Lead concentrations and isotope ratios measured in river water colloids and streambed sediment samples along 426 km of the Sacramento River, California reveal that the influence of lead from the historical mining of massive sulfide deposits in the West Shasta Cu-mining district (at the headwaters of the Sacramento River) is confined to a 60 km stretch of river immediately downstream of that mining region, whereas inputs from past leaded gasoline emissions and historical hydraulic Au-mining in the Sierra Nevadan foothills are the dominant lead sources in the remaining 370 km of the river. Binary mixing calculations suggest that more than 50% of the lead in the Sacramento River outside of the region of influence of the West Shasta Cu-mining district is derived from past depositions of leaded gasoline emissions. This predominance is the first direct documentation of the geographic extent of gasoline lead persistence throughout a large riparian system (>160,000 km2) and corroborates previous observations based on samples taken at the mouth of the Sacramento River. In addition, new analyses of sediment samples from the hydraulic gold mines of the Sierra Nevada foothills confirm the present-day fluxes into the Sacramento River of contaminant metals derived from historical hydraulic Au-mining that occurred during the latter half of the 19th and early part of the 20th centuries. These fluxes occur predominantly during periods of elevated river discharge associated with heavy winter precipitation in northern California. In the broadest context, the study demonstrates the potential for altered precipitation patterns resulting from climate change to affect the mobility and transport of soil-bound contaminants in the surface environment.
Evolution of CO2 in Lakes Monoun and Nyos (Cameroon) before and during controlled degassing is described using results of regular monitoring obtained during the last 21 years. The CO2(aq) profiles soon after the limnic eruptions were estimated for Lakes Monoun and Nyos using the CTD data obtained in October and November 1986, respectively. Based on the CO2(aq)profiles through time, the CO2 content and its change over time were calculated for both lakes. The CO2 accumulation rate calculated from the pre-degassing data, was constant after the limnic eruption at Lake Nyos (1986-2001), whereas the rate appeared initially high (1986-1996) but later slowed down (1996-2003) at Lake Monoun. The CO2 concentration at 58 m depth in Lake Monoun in January 2003 was very close to saturation due to the CO2 accumulation. This situation is suggestive of a mechanism for the limnic eruption , because it may take place spontaneously without receiving an external trigger. The CO2 content of the lakes decreased significantly after controlled degassing started in March 2001 at Lake Nyos and in February 2003 at Lake Monoun. The current content is lower than the content estimated soon after the limnic eruption at both lakes. At Monoun the degassing rate increased greatly after February 2006 due to an increase of the number of degassing pipes and deepening of the pipe intake depth. The current CO2 content is ∼40% of the maximum content attained just before the degassing started. At current degassing rates the lower chemocline will subside to the degassing pipe intake depth of 93 m in about one year. After this depth is reached, the gas removal rate will progressively decline because water of lower CO2(aq) concentration will be tapped by the pipes. To keep the CO2 content of Lake Monoun as small as possible, it is recommended to set up a new, simple device that sends deep water to the surface since natural recharge of CO2 will continue. Controlled degassing at Lake Nyos since 2001 has also reduced the CO2 content. It is currently slightly below the level estimated after the limnic eruption in 1986. However, the current CO2 content still amounts to 80% of the maximum level of 14.8 giga moles observed in January 2001. The depth of the lower chemocline may reach the pipe intake depth of 203 m within a few years. After this situation is reached the degassing rate with the current system will progressively decline, and it would take decades to remove the majority of dissolved gases even if the degassing system keeps working continuously. Additional degassing pipes must be installed to speed up gas removal from Lake Nyos in order to make the area safer for local populations.
","language":"English","publisher":"J-STAGE","doi":"10.2343/geochemj.42.93","issn":"00167","usgsCitation":"Kusakabe, M., Ohba, T., , I., Yoshida, Y., Satake, H., Ohizumi, T., Evans, W.C., Tanyileke, G., and Kling, G., 2008, Evolution of CO2 in Lakes Monoun and Nyos, Cameroon, before and during controlled degassing: Geochemical Journal, v. 42, no. 1, p. 93-118, https://doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.42.93.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"93","endPage":"118","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476699,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.42.93","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":240709,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Cameroon","otherGeospatial":"Lake Monoun, Lake Nyos","volume":"42","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d77e4b0c8380cd53032","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kusakabe, M.","contributorId":94437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kusakabe","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ohba, T.","contributorId":47157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ohba","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":" Issa","contributorId":35127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"given":"Issa","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Yoshida, Y.","contributorId":99765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yoshida","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Satake, H.","contributorId":60446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Satake","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ohizumi, T.","contributorId":16657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ohizumi","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Evans, William C. 0000-0001-5942-3102 wcevans@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5942-3102","contributorId":2353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"William","email":"wcevans@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":438826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Tanyileke, G.","contributorId":35882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tanyileke","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Kling, G.W.","contributorId":22368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kling","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70030329,"text":"70030329 - 2008 - The effects of land use on fluvial sediment chemistry for the conterminous U.S. - Results from the first cycle of the NAWQA Program: Trace and major elements, phosphorus, carbon, and sulfur","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:11","indexId":"70030329","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effects of land use on fluvial sediment chemistry for the conterminous U.S. - Results from the first cycle of the NAWQA Program: Trace and major elements, phosphorus, carbon, and sulfur","docAbstract":"In 1991, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) began the first cycle of its National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program. The Program encompassed 51 river basins that collectively accounted for more than 70% of the total water use (excluding power generation), and 50% of the drinking water supply in the U.S. The basins represented a variety of hydrologic settings, rock types (geology), land-use categories, and population densities. One aspect of the first cycle included bed sediment sampling; sites were chosen to represent baseline and important land-use categories (e.g., agriculture, urban) in each basin. In total, over 1200 bed sediment samples were collected. All samples were size-limited (< 63????m) to facilitate spatial and/or temporal comparisons, and subsequently analyzed for a variety of chemical constituents including major (e.g., Fe, Al,) and trace elements (e.g., Cu, Zn, Cd), nutrients (e.g., P), and carbon. The analyses yielded total (??? 95% of the concentrations present), rather than total-recoverable chemical data. Land-use percentages, upstream underlying geology, and population density were determined for each site and evaluated to asses their relative influence on sediment chemistry. Baseline concentrations for the entire U.S. also were generated from a subset of all the samples, and are based on material collected from low population (??? 27??p km- 2) density, low percent urban (??? 5%), agricultural or undeveloped areas. The NAWQA baseline values are similar to those found in other national and global datasets. Further, it appears that upstream/underlying rock type has only a limited effect (mostly major elements) on sediment chemistry. The only land-use category that appears to substantially affect sediment chemistry is percent urban, and this result is mirrored by population density; in fact, the latter appears more consistent than the former.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science of the Total Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.04.027","issn":"00489","usgsCitation":"Horowitz, A.J., and Stephens, V., 2008, The effects of land use on fluvial sediment chemistry for the conterminous U.S. - Results from the first cycle of the NAWQA Program: Trace and major elements, phosphorus, carbon, and sulfur: Science of the Total Environment, v. 400, no. 1-3, p. 290-314, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.04.027.","startPage":"290","endPage":"314","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212062,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.04.027"},{"id":239477,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"400","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bab89e4b08c986b322eda","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Horowitz, A. J.","contributorId":102066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horowitz","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stephens, V. C.","contributorId":46569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephens","given":"V. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70030483,"text":"70030483 - 2008 - Utility of shallow-water ATRIS images in defining biogeologic processes and self-similarity in skeletal scleractinia, Florida reefs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:04","indexId":"70030483","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Utility of shallow-water ATRIS images in defining biogeologic processes and self-similarity in skeletal scleractinia, Florida reefs","docAbstract":"A recently developed remote-sensing instrument acquires high-quality digital photographs in shallow-marine settings within water depths of 15 m. The technology, known as the Along-Track Reef-Imaging System, provides remarkably clear, georeferenced imagery that allows visual interpretation of benthic class (substrates, organisms) for mapping coral reef habitats, as intended. Unforeseen, however, are functions new to the initial technologic purpose: interpr??table evidence for real-time biogeologic processes and for perception of scaled-up skeletal self-similarity of scleractinian microstructure. Florida reef sea trials lacked the grid structure required to map contiguous habitat and submarine topography. Thus, only general observations could be made relative to times and sites of imagery. Degradation of corals was nearly universal; absence of reef fish was profound. However, ???1% of more than 23,600 sea-trial images examined provided visual evidence for local environs and processes. Clarity in many images was so exceptional that small tracks left by organisms traversing fine-grained carbonate sand were visible. Other images revealed a compelling sense, not yet fully understood, of the microscopic wall structure characteristic of scleractinian corals. Conclusions drawn from classifiable images are that demersal marine animals, where imaged, are oblivious to the equipment and that the technology has strong capabilities beyond mapping habitat. Imagery acquired along predetermined transects that cross a variety of geomorphic features within depth limits will ( 1) facilitate construction of accurate contour maps of habitat and bathymetry without need for ground-truthing, (2) contain a strong geologic component of interpreted real-time processes as they relate to imaged topography and regional geomorphology, and (3) allow cost-effective monitoring of regional- and local-scale changes in an ecosystem by use of existing-image global-positioning system coordinates to re-image areas. Details revealed in the modern setting have taphonomic implications for what is often found in the geologic record.","largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Coastal Research","language":"English","doi":"10.2112/08-1049.1","issn":"07490","usgsCitation":"Lidz, B.H., Brock, J.C., and Nagle, D., 2008, Utility of shallow-water ATRIS images in defining biogeologic processes and self-similarity in skeletal scleractinia, Florida reefs, in Journal of Coastal Research, v. 24, no. 5, p. 1320-1338, https://doi.org/10.2112/08-1049.1.","startPage":"1320","endPage":"1338","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211784,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2112/08-1049.1"},{"id":239138,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc0d1e4b08c986b32a334","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lidz, B. H.","contributorId":30651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lidz","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brock, J. C.","contributorId":36095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brock","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nagle, D.B.","contributorId":40568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nagle","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70033512,"text":"70033512 - 2008 - Influenza A virus infections in land birds, People's Republic of China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-10T09:52:06","indexId":"70033512","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1493,"text":"Emerging Infectious Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influenza A virus infections in land birds, People's Republic of China","docAbstract":"Water birds are considered the reservoir for avian influenza viruses. We examined this assumption by sampling and real-time reverse transcription-PCR testing of 939 Asian land birds of 153 species. Influenza A infection was found, particularly among migratory species. Surveillance programs for monitoring spread of these viruses need to be redesigned.
","language":"English","publisher":"Centers for Disease Control and Provention","doi":"10.3201/eid1410.080169","issn":"10806","usgsCitation":"Peterson, A., Bush, S., Spackman, E., Swayne, D., and Ip, H., 2008, Influenza A virus infections in land birds, People's Republic of China: Emerging Infectious Diseases, v. 14, no. 10, p. 1644-1646, https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1410.080169.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1644","endPage":"1646","numberOfPages":"3","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476684,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1410.080169","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":242152,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214428,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object 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areas where population densities are very low, historical data are sparse, and anthropogenic uses may threaten the well-being of tortoise populations and habitat. We conducted a 3-year (2002–2004) survey in Jawbone-Butterbredt Area of Critical Environmental Concern and Red Rock Canyon State Park in the western Mojave Desert of California where the status was previously unknown. We stratified the study area and used 751, 1-ha plots to evaluate 187.7 km2 of habitat, a 4% sample. Tortoise sign was found on 31 of the 751 plots (4.1%) in two limited areas: ~14 km2 on the Kiavah Apron and ~40 km2 in the Red Rock Canyon watershed.
","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Keith, K., Berry, K.H., and Weigand, J.F., 2008, When desert tortoises are rare: Testing a new protocol for assessing status: California Fish and Game, v. 94, no. 2, p. 75-97.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"75","endPage":"97","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332891,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":332890,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=47396"}],"volume":"94","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"586e1831e4b0f5ce109fcb25","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keith, Kevin","contributorId":178000,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Keith","given":"Kevin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berry, Kristin H. 0000-0003-1591-8394 kristin_berry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1591-8394","contributorId":437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berry","given":"Kristin","email":"kristin_berry@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":657747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Weigand, James F.","contributorId":145871,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Weigand","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":16275,"text":"BLM, Sacramento, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":657748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70176439,"text":"70176439 - 2008 - Development of a model to assess ground-water availability in California's Central Valley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-14T11:46:43","indexId":"70176439","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3720,"text":"Water Resources Impact","printIssn":"1522-3175","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development of a model to assess ground-water availability in California's Central Valley","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
We surveyed for desert tortoises, Gopherus agassizii, in the western part of Red Rock Canyon State Park and watershed in eastern Kern County, California, between 2002 and 2004. We used two techniques: a single demographic plot (~4 km2 ) and 37 landscape plots (1-ha each). We estimated population densities of tortoises to be between 2.7 and 3.57/km2 and the population in the Park to be 108 tortoises. We estimated the death rate at 67% for subadults and adults during the last 4 yrs. Mortality was high for several reasons: gunshot deaths, avian predation, mammalian predation, and probably disease. Historic and recent anthropogenic impacts from State Highway 14, secondary roads, trash, cross-country vehicle tracks, and livestock have contributed to elevated death rates and degradation of habitat. We propose conservation actions to reduce mortality.
","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Berry, K.H., Keith, K., and Bailey, T.Y., 2008, Status of the desert tortoise in Red Rock Canyon State Park: California Fish and Game, v. 94, no. 2, p. 98-118.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"98","endPage":"118","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332893,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":332892,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=47398"}],"volume":"94","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"586e1830e4b0f5ce109fcb23","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berry, Kristin H. 0000-0003-1591-8394 kristin_berry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1591-8394","contributorId":437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berry","given":"Kristin","email":"kristin_berry@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":657749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keith, Kevin","contributorId":178000,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Keith","given":"Kevin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bailey, Tracy Y.","contributorId":139383,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bailey","given":"Tracy","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[{"id":12758,"text":"independent, 619 Pinon Court, Ridgecrest, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":657751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70193770,"text":"70193770 - 2008 - Levee evaluation using MASW: Preliminary findings from the Citrus Lakefront Levee, New Orleans, Louisiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-21T11:54:01","indexId":"70193770","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Levee evaluation using MASW: Preliminary findings from the Citrus Lakefront Levee, New Orleans, Louisiana","docAbstract":"The utility of the multi‐channel analysis of surface waves (MASW) seismic method for non‐invasive assessment of earthen levees was evaluated for a section of the Citrus Lakefront Levee, New Orleans, Louisiana. This test was conducted after the New Orleans' area levee system had been stressed by Hurricane Katrina in 2005. The MASW data were acquired in a seismically noisy, urban environment using an accelerated weight‐drop seismic source and a towed seismic land streamer. Much of the seismic data were contaminated with higher‐order mode guided‐waves, requiring application of muting filtering techniques to improve interpretability of the dispersion curves. Comparison of shear‐wave velocity sections with boring logs suggests the existence of four distinct horizontal layers within and beneath the levee: (1) the levee core, (2) the levee basal layer of fat clay, (3) a sublevel layer of silty sand, and (4) underlying Pleistocene deposits of sandy lean clay. Along the surveyed section of levee, lateral variations in shear‐wave velocity are interpreted as changes in material rigidity, suggestive of construction or geologic heterogeneity, or possibly, that dynamic processes (such as differential settlement) are affecting discrete levee areas. The results of this study suggest that the MASW method is a geophysical tool with significant potential for non‐invasive characterization of vertical and horizontal variations in levee material shear strength. Additional work, however, is needed to fully understand and address the complex seismic wave propagation in levee structures.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","publisherLocation":"Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems 2008","doi":"10.4133/1.2963312","usgsCitation":"Lane, J.W., Ivanov, J.M., Day-Lewis, F.D., Clemens, D., Patev, R., and Miller, R.D., 2008, Levee evaluation using MASW: Preliminary findings from the Citrus Lakefront Levee, New Orleans, Louisiana, p. 703-712, https://doi.org/10.4133/1.2963312.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"703","endPage":"712","ipdsId":"IP-003947","costCenters":[{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":350804,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","city":"New Orleans","otherGeospatial":"Citrus Lakefront Levee","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.2801513671875,\n 29.864465259258\n ],\n [\n -89.93682861328125,\n 29.864465259258\n ],\n [\n -89.93682861328125,\n 30.0405664305846\n ],\n [\n -90.2801513671875,\n 30.0405664305846\n ],\n [\n -90.2801513671875,\n 29.864465259258\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":11,"text":"Pembroke PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-09-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a719272e4b0a9a2e9dbde36","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lane, John W. Jr. 0000-0002-3558-243X jwlane@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3558-243X","contributorId":189168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"John","suffix":"Jr.","email":"jwlane@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":720330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ivanov, Julian M.","contributorId":80844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivanov","given":"Julian","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":720332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Day-Lewis, Frederick D. 0000-0003-3526-886X daylewis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3526-886X","contributorId":1672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day-Lewis","given":"Frederick","email":"daylewis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":720329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Clemens, Drew","contributorId":199902,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clemens","given":"Drew","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":720331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Patev, Robert","contributorId":199912,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Patev","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":720334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Miller, Richard D.","contributorId":56406,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":720333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70193772,"text":"70193772 - 2008 - Characterizing submarine ground‐water discharge using fiber‐optic distributed temperature sensing and marine electrical resistivity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-21T11:44:05","indexId":"70193772","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Characterizing submarine ground‐water discharge using fiber‐optic distributed temperature sensing and marine electrical resistivity","docAbstract":"Submarine ground‐water discharge (SGD) contributes important solute fluxes to coastal waters. Pollutants are transported to coastal ecosystems by SGD at spatially and temporally variable rates. New approaches are needed to characterize the effects of storm‐event, tidal, and seasonal forcing on SGD. Here, we evaluate the utility of two geophysical methods‐fiber‐optic distributed temperature sensing (FO‐DTS) and marine electrical resistivity (MER)—for observing the spatial and temporal variations in SGD and the configuration of the freshwater/saltwater interface within submarine sediments. FO‐DTS and MER cables were permanently installed into the estuary floor on a transect extending 50 meters offshore under Waquoit Bay, Massachusetts, at the Waquoit Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, and nearly continuous data were collected for 4 weeks in summer 2007. Initial results indicate that the methods are extremely useful for monitoring changes in the complex estuarine environment. The FO‐DTS produced time‐series data at approximately 1‐meter increments along the length of the fiber at approximately 29‐second intervals. The temperature time‐series data show that the temperature at near‐shore locations appears to be dominated by a semi‐diurnal (tidal) signal, whereas the temperature at off‐shore locations is dominated by a diurnal signal (day/night heating and cooling). Dipole‐dipole MER surveys were completed about every 50 minutes, allowing for production of high‐resolution time‐lapse tomograms, which provide insight into the variations of the subsurface freshwater/saltwater interface. Preliminary results from the MER data show a high‐resistivity zone near the shore at low tide, indicative of SGD, and consistent with the FO‐DTS results.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems 2008","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.4133/1.2963319","usgsCitation":"Henderson, R., Day-Lewis, F.D., Lane, J.W., Harvey, C.F., and Liu, L., 2008, Characterizing submarine ground‐water discharge using fiber‐optic distributed temperature sensing and marine electrical resistivity, in Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems 2008, p. 775-785, https://doi.org/10.4133/1.2963319.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"775","endPage":"785","ipdsId":"IP-003962","costCenters":[{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476701,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.495.9270","text":"External Repository"},{"id":350802,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":11,"text":"Pembroke PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-09-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a719271e4b0a9a2e9dbde30","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Henderson, Rory rhenders@usgs.gov","contributorId":2083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henderson","given":"Rory","email":"rhenders@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":720341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Day-Lewis, Frederick D. 0000-0003-3526-886X daylewis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3526-886X","contributorId":1672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day-Lewis","given":"Frederick","email":"daylewis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":720339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lane, John W. Jr. 0000-0002-3558-243X jwlane@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3558-243X","contributorId":189168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"John","suffix":"Jr.","email":"jwlane@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":720340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Harvey, Charles F.","contributorId":199836,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harvey","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":12444,"text":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":720342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Liu, Lanbo","contributorId":199850,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Liu","given":"Lanbo","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6619,"text":"University of Connecticutt","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":720343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70193771,"text":"70193771 - 2008 - Estimation of bedrock depth using the horizontal‐to‐vertical (H/V) ambient‐noise seismic method","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-21T12:15:27","indexId":"70193771","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Estimation of bedrock depth using the horizontal‐to‐vertical (H/V) ambient‐noise seismic method","docAbstract":"Estimating sediment thickness and the geometry of the bedrock surface is a key component of many hydrogeologic studies. The horizontal‐to‐vertical (H/V) ambient‐noise seismic method is a novel, non‐invasive technique that can be used to rapidly estimate the depth to bedrock. The H/V method uses a single, broad‐band three‐component seismometer to record ambient seismic noise. The ratio of the averaged horizontal‐to‐vertical frequency spectrum is used to determine the fundamental site resonance frequency, which can be interpreted using regression equations to estimate sediment thickness and depth to bedrock. The U.S. Geological Survey used the H/V seismic method during fall 2007 at 11 sites in Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and 13 sites in eastern Nebraska. In Cape Cod, H/V measurements were acquired along a 60‐kilometer (km) transect between Chatham and Provincetown, where glacial sediments overlie metamorphic rock. In Nebraska, H/V measurements were acquired along approximately 11‐ and 14‐km transects near Firth and Oakland, respectively, where glacial sediments overlie weathered sedimentary rock. The ambient‐noise seismic data from Cape Cod produced clear, easily identified resonance frequency peaks. The interpreted depth and geometry of the bedrock surface correlate well with boring data and previously published seismic refraction surveys. Conversely, the ambient‐noise seismic data from eastern Nebraska produced subtle resonance frequency peaks, and correlation of the interpreted bedrock surface with bedrock depths from borings is poor, which may indicate a low acoustic impedance contrast between the weathered sedimentary rock and overlying sediments and/or the effect of wind noise on the seismic records. Our results indicate the H/V ambient‐noise seismic method can be used effectively to estimate the depth to rock where there is a significant acoustic impedance contrast between the sediments and underlying rock. However, effective use of the method is challenging in the presence of gradational contacts such as gradational weathering or cementation. Further work is needed to optimize interpretation of resonance frequencies in the presence of extreme wind noise. In addition, local estimates of bedrock depth likely could be improved through development of regional or study‐area‐specific regression equations relating resonance frequency to bedrock depth.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems 2008","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.4133/1.2963289","usgsCitation":"Lane, J.W., White, E.A., Steele, G.V., and Cannia, J.C., 2008, Estimation of bedrock depth using the horizontal‐to‐vertical (H/V) ambient‐noise seismic method, in Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems 2008, p. 490-502, https://doi.org/10.4133/1.2963289.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"490","endPage":"502","ipdsId":"IP-003887","costCenters":[{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":350806,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":11,"text":"Pembroke PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-09-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a719272e4b0a9a2e9dbde33","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lane, John W. Jr. 0000-0002-3558-243X jwlane@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3558-243X","contributorId":189168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"John","suffix":"Jr.","email":"jwlane@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":720338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, Eric A. 0000-0002-7782-146X eawhite@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7782-146X","contributorId":1737,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"White","given":"Eric","email":"eawhite@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":720335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Steele, Gregory V. gvsteele@usgs.gov","contributorId":783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steele","given":"Gregory","email":"gvsteele@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":720336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cannia, James C.","contributorId":94356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannia","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":720337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70180280,"text":"70180280 - 2008 - Biological and societal dimensions of lead poisoning in birds in the USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-23T13:36:52","indexId":"70180280","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Biological and societal dimensions of lead poisoning in birds in the USA","docAbstract":"The ingestion of spent lead shot was known to cause mortality in wild waterfowl in the US a century before the implementation of nontoxic shot regulations began in 1972. The biological foundation for this transition was strongly supported by both field observations and structured scientific investigations. Despite the overwhelming evidence, various societal factors forestalled the full transition to nontoxic shot for waterfowl hunting until 1991. Now, nearly 20 years later, these same factors weigh heavily in current debates about nontoxic shot requirements for hunting other game birds, requiring nontoxic bullets for big game hunting in California Condor range and for restricting the use of small lead sinkers and jig heads for sport-fishing. As with waterfowl, a strong science-based foundation is requisite for further transitions to nontoxic ammunition and fishing weights. Our experiences have taught us that the societal aspects of this transition are as important as the biological components and must be adequately addressed before alternatives to toxic lead ammunition, fishing weights, and other materials will be accepted as an investment in wildlife conservation.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ingestion of lead from spent ammunition: Implications for wildlife and humans: May 2008 Proceedings","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Ingestion of lead from spent ammunition: Implications for wildlife and humans","conferenceDate":"May 12-15 2008","conferenceLocation":"Boise, Idaho","language":"English","publisher":"The Peregrine Fund","doi":"10.4080/ilsa.2009.0104","usgsCitation":"Friend, M., Franson, J.C., and Anderson, W.L., 2008, Biological and societal dimensions of lead poisoning in birds in the USA, chap. of Ingestion of lead from spent ammunition: Implications for wildlife and humans: May 2008 Proceedings, p. 34-60, https://doi.org/10.4080/ilsa.2009.0104.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"34","endPage":"60","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488550,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4080/ilsa.2009.0104","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":334079,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"588b1977e4b0ad67323f97ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friend, Milton 0000-0002-2882-3629","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2882-3629","contributorId":31332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friend","given":"Milton","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":661060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Franson, J. Christian 0000-0002-0251-4238 jfranson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0251-4238","contributorId":177499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franson","given":"J.","email":"jfranson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Christian","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":661061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, William L.","contributorId":178803,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anderson","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":27529,"text":"Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Il","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":661062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70032194,"text":"70032194 - 2008 - Methane-producing microbial community in a coal bed of the Illinois Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:29","indexId":"70032194","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":850,"text":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Methane-producing microbial community in a coal bed of the Illinois Basin","docAbstract":"A series of molecular and geochemical studies were performed to study microbial, coal bed methane formation in the eastern Illinois Basin. Results suggest that organic matter is biodegraded to simple molecules, such as H 2 and CO2, which fuel methanogenesis and the generation of large coal bed methane reserves. Small-subunit rRNA analysis of both the in situ microbial community and highly purified, methanogenic enrichments indicated that Methanocorpusculum is the dominant genus. Additionally, we characterized this methanogenic microorganism using scanning electron microscopy and distribution of intact polar cell membrane lipids. Phylogenetic studies of coal water samples helped us develop a model of methanogenic biodegradation of macromolecular coal and coal-derived oil by a complex microbial community. Based on enrichments, phylogenetic analyses, and calculated free energies at in situ subsurface conditions for relevant metabolisms (H2-utilizing methanogenesis, acetoclastic methanogenesis, and homoacetogenesis), H 2-utilizing methanogenesis appears to be the dominant terminal process of biodegradation of coal organic matter at this location. Copyright ?? 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1128/AEM.02341-07","issn":"00992240","usgsCitation":"Strapoc, D., Picardal, F., Turich, C., Schaperdoth, I., Macalady, J.L., Lipp, J., Lin, Y., Ertefai, T., Schubotz, F., Hinrichs, K., Mastalerz, M., and Schimmelmann, A., 2008, Methane-producing microbial community in a coal bed of the Illinois Basin: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 74, no. 8, p. 2424-2432, https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02341-07.","startPage":"2424","endPage":"2432","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476629,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2293134","text":"External Repository"},{"id":214857,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02341-07"},{"id":242610,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"74","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a553fe4b0c8380cd6d17b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Strapoc, D.","contributorId":42693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strapoc","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Picardal, F.W.","contributorId":60462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Picardal","given":"F.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Turich, C.","contributorId":106723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turich","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schaperdoth, I.","contributorId":15847,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaperdoth","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Macalady, J. L.","contributorId":95600,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Macalady","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lipp, J.S.","contributorId":37556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lipp","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Lin, Y.-S.","contributorId":17057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lin","given":"Y.-S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Ertefai, T.F.","contributorId":38376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ertefai","given":"T.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Schubotz, F.","contributorId":19386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schubotz","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Hinrichs, K.-U.","contributorId":24186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinrichs","given":"K.-U.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Mastalerz, Maria","contributorId":78065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastalerz","given":"Maria","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Schimmelmann, A.","contributorId":28348,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schimmelmann","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70030549,"text":"70030549 - 2008 - Chemical and mineralogical characteristics of French green clays used for healing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-28T09:21:51","indexId":"70030549","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1245,"text":"Clays and Clay Minerals","onlineIssn":"1552-8367","printIssn":"0009-8604","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical and mineralogical characteristics of French green clays used for healing","docAbstract":"The worldwide emergence of infectious diseases, together with the increasing incidence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, elevate the need to properly detect, prevent, and effectively treat these infections. The overuse and misuse of common antibiotics in recent decades stimulates the need to identify new inhibitory agents. Therefore, natural products like clays, that display antibacterial properties, are of particular interest.
The absorptive properties of clay minerals are well documented for healing skin and gastrointestinal ailments. However, the antibacterial properties of clays have received less scientific attention. French green clays have recently been shown to heal Buruli ulcer, a necrotic or ‘flesh-eating’ infection caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans. Assessing the antibacterial properties of these clays could provide an inexpensive treatment for Buruli ulcer and other skin infections.
Antimicrobial testing of the two clays on a broad-spectrum of bacterial pathogens showed that one clay promotes bacterial growth (possibly provoking a response from the natural immune system), while another kills bacteria or significantly inhibits bacterial growth. This paper compares the mineralogy and chemical composition of the two French green clays used in the treatment of Buruli ulcer.
Mineralogically, the two clays are dominated by 1Md illite and Fe-smectite. Comparing the chemistry of the clay minerals and exchangeable ions, we conclude that the chemistry of the clay, and the surface properties that affect pH and oxidation state, control the chemistry of the water used to moisten the clay poultices and contribute the critical antibacterial agent(s) that ultimately debilitate the bacteria.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Clay Minerals Society","doi":"10.1346/CCMN.2008.0560405","usgsCitation":"Williams, L.B., Haydel, S.E., Giese, R.F., and Eberl, D.D., 2008, Chemical and mineralogical characteristics of French green clays used for healing: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 56, no. 4, p. 437-452, https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.2008.0560405.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"437","endPage":"452","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476723,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2600539","text":"External Repository"},{"id":239142,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f549e4b0c8380cd4c161","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, Lynda B.","contributorId":28007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Lynda","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haydel, Shelley E.","contributorId":105121,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Haydel","given":"Shelley","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Giese, Rossman F.","contributorId":72589,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Giese","given":"Rossman","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Eberl, Dennis D.","contributorId":68388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberl","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70032069,"text":"70032069 - 2008 - Summer temperature variation and implications for juvenile Atlantic salmon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:27","indexId":"70032069","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Summer temperature variation and implications for juvenile Atlantic salmon","docAbstract":"Temperature is important to fish in determining their geographic distribution. For cool- and cold-water fish, thermal regimes are especially critical at the southern end of a species' range. Although temperature is an easy variable to measure, biological interpretation is difficult. Thus, how to determine what temperatures are meaningful to fish in the field is a challenge. Herein, we used the Connecticut River as a model system and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) as a model species with which to assess the effects of summer temperatures on the density of age 0 parr. Specifically, we asked: (1) What are the spatial and temporal temperature patterns in the Connecticut River during summer? (2) What metrics might detect effects of high temperatures? and (3) How is temperature variability related to density of Atlantic salmon during their first summer? Although the most southern site was the warmest, some northern sites were also warm, and some southern sites were moderately cool. This suggests localized, within basin variation in temperature. Daily and hourly means showed extreme values not apparent in the seasonal means. We observed significant relationships between age 0 parr density and days at potentially stressful, warm temperatures (???23??C). Based on these results, we propose that useful field reference points need to incorporate the synergistic effect of other stressors that fish encounter in the field as well as the complexity associated with cycling temperatures and thermal refuges. Understanding the effects of temperature may aid conservation efforts for Atlantic salmon in the Connecticut River and other North Atlantic systems. ?? 2008 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrobiologia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10750-007-9271-2","issn":"00188158","usgsCitation":"Mather, M.E., Parrish, D., Campbell, C., McMenemy, J., and Smith, J.M., 2008, Summer temperature variation and implications for juvenile Atlantic salmon: Hydrobiologia, v. 603, no. 1, p. 183-196, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-007-9271-2.","startPage":"183","endPage":"196","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476822,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.521.399","text":"External Repository"},{"id":215000,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-007-9271-2"},{"id":242764,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"603","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9f44e4b08c986b31e45e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mather, M. E.","contributorId":71708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mather","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parrish, D.L.","contributorId":15144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parrish","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Campbell, C.A.","contributorId":54810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McMenemy, J.R.","contributorId":103480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMenemy","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, Joseph M.","contributorId":106712,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":6932,"text":"University of Massachusetts, Amherst","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":17855,"text":"School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":434399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70031990,"text":"70031990 - 2008 - Age and growth of the knobbed whelk Busycon carica (Gmelin 1791) in South Carolina subtidal waters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:28","indexId":"70031990","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2455,"text":"Journal of Shellfish Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age and growth of the knobbed whelk Busycon carica (Gmelin 1791) in South Carolina subtidal waters","docAbstract":"Knobbed whelk, Busycon carica (Gmelin, 1791), age and growth were estimated using tagged and recaptured individuals (n = 396) from areas off South Carolina coastal islands. Recaptured whelks were at large an average of 298 d (4-2,640 d). Growth, an increase in shell length (SL), was evident in 24% of the recaptured whelks, whereas 29% of recaptured individuals were the same size as when released and 47% were smaller than the released size. Mean growth rate was <0.001 mm SL/d and 0.022 mm SL/d if decreases in SL were assumed to be zero. Smaller whelks (???90 mm SL) at large for over one year grew seven times faster than larger whelks. The von Bertalanffy growth model: SL1 = 159.5(1 - e-0.0765(t+0.4162)), was developed from the mark - recapture whelks exhibiting growth. Based on a South Carolina minimum legal size of 102 mm SL, whelks recruit into the fishery at 13 y of age. The longevity, large size at maturity and slow growth suggest the potential for over harvest of knobbed whelk. Future whelk management plans may wish to consider whether economically viable commercial harvest can be sustainable.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Shellfish Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[423:AAGOTK]2.0.CO;2","issn":"07308000","usgsCitation":"Eversole, A., Anderson, W., and Isely, J.J., 2008, Age and growth of the knobbed whelk Busycon carica (Gmelin 1791) in South Carolina subtidal waters: Journal of Shellfish Research, v. 27, no. 2, p. 423-426, https://doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[423:AAGOTK]2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"423","endPage":"426","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214778,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[423:AAGOTK]2.0.CO;2"},{"id":242528,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e8dbe4b0c8380cd47f0d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eversole, A.G.","contributorId":99727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eversole","given":"A.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, W.D.","contributorId":89735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"W.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Isely, J. Jeffery","contributorId":97224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Isely","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Jeffery","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}