Disturbances can significantly affect the thermal regime and community structure of wetlands. We investigated the effect of a wildfire on water temperature of seasonal, montane wetlands after documenting the colonization of recently burned wetlands by the Boreal Toad (Bufo boreas boreas). We compared the daily mean temperature, daily maximum temperature, and accumulated growing degree days measured on the north shore of three classes of wetlands: unburned wetlands, burned wetlands that were colonized by breeding toads, and burned wetlands that were not colonized. We hypothesized that toads colonized burned wetlands because they were warmer than unburned wetlands and selected specific burned wetlands because they were warmer than neighboring burned sites. There was weak evidence that toads selected burned wetlands with higher temperature maxima; however, the differences were small (???1??C) and were not supported when accounting for geography and wetland features. We also found no evidence that burning the forest around wetlands increased water temperatures two and three years after the fire. Unburned wetlands had higher daily mean and maximum temperatures and accrued more growing degree days than either class of burned wetlands. Temperature differences among groups of wetlands seemed to be driven by subtle differences in geography. We suspect we did not find warmer temperatures in burned wetlands because all of the wetlands we monitored already had open canopies and the fire likely resulted in only small increases in incident radiation. Copyright ?? 2008. Blake R. Hossack. All rights reserved.
","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Hossack, B., and Corn, P., 2008, Wildfire effects on water temperature and selection of breeding sites by the Boreal Toad (Bufo boreas) in seasonal wetlands: Herpetological Conservation and Biology, v. 3, no. 1, p. 46-54.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"46","endPage":"54","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":218622,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":318251,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.herpconbio.org/contents_vol3_issue1.html"}],"volume":"3","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd0cce4b08c986b32f082","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hossack, B. R.","contributorId":10756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hossack","given":"B. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Corn, P.S.","contributorId":63751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Corn","given":"P.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70010032,"text":"70010032 - 2008 - Near-decadal changes in nitrate and pesticide concentrations in the South Platte River alluvial aquifer, 1993-2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T14:39:21","indexId":"70010032","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Near-decadal changes in nitrate and pesticide concentrations in the South Platte River alluvial aquifer, 1993-2004","docAbstract":"The lower South Platte River basin of Colorado and Nebraska is an area of intense agriculture supported by surface-water diversions from the river and ground-water pumping from a valley-fill alluvial aquifer. Two well networks consisting of 45 wells installed in the South Platte alluvial aquifer were sampled in the early 1990s and again in the early 2000s to examine near-decadal ground-water quality changes in irrigated agricultural areas. Ground-water age generally increases and dissolved-oxygen content decreases with distance along flow paths and with depdi below the water table, and denitrification is an important natural mitigation mechanism for nitrate in downgradient areas. Ground-water travel time from upland areas to the river ranges from 12 to 31 yr on the basis of apparent ground-water ages. Ground-water nitrate concentrations for agricultural land-use wells increased significantly for oxidized samples over the decade, and nitrogen isotope ratios for oxidized samples indicate synthetic fertilizer as the predominant nitrate source. Ground-water concentrations of atrazine, DEA, and prometon decreased significandy. The decrease in pesticide concentrations and a significant increase in the ratio of DEA to atrazine suggest decreases in pesticide concentrations are likely caused by local decreases in application rates and/or degradation processes and that atrazine degradation is promoted by oxidizing conditions. The difference between results for oxidizing and nitrate-reducing conditions indicates redox state is an important variable to consider when evaluating ground-water quality trends for redox-sensitive constituents such as nitrate and pesticides in the South Platte alluvial aquifer. Copyright ?? 2008 by the American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America. All rights reserved.","language":"English","publisher":"ACSESS","doi":"10.2134/jeq2007.0656","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Paschke, S., Schaffrath, K., and Mashbum, S., 2008, Near-decadal changes in nitrate and pesticide concentrations in the South Platte River alluvial aquifer, 1993-2004: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 37, no. SUPPL. 5, p. S281-S295, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2007.0656.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"S281","endPage":"S295","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":219583,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":204952,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2007.0656"}],"volume":"37","issue":"SUPPL. 5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a63dbe4b0c8380cd72737","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paschke, S.S.","contributorId":76423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paschke","given":"S.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schaffrath, K.R.","contributorId":16937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaffrath","given":"K.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mashbum, S.L.","contributorId":59303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mashbum","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70032776,"text":"70032776 - 2008 - Increasing shallow groundwater CO2 and limestone weathering, Konza Prairie, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:23","indexId":"70032776","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Increasing shallow groundwater CO2 and limestone weathering, Konza Prairie, USA","docAbstract":"In a mid-continental North American grassland, solute concentrations in shallow, limestone-hosted groundwater and adjacent surface water cycle annually and have increased steadily over the 15-year study period, 1991-2005, inclusive. Modeled groundwater CO2, verified by measurements of recent samples, increased from 10-2.05 atm to 10-1.94 atm, about a 20% increase, from 1991 to 2005. The measured groundwater alkalinity and alkaline-earth element concentrations also increased over that time period. We propose that carbonate minerals dissolve in response to lowered pH that occurs during an annual carbonate-mineral saturation cycle. The cycle starts with low saturation during late summer and autumn when dissolved CO2 is high. As dissolved CO2 decreases in the spring and early summer, carbonates become oversaturated, but oversaturation does not exceed the threshold for precipitation. We propose that groundwater is a CO2 sink through weathering of limestone: soil-generated CO2 is transformed to alkalinity through dissolution of calcite or dolomite. The annual cycle and long-term increase in shallow groundwater CO2 is similar to, but greater than, atmospheric CO2. ?? 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.gca.2008.09.004","issn":"00167","usgsCitation":"Macpherson, G., Roberts, J., Blair, J., Townsend, M., Fowle, D., and Beisner, K.R., 2008, Increasing shallow groundwater CO2 and limestone weathering, Konza Prairie, USA: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 72, no. 23, p. 5581-5599, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.09.004.","startPage":"5581","endPage":"5599","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214016,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.09.004"},{"id":241701,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"72","issue":"23","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3a06e4b0c8380cd61b0f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Macpherson, G.L.","contributorId":31181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macpherson","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roberts, J.A.","contributorId":63632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blair, J.M.","contributorId":65238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blair","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Townsend, M.A.","contributorId":88785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Townsend","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fowle, D.A.","contributorId":52410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fowle","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Beisner, K. R. 0000-0002-2077-6899","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2077-6899","contributorId":30052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beisner","given":"K.","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":437860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70009728,"text":"70009728 - 2008 - The Lower Triassic Sorkh Shale Formation of the Tabas Block, east central Iran: Succesion of a failed-rift basin at the Paleotethys margin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:17","indexId":"70009728","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1184,"text":"Carbonates and Evaporites","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Lower Triassic Sorkh Shale Formation of the Tabas Block, east central Iran: Succesion of a failed-rift basin at the Paleotethys margin","docAbstract":"The Lower Triassic Sorkh Shale Formation is a dominantly red colored marginal marine succession deposited in the north-south trending Tabas Basin of east central Iran. It is correlated with the unconformity-bounded lower limestone member of the Elika Formation of the Alborz Mountains of northern Iran. The Sorkh Shale is bounded by the pre-Triassic and post-Lower Triassic interregional unconformities and consists mainly of carbonates, sandstones, and evaporites with shale being a minor constituent. Detailed facies analysis of the Sorkh Shale Formation resulted in recognition of several genetically linked peritidal facies that are grouped into restricted subtidal, carbonate tidal flat, siliciclastic tidal flat, coastal plain and continental evaporite facies associations. These were deposited in a low energy, storm-dominated inner-ramp setting with a very gentle slope that fringed the Tabas Block of east central Iran and passed northward (present-day coordinates) into deeper water facies of the Paleotethys passive margin of northern Cimmerian Continent. Numerous carbonate storm beds containing well-rounded intraclasts, ooids and bioclasts of mixed fauna are present in the Sorkh Shale Formation of the northern Tabas Basin. The constituents of the storm beds are absent in the fair weather peritidal facies of the Sorkh Shale Formation, but are present throughout the lower limestone member of the Elika Formation. The Tabas Block, a part of the Cimmerian continent in east central Iran, is a rift basin that developed during Early Ordovician-Silurian Paleotethys rifting. Facies and sequence stratigraphic analyses of the Sorkh Shale Formation has revealed additional evidence supporting the Tabas Block as a failed rift basin related to the Paleotethys passive margin. Absence of constituents of the storm beds in the fair weather peritidal facies of the Sorkh Shale Formation, presence of the constituents of the storm beds in the fair weather facies of the Elika Formation (the Sorkh Shale equivalent in the Alborz Paleotethys margin) and southward paleocurrent directions of carbonate storm beds suggest that the low topographic gradient of the ramp in the Tabas failed rift basin was facing the Paleotethys Ocean, where the storms were generated. In addition, northward paleocurrent directions of the fair weather facies and northward increase in carbonate content of the Sorkh Shale sequence further indicate that the Tabas Basin was tectonically a part of the Paleotethys passive margin. It is apparent that relative sea level, basin geometry and tectonic movements along the bounding faults played significant roles during deposition of the Sorkh Shale Formation by controlling accommodation space and facies variations along the Tabas failed rift basin.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Carbonates and Evaporites","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"08912556","usgsCitation":"Lasemi, Y., Ghomashi, M., Amin-Rasouli, H., and Kheradmand, A., 2008, The Lower Triassic Sorkh Shale Formation of the Tabas Block, east central Iran: Succesion of a failed-rift basin at the Paleotethys margin: Carbonates and Evaporites, v. 23, no. 1, p. 21-38.","startPage":"21","endPage":"38","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219642,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba7c2e4b08c986b3217ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lasemi, Y.","contributorId":70109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lasemi","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ghomashi, M.","contributorId":70915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ghomashi","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Amin-Rasouli, H.","contributorId":48700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amin-Rasouli","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kheradmand, A.","contributorId":21278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kheradmand","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70009723,"text":"70009723 - 2008 - Habitat features affect bluehead sucker, flannelmouth sucker, and roundtail chub across a headwater tributary system in the Colorado River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:19","indexId":"70009723","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2299,"text":"Journal of Freshwater Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Habitat features affect bluehead sucker, flannelmouth sucker, and roundtail chub across a headwater tributary system in the Colorado River Basin","docAbstract":"We assessed the distributions of three species of conservation concern, bluehead sucker (Catostomus discobolus), flannelmouth sucker (Catostomus latipinnis), and roundtail chub (Gila robusta), relative to habitat features across a headwater tributary system of the Colorado River basin in Wyoming. We studied the upper Muddy Creek watershed, Carbon County, portions of which experience intermittent flows during late summer and early fall. Fish and habitat were sampled from 57 randomly-selected, 200-m reaches and 416 habitat units (i.e., pools, glides, or runs) during the summer and fall of 2003 and 2004. Among reaches, the occurrences of adults and juveniles of all three species were positively related to mean wetted width and the surface area of pool habitat, and the occurrences of adult bluehead sucker and roundtail chub were also positively related to the abundance of rock substrate. Only juvenile bluehead sucker appeared to be negatively influenced by the proportion of a reach that was dry at the time of sampling. Within individual pools, glides, and runs, the occurrences of adults and juveniles of all three species were positively related to surface area and maximum depth, and occurrences of bluehead sucker and flannelmouth sucker juveniles were more probable in pools than in glides or runs.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Freshwater Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"02705060","usgsCitation":"Bower, M., Hubert, W., and Rahel, F., 2008, Habitat features affect bluehead sucker, flannelmouth sucker, and roundtail chub across a headwater tributary system in the Colorado River Basin: Journal of Freshwater Ecology, v. 23, no. 3, p. 347-357.","startPage":"347","endPage":"357","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219486,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2f0ae4b0c8380cd5ca26","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bower, M.R.","contributorId":14094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bower","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hubert, W.A.","contributorId":12822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubert","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rahel, F.J.","contributorId":82037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rahel","given":"F.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70009721,"text":"70009721 - 2008 - Revisiting classic water erosion models in drylands: The strong impact of biological soil crusts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:20","indexId":"70009721","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3416,"text":"Soil Biology and Biochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Revisiting classic water erosion models in drylands: The strong impact of biological soil crusts","docAbstract":"Soil erosion and subsequent degradation has been a contributor to societal collapse in the past and is one of the major expressions of desertification in arid regions. The revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) models soil lost to water erosion as a function of climate erosivity (the degree to which rainfall can result in erosion), topography, soil erodibility, and land use/management. The soil erodibility factor (K) is primarily based upon inherent soil properties (those which change slowly or not at all) such as soil texture and organic matter content, while the cover/management factor (C) is based on several parameters including biological soil crust (BSC) cover. We examined the effect of two more precise indicators of BSC development, chlorophyll a and exopolysaccharides (EPS), upon soil stability, which is closely inversely related to soil loss in an erosion event. To examine the relative influence of these elements of the C factor to the K factor, we conducted our investigation across eight strongly differing soils in the 0.8 million ha Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument. We found that within every soil group, chlorophyll a was a moderate to excellent predictor of soil stability (R2 = 0.21-0.75), and consistently better than EPS. Using a simple structural equation model, we explained over half of the variance in soil stability and determined that the direct effect of chlorophyll a was 3?? more important than soil group in determining soil stability. Our results suggest that, holding the intensity of erosive forces constant, the acceleration or reduction of soil erosion in arid landscapes will primarily be an outcome of management practices. This is because the factor which is most influential to soil erosion, BSC development, is also among the most manageable, implying that water erosion in drylands has a solution. ?? 2008 Elsevier Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Soil Biology and Biochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.05.008","issn":"00380717","usgsCitation":"Bowker, M.A., Belnap, J., Chaudhary, B.V., and Johnson, N., 2008, Revisiting classic water erosion models in drylands: The strong impact of biological soil crusts: Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v. 40, no. 9, p. 2309-2316, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.05.008.","startPage":"2309","endPage":"2316","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":204942,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.05.008"},{"id":219411,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aad28e4b0c8380cd86e3f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bowker, M. A.","contributorId":18901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowker","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belnap, J. 0000-0001-7471-2279","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279","contributorId":23872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belnap","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chaudhary, Bala V.","contributorId":52718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chaudhary","given":"Bala","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, N.C.","contributorId":29567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"N.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70009720,"text":"70009720 - 2008 - Fate and transport of pesticides in the ground water systems of southwest Georgia, 1993-2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:20","indexId":"70009720","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Fate and transport of pesticides in the ground water systems of southwest Georgia, 1993-2005","docAbstract":"Modern agricultural practices in the United States have resulted in nearly unrivaled efficiency and productivity. Unfortunately, there is also the potential for release of these compounds to the environment and consequent adverse affects on wildlife and human populations. Since 1993, the National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) program of the U.S. Geological Survey has evaluated water quality in agricultural areas to address these concerns. The objective of this study is to evaluate trends in pesticide concentrations from 1993-2005 in the surficial and Upper Floridan aquifers of southwest Georgia using pesticide and pesticide degradate data collected for the NAWQA program. There were six compounds - five herbicides and one degradate - that were detected in more than 20% of samples: atrazine, deethylatrazine (DEA), metolachlor, alachlor, floumeturon, and tebuthiuron. Of the 128 wells sampled during the study, only eight wells had pesticide concentrations that either increased (7) or decreased (1) on a decadal time scale. Most of the significant trends were increasing concentrations of pesticides in older water; median pesticide concentrations did not differ between the surficial and Upper Floridan aquifers from 1993 and 2005. Deethylatrazine, in the Upper Floridan aquifer, was the only compound that had a significant change (increase) in concentration during the study. The limited number of wells with increases in pesticide concentrations suggest that ground-water sources of these compounds are not increasing in concentration over the time scale represented in this study. Copyright ?? 2008 by the American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America. All rights reserved.","largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Environmental Quality","language":"English","doi":"10.2134/jeq2007.0163","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Dalton, M., and Frick, E.A., 2008, Fate and transport of pesticides in the ground water systems of southwest Georgia, 1993-2005, in Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 37, no. SUPPL. 5, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2007.0163.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":204941,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2007.0163"},{"id":219410,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"SUPPL. 5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0f0be4b0c8380cd5372b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dalton, M.S.","contributorId":20464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dalton","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frick, E. A.","contributorId":61840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frick","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70009719,"text":"70009719 - 2008 - Introduction to the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) of ground-water quality trends and comparison to other national programs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:22","indexId":"70009719","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Introduction to the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) of ground-water quality trends and comparison to other national programs","docAbstract":"Assessment of temporal trends in national ground-water quality networks are rarely published in scientific journals. This is partly due to the fact that long-term data from these types of networks are uncommon and because many national monitoring networks are not driven by hypotheses that can be easily incorporated into scientific research. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Water-Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA) since 1991 has to date (2006) concentrated on occurrence of contaminants because sufficient data for trend analysis is only just becoming available. This paper introduces the first set of trend assessments from NAWQA and provides an assessment of the success of the program. On a national scale, nitrate concentrations in ground water have generally increased from 1988 to 2004, but trends in pesticide concentrations are less apparent. Regionally, the studies showed high nitrate concentrations and frequent pesticide detections are linked to agricultural use of fertilizers and pesticides. Most of these areas showed increases in nitrate concentration within the last decade, and these increases are associated with oxic-geochemical conditions and well-drained soils. The current NAWQA plan for collecting data to define trends needs to be constantly reevaluated to determine if the approach fulfills the expected outcome. To assist this evaluation, a comparison of NAWQA to other national ground-water quality programs was undertaken. The design and spatial extent of each national program depend on many factors, including current and long-term budgets, purpose of the program, size of the country, and diversity of aquifer types. Comparison of NAWQA to nine other national programs shows a great diversity in program designs, but indicates that different approaches can achieve similar and equally important goals. Copyright ?? 2008 by the American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America. All rights reserved.","largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Environmental Quality","language":"English","doi":"10.2134/jeq2008.0049","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Rosen, M.R., and Lapham, W., 2008, Introduction to the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) of ground-water quality trends and comparison to other national programs, in Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 37, no. SUPPL. 5, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2008.0049.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476774,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2008.0049","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":219327,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":204937,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2008.0049"}],"volume":"37","issue":"SUPPL. 5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3dfae4b0c8380cd639db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rosen, Michael R.","contributorId":43096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosen","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lapham, W.W.","contributorId":36583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lapham","given":"W.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70009712,"text":"70009712 - 2008 - Agriculture-related trends in groundwater quality of the glacial deposits aquifer, central Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:24","indexId":"70009712","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Agriculture-related trends in groundwater quality of the glacial deposits aquifer, central Wisconsin","docAbstract":"Measuring and understanding trends in groundwater quality is necessary for determining whether changes in land-management practices have an effect on groundwater quality. This paper describes an approach that was used to measure and understand trends using data from two groundwater studies conducted in central Wisconsin as part of the USGS NAWQA program. One of the key components of this approach, determining the age of sampled groundwater, gave a temporal component to the snapshots of water quality that were obtained through synoptic-sampling efforts. This approach can be used at other locations where groundwater quality data are collected, groundwater age can be determined, and associated temporal data are available. Results of these studies indicate measured concentrations of nitrate and atrazine plus deethylatrazine were correlated to historical patterns of fertilizer and atrazine use. Concentrations of nitrate in groundwater have increased over time; concentrations of atrazine plus deethylatrazine increased and then decreased. Concentrations of nitrate also were correlated to screen depth below the water level and concentrations of dissolved O2; concentrations of atrazine plus deethylatrazine were correlated to dissolved O2 and annual precipitation. To measure trends in concentrations of atrazine plus deethylatrazine, the data, collected over a near-decadal period, were adjusted to account for changes in laboratory-reporting levels and analytical recoveries. Only after accounting for these changes was it apparent that the median concentrations of atrazine plus deethylatrazine decreased over the near-decadal interval between sampling efforts. Copyright ?? 2008 by the American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America. All rights reserved.","largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Environmental Quality","language":"English","doi":"10.2134/jeq2007.0053","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Saad, D.A., 2008, Agriculture-related trends in groundwater quality of the glacial deposits aquifer, central Wisconsin, in Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 37, no. SUPPL. 5, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2007.0053.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":204925,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2007.0053"},{"id":219179,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"SUPPL. 5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e915e4b0c8380cd480ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Saad, D. A.","contributorId":85212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saad","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70009710,"text":"70009710 - 2008 - Development of pan-Arctic database for river chemistry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-30T19:34:07","indexId":"70009710","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development of pan-Arctic database for river chemistry","docAbstract":"More than 10% of all continental runoff flows into the Arctic Ocean. This runoff is a dominant feature of the Arctic Ocean with respect to water column structure and circulation. Yet understanding of the chemical characteristics of runoff from the pan-Arctic watershed is surprisingly limited. The Pan- Arctic River Transport of Nutrients, Organic Matter, and Suspended Sediments ( PARTNERS) project was initiated in 2002 to help remedy this deficit, and an extraordinary data set has emerged over the past few years as a result of the effort. This data set is publicly available through the Cooperative Arctic Data and Information Service (CADIS) of the Arctic Observing Network (AON). Details about data access are provided below.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2008EO240001","usgsCitation":"McClelland, J., Holmes, R., Peterson, B.J., Amon, R., Brabets, T., Cooper, L., Gibson, J., Gordeev, V., Guay, C., Milburn, D., Staples, R., Raymond, P., Shiklomanov, I., Striegl, R.G., Zhulidov, A., Gurtovaya, T., and Zimov, S., 2008, Development of pan-Arctic database for river chemistry: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 89, no. 24, p. 217-218, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008EO240001.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"217","endPage":"218","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476795,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2008eo240001","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":219177,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-06-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a002be4b0c8380cd4f615","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McClelland, J.W.","contributorId":62015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McClelland","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holmes, R.M.","contributorId":66485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmes","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Peterson, B. J.","contributorId":53749,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Peterson","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Amon, R.","contributorId":31261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amon","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brabets, T.","contributorId":88614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brabets","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Cooper, L.","contributorId":102339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Gibson, J.","contributorId":52399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibson","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Gordeev, V.V.","contributorId":66127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gordeev","given":"V.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Guay, C.","contributorId":54469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guay","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Milburn, D.","contributorId":75387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milburn","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Staples, R.","contributorId":72661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Staples","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Raymond, P.A.","contributorId":62013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raymond","given":"P.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Shiklomanov, I.","contributorId":75015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shiklomanov","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Striegl, Robert G. 0000-0002-8251-4659 rstriegl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8251-4659","contributorId":1630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Striegl","given":"Robert","email":"rstriegl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":356914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Zhulidov, A.","contributorId":44044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhulidov","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Gurtovaya, T.","contributorId":35192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gurtovaya","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Zimov, S.","contributorId":94922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimov","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17}]}} ,{"id":70009709,"text":"70009709 - 2008 - Using open hole and cased-hole resistivity logs to monitor gas hydrate dissociation during a thermal test in the mallik 5L-38 research well, Mackenzie Delta, Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:24","indexId":"70009709","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Using open hole and cased-hole resistivity logs to monitor gas hydrate dissociation during a thermal test in the mallik 5L-38 research well, Mackenzie Delta, Canada","docAbstract":"Gas hydrates, which are naturally occurring ice-like combinations of gas and water, have the potential to provide vast amounts of natural gas from the world's oceans and polar regions. However, producing gas economically from hydrates entails major technical challenges. Proposed recovery methods such as dissociating or melting gas hydrates by heating or depressurization are currently being tested. One such test was conducted in northern Canada by the partners in the Mallik 2002 Gas Hydrate Production Research Well Program. This paper describes how resistivity logs were used to determine the size of the annular region of gas hydrate dissociation that occurred around the wellbore during the thermal test in the Mallik 5L-38 well. An open-hole logging suite, run prior to the thermal test, included array induction, array laterolog, nuclear magnetic resonance and 1.1-GHz electromagnetic propagation logs. The reservoir saturation tool was run both before and after the thermal test to monitor formation changes. A cased-hole formation resistivity log was run after the test.Baseline resistivity values in each formation layer (Rt) were established from the deep laterolog data. The resistivity in the region of gas hydrate dissociation near the wellbore (Rxo) was determined from electromagnetic propagation and reservoir saturation tool measurements. The radius of hydrate dissociation as a function of depth was then determined by means of iterative forward modeling of cased-hole formation resistivity tool response. The solution was obtained by varying the modeled dissociation radius until the modeled log overlaid the field log. Pretest gas hydrate production computer simulations had predicted that dissociation would take place at a uniform radius over the 13-ft test interval. However, the post-test resistivity modeling showed that this was not the case. The resistivity-derived dissociation radius was greatest near the outlet of the pipe that circulated hot water in the wellbore, where the highest temperatures were recorded. The radius was smallest near the center of the test interval, where a conglomerate section with low values of porosity and permeability inhibited dissociation. The free gas volume calculated from the resistivity-derived dissociation radii yielded a value within 20 per cent of surface gauge measurements. These results show that the inversion of resistivity measurements holds promise for use in future gas hydrate monitoring. ?? 2008 Society of Petrophysicists and Well Log Analysts. All rights reserved.","largerWorkTitle":"Petrophysics","language":"English","issn":"15299074","usgsCitation":"Anderson, B., Collett, T.S., Lewis, R., and Dubourg, I., 2008, Using open hole and cased-hole resistivity logs to monitor gas hydrate dissociation during a thermal test in the mallik 5L-38 research well, Mackenzie Delta, Canada, in Petrophysics, v. 49, no. 3, p. 285-294.","startPage":"285","endPage":"294","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219103,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"49","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc08ae4b08c986b32a1a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, B.I.","contributorId":41133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"B.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Collett, T. S. 0000-0002-7598-4708","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7598-4708","contributorId":86342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collett","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lewis, R.E.","contributorId":31735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dubourg, I.","contributorId":101000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dubourg","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70009705,"text":"70009705 - 2008 - Detecting biological responses to flow management: Missed opportunities; future directions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:25","indexId":"70009705","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Detecting biological responses to flow management: Missed opportunities; future directions","docAbstract":"The conclusions of numerous stream restoration assessments all around the world are extremely clear and convergent: there has been insufficient appropriate monitoring to improve general knowledge and expertise. In the specialized field of instream flow alterations, we consider that there are several opportunities comparable to full-size experiments. Hundreds of water management decisions related to instream flow releases have been made by government agencies, native peoples, and non-governmental organizations around the world. These decisions are based on different methods and assumptions and many flow regimes have been adopted by formal or informal rules and regulations. Although, there have been significant advances in analytical capabilities, there has been very little validation monitoring of actual outcomes or research related to the response of aquatic dependent species to new flow regimes. In order to be able to detect these kinds of responses and to better guide decision, a general design template is proposed. The main steps of this template are described and discussed, in terms of objectives, hypotheses, variables, time scale, data management, and information, in the spirit of adaptive management. The adoption of such a framework is not always easy, due to differing interests of actors for the results, regarding the duration of monitoring, nature of funding and differential timetables between facilities managers and technicians. Nevertheless, implementation of such a framework could help researchers and practitioners to coordinate and federate their efforts to improve the general knowledge of the links between the habitat dynamics and biological aquatic responses. Copyright ?? 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkTitle":"River Research and Applications","language":"English","doi":"10.1002/rra.1134","issn":"15351459","usgsCitation":"Souchon, Y., Sabaton, C., Deibel, R., Reiser, D., Kershner, J., Gard, M., Katopodis, C., Leonard, P., Poff, N., Miller, W., and Lamb, B.L., 2008, Detecting biological responses to flow management: Missed opportunities; future directions, in River Research and Applications, v. 24, no. 5, p. 506-518, https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.1134.","startPage":"506","endPage":"518","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476768,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.1134","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":204907,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rra.1134"},{"id":219027,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-05-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ff5fe4b0c8380cd4f152","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Souchon, Y.","contributorId":102437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Souchon","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sabaton, C.","contributorId":21507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sabaton","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Deibel, R.","contributorId":100115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deibel","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Reiser, D.","contributorId":97244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reiser","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kershner, J.","contributorId":21125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kershner","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gard, M.","contributorId":45824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gard","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Katopodis, C.","contributorId":49741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Katopodis","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Leonard, P.","contributorId":6580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leonard","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Poff, N.L.","contributorId":22723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poff","given":"N.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Miller, W.J.","contributorId":27601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Lamb, B. L.","contributorId":6395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamb","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70033756,"text":"70033756 - 2008 - Estimation of walrus populations on sea ice with infrared imagery and aerial photography","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-20T20:05:57","indexId":"70033756","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2671,"text":"Marine Mammal Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of walrus populations on sea ice with infrared imagery and aerial photography","docAbstract":"Population sizes of ice-associated pinnipeds have often been estimated with visual or photographic aerial surveys, but these methods require relatively slow speeds and low altitudes, limiting the area they can cover. Recent developments in infrared imagery and its integration with digital photography could allow substantially larger areas to be surveyed and more accurate enumeration of individuals, thereby solving major problems with previous survey methods. We conducted a trial survey in April 2003 to estimate the number of Pacific walruses (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) hauled out on sea ice around St. Lawrence Island, Alaska. The survey used high altitude infrared imagery to detect groups of walruses on strip transects. Low altitude digital photography was used to determine the number of walruses in a sample of detected groups and calibrate the infrared imagery for estimating the total number of walruses. We propose a survey design incorporating this approach with satellite radio telemetry to estimate the proportion of the population in the water and additional low-level flights to estimate the proportion of the hauled-out population in groups too small to be detected in the infrared imagery. We believe that this approach offers the potential for obtaining reliable population estimates for walruses and other ice-associated pinnipeds. ?? 2007 by the Society for Marine Mammalogy.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Mammal Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1748-7692.2007.00169.x","issn":"08240469","usgsCitation":"Udevitz, M.S., Burn, D.M., and Webber, M., 2008, Estimation of walrus populations on sea ice with infrared imagery and aerial photography: Marine Mammal Science, v. 24, no. 1, p. 57-70, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2007.00169.x.","startPage":"57","endPage":"70","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":242297,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214562,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2007.00169.x"}],"volume":"24","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-12-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0bbee4b0c8380cd52865","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Udevitz, Mark S. 0000-0003-4659-138X mudevitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4659-138X","contributorId":3189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Udevitz","given":"Mark","email":"mudevitz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":442310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burn, D. M.","contributorId":102838,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burn","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Webber, M.A.","contributorId":28205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webber","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70031723,"text":"70031723 - 2008 - Evapotranspiration rates and crop coefficients for a restored marsh in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-25T13:07:55","indexId":"70031723","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evapotranspiration rates and crop coefficients for a restored marsh in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California, USA","docAbstract":"The surface renewal method was used to estimate evapotranspiration (ET) for a restored marsh on Twitchell Island in the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta, California, USA. ET estimates for the marsh, together with reference ET measurements from a nearby climate station, were used to determine crop coefficients over a 3‐year period during the growing season. The mean ET rate for the study period was 6 mm day−1, which is high compared with other marshes with similar vegetation. High ET rates at the marsh may be due to the windy, semi‐arid Mediterranean climate of the region, and the permanently flooded nature of the marsh, which results in very low surface resistance of the vegetation. Crop coefficient (Kc) values for the marsh ranged from 0·73 to 1·18. The mean Kc value over the entire study period was 0·95. The daily Kc values for any given month varied from year to year, and the standard deviation of daily Kc values varied between months. Although several climate variables were undoubtedly responsible for this variation, our analysis revealed that wind direction and the temperature of standing water in the wetland were of particular importance in determining ET rates and Kc values.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/hyp.6650","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Drexler, J., Anderson, F.E., and Snyder, R.L., 2008, Evapotranspiration rates and crop coefficients for a restored marsh in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California, USA: Hydrological Processes, v. 22, no. 6, p. 725-735, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6650.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"725","endPage":"735","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":239909,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":212422,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6650"}],"volume":"22","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-05-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d20e4b0c8380cd52e21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drexler, Judith Z. 0000-0002-0127-3866 jdrexler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0127-3866","contributorId":1659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drexler","given":"Judith Z.","email":"jdrexler@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":432861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, Frank E. 0000-0002-1418-4678 fanders@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1418-4678","contributorId":2605,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Frank","email":"fanders@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":432863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Snyder, Richard L.","contributorId":167497,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Snyder","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":24726,"text":"Department of Land, Air and Water Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":432862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70031724,"text":"70031724 - 2008 - A comparison of winter mercury accumulation at forested and no-canopy sites measured with different snow sampling techniques","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-22T09:16:55","indexId":"70031724","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparison of winter mercury accumulation at forested and no-canopy sites measured with different snow sampling techniques","docAbstract":"Atmospheric mercury (Hg) is delivered to ecosystems via rain, snow, cloud/fog, and dry deposition. The importance of snow, especially snow that has passed through the forest canopy (throughfall), in delivering Hg to terrestrial ecosystems has received little attention in the literature. The snowpack is a dynamic system that links atmospheric deposition and ecosystem cycling through deposition and emission of deposited Hg. To examine the magnitude of Hg delivery via snowfall, and to illuminate processes affecting Hg flux to catchments during winter (cold season), Hg in snow in no-canopy areas and under forest canopies measured with four collection methods were compared: (1) Hg in wet precipitation as measured by the Mercury Deposition Network (MDN) for the site in Acadia National Park, Maine, USA, (2) event throughfall (collected after snowfall cessation for accumulations of >8 cm), (3) season-long throughfall collected using the same apparatus for event sampling but deployed for the entire cold season, and (4) snowpack sampling. Estimates (mean ± SE) of Hg deposition using these methods during the 91-day cold season in 2004–2005 at conifer sites showed that season-long throughfall Hg flux (1.80 μg/m2) < snowpack Hg (2.38 ± 0.68 μg/m2) < event throughfall flux (5.63 ± 0.38 μg/m2). Mercury deposition at the MDN site (0.91 μg/m2) was similar to that measured at other no-canopy sites in the area using the other methods, but was 3.4 times less than was measured under conifer canopies using the event sampling regime. This indicates that snow accumulated under the forest canopy received Hg from the overstory or exhibited less re-emission of Hg deposited in snow relative to open areas. The soil surface of field-scale plots were sprayed with a natural rain water sample that contained an Hg tracer (202Hg) just prior to the first snowfall to explore whether some snowpack Hg might be explained from soil emissions. The appearance of the 202Hg tracer in the snowpack (0–64% of the total Hg mass in the snowpack) suggests that movement of Hg from the soil into the snowpack is possible. However, as with any tracer study the 202Hg tracer may not precisely represent the reactivity and mobility of natural Hg in soils.
Concentrations of mercury (Hg) were measured in six dated cores from four lakes in western Whatcom County, Washington, USA, that were at various bearings from a chlor-alkali plant, two municipal waste incinerators and a municipal sewage sludge incinerator. The importance of atmospheric emissions of Hg from these local municipal and industrial sources was evaluating by comparing the temporal trends in sedimentation of the lake cores with the emission history of each Hg species and by examining the geographical distribution of Hg sedimentation in relation to the region's primary wind pattern. Local municipal and industrial sources of atmospheric Hg were not responsible for the majority of the Hg in the upper layer of sediments of Whatcom County lakes because of (1) the significant enrichment of Hg in lake sediments prior to emissions of local industrial and municipal sources in 1964, (2) smaller increases in Hg concentrations occurred after 1964, (3) the similarity of maximum enrichments found in Whatcom County lakes to those in rural lakes around the world, (4) the inconsistency of the temporal trends in Hg sedimentation with the local emission history, and (5) the inconsistency of the geographic trends in Hg sedimentation with estimated deposition. Maximum enrichment ratios of Hg in lake sediments between 2 and 3 that are similar to rural areas in Alaska, Minnesota, and New England suggest that global sources of Hg were primarily responsible for increases of Hg in Whatcom County lakes beginning about 1900. ?? 2007 GovernmentEmployee: U.S. Government, Department of Interior, U.S. Geological Survey.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s11270-007-9549-z","issn":"00496979","usgsCitation":"Paulson, A., and Norton, D., 2008, Mercury sedimentation in lakes in western Whatcom County, Washington, USA and its relation to local industrial and municipal atmospheric sources: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 189, no. 1-4, p. 5-19, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-007-9549-z.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"5","endPage":"19","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":240010,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":212515,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11270-007-9549-z"}],"volume":"189","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-11-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a542ce4b0c8380cd6ced4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paulson, A.J. apaulson@usgs.gov","contributorId":89617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paulson","given":"A.J.","email":"apaulson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":432888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Norton, D.","contributorId":61391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norton","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":432887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70031731,"text":"70031731 - 2008 - A 1000-year sediment record of recurring hypoxia off the Mississippi River: The potential role of terrestrially-derived organic matter inputs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:11","indexId":"70031731","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2662,"text":"Marine Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A 1000-year sediment record of recurring hypoxia off the Mississippi River: The potential role of terrestrially-derived organic matter inputs","docAbstract":"A suite of inorganic and organic geochemical tracers and a low-oxygen tolerant benthic faunal index ('PEB') were measured in a 14C-dated 2+??m long gravity core collected on the Louisiana shelf adjacent to the Mississippi River delta to study potential millennium-scale low-oxygen events. Periodic down-core excursions in the PEB index throughout the core suggest recurring, natural bottom water low-oxygen events that extend back ??? 1000??14C years. Select trace element and biomarker distributions in these same sediments were examined as potential tracers of past hypoxic events and to help distinguish between marine versus terrestrial processes involved in organic carbon production. In discrete sediment horizons where the PEB index was elevated, redox-sensitive vanadium concentrations were consistently depleted, excursions in sedimentary ??13C suggest periodic, preferential terrestrial inputs, and the concentrations of two sterol biomarkers (sitosterol and ??-stigmasterol) also showed concurrent enrichments. If the PEB index successfully records ??? 1000??14C year-scale low-oxygen events, then the distribution of these geochemical tracers can be interpreted to corroborate the view that naturally occurring low-oxygen bottom water conditions have existed on the inner Louisiana continental shelf, not only in recent times, but also over at least the last 1000??14C years. These data support the general hypothesis that historic, low-oxygen bottom water conditions on the Louisiana shelf are likely tied to periods of increased fluvial discharge and associated wetland export in the absence of modern river levees. Enhanced river discharge and associated material export would both stimulate enhanced in situ organic carbon production and foster water column stratification. Such periodic elevated river flows during the last millennium can be linked to climate fluctuations and tropical storm activity. ?? 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Chemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.marchem.2008.01.003","issn":"03044203","usgsCitation":"Swarzenski, P., Campbell, P., Osterman, L., and Poore, R., 2008, A 1000-year sediment record of recurring hypoxia off the Mississippi River: The potential role of terrestrially-derived organic matter inputs: Marine Chemistry, v. 109, no. 1-2, p. 130-142, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2008.01.003.","startPage":"130","endPage":"142","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212550,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2008.01.003"},{"id":240050,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"109","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e2bee4b0c8380cd45bee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swarzenski, P.W. 0000-0003-0116-0578","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0116-0578","contributorId":29487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swarzenski","given":"P.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":432896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Campbell, P.L.","contributorId":86974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":432899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Osterman, L.E.","contributorId":53836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osterman","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":432898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Poore, R.Z.","contributorId":35314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poore","given":"R.Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":432897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70031737,"text":"70031737 - 2008 - Population structure and genetic diversity of black redhorse (Moxostoma duquesnei) in a highly fragmented watershed","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:05","indexId":"70031737","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1324,"text":"Conservation Genetics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Population structure and genetic diversity of black redhorse (Moxostoma duquesnei) in a highly fragmented watershed","docAbstract":"Dams have the potential to affect population size and connectivity, reduce genetic diversity, and increase genetic differences among isolated riverine fish populations. Previous research has reported adverse effects on the distribution and demographics of black redhorse (Moxostoma duquesnei), a threatened fish species in Canada. However, effects on genetic diversity and population structure are unknown. We used microsatellite DNA markers to assess the number of genetic populations in the Grand River (Ontario) and to test whether dams have resulted in a loss of genetic diversity and increased genetic differentiation among populations. Three hundred and seventy-seven individuals from eight Grand River sites were genotyped at eight microsatellite loci. Measures of genetic diversity were moderately high and not significantly different among populations; strong evidence of recent population bottlenecks was not detected. Pairwise FST and exact tests identified weak (global FST = 0.011) but statistically significant population structure, although little population structuring was detected using either genetic distances or an individual-based clustering method. Neither geographic distance nor the number of intervening dams were correlated with pairwise differences among populations. Tests for regional equilibrium indicate that Grand River populations were either in equilibrium between gene flow and genetic drift or that gene flow is more influential than drift. While studies on other species have identified strong dam-related effects on genetic diversity and population structure, this study suggests that barrier permeability, river fragment length and the ecological characteristics of affected species can counterbalance dam-related effects. ?? 2007 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Conservation Genetics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10592-007-9367-2","issn":"15660621","usgsCitation":"Reid, S., Wilson, C., Mandrak, N., and Carl, L., 2008, Population structure and genetic diversity of black redhorse (Moxostoma duquesnei) in a highly fragmented watershed: Conservation Genetics, v. 9, no. 3, p. 531-546, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-007-9367-2.","startPage":"531","endPage":"546","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":240154,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":212638,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10592-007-9367-2"}],"volume":"9","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-07-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7d97e4b0c8380cd7a03b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reid, S.M.","contributorId":61550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":432916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, C.C.","contributorId":102987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":432918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mandrak, N.E.","contributorId":79301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mandrak","given":"N.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":432917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Carl, L.M.","contributorId":22478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carl","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":432915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}