In order to evaluate and further constrain models for volatile movement and vapor enrichment of magma stored at shallow levels, amphibole phenocrysts from 2004–2005 Mount St. Helens dacite were analyzed for major and selected trace elements (Li, Cu, Zn, Mn, and REE) and Li isotopes. Several recent studies have examined fluid-mobile trace element abundances in phencryst phases and melt inclusions as a means of tracking volatile movement within subvolcanic magmatic systems, and high Li contents in plagioclase phenocrysts from 1980 and 2004 Mount St. Helens dacites have been interpreted as evidence that shallow magma was fluxed by a Li-bearing vapor phase prior to eruption.
In amphibole phenocrysts, Zn and Mn behave compatibly, correlating to FeO⁎ and Al2O3, and show no systematic change with time. In contrast, Li and Cu abundances in amphibole vary by up to 3 orders of magnitude (7.6–1140 μg/g and 1.7 to 94 μg/g, respectively), and do not generally correlate with either major or trace elements. However, they do correlate moderately well (R2 = 0.54, >> 95% confidence) with each other and show systematic temporal variations that are opposite to those observed for plagioclase, precluding a simple 1-step diffusion model for Li enrichment. We propose a Diffusion-Crystallization Multi-Stage (DCMS) model to explain the temporal variations and co-variations of Li and Cu. In early erupted dacite (October–December 2004) profiles of Li isotopes in conjunction with measured 7Li intensities and core-to-rim increases in Li concentration are characteristic of Li diffusion into the amphiboles, consistent with prior models of plagioclase enrichment.
In amphiboles from 2005 dacite, average Li and Cu concentrations are high (∼ 260–660 μg/g and ∼ 29–45 μg/g, respectively) and in contrast to amphiboles from earlier-erupted dacite, correlate weakly with Al2O3 wt.%. Amphibole Al2O3 concentrations are an indicator of pressure, with high-Al amphiboles crystallizing at higher pressures, and we suggest that Li and Cu are partitioned into a fluid phase during ascent and crystallization of the magma so that amphiboles crystallizing at lower pressure have correspondingly lower Li and Cu concentrations. However, low Li and Cu in amphiboles from the dacite at the start of the eruption also require crystallization from a low Li–Cu bearing melt or residence times long enough for amphiboles to re-equilibrate with a Li–Cu depleted melt. Estimated residence times suggest that amphiboles in early dacite could have been present since the end of the 1980–1986 eruptive episode at Mount St. Helens.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.01.012","issn":"03770","usgsCitation":"Rowe, M., Kent, A., and Thornber, C., 2008, Using amphibole phenocrysts to track vapor transfer during magma crystallization and transport: An example from Mount St. Helens, Washington: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 178, no. 4, p. 593-607, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.01.012.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"593","endPage":"607","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":241520,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213855,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.01.012"}],"volume":"178","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc02be4b08c986b329f89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rowe, M.C.","contributorId":42041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowe","given":"M.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kent, A.J.R.","contributorId":76123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kent","given":"A.J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thornber, C.R.","contributorId":69302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thornber","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70033454,"text":"70033454 - 2008 - Anatomy and dynamics of a floodplain, Powder River, Montana, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:34","indexId":"70033454","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2451,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Research","onlineIssn":"1938-3681","printIssn":"1527-1404","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Anatomy and dynamics of a floodplain, Powder River, Montana, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Centimeter-scale measurements on several Powder River floodplains provide insights into the nature of overbank depositional processes that created the floodplains; during a 20-year period after a major flood in 1978. Rising stages initially entered across a sill at the downriver end of the floodplains. Later, as stages continued to rise, water entered the floodplains through distinct low saddles along natural levees. The annual maximum depth of water over the levee crest averaged 0.19 in from 1983 through 1996, and the estimated flow velocities were approximately 0.15 m s-1. Water ponded in the floodplain trough, a topographic low between the natural levee and the pre-flood riverbank, and mud settled as thin layers of nearly constant thickness. Mud layers alternated with sand layers, which were relatively thick near the channel. Together, these beds created a distinctive natural levee. In some locations, individual flood deposits began as a thin mud layer that gradually coarsened upwards to medium-grained sand. Coarsening-upwards sequences form initially as mud because only the uppermost layers of water in the channel supply the first overbank flows, which are rich in mud but starved of sand. At successively higher stages, fine sands and then medium sands increase in concentration in the floodwater and are deposited as fine- and medium-sand layers overlying the initial mud layer. Theoretical predictions from mathematical models of sediment transport by advection and diffusion indicate that these processes acting alone are unlikely to create the observed sand layers of nearly uniform thickness that extend across much of the floodplain. We infer that other transport processes, notably bedload transport, must be important along Powder River. Even with the centimeter-scale measurements of floodplain deposits, daily hydraulic data, and precise annual surface topographic surveys, we were unable to determine any clear correspondence between the gauged flow record of overbank floods and the depositional layers mapped in the floodplain. These results provide a detailed example of floodplain deposits and depositional processes that should prove useful for interpreting natural levee deposits in a variety of geologic settings. Copyright ?? 2008, SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Sedimentary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2110/jsr.2008.005","issn":"15271404","usgsCitation":"Pizzuto, J., Moody, J.A., and Meade, R., 2008, Anatomy and dynamics of a floodplain, Powder River, Montana, U.S.A.: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 78, no. 1-2, p. 16-28, https://doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2008.005.","startPage":"16","endPage":"28","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214158,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2008.005"},{"id":241852,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"78","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ebefe4b0c8380cd48f9b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pizzuto, J.E.","contributorId":10572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pizzuto","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moody, J. A.","contributorId":32930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moody","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meade, R.H.","contributorId":27449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meade","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70035410,"text":"70035410 - 2008 - Canadian groundwater inventory: Regional hydrogeological characterization of the south-central part of the maritimes basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:56","indexId":"70035410","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1126,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Canada","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Canadian groundwater inventory: Regional hydrogeological characterization of the south-central part of the maritimes basin","docAbstract":"The Maritimes Groundwater Initiative (MGWI) is a large, integrated, regional hydrogeological study focusing on a representative area of the Maritimes Basin in eastern Canada. The study area covers a land surface of 10 500 km2, of which 9 400 km2 are underlain by sedimentary rocks. This sedimentary bedrock is composed of a sequence of discontinuous strata of highly variable hydraulic properties, and is generally overlain by a thin layer of glacial till(mostly 4-8 m thick, but can reach 20 m). Depending on the area, 46 to 100% of the population relieson groundwater for water supply, either from municipal wells or from private residential wells. The main objectives of this project were to improve the general understanding of groundwater-flow dynamics and to provide baseline information and tools for a regional groundwater-resource assessment. This bulletin presents the current state of understanding of this hydrogeological system, along with the methodology used to characterize and analyze its distinct behaviour at three different scales. This regional bedrock aquifer system contains confined and unconfined zones, and each of its lenticular permeable strata extends only a few kilometres. Preferential groundwater recharge occurs where sandy till is present. The mean annual recharge rate to the bedrock is estimated to range between 130 and 165 mm/a. Several geological formations of this basin provide good aquifers, with hydraulic conductivity in the range 5x10-6 to 10-4m/s. Based on results of numerical flow modelling, faults were interpreted to have a key role in the regional flow. Pumping-test results revealed that the fractured aquifers can locally be very heterogeneous and anisotropic, but behave similarly to porous media. Work performed at the local scale indicated that most water-producing fractures seem to be subhorizontal and generally oriented in a northeasterly direction, in agreement with regional structures and pumping-test results. Almost all residential wells are shallow (about 20 m) open holes that are cased only through the surficial sediments.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Canada","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00687626","usgsCitation":"Rivard, C., Michaud, Y., Deblonde, C., Boisvert, V., Carrier, C., Morin, R.H., Calvert, T., Vigneault, H., Conohan, D., Castonguay, S., Lefebvre, R., Rivera, A., and Parent, M., 2008, Canadian groundwater inventory: Regional hydrogeological characterization of the south-central part of the maritimes basin: Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Canada, no. 589, p. 1-96.","startPage":"1","endPage":"96","numberOfPages":"96","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243083,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"589","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f33fe4b0c8380cd4b6b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rivard, C.","contributorId":97343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rivard","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Michaud, Y.","contributorId":11436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michaud","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Deblonde, C.","contributorId":57679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deblonde","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Boisvert, V.","contributorId":31223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boisvert","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Carrier, C.","contributorId":89370,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carrier","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Morin, R. H.","contributorId":31794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morin","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Calvert, T.","contributorId":62043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calvert","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Vigneault, H.","contributorId":37979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vigneault","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Conohan, D.","contributorId":48404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conohan","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Castonguay, S.","contributorId":7103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Castonguay","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Lefebvre, R.","contributorId":52408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lefebvre","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Rivera, A.","contributorId":28573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rivera","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Parent, M.","contributorId":105933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parent","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}} ,{"id":70035244,"text":"70035244 - 2008 - Multistage late Cenozoic evolution of the Amargosa River drainage, southwestern Nevada and eastern California Society of America. All rights reserved","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:53","indexId":"70035244","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Multistage late Cenozoic evolution of the Amargosa River drainage, southwestern Nevada and eastern California Society of America. All rights reserved","docAbstract":"Stratigraphic and geomorphic analyses reveal that the regional drainage basin of the modern Amargosa River formed via multistage linkage of formerly isolated basins in a diachronous series of integration events between late Miocene and latest Pleistocene-Holocene time. The 275-km-long Amargosa River system drains generally southward across a large (15,540 km<sup> 2</sup>) watershed in southwestern Nevada and eastern California to its terminus in central Death Valley. This drainage basin is divided into four major subbasins along the main channel and several minor subbasins on tributaries; these subbasins contain features, including central valley lowlands surrounded by highlands that form external divides or internal paleodivides, which suggest relict individual physiographic-hydrologic basins. From north to south, the main subbasins along the main channel are: (1) an upper headwaters subbasin, which is deeply incised into mostly Tertiary sediments and volcanic rocks; (2) an unincised low-gradient section within the Amargosa Desert; (3) a mostly incised section centered on Tecopa Valley and tributary drainages; and (4) a west- to northwest-oriented mostly aggrading lower section along the axis of southern Death Valley. Adjoining subbasins are hydro-logically linked by interconnecting narrows or canyon reaches that are variably incised into formerly continuous paleodivides. The most important linkages along the main channel include: (1) the Beatty narrows, which developed across a Tertiary bedrock paleodivide between the upper and Amargosa Desert subbasins during a latest Miocene-early Pliocene to middle Pleistocene interval (ca. 4-0.5 Ma); (2) the Eagle Mountain narrows, which cut into a mostly alluvial paleodivide between the Amar-gosa Desert and Tecopa subbasins in middle to late Pleistocene (ca. 150-100 ka) time; and (3) the Amargosa Canyon, which formed in late middle Pleistocene (ca. 200140 ka) time through a breached, actively uplifting paleodivide between the Tecopa and southern Death Valley subbasins. Collectively, the interconnecting reaches represent discrete integration events that incrementally produced the modern drainage basin starting near Beatty sometime after 4 Ma and ending in the Salt Creek tributary in the latest Pleistocene to Holocene (post-30 ka). Potential mechanisms for drainage integration across paleodivides include basin overtopping from sedimentary infilling above paleodivide elevations, paleolake spillover, groundwater sapping, and (or) headward erosion of dissecting channels in lower-altitude subbasins. These processes are complexly influenced by fluvial responses to factors such as climatic change, local base-level differences across divides, and (or) tectonic activity (the latter only recognized in Amargosa Canyon). ?? 2008 The Geological Society of America.","largerWorkTitle":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","language":"English","doi":"10.1130/2008.2439(03)","issn":"00721077","usgsCitation":"Menges, C., 2008, Multistage late Cenozoic evolution of the Amargosa River drainage, southwestern Nevada and eastern California Society of America. All rights reserved, in Special Paper of the Geological Society of America, no. 439, p. 39-90, https://doi.org/10.1130/2008.2439(03).","startPage":"39","endPage":"90","numberOfPages":"52","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215337,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2008.2439(03)"},{"id":243132,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"439","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a60aae4b0c8380cd715f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Menges, C.M.","contributorId":71200,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Menges","given":"C.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70033459,"text":"70033459 - 2008 - Deposition of talc - kerolite-smectite - smectite at seafloor hydrothermal vent fields: Evidence from mineralogical, geochemical and oxygen isotope studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:33","indexId":"70033459","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deposition of talc - kerolite-smectite - smectite at seafloor hydrothermal vent fields: Evidence from mineralogical, geochemical and oxygen isotope studies","docAbstract":"Talc, kerolite-smectite, smectite, chlorite-smectite and chlorite samples from sediments, chimneys and massive sulfides from six seafloor hydrothermal areas have been analyzed for mineralogy, chemistry and oxygen isotopes. Samples are from both peridotite- and basalt-hosted hydrothermal systems, and basaltic systems include sediment-free and sediment-covered sites. Mg-phyllosilicates at seafloor hydrothermal sites have previously been described as talc, stevensite or saponite. In contrast, new data show tri-octahedral Mg-phyllosilicates ranging from pure talc and Fe-rich talc, through kerolite-rich kerolite-smectite to smectite-rich kerolite-smectite and tri-octahedral smectite. The most common occurrence is mixed-layer kerolite-smectite, which shows an almost complete interstratification series with 5 to 85% smectitic layers. The smectite interstratified with kerolite is mostly tri-octahedral. The degree of crystal perfection of the clay sequence decreases generally from talc to kerolite-smectite with lower crystalline perfection as the proportion of smectite layers in kerolite-smectite increases. Our studies do not support any dependence of the precipitated minerals on the type/subtype of hydrothermal system. Oxygen isotope geothermometry demonstrates that talc and kerolite-smectite precipitated in chimneys, massive sulfide mounds, at the sediment surface and in open cracks in the sediment near seafloor are high-temperature (> 250????C) phases that are most probably the result of focused fluid discharge. The other end-member of this tri-octahedral Mg-phyllosilicate sequence, smectite, is a moderate-temperature (200-250????C) phase forming deep within the sediment (??? 0.8??m). Chlorite and chlorite-smectite, which constitute the alteration sediment matrix around the hydrothermal mounds, are lower-temperature (150-200????C) phases produced by diffuse fluid discharge through the sediment around the hydrothermal conduits. In addition to temperature, other two controls on the precipitation of this sequence are the silica activity and Mg/Al ratio (i.e. the degree of mixing of seawater with hydrothermal fluid). Higher silica activity favors the formation of talc relative to tri-octahedral smectite. Vent structures and sedimentary cover preclude complete mixing of hydrothermal fluid and ambient seawater, resulting in lower Mg/Al ratios in the interior parts of the chimneys and deeper in the sediment which leads to the precipitation of phyllosilicates with lower Mg contents. Talc and kerolite-smectite have very low trace- and rare earth element contents. Some exhibit a negative or flat Eu anomaly, which suggests Eu depletion in the original hydrothermal fluid. Such Eu depletion could be caused by precipitation of anhydrite or barite (sinks for Eu2+) deeper in the system. REE abundances and distribution patterns indicate that chlorite and chlorite-smectite are hydrothermal alteration products of the background turbiditic sediment. ?? 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.10.022","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Dekov, V., Cuadros, J., Shanks, W., and Koski, R., 2008, Deposition of talc - kerolite-smectite - smectite at seafloor hydrothermal vent fields: Evidence from mineralogical, geochemical and oxygen isotope studies: Chemical Geology, v. 247, no. 1-2, p. 171-194, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.10.022.","startPage":"171","endPage":"194","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":241917,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214218,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.10.022"}],"volume":"247","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059feb8e4b0c8380cd4eeb4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dekov, V.M.","contributorId":9465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dekov","given":"V.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cuadros, J.","contributorId":6271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cuadros","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shanks, Wayne C.","contributorId":39419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shanks","given":"Wayne C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Koski, R.A.","contributorId":16006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koski","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70032427,"text":"70032427 - 2008 - Hierarchy of sedimentary discontinuity surfaces and condensed beds from the middle Paleozoic of eastern North America: Implications for cratonic sequence stratigraphy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:20","indexId":"70032427","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Hierarchy of sedimentary discontinuity surfaces and condensed beds from the middle Paleozoic of eastern North America: Implications for cratonic sequence stratigraphy","docAbstract":"Sedimentological analyses of middle Paleozoic epeiric sea successions in North America suggest a hierarchy of discontinuity surfaces and condensed beds of increasing complexity. Simple firmgrounds and hardgrounds, which are comparatively ephemeral features, form the base of the hierarchy. Composite hardgrounds, reworked concretions, authigenic mineral crusts and monomictic intraformational conglomerates indicate more complex histories. Polymictic intraformational conglomerates, ironstones and phosphorites form the most complex discontinuity surfaces and condensed beds. Complexity of discontinuities is closely linked to depositional environments duration of sediment starvation and degree of reworking which in turn show a relationship to stratigraphic cyclicity. A model of cratonic sequence stratigraphy is generated by combining data on the complexity and lateral distribution of discontinuities in the context of facies successions. Lowstand, early transgressive and late transgressive systems tracts are representative of sea-level rise. Early and late transgressive systems tracts are separated by the maximum starvation surface (typically a polymictic intraformational conglomerate or condensed phosphorite), deposited during the peak rate of sea-level rise. Conversely the maximum flooding surface, representing the highest stand of sea level, is marked by little to no break in sedimentation. The highstand and falling stage systems tracts are deposited during relative sea-level fall. They are separated by the forced-regression surface, a thin discontinuity surface or condensed bed developed during the most rapid rate of sea-level fall. The lowest stand of sea level is marked by the sequence boundary. In subaerially exposed areas it is occasionally modified as a rockground or composite hardground.","largerWorkTitle":"Special Paper - Geological Association of Canada","language":"English","issn":"00721","usgsCitation":"McLaughlin, P., Brett, C.E., and Wilson, M.A., 2008, Hierarchy of sedimentary discontinuity surfaces and condensed beds from the middle Paleozoic of eastern North America: Implications for cratonic sequence stratigraphy, in Special Paper - Geological Association of Canada, no. 48, p. 175-200.","startPage":"175","endPage":"200","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":241579,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"48","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a30a8e4b0c8380cd5d828","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McLaughlin, P.I.","contributorId":98113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLaughlin","given":"P.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brett, Carlton E.","contributorId":85774,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brett","given":"Carlton","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilson, M. A.","contributorId":107649,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilson","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70031876,"text":"70031876 - 2008 - The experimental basis for interpreting particle and magnetic fabrics of sheared till","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:27","indexId":"70031876","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1425,"text":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The experimental basis for interpreting particle and magnetic fabrics of sheared till","docAbstract":"Particle fabrics of basal tills may allow testing of the bed-deformation model of glacier flow, which requires high bed shear strains (>100). Field studies, however, have not yielded a systematic relationship between shear-strain magnitude and fabric development. To isolate this relationship four basal tills and viscous putty were sheared in a ring-shear device to strains as high as 714. Fabric was characterized within a zone of shear deformation using the long-axis orientations of fine-gravel and sand particles and the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) of small (???5-8 cm3) intact samples. Results indicate that till particles rotate toward the plane of shearing with long-axis orientations that become tightly clustered in the direction of shear (0??78 < S1 < 0??94 for three-dimensional data). These strong, steady-state fabrics are attained at shear strains of 7-30, with no evidence of fabric weakening with further strain, regardless of the specific till or particle-size fraction under consideration. These results do not support the Jeffery model of particle rotation, which correctly describes particle rotation in the viscous putty but not in the tills, owing to fluid-mechanical assumptions of the model that are violated in till. The sensitivity of fabric development to shear-strain magnitude indicates that, for most till units where shear-strain magnitude is poorly known, attributing fabric variations to spatial differences in other variables, such as till thickness or water content, will be inherently speculative. Attributing fabric characteristics to particular basal till facies is uncertain because shear-strain magnitude is unlikely to be closely correlated to till facies. Weak or spatially variable fabrics, in the absence of post-depositional disturbance or major deviations from unidirectional simple shear, indicate that till has not been pervasively sheared to the high strains required by the bed-deformation model. Strong flow-parallel fabrics are a necessary but insufficient criterion for confirming the model. Copyright ?? 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/esp.1666","issn":"01979337","usgsCitation":"Iverson, N., Hooyer, T., Thomason, J., Graesch, M., and Shumway, J., 2008, The experimental basis for interpreting particle and magnetic fabrics of sheared till: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, v. 33, no. 4, p. 627-645, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1666.","startPage":"627","endPage":"645","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214610,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.1666"},{"id":242350,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-03-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505babede4b08c986b32317e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Iverson, N.R.","contributorId":19682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"N.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hooyer, T.S.","contributorId":83242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hooyer","given":"T.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thomason, J.F.","contributorId":11745,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomason","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Graesch, M.","contributorId":47184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graesch","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Shumway, J.R.","contributorId":79317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shumway","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70032365,"text":"70032365 - 2008 - Detection and attribution of temperature changes in the mountainous Western United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:24","indexId":"70032365","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2216,"text":"Journal of Climate","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Detection and attribution of temperature changes in the mountainous Western United States","docAbstract":"Large changes in the hydrology of the western United States have been observed since the mid-twentieth century. These include a reduction in the amount of precipitation arriving as snow, a decline in snowpack at low and midelevations, and a shift toward earlier arrival of both snowmelt and the centroid (center of mass) of streamflows. To project future water supply reliability, it is crucial to obtain a better understanding of the underlying cause or causes for these changes. A regional warming is often posited as the cause of these changes without formal testing of different competitive explanations for the warming. In this study, a rigorous detection and attribution analysis is performed to determine the causes of the late winter/early spring changes in hydrologically relevant temperature variables over mountain ranges of the western United States. Natural internal climate variability, as estimated from two long control climate model simulations, is insufficient to explain the rapid increase in daily minimum and maximum temperatures, the sharp decline in frost days, and the rise in degree-days above 0??C (a simple proxy for temperature driven snowmelt). These observed changes are also inconsistent with the model-predicted responses to variability in solar irradiance and volcanic activity. The observations are consistent with climite simulations that include the combined effects of anthropogenic greenhouse gases and aerosols. It is found that, for each temperature variable considered, an anthropogenic signal is identifiable in observational fields. The results are robust to uncertainties in model-estimated fingerprints and natural variability noise, to the choice of statistical down-scaling method, and to various processing options in the detection and attribution method. ?? 2008 American Meteorological Society.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Climate","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1175/2008JCLI2397.1","issn":"08948","usgsCitation":"Bonfils, C., Santer, B., Pierce, D., Hidalgo, H., Bala, G., Das, T., Barnett, T., Cayan, D., Doutriaux, C., Wood, A., Mirin, A., and Nozawa, T., 2008, Detection and attribution of temperature changes in the mountainous Western United States: Journal of Climate, v. 21, no. 23, p. 6404-6424, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2397.1.","startPage":"6404","endPage":"6424","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487695,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2397.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":213963,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2397.1"},{"id":241641,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"23","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ff66e4b0c8380cd4f17c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bonfils, Celine","contributorId":51542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bonfils","given":"Celine","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Santer, B.D.","contributorId":95702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Santer","given":"B.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pierce, D.W.","contributorId":23342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierce","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hidalgo, H.G.","contributorId":81229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hidalgo","given":"H.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bala, G.","contributorId":86983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bala","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Das, T.","contributorId":99383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Das","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Barnett, T.P.","contributorId":54763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnett","given":"T.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Cayan, D.R.","contributorId":25961,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cayan","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16196,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":435797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Doutriaux, C.","contributorId":50364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doutriaux","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Wood, A.W.","contributorId":43542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"A.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Mirin, A.","contributorId":104294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mirin","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Nozawa, T.","contributorId":83345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nozawa","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70031822,"text":"70031822 - 2008 - Six years of land subsidence in shanghai revealed by JERS-1 SAR data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:26","indexId":"70031822","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Six years of land subsidence in shanghai revealed by JERS-1 SAR data","docAbstract":"Differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) (DInSAR) has proven to be very useful in mapping and monitoring land subsidence in many regions of the world. Shanghai, China's largest city, is one of such areas suffering from land subsidence as a result of severe withdrawal of groundwater for different usages. DInSAR application in Shanghai with the C-band European Remote Sensing 1 & 2 (ERS-1/2) SAR data has been difficult mainly due to the problem of decorrelation of InSAR pairs with temporal baselines larger than 10 months. To overcome the coherence loss of C-band InSAR data, we used eight L-band Japanese Earth Resource Satellite (JERS-1) SAR data acquired during 2 October 1992 to 15 July 1998 to study land subsidence phenomenon in Shanghai. Three of the images were used to produce two separate digital elevation models (DEMs) of the study area to remove topographic fringes from the interferograms used for subsidence mapping. Six interferograms were used to generate 2 different time series of deformation maps over Shanghai. The cumulative subsidence map generated from each of the time series is in agreement with the land subsidence measurements of Shanghai city from 1990-1998, produced from other survey methods. ?? 2007 IEEE.","largerWorkTitle":"International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS)","conferenceTitle":"2007 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IGARSS 2007","conferenceDate":"23 June 2007 through 28 June 2007","conferenceLocation":"Barcelona","language":"English","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4423246","isbn":"1424412129; 9781424412129","usgsCitation":"Damoah-Afari, P., Ding, X., Li, Z., Lu, Z., and Omura, M., 2008, Six years of land subsidence in shanghai revealed by JERS-1 SAR data, in International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Barcelona, 23 June 2007 through 28 June 2007, p. 2093-2097, https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4423246.","startPage":"2093","endPage":"2097","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214862,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4423246"},{"id":242618,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9107e4b08c986b319731","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Damoah-Afari, P.","contributorId":55228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Damoah-Afari","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ding, X.-L.","contributorId":33934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ding","given":"X.-L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Li, Z.","contributorId":29160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Li","given":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lu, Z.","contributorId":106241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Omura, M.","contributorId":43994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Omura","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70032070,"text":"70032070 - 2008 - Changes in stream chemistry and biology in response to reduced levels of acid deposition during 1987-2003 in the Neversink River Basin, Catskill Mountains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:27","indexId":"70032070","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1456,"text":"Ecological Indicators","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Changes in stream chemistry and biology in response to reduced levels of acid deposition during 1987-2003 in the Neversink River Basin, Catskill Mountains","docAbstract":"Atmospheric acid deposition has decreased in the northeastern United States since the 1970s, resulting in modest increases in pH, acid-neutralizing capacity (ANC), and decreases in inorganic monomeric aluminum (AlIM) concentrations since stream chemistry monitoring began in the 1980s in the acid-sensitive upper Neversink River basin in the Catskill Mountains of New York. Stream pH has increased by 0.01 units/year during 1987-2003 at three sites in the Neversink basin as determined by Seasonal Kendall trend analysis. In light of this observed decrease in stream acidity, we sampled 12 stream sites within the Neversink River watershed for water chemistry, macroinvertebrates, fish, and periphytic diatoms in 2003 to compare with a similar data set collected in 1987. Metrics and indices that reflect sensitivity to stream acidity were developed with these biological data to determine whether changes in stream biota over the intervening 16 years parallel those of stream chemistry. Statistical comparisons of data on stream chemistry and an acid biological assessment profile (Acid BAP) derived from invertebrate data showed no significant differences between the two years. For pH and ANC, however, values in 2003 were generally lower than those in 1987; this difference likely resulted from higher streamflow in summer 2003. Despite these likely flow-induced changes in summer 2003, an ordination and cluster analysis of macroinvertebrate taxa based on the Acid BAP indicated that the most acidic sites in the upstream half of the East Branch Neversink River form a statistically significant separate cluster consistent with less acidic stream conditions. This analysis is consistent with limited recovery of invertebrate species in the most acidic reaches of the river, but will require additional improvement in stream chemistry before a stronger conclusion can be drawn. Data on the fish and periphytic diatom communities in 2003 indicate that slimy sculpin had not extended their habitat to upstream reaches that previously were devoid of this acid-intolerant species in 1987; a diatom acid-tolerance index indicates continued high-acid impact throughout most of the East Branch and headwaters of the West Branch Neversink River. ?? 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Indicators","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2007.01.003","issn":"1470160X","usgsCitation":"Burns, D.A., Riva-Murray, K., Bode, R., and Passy, S., 2008, Changes in stream chemistry and biology in response to reduced levels of acid deposition during 1987-2003 in the Neversink River Basin, Catskill Mountains: Ecological Indicators, v. 8, no. 3, p. 191-203, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2007.01.003.","startPage":"191","endPage":"203","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":242794,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215028,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2007.01.003"}],"volume":"8","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f42be4b0c8380cd4bba0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burns, Douglas A. 0000-0001-6516-2869","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6516-2869","contributorId":29450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Riva-Murray, K.","contributorId":82481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riva-Murray","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bode, R.W.","contributorId":77341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bode","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Passy, S.","contributorId":101102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Passy","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70033688,"text":"70033688 - 2008 - Key elements of regional seismic velocity models for long period ground motion simulations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:31","indexId":"70033688","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2453,"text":"Journal of Seismology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Key elements of regional seismic velocity models for long period ground motion simulations","docAbstract":"Regional 3-D seismic velocity models used for broadband strong motion simulations must include compressional-wave velocity (Vp), shear-wave velocity (Vs), intrinsic attenuation (Qp, Qs), and density. Vs and Qs are the most important of these parameters because the strongest ground motions are generated chiefly by shear- and surface-wave arrivals. Because Vp data are more common than Vs data, many researchers first develop a Vp model and convert it to a Vs model. I describe recent empirical relations between Vs, Vp, Qs, Qp, and density that allow velocity models to be rapidly and accurately calculated. ?? Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2007.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Seismology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10950-007-9061-3","issn":"13834649","usgsCitation":"Brocher, T., 2008, Key elements of regional seismic velocity models for long period ground motion simulations: Journal of Seismology, v. 12, no. 2, p. 217-221, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-007-9061-3.","startPage":"217","endPage":"221","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214138,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10950-007-9061-3"},{"id":241832,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-08-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a407ae4b0c8380cd64dcb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brocher, T.M. 0000-0002-9740-839X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9740-839X","contributorId":69994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brocher","given":"T.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70032867,"text":"70032867 - 2008 - Sprint swimming performance of wild bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:20","indexId":"70032867","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2900,"text":"Northwest Science","onlineIssn":"2161-9859","printIssn":"0029-344X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sprint swimming performance of wild bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus)","docAbstract":"We conducted laboratory experiments to determine the sprint swimming performance of wild juvenile and adult bull trout Salvelinus confluentus. Sprint swimming speeds were estimated using high-speed digital video analysis. Thirty two bull trout were tested in sizes ranging from about 10 to 31 cm. Of these, 14 fish showed at least one motivated, vigorous sprint. When plotted as a function of time, velocity of fish increased rapidly with the relation linear or slightly curvilinear. Their maximum velocity, or Vmax, ranged from 1.3 to 2.3 m/s, was usually achieved within 0.8 to 1.0 s, and was independent of fish size. Distances covered during these sprints ranged from 1.4 to 2.4 m. Our estimates of the sprint swimming performance are the first reported for this species and may be useful for producing or modifying fish passage structures that allow safe and effective passage of fish without overly exhausting them. ?? 2008 by the Northwest Scientific Association. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Northwest Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0029344X","usgsCitation":"Mesa, M., Phelps, J., and Weiland, L., 2008, Sprint swimming performance of wild bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus): Northwest Science, v. 82, no. 1, p. 1-6.","startPage":"1","endPage":"6","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":241501,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"82","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9635e4b08c986b31b370","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mesa, M.G.","contributorId":17386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mesa","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Phelps, J.","contributorId":47591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phelps","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Weiland, L.K.","contributorId":37493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weiland","given":"L.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70032076,"text":"70032076 - 2008 - Seabed mapping and characterization of sediment variability using the usSEABED data base","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-19T11:16:13","indexId":"70032076","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seabed mapping and characterization of sediment variability using the usSEABED data base","docAbstract":"We present a methodology for statistical analysis of randomly located marine sediment point data, and apply it to the US continental shelf portions of usSEABED mean grain size records. The usSEABED database, like many modern, large environmental datasets, is heterogeneous and interdisciplinary. We statistically test the database as a source of mean grain size data, and from it provide a first examination of regional seafloor sediment variability across the entire US continental shelf. Data derived from laboratory analyses (\"extracted\") and from word-based descriptions (\"parsed\") are treated separately, and they are compared statistically and deterministically. Data records are selected for spatial analysis by their location within sample regions: polygonal areas defined in ArcGIS chosen by geography, water depth, and data sufficiency. We derive isotropic, binned semivariograms from the data, and invert these for estimates of noise variance, field variance, and decorrelation distance. The highly erratic nature of the semivariograms is a result both of the random locations of the data and of the high level of data uncertainty (noise). This decorrelates the data covariance matrix for the inversion, and largely prevents robust estimation of the fractal dimension. Our comparison of the extracted and parsed mean grain size data demonstrates important differences between the two. In particular, extracted measurements generally produce finer mean grain sizes, lower noise variance, and lower field variance than parsed values. Such relationships can be used to derive a regionally dependent conversion factor between the two. Our analysis of sample regions on the US continental shelf revealed considerable geographic variability in the estimated statistical parameters of field variance and decorrelation distance. Some regional relationships are evident, and overall there is a tendency for field variance to be higher where the average mean grain size is finer grained. Surprisingly, parsed and extracted noise magnitudes correlate with each other, which may indicate that some portion of the data variability that we identify as \"noise\" is caused by real grain size variability at very short scales. Our analyses demonstrate that by applying a bias-correction proxy, usSEABED data can be used to generate reliable interpolated maps of regional mean grain size and sediment character.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Continental Shelf Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.csr.2007.11.011","issn":"02784343","usgsCitation":"Goff, J., Jenkins, C., and Jeffress, W.S., 2008, Seabed mapping and characterization of sediment variability using the usSEABED data base: Continental Shelf Research, v. 28, no. 4-5, p. 614-633, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2007.11.011.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"614","endPage":"633","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":242363,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"28","issue":"4-5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8820e4b08c986b3167ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goff, J.A.","contributorId":17004,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goff","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jenkins, C.J.","contributorId":61244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenkins","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jeffress, Williams S.","contributorId":90948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jeffress","given":"Williams","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70032060,"text":"70032060 - 2008 - Inverse geochemical modeling of groundwater evolution with emphasis on arsenic in the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer, Arkansas (USA)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:27","indexId":"70032060","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Inverse geochemical modeling of groundwater evolution with emphasis on arsenic in the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer, Arkansas (USA)","docAbstract":"Inverse geochemical modeling (PHREEQC) was used to identify the evolution of groundwater with emphasis on arsenic (As) release under reducing conditions in the shallow (25-30 m) Mississippi River Valley Alluvial aquifer, Arkansas, USA. The modeling was based on flow paths defined by high-precision (??2 cm) water level contour map; X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopic (SEM), and chemical analysis of boring-sediments for minerals; and detailed chemical analysis of groundwater along the flow paths. Potential phases were constrained using general trends in chemical analyses data of groundwater and sediments, and saturation indices data (MINTEQA2) of minerals in groundwater. Modeling results show that calcite, halite, fluorite, Fe oxyhydroxide, organic matter, H2S (gas) were dissolving with mole transfers of 1.40E - 03, 2.13E - 04, 4.15E - 06, 1.25E + 01, 3.11, and 9.34, respectively along the dominant flow line. Along the same flow line, FeS, siderite, and vivianite were precipitating with mole transfers of 9.34, 3.11, and 2.64E - 07, respectively. Cation exchange reactions of Ca2+ (4.93E - 04 mol) for Na+ (2.51E - 04 mol) on exchange sites occurred along the dominant flow line. Gypsum dissolution reactions were dominant over calcite dissolution in some of the flow lines due to the common ion effect. The concentration of As in groundwater ranged from <0.5 to 77 ??g/L. Twenty percent total As was complexed with Fe and Mn oxyhydroxides. The redox environment, chemical data of sediments and groundwater, and the results of inverse geochemical modeling indicate that reductive dissolution of Fe oxyhydroxide is the dominant process of As release in the groundwater. The relative rate of reduction of Fe oxyhydroxide over SO42 - with co-precipitation of As into sulfide is the limiting factor controlling dissolved As in groundwater. ?? 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.11.027","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Sharif, M., Davis, R., Steele, K., Kim, B., Kresse, T., and Fazio, J., 2008, Inverse geochemical modeling of groundwater evolution with emphasis on arsenic in the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer, Arkansas (USA): Journal of Hydrology, v. 350, no. 1-2, p. 41-55, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.11.027.","startPage":"41","endPage":"55","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214875,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.11.027"},{"id":242631,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"350","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3e4be4b0c8380cd63c5e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sharif, M.U.","contributorId":106243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharif","given":"M.U.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, R.K.","contributorId":85307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"R.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Steele, K.F.","contributorId":50270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steele","given":"K.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kim, B.","contributorId":93173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kim","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kresse, T.M.","contributorId":107019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kresse","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Fazio, J.A.","contributorId":63135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fazio","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70031833,"text":"70031833 - 2008 - Quantitative estimation of bioclimatic parameters from presence/absence vegetation data in North America by the modern analog technique","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:25","indexId":"70031833","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantitative estimation of bioclimatic parameters from presence/absence vegetation data in North America by the modern analog technique","docAbstract":"The method of modern analogs is widely used to obtain estimates of past climatic conditions from paleobiological assemblages, and despite its frequent use, this method involved so-far untested assumptions. We applied four analog approaches to a continental-scale set of bioclimatic and plant-distribution presence/absence data for North America to assess how well this method works under near-optimal modern conditions. For each point on the grid, we calculated the similarity between its vegetation assemblage and those of all other points on the grid (excluding nearby points). The climate of the points with the most similar vegetation was used to estimate the climate at the target grid point. Estimates based the use of the Jaccard similarity coefficient had smaller errors than those based on the use of a new similarity coefficient, although the latter may be more robust because it does not assume that the \"fossil\" assemblage is complete. The results of these analyses indicate that presence/absence vegetation assemblages provide a valid basis for estimating bioclimates on the continental scale. However, the accuracy of the estimates is strongly tied to the number of species in the target assemblage, and the analog method is necessarily constrained to produce estimates that fall within the range of observed values. We applied the four modern analog approaches and the mutual overlap (or \"mutual climatic range\") method to estimate bioclimatic conditions represented by the plant macrofossil assemblage from a packrat midden of Last Glacial Maximum age from southern Nevada. In general, the estimation approaches produced similar results in regard to moisture conditions, but there was a greater range of estimates for growing-degree days. Despite its limitations, the modern analog technique can provide paleoclimatic reconstructions that serve as the starting point to the interpretation of past climatic conditions.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Science Reviews","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.02.014","issn":"02773791","usgsCitation":"Thompson, R., Anderson, K.H., and Bartlein, P., 2008, Quantitative estimation of bioclimatic parameters from presence/absence vegetation data in North America by the modern analog technique: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 27, no. 11-12, p. 1234-1254, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.02.014.","startPage":"1234","endPage":"1254","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214986,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.02.014"},{"id":242748,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"11-12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9214e4b0c8380cd8063a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, R.S.","contributorId":106516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, K. H.","contributorId":81527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bartlein, P. J.","contributorId":54566,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bartlein","given":"P. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70032338,"text":"70032338 - 2008 - Efficient estimation of abundance for patchily distributed populations via two-phase, adaptive sampling.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:52","indexId":"70032338","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Efficient estimation of abundance for patchily distributed populations via two-phase, adaptive sampling.","docAbstract":"Many organisms are patchily distributed, with some patches occupied at high density, others at lower densities, and others not occupied. Estimation of overall abundance can be difficult and is inefficient via intensive approaches such as capture-mark-recapture (CMR) or distance sampling. We propose a two-phase sampling scheme and model in a Bayesian framework to estimate abundance for patchily distributed populations. In the first phase, occupancy is estimated by binomial detection samples taken on all selected sites, where selection may be of all sites available, or a random sample of sites. Detection can be by visual surveys, detection of sign, physical captures, or other approach. At the second phase, if a detection threshold is achieved, CMR or other intensive sampling is conducted via standard procedures (grids or webs) to estimate abundance. Detection and CMR data are then used in a joint likelihood to model probability of detection in the occupancy sample via an abundance-detection model. CMR modeling is used to estimate abundance for the abundance-detection relationship, which in turn is used to predict abundance at the remaining sites, where only detection data are collected. We present a full Bayesian modeling treatment of this problem, in which posterior inference on abundance and other parameters (detection, capture probability) is obtained under a variety of assumptions about spatial and individual sources of heterogeneity. We apply the approach to abundance estimation for two species of voles (Microtus spp.) in Montana, USA. We also use a simulation study to evaluate the frequentist properties of our procedure given known patterns in abundance and detection among sites as well as design criteria. For most population characteristics and designs considered, bias and mean-square error (MSE) were low, and coverage of true parameter values by Bayesian credibility intervals was near nominal. Our two-phase, adaptive approach allows efficient estimation of abundance of rare and patchily distributed species and is particularly appropriate when sampling in all patches is impossible, but a global estimate of abundance is required.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1890/07-2145.1","issn":"00129","usgsCitation":"Conroy, M., Runge, J., Barker, R.J., Schofield, M., and Fonnesbeck, C., 2008, Efficient estimation of abundance for patchily distributed populations via two-phase, adaptive sampling.: Ecology, v. 89, no. 12, p. 3362-3370, https://doi.org/10.1890/07-2145.1.","startPage":"3362","endPage":"3370","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215075,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1890/07-2145.1"},{"id":242846,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0867e4b0c8380cd51ae1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Conroy, M.J.","contributorId":84690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conroy","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Runge, J.P.","contributorId":57180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runge","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barker, R. J.","contributorId":34222,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barker","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schofield, M.R.","contributorId":106334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schofield","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fonnesbeck, C.J.","contributorId":41381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fonnesbeck","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70009735,"text":"70009735 - 2008 - Carbonate precipitation by the thermophilic archaeon Archaeoglobus fulgidus: A model of carbon flow for an ancient microorganism","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-10T15:42:28","indexId":"70009735","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1012,"text":"Biogeosciences Discussions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Carbonate precipitation by the thermophilic archaeon Archaeoglobus fulgidus: A model of carbon flow for an ancient microorganism","docAbstract":"Microbial carbonate precipitation experiments were conducted using the archaeon bacteria Archaeoglobus fulgidus to determine chemical and isotopic fractionation of organic and inorganic carbon into mineral phases. Carbonate precipitation was induced in two different experiments using A. fulgidus to determine the relative abundance of organically derived carbon incorporated into carbonate minerals as well as to define any distinct phases or patterns that could be attributed to the precipitation process. One experiment used a medium containing 13C-depleted organic carbon and 13C-enriched inorganic carbon, and the other used a 14C-labeled organic carbon source. Results indicated that 0.9 - 24.8% organic carbon was incorporated into carbonates precipitated by A. fulgidus and that this process was mediated primarily by pH and CO2 emission from cells. Data showed that the carbon in the CO2 produced from this microorganism is incorporated into carbonates and that the rate at which precipitation occurs and the dynamics of the carbonate precipitation process are strongly mediated by the specific steps involved in the biochemical process for lactate oxidation by A. fulgidus.","language":"English","issn":"18106277","usgsCitation":"Robbins, L.L., Van Cleave, K.A., and Ostrom, P., 2008, Carbonate precipitation by the thermophilic archaeon Archaeoglobus fulgidus: A model of carbon flow for an ancient microorganism: Biogeosciences Discussions, v. 5, no. 4, p. 3409-3432.","startPage":"3409","endPage":"3432","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218679,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f36fe4b0c8380cd4b7f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robbins, L. L.","contributorId":71156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Van Cleave, K. A.","contributorId":94033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Cleave","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ostrom, P.","contributorId":22897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ostrom","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70033348,"text":"70033348 - 2008 - Nutrient availability affects pigment production but not growth in lichens of biological soil crusts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-02T15:57:10","indexId":"70033348","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3416,"text":"Soil Biology and Biochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nutrient availability affects pigment production but not growth in lichens of biological soil crusts","docAbstract":"Recent research suggests that micronutrients such as Mn may limit growth of slow-growing biological soil crusts (BSCs) in some of the drylands of the world. These soil surface communities contribute strongly to arid ecosystem function and are easily degraded, creating a need for new restoration tools. The possibility that Mn fertilization could be used as a restoration tool for BSCs has not been tested previously. We used microcosms in a controlled greenhouse setting to investigate the hypothesis that Mn may limit photosynthesis and consequently growth in Collema tenax, a dominant N-fixing lichen found in BSCs worldwide. We found no evidence to support our hypothesis; furthermore, addition of other nutrients (primarily P, K, and Zn) had a suppressive effect on gross photosynthesis (P = 0.05). We also monitored the growth and physiological status of our microcosms and found that other nutrients increased the production of scytonemin, an important sunscreen pigment, but only when not added with Mn (P = 0.01). A structural equation model indicated that this effect was independent of any photosynthesis-related variable. We propose two alternative hypotheses to account for this pattern: (1) Mn suppresses processes needed to produce scytonemin; and (2) Mn is required to suppress scytonemin production at low light, when it is an unnecessary photosynthate sink. Although Mn fertilization does not appear likely to increase photosynthesis or growth of Collema, it could have a role in survivorship during environmentally stressful periods due to modification of scytonemin production. Thus, Mn enrichment should be studied further for its potential to facilitate BSC rehabilitation. ?? 2008 Elsevier Ltd.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.08.002","issn":"00380","usgsCitation":"Bowker, M.A., Koch, G., Belnap, J., and Johnson, N., 2008, Nutrient availability affects pigment production but not growth in lichens of biological soil crusts: Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v. 40, no. 11, p. 2819-2826, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.08.002.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"2819","endPage":"2826","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":240996,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213375,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.08.002"}],"volume":"40","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6979e4b0c8380cd73d36","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bowker, M. A.","contributorId":18901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowker","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koch, G.W.","contributorId":104291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koch","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Belnap, J. 0000-0001-7471-2279","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279","contributorId":23872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belnap","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, N.C.","contributorId":29567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"N.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70032898,"text":"70032898 - 2008 - Improvements in the use of aquatic herbicides and establishment of future research directions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:36","indexId":"70032898","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Improvements in the use of aquatic herbicides and establishment of future research directions","docAbstract":"Peer-reviewed literature over the past 20 years identifies significant changes and improvements in chemical control strategies used to manage nuisance submersed vegetation. The invasive exotic plants hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata L.f. Royle) and Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum L.) continue to spread and remain the plant species of greatest concern for aquatic resource managers at the national scale. Emerging exotic weeds of regional concern such as egeria (Egeria densa Planch.), curlyleaf pondweed (Potamogeton crispus L.), and hygrophila (Hygrophila polysperma (Roxb.) T. Anders), as well as native plants such as variable watermilfoil (Myriophyllum heterophyllum Michx), and cabomba (Cabomba caroliniana Gray) are invasive outside their home ranges. In addition, there is always the threat of new plant introductions such as African elodea (Lagarosiphon major (Ridley) Moss) or narrow-leaf anacharis (Egeria najas Planchon). The registration of the bleaching herbicide fluridone in the mid 1980s for whole-lake and large-scale management stimulated numerous lines of research involving reduction of use rates, plant selectivity, residue monitoring, and impacts on fisheries. In addition to numerous advances, the specificity of fluridone for a single plant enzyme led to the first documented case of herbicide resistance in aquatic plant management. The resistance of hydrilla to fluridone has stimulated a renewed interest by industry and others in the registration of alternative modes of action for aquatic use. These newer chemistries tend to be enzyme-specific compounds with favorable non-target toxicity profiles. Registration efforts have been facilitated by increased cooperation between key federal government agencies that have aquatic weed control and research responsibilities, and regulators within the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). We reviewed past and current research efforts to identify areas in need of further investigation and to establish priorities for future research directions in chemical management of submersed plants. The priorities we identified include: (A) improving methods for evaluating non-target impacts of herbicides with an emphasis on threatened and endangered species, or species of special concern; (B) improving herbicide performance in flowing-water environments, including irrigation canals; (C) screening and developing new herbicides to supplement fluridone for large-scale or whole-lake management approaches; (D) screening and developing new organic algaecides to supplement the use of copper-based compounds; (E) developing risk assessment tools to educate the public on the risks of invasive species and chemical management options; (F) increasing cooperative research with ecologists and fisheries scientists to evaluate the long-term impacts of invasive species introductions and herbicide programs on native plant assemblages, water quality, and fish populations; and (G) improving the integration of chemical control technology with other aquatic plant management disciplines. While circumstances may dictate setting new priorities or dropping current ones, the list we have generated represents our vision of the needs that will require the greatest focus over the next several years.","largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Aquatic Plant Management","language":"English","issn":"01466623","usgsCitation":"Getsinger, K., Netherland, M., Grue, C., and Koschnick, T., 2008, Improvements in the use of aquatic herbicides and establishment of future research directions, in Journal of Aquatic Plant Management, v. 46, no. 1, p. 32-41.","startPage":"32","endPage":"41","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":240969,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"46","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a396ce4b0c8380cd61902","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Getsinger, K.D.","contributorId":103047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Getsinger","given":"K.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Netherland, M.D.","contributorId":15839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Netherland","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grue, C.E.","contributorId":86446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grue","given":"C.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Koschnick, T.J.","contributorId":85407,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koschnick","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70198270,"text":"70198270 - 2008 - Upper conduit structure and explosion dynamics at Stromboli","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-06T15:34:04.168925","indexId":"70198270","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Upper conduit structure and explosion dynamics at Stromboli","docAbstract":"Modeling of very long period seismic data recorded during explosive activity at Stromboli in 1997 provides an image of the uppermost 1 km of its volcanic plumbing system. Two distinct dike-like conduit structures are identified, each representative of explosive eruptions from two different vents located near the northern and southern perimeters of the summit crater. Inferred volumetric changes in the dikes are viewed as the result of a piston-like action of the magma associated with the disruption of a gas slug transiting through discontinuities in the dike apertures. Accompanying these volumetric source components are single vertical forces resulting from an exchange of linear momentum between the source and the Earth. In the dike system underlying the northern vent, a primary disruption site is inferred at an elevation near 440 m where a bifurcation in the conduit occurs. At a depth of 80 m below sea level (bsl), a sharp corner in the conduit marks another location where the elastic response of the solid to the action of the upper source induces pressure and momentum changes in the magma. In the conduit underlying the southern vent, the junction of two inclined dikes with a subvertical dike at 520 m of elevation is a primary site of gas slug disruption, and another conduit corner 280 m bsl represents a coupling location between the elastic response of the solid and fluid motion.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Stromboli volcano: An integrated study of the 2002-2003 eruption","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/182GM08","usgsCitation":"Chouet, B.A., Dawson, P.B., and Martini, M., 2008, Upper conduit structure and explosion dynamics at Stromboli, chap. of The Stromboli volcano: An integrated study of the 2002-2003 eruption, v. 182, p. 81-92, https://doi.org/10.1029/182GM08.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"81","endPage":"92","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":356022,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Italy","otherGeospatial":"Stromboli","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 15.213661193847658,\n 38.81189098781871\n ],\n [\n 15.190315246582033,\n 38.79771102715645\n ],\n [\n 15.184478759765627,\n 38.790753788294424\n ],\n [\n 15.191688537597654,\n 38.7800490179011\n ],\n [\n 15.201988220214846,\n 38.77656962147866\n ],\n [\n 15.215721130371096,\n 38.77041335043523\n ],\n [\n 15.226364135742188,\n 38.77442837007637\n ],\n [\n 15.232543945312498,\n 38.78459874169886\n ],\n [\n 15.240097045898438,\n 38.79450007821985\n ],\n [\n 15.24421691894531,\n 38.80573776659133\n ],\n [\n 15.228080749511719,\n 38.812426025416734\n ],\n [\n 15.216751098632812,\n 38.81296105899589\n ],\n [\n 15.213661193847658,\n 38.81189098781871\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"182","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-03-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b98bd92e4b0702d0e845768","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Calvari, Sonia","contributorId":168721,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Calvari","given":"Sonia","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740823,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Inguaggiato, Salvatore","contributorId":138807,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Inguaggiato","given":"Salvatore","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12533,"text":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia – Sezione di Palermo- Via Ugo La Malfa, 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":740824,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Puglisi, Giuseppe","contributorId":192763,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Puglisi","given":"Giuseppe","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740825,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ripepe, Maurizio","contributorId":169435,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ripepe","given":"Maurizio","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740826,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rosi, Mauro","contributorId":206499,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rosi","given":"Mauro","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740827,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}],"authors":[{"text":"Chouet, Bernard A. 0000-0001-5527-0532 chouet@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5527-0532","contributorId":3304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"Bernard","email":"chouet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":740820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dawson, Phillip B. dawson@usgs.gov","contributorId":2751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"Phillip","email":"dawson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":740821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Martini, Marcello","contributorId":206498,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Martini","given":"Marcello","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70191297,"text":"70191297 - 2008 - Axial high topography and partial melt in the crust and mantle beneath the western Galápagos Spreading Center","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-03T15:53:44","indexId":"70191297","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1757,"text":"Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Axial high topography and partial melt in the crust and mantle beneath the western Galápagos Spreading Center","docAbstract":"The hot spot-influenced western Galápagos Spreading Center (GSC) has an axial topographic high that reaches heights of ∼700 m relative to seafloor depth ∼25 km from the axis. We investigate the cause of the unusual size of the axial high using a model that determines the flexural response to loads resulting from the thermal and magmatic structure of the lithosphere. The thermal structure simulated is appropriate for large amounts of cooling by hydrothermal circulation, which tends to minimize the amount of partial melt needed to explain the axial topography. Nonetheless, results reveal that the large axial high near 92°W requires that either the crust below the magma lens contains >35% partial melt or that 20% melt is present in the lower crust and at least 3% in the mantle within a narrow column (<∼10 km wide) extending to depths of 45–65 km. Because melt fractions >35% in the crust are considered unreasonable, it is likely that much of the axial high region of the GSC is underlain by a narrow region of partially molten mantle of widths approaching those imaged seismically beneath the East Pacific Rise. A narrow zone of mantle upwelling and melting, driven largely by melt buoyancy, is a plausible explanation.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/2008GC002100","usgsCitation":"Blacic, T.M., Ito, G., Shah, A.K., Canales, J.P., and Lin, J., 2008, Axial high topography and partial melt in the crust and mantle beneath the western Galápagos Spreading Center: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, v. 9, no. 12, p. 1-22, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GC002100.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"22","ipdsId":"IP-004410","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488721,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gc002100","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":346366,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.2,\n 2.6\n ],\n [\n -91.2,\n 2.6\n ],\n [\n -91.2,\n 1.8\n ],\n [\n -93.2,\n 1.8\n ],\n [\n -93.2,\n 2.6\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"9","issue":"12","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-12-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59d4a1abe4b05fe04cc4e10d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blacic, Tanya M.","contributorId":196897,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Blacic","given":"Tanya","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":711876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ito, Garrett","contributorId":67396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ito","given":"Garrett","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":711877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shah, Anjana K. 0000-0002-3198-081X ashah@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3198-081X","contributorId":2297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shah","given":"Anjana","email":"ashah@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":711878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Canales, Juan Pablo","contributorId":196896,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Canales","given":"Juan","email":"","middleInitial":"Pablo","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":711879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lin, Jian","contributorId":16930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lin","given":"Jian","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":711880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70179801,"text":"70179801 - 2008 - Rivers and streams: Ecosystem dynamics and integrating paradigms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-16T15:18:01","indexId":"70179801","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Rivers and streams: Ecosystem dynamics and integrating paradigms","docAbstract":"Full understanding of running waters requires an ecosystem perspective, which encompasses the physical and chemical setting in interaction with dependent biological communities. Several conceptual models or paradigms of river and stream ecosystems that capture critical components of lotic ecosystems have been developed, including the ‘river continuum concept’, to describe fluxes of matter and energy within the stream or river channel together with exchanges between the channel and its terrestrial setting. A complete ecosystem perspective includes consideration of hierarchical spatial scales in a temporal context. Flow of energy in lotic ecosystems is driven by two alternative energy sources: sunlight regulating in-stream photosynthesis and plant litter derived from the stream-side riparian corridor or floodplain. Energy transfers within the ecosystem pass through micro- and macroproducers (algae and vascular hydrophytes) and micro- and macroconsumers (microorganisms, invertebrates, and vertebrates). Material fluxes encompass the cycling of key nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, and the transport, storage, and metabolism of dissolved (DOM) and particulate (POM) organic matter (OM). Growth of lotic periphyton (algae and associated microbes, microzoans, and detritus) and coarse (CPOM) and fine (FPOM) particulate organic matter constitute the food resources of nonpredaceous running-water invertebrates (e.g., shredders that consume CPOM and collectors that feed on FPOM and associated microbes of both).
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Encyclopedia of ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier ","doi":"10.1016/B978-008045405-4.00354-2","usgsCitation":"Cummins, K., and Wilzbach, M., 2008, Rivers and streams: Ecosystem dynamics and integrating paradigms, chap. of Encyclopedia of ecology, p. 3084-3095, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-008045405-4.00354-2.","productDescription":"12 p. ","startPage":"3084","endPage":"3095","ipdsId":"IP-081945","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335785,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a6c838e4b025c4642862b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cummins, K.W.","contributorId":88297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cummins","given":"K.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":669783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilzbach, M.A.","contributorId":181849,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilzbach","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":669784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}