependent and time-independent sources, the modification to seismic hazard is relatively minor, increasing or decreasing hazard adjacent to characteristic faults by about 10%. Most cities, located far from characteristic faults, are little affected.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Active tectonics and seismic potential of Alaska","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/179GM23","usgsCitation":"Boyd, O.S., Zeng, Y., Bufe, C.G., Wesson, R.L., Pollitz, F., and Hardebeck, J.L., 2008, Toward a time-dependent probabilistic seismic hazard analysis for Alaska, chap. <i>of</i> Active tectonics and seismic potential of Alaska, v. 179, p. 399-416, https://doi.org/10.1029/179GM23.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"399","endPage":"416","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":407261,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -131.4404296875,\n              51.17934297928927\n            ],\n            [\n              -128.671875,\n              54.316523240258256\n            ],\n            [\n              -135.3076171875,\n              59.77852198502987\n            ],\n            [\n              -137.724609375,\n              59.085738569819505\n            ],\n            [\n              -139.306640625,\n              60.4788788301667\n            ],\n            [\n              -140.9765625,\n              60.37042901631508\n            ],\n            [\n              -141.1962890625,\n              62.99515845212052\n            ],\n            [\n              -140.888671875,\n              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,{"id":70047168,"text":"70047168 - 2008 - Numerical modeling of rainfall thresholds for shallow landsliding in the Seattle, Washington, area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-02T14:04:24","indexId":"70047168","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:15:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3853,"text":"Reviews in Engineering Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Numerical modeling of rainfall thresholds for shallow landsliding in the Seattle, Washington, area","docAbstract":"<p>The temporal forecasting of landslide hazard has typically relied on empirical relations between rainfall characteristics and landslide occurrence to identify conditions that may cause shallow landslides. Here, we describe an alternate, deterministic approach to define rainfall thresholds for landslide occurrence in the Seattle, Washington, area. This approach combines an infinite slope-stability model with a variably saturated flow model to determine the rainfall intensity and duration that leads to shallow failure of hillside colluvium. We examine the influence of variation in particle-size distribution on the unsaturated hydraulic properties of the colluvium by performing capillary-rise tests on glacial outwash sand and three experimental soils with increasing amounts of fine-grained material. Observations of pore-water response to rainfall collected as part of a program to monitor the near-surface hydrology of steep coastal bluffs along Puget Sound were used to test the numerical model results and in an inverse modeling procedure to determine the in situ hydraulic properties. Modeling results are given in terms of a destabilizing rainfall intensity and duration, and comparisons with empirical observations of landslide occurrence and triggering rainfall indicate that the modeling approach may be useful for forecasting landslide occurrence.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Boulder, CO","doi":"10.1130/2008.4020(07)","usgsCitation":"Godt, J.W., and McKenna, J., 2008, Numerical modeling of rainfall thresholds for shallow landsliding in the Seattle, Washington, area: Reviews in Engineering Geology, v. 20, p. 121-136, https://doi.org/10.1130/2008.4020(07).","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"121","endPage":"136","numberOfPages":"16","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":275291,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","city":"Seattle","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.71865844726561,\n              47.1813125359862\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.71865844726561,\n              48.04320138974934\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.82464599609375,\n              48.04320138974934\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.82464599609375,\n              47.1813125359862\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.71865844726561,\n              47.1813125359862\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"20","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51efa5f4e4b0b09fbe58f1b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Godt, Jonathan W. 0000-0002-8737-2493 jgodt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8737-2493","contributorId":1166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godt","given":"Jonathan","email":"jgodt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKenna, Jonathan P.","contributorId":6915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKenna","given":"Jonathan P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70047166,"text":"70047166 - 2008 - Assessing deep-seated landslide susceptibility using 3-D groundwater and slope-stability analyses, southwestern Seattle, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-02T14:10:58","indexId":"70047166","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3853,"text":"Reviews in Engineering Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing deep-seated landslide susceptibility using 3-D groundwater and slope-stability analyses, southwestern Seattle, Washington","docAbstract":"<p>In Seattle, Washington, deep-seated landslides on bluffs along Puget Sound have historically caused extensive damage to land and structures. These large failures are controlled by three-dimensional (3-D) variations in strength and pore-water pressures. We assess the slope stability of part of southwestern Seattle using a 3-D limit-equilibrium analysis coupled with a 3-D groundwater flow model. Our analyses use a high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) combined with assignment of strength and hydraulic properties based on geologic units. The hydrogeology of the Seattle area consists of a layer of permeable glacial outwash sand that overlies less permeable glacial lacustrine silty clay. Using a 3-D groundwater model, MODFLOW-2000, we simulate a water table above the less permeable units and calibrate the model to observed conditions. The simulated pore-pressure distribution is then used in a 3-D slope-stability analysis, SCOOPS, to quantify the stability of the coastal bluffs. For wet winter conditions, our analyses predict that the least stable areas are steep hillslopes above Puget Sound, where pore pressures are elevated in the outwash sand. Groundwater flow converges in coastal reentrants, resulting in elevated pore pressures and destabilization of slopes. Regions predicted to be least stable include the areas in or adjacent to three mapped historically active deep-seated landslides. The results of our 3-D analyses differ significantly from a slope map or results from one-dimensional (1-D) analyses.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Boulder, CO","doi":"10.1130/2008.4020(05)","usgsCitation":"Brien, D.L., and Reid, M.E., 2008, Assessing deep-seated landslide susceptibility using 3-D groundwater and slope-stability analyses, southwestern Seattle, Washington: Reviews in Engineering Geology, v. 20, p. 83-101, https://doi.org/10.1130/2008.4020(05).","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"83","endPage":"101","numberOfPages":"19","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":275287,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","city":"Seattle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.8534,47.25 ], [ -122.8534,47.9774 ], [ -121.7923,47.9774 ], [ -121.7923,47.25 ], [ -122.8534,47.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"20","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51efa5f0e4b0b09fbe58f180","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brien, Dianne L. dbrien@usgs.gov","contributorId":3296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brien","given":"Dianne","email":"dbrien@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":363,"text":"Landslide Hazards Program","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":481202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reid, Mark E. 0000-0002-5595-1503 mreid@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5595-1503","contributorId":1167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"Mark","email":"mreid@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70047165,"text":"70047165 - 2008 - Shallow landslide hazard map of Seattle, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-02T14:00:12","indexId":"70047165","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3853,"text":"Reviews in Engineering Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Shallow landslide hazard map of Seattle, Washington","docAbstract":"<p><span>Landslides, particularly debris flows, have long been a significant cause of damage and destruction to people and property in the Puget Sound region. Following the years of 1996 and 1997, the Federal Emergency Management Agency designated Seattle as a &ldquo;Project Impact&rdquo; city with the goal of encouraging the city to become more disaster resistant to landslides and other natural hazards. A major recommendation of the Project Impact council was that the city and the U.S. Geological Survey collaborate to produce a landslide hazard map. An exceptional data set archived by the city containing more than 100 yr of landslide data from severe storm events allowed comparison of actual landslide locations with those predicted by slope-stability modeling. We used an infinite-slope analysis, which models slope segments as rigid friction blocks, to estimate the susceptibility of slopes to debris flows, which are water-laden slurries that can form from shallow failures of soil and weathered bedrock and can travel at high velocities down steep slopes. Data used for the analysis consisted of a digital slope map derived from recent light detection and ranging (LiDAR) imagery of Seattle, recent digital geologic mapping of the city, and shear-strength test data for the geologic units found in the surrounding area. The combination of these data layers within a geographic information system (GIS) platform allowed us to create a shallow landslide hazard map for Seattle.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/2008.4020(04)","usgsCitation":"Harp, E.L., Michael, J.A., and Laprade, W.T., 2008, Shallow landslide hazard map of Seattle, Washington: Reviews in Engineering Geology, v. 20, p. 67-82, https://doi.org/10.1130/2008.4020(04).","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"67","endPage":"82","numberOfPages":"16","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":275284,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","city":"Seattle","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.48657226562499,\n              47.39137691300555\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.48657226562499,\n              47.803470154970654\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.15423583984375,\n              47.803470154970654\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.15423583984375,\n              47.39137691300555\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.48657226562499,\n              47.39137691300555\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"20","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51efa5f7e4b0b09fbe58f1e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harp, Edwin L. harp@usgs.gov","contributorId":1290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harp","given":"Edwin","email":"harp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":481198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Michael, John A. jmichael@usgs.gov","contributorId":1877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michael","given":"John","email":"jmichael@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":481199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Laprade, William T.","contributorId":39023,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Laprade","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
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