San Francisco Bay in Northern California is one of the largest and most altered estuaries within the United States. The sea floor within the bay as well as at its entrance is constantly changing due to strong tidal currents, aggregate mining, dredge disposal, and the creation of new land using artificial fill. Understanding this dynamic sea floor is critical for addressing local environmental issues, which include defining pollution transport pathways, deciphering tectonics, and identifying benthic habitats. Mapping commercial interests such as safe ship navigation and dredge disposal is also significantly aided by such understanding.
\nOver the past decade, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and California State University, Monterey Bay (CSUMB) in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACOE) and the Center for Integrative Coastal Observation, Research and Education (CICORE) have partnered to map central San Francisco Bay and its entrance under the Golden Gate Bridge using multibeam echosounders. These sonar systems can continuously map to produce 100 percent coverage of the sea floor at meter-scale resolution and thus produce an unprecedented view of the floor of the bay.
\nThis poster shows views of the sea floor in west-central San Francisco Bay around Alcatraz and Angel Islands, underneath the Golden Gate Bridge, and through its entrance from the Pacific Ocean. The sea floor is portrayed as a shaded relief surface generated from the multibeam data color-coded for depth from light blues for the shallowest values to purples for the deepest. The land regions are portrayed by USGS digital orthophotographs (DOQs) overlaid on USGS digital elevation models (DEMs). The water depths have a 4x vertical exaggeration while the land areas have a 2x vertical exaggeration.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim2917","isbn":"1411309723","usgsCitation":"Dartnell, P., Barnard, P.L., Chin, J., Hanes, D., Kvitek, R.G., Iampietro, P.J., and Gardner, J.V., 2006, Under the Golden Gate Bridge — Views of the sea floor near the entrance to San Francisco Bay, California (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2917, 1 Plate: 33.50 × 32.50 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim2917.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 33.50 × 32.50 inches","costCenters":[{"id":645,"text":"Western Coastal and Marine Geology","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194426,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sim2917.jpg"},{"id":392970,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_76911.htm"},{"id":287662,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2006/2917/sim2917.pdf"},{"id":8154,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2006/2917/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.50717163085938,\n 37.78618210598413\n ],\n [\n -122.46219635009764,\n 37.78618210598413\n ],\n [\n -122.46219635009764,\n 37.835276322922695\n ],\n [\n -122.50717163085938,\n 37.835276322922695\n ],\n [\n -122.50717163085938,\n 37.78618210598413\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60f5c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dartnell, Peter 0000-0002-9554-729X pdartnell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9554-729X","contributorId":2688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dartnell","given":"Peter","email":"pdartnell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barnard, Patrick L. 0000-0003-1414-6476 pbarnard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1414-6476","contributorId":2880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnard","given":"Patrick","email":"pbarnard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":288305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chin, John L.","contributorId":98291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chin","given":"John L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hanes, Daniel","contributorId":73691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanes","given":"Daniel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kvitek, Rikk G.","contributorId":107804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvitek","given":"Rikk","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":288310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Iampietro, Pat J.","contributorId":85679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iampietro","given":"Pat","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Gardner, James V.","contributorId":93035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":77012,"text":"sir20065098 - 2006 - Land-cover trends in the Mojave basin and range ecoregion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:44","indexId":"sir20065098","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5098","title":"Land-cover trends in the Mojave basin and range ecoregion","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey's Land-Cover Trends Project aims to estimate the rates of contemporary land-cover change within the conterminous United States between 1972 and 2000. A random sampling approach was used to select a representative sample of 10-km by 10-km sample blocks and to estimate change within +/- 1 percent at an 85-percent confidence interval. Landsat Multispectral Scanner, Thematic Mapper, and Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus data were used, and each 60-m pixel was assigned to one of 11 distinct land-cover classes based upon a modified Anderson classification system. Upon completion of land-cover change mapping for five dates, land-cover change statistics were generated and analyzed. This paper presents estimates for the Mojave Basin and Range ecoregion located in the southwestern United States. Our research suggests land-cover change within the Mojave to be relatively rare and highly localized. The primary shift in land cover is unidirectional, with natural desert grass/shrubland being converted to development. We estimate that more than 1,300 km2 have been converted since 1973 and that the conversion is being largely driven by economic and recreational opportunities provided by the Mojave ecoregion. The time interval with the highest rate of change was 1986 to 1992, in which the rate was 0.21 percent (321.9 km2) per year total change.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20065098","usgsCitation":"Sleeter, B.M., and Raumann, C.G., 2006, Land-cover trends in the Mojave basin and range ecoregion: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5098, iii, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065098.","productDescription":"iii, 15 p.","numberOfPages":"18","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":295,"text":"Geography National Land-cover Trends Project","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194727,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8151,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5098/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"0","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118.5,33.75 ], [ -118.5,38 ], [ -113,38 ], [ -113,33.75 ], [ -118.5,33.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6adee8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sleeter, Benjamin M. 0000-0003-2371-9571 bsleeter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2371-9571","contributorId":3479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sleeter","given":"Benjamin","email":"bsleeter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Raumann, Christian G.","contributorId":65893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raumann","given":"Christian","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":77013,"text":"sim2930 - 2006 - Visualizing the geology of lake trout spawning sites: Northern Lake Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-15T21:33:53.356709","indexId":"sim2930","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2930","title":"Visualizing the geology of lake trout spawning sites: Northern Lake Michigan","docAbstract":"Geologists and biologists are working together to understand the links between lake floor geology (composition and shape) and the distribution of lake trout throughout their life cycle. Lake floor geology is one of the main factors determining where lake trout spawn, feed, and hide. In support of ongoing research to study Lake Michigan trout habitats, the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers mapped the morphology of principle lake trout spawning sites. Using the Army Corps of Engineer's SHOALS airborne lidar (Light Detection and Ranging) system we mapped six regions in Northern Lake Michigan in order to identify ideal spawning regions composed of shallow, clean, gravel/cobble substrate, adjacent to deeper water.\r\n\r\nLidar mapping systems, which use laser pulses to measure water depths from an airplane, are now available to map the nearshore lake morphology at meter-scale detail. Maps generated from the bathymetric data are used to define regions with smooth homogeneous substrate, regions with higher relief, and mixed regions with both smooth and rough relief. This morphologic information combined with sediment samples and direct bottom observations enable geologists to map areas with rougher relief composed of rock outcrop, boulders, and cobbles, as well as smooth regions covered with sand or mud. This information helps biologists, fishery managers, and ecologists visualize the lake floor in significant detail which promotes better fishery management, species protection, and habitat identification.\r\n\r\nThese maps present the maps and discuss the geology of the six lake trout spawning sites mapped by the lidar system. Where the mapping approached land, aerial photography of the land is combined with the bathymetric data to help visualize the scale of the offshore features. Map and perspective views of Boulder Reef, Hog Island Reef, and Little Traverse Bay are shown on sheet 1, whereas map and perspective views of Trout and High Island Shoal, Gull Island Reef, and Dahlia Shoal are shown on sheet 2. Additional information, bathymetric data, imagery, and metadata are available online at http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/open-file/of03-120/.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sim2930","isbn":"0607975520","collaboration":"This map was originally released as I-2800 in 2004 under the same title and authors. The map number was changed to allow another map to assume the I-2800 number.","usgsCitation":"Dartnell, P., Barnes, P., Gardner, J.V., and Lee, K., 2006, Visualizing the geology of lake trout spawning sites: Northern Lake Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2930, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim2930.","productDescription":"HTML Document","ipdsId":"IP-027454","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":192148,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8152,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2004/2930/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":110522,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_69065.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"69065"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Lake Michigan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.154296875,\n 43.78695837311561\n ],\n [\n -84.8583984375,\n 43.78695837311561\n ],\n [\n -84.8583984375,\n 46.27103747280261\n ],\n [\n -88.154296875,\n 46.27103747280261\n ],\n [\n -88.154296875,\n 43.78695837311561\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fdb51","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dartnell, Peter 0000-0002-9554-729X pdartnell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9554-729X","contributorId":2688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dartnell","given":"Peter","email":"pdartnell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barnes, Peter","contributorId":66684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"Peter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gardner, James V.","contributorId":93035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lee, Kristen","contributorId":78809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Kristen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":77006,"text":"sir20065113 - 2006 - Water-quality characteristics, including sodium-adsorption ratios, for four sites in the Powder River drainage basin, Wyoming and Montana, water years 2001-2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:19","indexId":"sir20065113","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5113","title":"Water-quality characteristics, including sodium-adsorption ratios, for four sites in the Powder River drainage basin, Wyoming and Montana, water years 2001-2004","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality, monitors streams throughout the Powder River structural basin in Wyoming and parts of Montana for potential effects of coalbed natural gas development. Specific conductance and sodium-adsorption ratios may be larger in coalbed waters than in stream waters that may receive the discharge waters. Therefore, continuous water-quality instruments for specific conductance were installed and discrete water-quality samples were collected to characterize water quality during water years 2001-2004 at four sites in the Powder River drainage basin: Powder River at Sussex, Wyoming; Crazy Woman Creek near Arvada, Wyoming; Clear Creek near Arvada, Wyoming; and Powder River at Moorhead, Montana.\r\n\r\nDuring water years 2001-2004, the median specific conductance of 2,270 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius (?S/cm) in discrete samples from the Powder River at Sussex, Wyoming, was larger than the median specific conductance of 1,930 ?S/cm in discrete samples collected downstream from the Powder River at Moorhead, Montana. The median specific conductance was smallest in discrete samples from Clear Creek (1,180 ?S/cm), which has a dilution effect on the specific conductance for the Powder River at Moorhead, Montana. The daily mean specific conductance from continuous water-quality instruments during the irrigation season showed the same spatial pattern as specific conductance values for the discrete samples.\r\n\r\nDissolved sodium, sodium-adsorption ratios, and dissolved solids generally showed the same spatial pattern as specific conductance. The largest median sodium concentration (274 milligrams per liter) and the largest range of sodium-adsorption ratios (3.7 to 21) were measured in discrete samples from the Powder River at Sussex, Wyoming. Median concentrations of sodium and sodium-adsorption ratios were substantially smaller in Crazy Woman Creek and Clear Creek, which tend to decrease sodium concentrations and sodium-adsorption ratios at the Powder River at Moorhead, Montana. Dissolved-solids concentrations in discrete samples were closely correlated with specific conductance values; Pearson's correlation coefficients were 0.98 or greater for all four sites.\r\n\r\nRegression equations for discrete values of specific conductance and sodium-adsorption ratios were statistically significant (p-values <0.001) at all four sites. The strongest relation (R2=0.92) was at the Powder River at Sussex, Wyoming. Relations on Crazy Woman Creek (R2=0.91) and Clear Creek (R2=0.83) also were strong. The relation between specific conductance and sodium-adsorption ratios was weakest (R2=0.65) at the Powder River at Moorhead, Montana; however, the relation was still significant. These data indicate that values of specific conductance are useful for estimating sodium-adsorption ratios.\r\n\r\nA regression model called LOADEST was used to estimate dissolved-solids loads for the four sites. The average daily mean dissolved-solids loads varied among the sites during water year 2004. The largest average daily mean dissolved-solids load was calculated for the Powder River at Moorhead, Montana. Although the smallest concentrations of dissolved solids were in samples from Clear Creek, the smallest average daily mean dissolved-solids load was calculated for Crazy Woman Creek. The largest loads occurred during spring runoff, and the smallest loads occurred in late summer, when streamflows typically were smallest. Dissolved-solids loads may be smaller than average during water years 2001-2004 because of smaller than average streamflow as a result of drought conditions.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20065113","usgsCitation":"Clark, M.L., and Mason, J., 2006, Water-quality characteristics, including sodium-adsorption ratios, for four sites in the Powder River drainage basin, Wyoming and Montana, water years 2001-2004: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5113, v, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065113.","productDescription":"v, 22 p.","numberOfPages":"27","temporalStart":"2000-10-01","temporalEnd":"2004-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":684,"text":"Wyoming Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124956,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2006_5113.jpg"},{"id":8137,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5113/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"0","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -107,43 ], [ -107,46.5 ], [ -105,46.5 ], [ -105,43 ], [ -107,43 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cce4b07f02db544106","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, Melanie L. mlclark@usgs.gov","contributorId":1827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Melanie","email":"mlclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mason, Jon P.","contributorId":26758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mason","given":"Jon P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":77007,"text":"sir20065018 - 2006 - Computation and error analysis of discharge for the Lake Michigan Diversion Project in Illinois: 1997-99 water years","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-07T19:22:51.943902","indexId":"sir20065018","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5018","title":"Computation and error analysis of discharge for the Lake Michigan Diversion Project in Illinois: 1997-99 water years","docAbstract":"Acoustic velocity meters (AVM's) and acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCP's) were used to measure streamflow at four streamflow-gaging stations in the Chicago River system. The streamflow data were used to compute discharge and to determine the uncertainty in the computed annual mean discharge at each station for the Lake Michigan Diversion Project in Illinois. Descriptions of the instrumentation at each station, stage-area and index-velocity ratings, and methods utilized for computing discharge and estimating missing record are given. Daily mean and annual mean discharges were computed for each station for 1997-99 water years (WY's). A water year is defined as the 12-month period from October 1 through September 30. The water year is designated by the calendar year in which it ends and which includes 9 of the 12 months. Thus, the year ending September 30, 1999, is called the 1999 water year. A first-order error analysis was applied to acoustic velocity meter (AVM) data, stage-area, and index-velocity ratings at each streamflow-gaging station. The error analysis results indicate that the uncertainty is sensitive to the value of uncertainty associated with acoustic Doppler cur-rent profiler (ADCP) discharge measurement data. At the Chicago River at Columbus Drive at Chicago, Illinois station for the 1997-99 WY's, the uncertainty, expressed as a standard deviation of the average annual discharge, ranged from 13 to 18 cubic feet per second (ft3/s) when ADCP uncertainty was not included, whereas total uncertainty ranged from 55 to 69 ft3/s when ADCP uncertainty was included. At the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal at Romeoville, Illinois station for the 1997-99 WY's, the uncertainty ranged from 18 to 20 ft3/s when ADCP uncertainty was not included, whereas it ranged from 64 to 68 ft3/s when it was included. At the Calumet River below O'Brien Lock and Dam at Chicago, Illinois station for the 1997-99 WY's, the uncertainty ranged from 13 to 22 ft3/s when ADCP uncertainty was not included, whereas it ranged from 35 to 53 ft3/s when it was included. At the North Shore Channel at Wilmette, Illinois station for the 1997-99 WY's, when the record was entirely estimated, the uncertainty ranged from 8 to 12 ft3/s when the ADCP uncertainty was not included, and from 16 to 17 ft3/s when it was included. For the 2000 WY, the estimated uncertainty was 8.6 ft3/s when ADCP uncertainty is not included and 12.5 ft3/s when ADCP uncertainty was included.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20065018","usgsCitation":"Duncker, J.J., Over, T.M., and Gonzalez, J.A., 2006, Computation and error analysis of discharge for the Lake Michigan Diversion Project in Illinois: 1997-99 water years: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5018, viii, 71 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065018.","productDescription":"viii, 71 p.","numberOfPages":"79","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"1996-10-01","temporalEnd":"1999-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193091,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":415455,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_76907.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":8138,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5018/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"0","country":"United States","state":"Illinois","otherGeospatial":"Lake Michigan Diversion Project","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.1167,\n 41.5833\n ],\n [\n -88.1167,\n 42.1\n ],\n [\n -87.5139,\n 42.1\n ],\n [\n -87.5139,\n 41.5833\n ],\n [\n -88.1167,\n 41.5833\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a7f07","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duncker, James J. 0000-0001-5464-7991 jduncker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5464-7991","contributorId":4316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duncker","given":"James","email":"jduncker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":35680,"text":"Illinois-Iowa-Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Over, Thomas M. 0000-0001-8280-4368 tmover@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8280-4368","contributorId":1819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Over","given":"Thomas","email":"tmover@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gonzalez, Juan A.","contributorId":81200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gonzalez","given":"Juan","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":77005,"text":"ofr20061144 - 2006 - Summary of surface-water quality, ground-water quality, and water withdrawals for the Spirit Lake Reservation, North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-15T11:28:56","indexId":"ofr20061144","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1144","title":"Summary of surface-water quality, ground-water quality, and water withdrawals for the Spirit Lake Reservation, North Dakota","docAbstract":"Available surface-water quality, ground-water quality, and water-withdrawal data for the Spirit Lake Reservation were summarized. The data were collected intermittently from 1948 through 2004 and were compiled from U.S. Geological Survey databases, North Dakota State Water Commission databases, and Spirit Lake Nation tribal agencies. Although the quality of surface water on the reservation generally is satisfactory, no surface-water sources are used for consumable water supplies. Ground water on the reservation is of sufficient quality for most uses. The Tokio and Warwick aquifers have better overall water quality than the Spiritwood aquifer. Water from the Spiritwood aquifer is used mostly for irrigation. The Warwick aquifer provides most of the consumable water for the reservation and for the city of Devils Lake. Annual water withdrawals from the Warwick aquifer by the Spirit Lake Nation ranged from 71 million gallons to 122 million gallons during 2000-04.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061144","usgsCitation":"Vining, K.C., and Cates, S.W., 2006, Summary of surface-water quality, ground-water quality, and water withdrawals for the Spirit Lake Reservation, North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1144, iv, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061144.","productDescription":"iv, 22 p.","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193289,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8136,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1144/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"0","country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Spirit Lake Reservation","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -99.83333333333333,47.75 ], [ -99.83333333333333,48.833333333333336 ], [ -98,48.833333333333336 ], [ -98,47.75 ], [ -99.83333333333333,47.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b02e4b07f02db6989a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vining, Kevin C. 0000-0001-5738-3872 kcvining@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5738-3872","contributorId":308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vining","given":"Kevin","email":"kcvining@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cates, Steven W.","contributorId":71592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cates","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":76970,"text":"pp1646 - 2006 - Forecasting selenium discharges to the San Francisco Bay-Delta Estuary: Ecological effects of a proposed San Luis Drain extension","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":23771,"text":"ofr00416 - 2000 - Forecasting selenium discharges to the San Francisco Bay-Delta Estuary: Ecological effects of a proposed San Luis drain extension","indexId":"ofr00416","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Forecasting selenium discharges to the San Francisco Bay-Delta Estuary: Ecological effects of a proposed San Luis drain extension"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":76970,"text":"pp1646 - 2006 - Forecasting selenium discharges to the San Francisco Bay-Delta Estuary: Ecological effects of a proposed San Luis Drain extension","indexId":"pp1646","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"title":"Forecasting selenium discharges to the San Francisco Bay-Delta Estuary: Ecological effects of a proposed San Luis Drain extension"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-10T19:22:46.351685","indexId":"pp1646","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1646","title":"Forecasting selenium discharges to the San Francisco Bay-Delta Estuary: Ecological effects of a proposed San Luis Drain extension","docAbstract":"Selenium discharges to the San Francisco Bay-Delta Estuary (Bay-Delta) could change significantly if federal and state agencies (1) approve an extension of the San Luis Drain to convey agricultural drainage from the western San Joaquin Valley to the North Bay (Suisun Bay, Carquinez Strait, and San Pablo Bay); (2) allow changes in flow patterns of the lower San Joaquin River and Bay-Delta while using an existing portion of the San Luis Drain to convey agricultural drainage to a tributary of the San Joaquin River; or (3) revise selenium criteria for the protection of aquatic life or issue criteria for the protection of wildlife.
Understanding the biotransfer of selenium is essential to evaluating effects of selenium on Bay-Delta ecosystems. Confusion about selenium threats to fish and wildlife stem from (1) monitoring programs that do not address specific protocols necessary for an element that bioaccumulates; and (2) failure to consider the full complexity of the processes that result in selenium toxicity. Past studies show that predators are more at risk from selenium contamination than their prey, making it difficult to use traditional methods to predict risk from environmental concentrations alone. This report presents an approach to conceptualize and model the fate and effects of selenium under various load scenarios from the San Joaquin Valley. For each potential load, progressive forecasts show resulting (1) water-column concentration; (2) speciation; (3) transformation to particulate form; (4) particulate concentration; (5) bioaccumulation by invertebrates; (6) trophic transfer to predators; and (7) effects on those predators. Enough is known to establish a first-order understanding of relevant conditions, biological response, and ecological risks should selenium be discharged directly into the North Bay through a conveyance such as a proposed extension of the San Luis Drain.
The approach presented here, the Bay-Delta selenium model, determines the mass, fate, and effects of selenium released to the Bay-Delta through use of (1) historical land-use, drainage, alluvial-fill, and runoff databases; (2) existing knowledge concerning biogeochemical reactions and physiological parameters of selenium (e.g., speciation, partitioning between dissolved and particulate forms, and bivalve assimilation efficiency); and (3) site-specific data mainly from 1986 to 1996 for clams and bottom-feeding fish and birds. Selenium load scenarios consider effluents from North Bay oil refineries and discharges of agricultural drainage from the San Joaquin Valley to enable calculation of (a) a composite freshwater endmember selenium concentration at the head of the estuary; and (b) a selenium concentration at a selected seawater location (Carquinez Strait) as a foundation for modeling. Analysis of selenium effects also takes into account the mode of conveyance for agricultural drainage (i.e., the San Luis Drain or San Joaquin River); and flows of the Sacramento River and San Joaquin River on a seasonal or monthly basis.
Load scenarios for San Joaquin Valley mirror predictions made since 1955 of a worsening salt (and by inference, selenium) build-up exacerbated by an arid climate and massive irrigation. The reservoir of selenium in the San Joaquin Valley is sufficient to provide loading at an annual rate of approximately 42,500 pounds of selenium to a Bay-Delta disposal point for 63 to 304 years at the lower range of projections presented here, even if influx of selenium from the California Coast Ranges could be curtailed. Disposal of wastewaters on an annual basis outside of the San Joaquin Valley may slow the degradation of valley resources, but drainage alone cannot alleviate the salt and selenium build-up in the San Joaquin Valley, at least within a century.
Load scenarios also show the different proportions of selenium loading to the Bay-Delta. Oil refinery loads from 1986 to 1992 ranged from 8.5 to 20 pounds of selenium per day; with treatment and cleanup, loads decreased to 3.0 pounds of selenium per day in 1999. In contrast, San Joaquin Valley agricultural drainage loads disposed of in a San Luis Drain extension could range from 45 to 117 pounds of selenium per day across a set of historical and future conditions. Components of this valley-wide load include five source subareas (i.e., Grassland, Westlands, Tulare, Kern, and Northern) defined by water and drainage management. Loads vary per subarea mainly because of proximity of the subarea to geologic sources of selenium and irrigation history. Loads from the Sacramento River, depending on flow conditions, range from 0.8 to 10 pounds of selenium per day. Loads from the San Joaquin River vary depending on restoration and flow conditions, which are considered.
A consistent picture of ecological risk emerges under modeled selenium discharges from a proposed San Luis Drain extension. The threat to the estuary is greatest during low flow seasons and critically dry years. Where selenium undergoes reactions typical of low flow or longer residence time, highly problematic bioaccumulation in prey (food) is forecast. Surf scoter, greater and lesser scaup, and white sturgeon appear to be most at risk because these Bay-Delta predators feed on deposit and filter-feeding bivalves. Recent findings add Sacramento splittail and Dungeness crab to that list. During the low flow season of critically dry years, forecasted selenium concentrations in water, particulate matter, prey (diet), and predator tissue exceed guidelines with a high certainty of producing adverse effects under the most likely load scenario from a proposed San Luis Drain extension. High flows afford some protection under certain conditions in modeled San Joaquin River scenarios. However, meeting a combined goal of releasing a specific load during maximum flows and keeping selenium concentrations in the river below a certain objective to protect against bioaccumulation may not always be attainable. Management of the San Joaquin River on a constant concentration basis also could create problematic bioaccumulation during a wet year, especially during the low flow season, because high flows translate to high loads that are not always offset by seasonal river inflows.
Prior to refinery cleanup, selenium contamination was sufficient to threaten reproduction in key species within the Bay-Delta ecosystems and human health advisories were posted based on selenium concentrations in tissues of diving ducks. During this time, selenium concentrations in the Bay-Delta were well below the most stringent recommended water quality criterion [1 microgram per liter (1 µg/L)]. Enhanced biogeochemical transformations to bioavailable particulate selenium and efficient bioaccumulation by bivalves characterized the system. If these biogeochemical conditions continue to prevail and agricultural selenium sources replace or exceed refinery sources, ecological forecasts suggest the risk of adverse effects will be difficult to eliminate under an out-of-valley resolution to the selenium problem.
The Bay-Delta selenium model presented here is a systematic approach for conducting forecasts of the ecological effects from selenium on aquatic food webs. It is a new tool that links and models the major processes leading from loads through consumer organisms to predators. It also is a feasible approach for site-specific analysis and could provide a framework for developing new protective selenium foodweb guidelines and predator criteria. Model components that help ensure understanding ecosystems and the basis of environmental protection are (1) contaminant concentrations and speciation in sources, such as particulate material, that most influence bioavailability; (2) bioaccumulation models that calculate concentrations in diet, specifically in bivalves of the Bay-Delta that act as sensitive indicators of selenium contamination; (3) food-web type that determines what animals are threatened and when; and (4) multiple media concentrations (water, particulate material, and tissue of prey and predators) that, in-combination, determine risk or hazard.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1646","usgsCitation":"Presser, T.S., and Luoma, S.N., 2006, Forecasting selenium discharges to the San Francisco Bay-Delta Estuary: Ecological effects of a proposed San Luis Drain extension: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1646, x, 196 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1646.","productDescription":"x, 196 p.","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340326,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8811,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/p1646/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":415526,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_78260.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay-Delta estuary","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122,\n 36.3917\n ],\n [\n -119.8333,\n 36.3917\n ],\n [\n -119.8333,\n 38.0833\n ],\n [\n -122,\n 38.0833\n ],\n [\n -122,\n 36.3917\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae504","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Presser, Theresa S. 0000-0001-5643-0147 tpresser@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5643-0147","contributorId":2467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Presser","given":"Theresa","email":"tpresser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luoma, Samuel N. 0000-0001-5443-5091 snluoma@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5443-5091","contributorId":2287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"Samuel","email":"snluoma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":76997,"text":"ofr20041441 - 2006 - Sea floor topography and backscatter intensity of the Hudson Canyon region offshore of New York and New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-09T14:46:30","indexId":"ofr20041441","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1441","title":"Sea floor topography and backscatter intensity of the Hudson Canyon region offshore of New York and New Jersey","docAbstract":"These maps show the sea floor topography and backscatter intensity of the Hudson Canyon region on the continental slope and rise offshore of New Jersey and New York (fig. 1 and fig. 2). Sheet 1 shows sea floor topography as shaded relief. Sheet 2 shows sea floor topography as shaded relief with backscatter intensity superimposed in color. Both sheets are at a scale of 1:300,000 and also show smoothed topographic contours at selected intervals. The maps are based on new multibeam echo-sounder data collected on an 18-day cruise carried out aboard the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Ship Ronald H. Brown during August and September 2002. Additional multibeam data of the Hudson Canyon collected by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), on the continental shelf collected by the STRATAFORM project (Goff and others, 1999), and a survey of the Hudson Shelf Valley (Butman and others, 2003), and a compilation of bathymetric data from the National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) Coastal Relief Model provide coverage of areas surrounding Hudson Canyon (fig. 2). Interpretations of the surficial geology also utilize widely spaced 3.5- and 10-kiloHertz (kHz) high-resolution seismic profiles collected by the U.S. Geological Survey (fig.2).","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041441","isbn":"1411310438","usgsCitation":"Butman, B., Twichell, D.C., Rona, P.A., Tucholke, B.E., Middleton, T.J., and Robb, J.M., 2006, Sea floor topography and backscatter intensity of the Hudson Canyon region offshore of New York and New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1441, HTML Document; 2 Plates: 42.0 x 62.0 inches and 42.0 x 54.0 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041441.","productDescription":"HTML Document; 2 Plates: 42.0 x 62.0 inches and 42.0 x 54.0 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":680,"text":"Woods Hole Science 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Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-295","title":"Trends of Abutment-Scour Prediction Equations Applied to 144 Field Sites in South Carolina","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey conducted a study in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration in which predicted abutment-scour depths computed with selected predictive equations were compared with field measurements of abutment-scour depth made at 144 bridges in South Carolina. The assessment used five equations published in the Fourth Edition of 'Evaluating Scour at Bridges,' (Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18), including the original Froehlich, the modified Froehlich, the Sturm, the Maryland, and the HIRE equations. An additional unpublished equation also was assessed. Comparisons between predicted and observed scour depths are intended to illustrate general trends and order-of-magnitude differences for the prediction equations. Field measurements were taken during non-flood conditions when the hydraulic conditions that caused the scour generally are unknown. The predicted scour depths are based on hydraulic conditions associated with the 100-year flow at all sites and the flood of record for 35 sites. Comparisons showed that predicted scour depths frequently overpredict observed scour and at times were excessive. The comparison also showed that underprediction occurred, but with less frequency. The performance of these equations indicates that they are poor predictors of abutment-scour depth in South Carolina, and it is probable that poor performance will occur when the equations are applied in other geographic regions. Extensive data and graphs used to compare predicted and observed scour depths in this study were compiled into spreadsheets and are included in digital format with this report. In addition to the equation-comparison data, Water-Surface Profile Model tube-velocity data, soil-boring data, and selected abutment-scour data are included in digital format with this report. The digital database was developed as a resource for future researchers and is especially valuable for evaluating the reasonableness of future equations that may be developed.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr2003295","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Benedict, S., Deshpande, N., Aziz, N.M., and Conrads, P., 2006, Trends of Abutment-Scour Prediction Equations Applied to 144 Field Sites in South Carolina (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-295, vi, 131 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr2003295.","productDescription":"vi, 131 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192491,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8797,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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Carolina\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697b95","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Benedict, Stephen T. benedict@usgs.gov","contributorId":3198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benedict","given":"Stephen T.","email":"benedict@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":288249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Deshpande, Nikhil","contributorId":82406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deshpande","given":"Nikhil","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aziz, Nadim M.","contributorId":56743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aziz","given":"Nadim","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Conrads, Paul 0000-0003-0408-4208 pconrads@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0408-4208","contributorId":764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conrads","given":"Paul","email":"pconrads@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":288248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":76961,"text":"ofr2003196 - 2006 - Spectral reflectance properties (0.4-2.5 um) of secondary Fe-oxide, Fe-hydroxide, and Fe-sulfate-hydrate minerals associated with sulfide-bearing mine waste","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-29T10:36:33","indexId":"ofr2003196","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-196","title":"Spectral reflectance properties (0.4-2.5 um) of secondary Fe-oxide, Fe-hydroxide, and Fe-sulfate-hydrate minerals associated with sulfide-bearing mine waste","docAbstract":"Fifteen Fe-oxide, Fe-hydroxide, and Fe-sulphate-hydrate mineral species commonly associated with sulphide bearing mine wastes were characterized by using X-ray powder diffraction and scanning electron microscope methods. Diffuse reflectance spectra of the samples show diagnostic absorption features related to electronic processes involving ferric and/or ferrous iron, and to vibrational processes involving water and hydroxyl ions. Such spectral features enable field and remote sensing based studies of the mineral distributions. Because secondary minerals are sensitive indicators of pH, Eh, relative humidity, and other environmental conditions, spectral mapping of these minerals promises to have important applications to mine waste remediation studies. This report releases digital (ascii) spectra (spectral_data_files.zip) of the fifteen mineral samples to facilitate usage of the data with spectral libraries and spectral analysis software. The spectral data are provided in a two-column format listing wavelength (in micrometers) and reflectance, respectively.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr2003196","usgsCitation":"Crowley, J., Williams, D., Hammarstrom1, J., Piatak, N., Mars, J., and Chou, I., 2006, Spectral reflectance properties (0.4-2.5 um) of secondary Fe-oxide, Fe-hydroxide, and Fe-sulfate-hydrate minerals associated with sulfide-bearing mine waste: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-196, data files, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr2003196.","productDescription":"data files","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":8181,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/196/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":8182,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":19,"text":"Raw Data"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/196/spectral_data_files.zip"},{"id":194604,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4c60","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crowley, J.K.","contributorId":103690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crowley","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, D.E.","contributorId":67179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hammarstrom1, J.M.","contributorId":42672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammarstrom1","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Piatak, N. 0000-0002-1973-8537","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1973-8537","contributorId":46183,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatak","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mars, J.C.","contributorId":74833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mars","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Chou, I-Ming 0000-0001-5233-6479 imchou@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5233-6479","contributorId":882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chou","given":"I-Ming","email":"imchou@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":76962,"text":"tm5B3 - 2006 - Chapter 3. Determination of semivolatile organic compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in solids by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-26T16:23:07","indexId":"tm5B3","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"5-B3","title":"Chapter 3. Determination of semivolatile organic compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in solids by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry","docAbstract":"A method for the determination of 38 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and semivolatile organic compounds in solid samples is described. Samples are extracted using a pressurized solvent extraction system. The compounds of interest are extracted from the solid sample twice at 13,800 kilopascals; first at 120 degrees Celsius using a water/isopropyl alcohol mixture (50:50, volume-to-volume ratio), and then the sample is extracted at 200 degrees Celsius using a water/isopropyl alcohol mixture (80:20, volume-to-volume ratio). The compounds are isolated using disposable solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges containing divinylbenzene-vinylpyrrolidone copolymer resin. The cartridges are dried with nitrogen gas, and then sorbed compounds are eluted from the SPE material using a dichloromethane/diethyl ether mixture (80:20, volume-to-volume ratio) and passed through a sodium sulfate/Florisil SPE cartridge to remove residual water and to further clean up the extract. The concentrated extract is solvent exchanged into ethyl acetate and the solvent volume reduced to 0.5 milliliter. Internal standard compounds are added prior to analysis by capillary-column gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.\r\n\r\nComparisons of PAH data for 28 sediment samples extracted by Soxhlet and the accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) method described in this report produced similar results. Extraction of PAH compounds from standard reference material using this method also compared favorably with Soxhlet extraction. The recoveries of PAHs less than molecular weight 202 (pyrene or fluoranthene) are higher by up to 20 percent using this ASE method, whereas the recoveries of PAHs greater than or equal to molecular weight 202 are equivalent.\r\n\r\nThis ASE method of sample extraction of solids has advantages over conventional Soxhlet extraction by increasing automation of the extraction process, reducing extraction time, and using less solvent. Extract cleanup also is greatly simplified because SPE replaces commonly used gel permeation chromatography.\r\n\r\nThe performance of the method (as expressed by mean recoveries and mean precision) was determined using Ottawa sand, a commercially available topsoil, and an environmental stream sediment, fortified at 1.5 and 15 micrograms per compound. Recoveries of PAH and semivolatile compounds in Ottawa sand samples fortified at 1.5 micrograms averaged 88 percent ? 9.4 percent relative standard deviation, and calculated initial method detection limits per compound averaged 14 micrograms per kilogram, assuming a 25-gram sample size. The recovery for 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene is less than 60 percent; thus, the concentration of this compound will always be reported as estimated with the E remark code.\r\n\r\nThe analysis of 25 alkylated PAH homolog groups also can be determined with this method with extra data analysis and review, but because of the lack of authentic reference standard compounds, these results are considered to be semiquantitative. The PAH homolog groups are quantitated using the response factor of a parent PAH method compound, if available. Precision data for the alkylated PAH homologs detected in a marine sediment standard reference material (SRM 1944) also are presented to document and demonstrate method capability.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Book 5. Laboratory Analysis, Section B. Methods of the National Water Quality Laboratory","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tm5B3","usgsCitation":"Zaugg, S.D., Burkhardt, M.R., Burbank, T.L., Olson, M.C., Iverson, J.L., and Schroeder, M.P., 2006, Chapter 3. Determination of semivolatile organic compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in solids by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 5-B3, vii, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tm5B3.","productDescription":"vii, 44 p.","numberOfPages":"51","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125101,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tm_5_b3.jpg"},{"id":8132,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2006/tm5b3/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d45e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zaugg, Steven D. sdzaugg@usgs.gov","contributorId":768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zaugg","given":"Steven","email":"sdzaugg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":288230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burkhardt, Mark R.","contributorId":27872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burkhardt","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burbank, Teresa L. tburbank@usgs.gov","contributorId":2048,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burbank","given":"Teresa","email":"tburbank@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":288231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Olson, Mary C.","contributorId":91931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Iverson, Jana L. jiverson@usgs.gov","contributorId":5564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"Jana","email":"jiverson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":288232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schroeder, Michael P.","contributorId":103303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schroeder","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":76960,"text":"ds197 - 2006 - Seasonal changes in concentrations of dissolved pesticides and organic carbon in the Sacramento-San Joaquin delta, California, 1994-1996","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-26T11:53:05","indexId":"ds197","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"197","title":"Seasonal changes in concentrations of dissolved pesticides and organic carbon in the Sacramento-San Joaquin delta, California, 1994-1996","docAbstract":"The Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (Delta) of California is an ecologically rich and hydrologically complex region that receives runoff from nearly one-quarter of the state. Water-quality studies of surface water in the region have found dissolved pesticides in winter storm runoff at concentrations toxic to some aquatic invertebrates. However, scientists have little information on pesticide concentrations in the Delta on a seasonal timescale or the importance of pesticide contributions from within-Delta sources. Consequently, the U.S. Geological Survey conducted a study from 1994 to 1996 during which water samples were collected seasonally from 31 sites located within the Delta and on major tributaries to the Delta. Water samples were analyzed for 20 current-use pesticides and dissolved organic carbon. During the study, 11 current-use pesticides were detected; maximum concentrations ranging from 17 ng/L (for trifluralin) to 1,160 ng/L (for metolachlor). The highest concentrations of five pesticides (carbaryl, carbofuran, metolachlor, molinate, and simazine) were greater than 900 ng/L. The greatest number of pesticides was detected in the summer of 1994, whereas the least number were detected in the winter of 1994. The herbicides metolachlor and simazine were the most frequently detected pesticides and were detected in five of the six sampling seasons. The herbicides molinate and EPTC were detected only during the three summer sampling seasons. A comparison of pesticides detected during the spring and summer of 1995 showed some seasonal variability. Comparison of the three summer seasons sampled showed that a larger number of pesticides were detected, and with generally higher maximum concentrations, in 1994 than in 1995 or 1996. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations ranged, over the course of the study, from 1.4 mg/L to 10.4 mg/L, and had a median concentration of 3.8 mg/L. On a seasonal basis, the lowest maximum DOC concentrations occurred during the summer and winter of 1994. The highest median DOC concentration on a seasonal basis occurred in the spring of 1995. This previously unreported data is being published now to provide historical information on pesticide concentrations in the Delta to water managers and the scientific community.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds197","usgsCitation":"Orlando, J., and Kuivila, K., 2006, Seasonal changes in concentrations of dissolved pesticides and organic carbon in the Sacramento-San Joaquin delta, California, 1994-1996: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 197, vii, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds197.","productDescription":"vii, 21 p.","numberOfPages":"28","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1994-01-01","temporalEnd":"1996-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192161,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8131,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2006/197/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"0","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.5,37.5 ], [ -122.5,38.666666666666664 ], [ -121,38.666666666666664 ], [ -121,37.5 ], [ -122.5,37.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db6976e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Orlando, James L. 0000-0002-0099-7221","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0099-7221","contributorId":95954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orlando","given":"James L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kuivila, Kathryn 0000-0001-7940-489X kkuivila@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7940-489X","contributorId":1367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuivila","given":"Kathryn ","email":"kkuivila@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":288222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":76898,"text":"sir20055256 - 2006 - Water use and availability in the West Narragansett Bay area, coastal Rhode Island, 1995-99","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-25T11:06:33","indexId":"sir20055256","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5256","title":"Water use and availability in the West Narragansett Bay area, coastal Rhode Island, 1995-99","docAbstract":"During the 1999 drought in Rhode Island, belowaverage precipitation caused a drop in ground-water levels and streamflow was below long-term averages. The low water levels prompted the U. S. Geological Survey and the Rhode Island Water Resources Board to conduct a series of cooperative water-use studies. The purpose of these studies is to collect and analyze water-use and water-availability data in each drainage area in the State of Rhode Island. The West Narragansett Bay study area, which covers 118 square miles in part or all of 14 towns in coastal Rhode Island, is one of nine areas investigated as part of this effort. The study area includes the western part of Narragansett Bay and Conanicut Island, which is the town of Jamestown. The area was divided into six subbasins for the assessment of water-use data. In the calculation of hydrologic budget and water availability, the Hunt, Annaquatucket, and Pettaquamscutt River Basins were combined into one subbasin because they are hydraulically connected.
Eleven major water suppliers served customers in the study area, and they supplied an average of 19.301 million gallons per day during 1995–99. The withdrawals from the only minor supplier, which was in the town of East Greenwich in the Hunt River Basin, averaged 0.002 million gallons per day. The remaining withdrawals were estimated as 1.186 million gallons per day from self-supplied domestic, commercial, industrial, and agricultural users. Return flows from self-disposed water (individual sewage-disposal systems) and permitted discharges accounted for 5.623 million gallons per day. Most publicly disposed water (13.711 million gallons per day) was collected by the Rhode Island Economic Development Corporation, and by the East Greenwich, Fields Point, Jamestown, Narragansett, and Scarborough wastewater-treatment facilities. This wastewater was disposed in Narragansett Bay outside of the study area.
The PART program, a computerized hydrograph-separation application, was used to determine water availability in the study area on the basis of low flows measured at a nearby index station, the Pawcatuck River at Wood River Junction, Rhode Island. Water availability was defined as the 75th, 50th, and 25th percentiles of the total base flow; the base flow minus the 7-day, 10-year flow; and the base flow minus the Aquatic Base Flow at the index station. The base-flow contributions per unit area of sand and gravel deposits and of till were computed for June, July, August, and September for the index station and multiplied by the areas of sand and gravel and till in the subbasins. The calculated base flows at the index station were lowest in August at the 75th, 50th, and 25th percentiles for total base flow and for two additional low-flow scenarios.
Because water withdrawals and use are greater during June, July, August, and September than at other times of the year, water availability was compared to water withdrawals in the subbasins for these summer months. Ratios were calculated by dividing the summer withdrawals by the water availability at the 75th, 50th, and 25th percentiles, and these percentiles of the base flow minus the two low flows for each subbasin. The closer this ratio is to one, the closer the withdrawals are to the estimated water available. These ratios allow comparisons of the use of water to the available water from one subbasin to another. The ratios were highest in July for the 50th percentile of the estimated gross yield minus the Aquatic Base Flow. The ratios ranged from 0.01 in the Providence and Seekonk subbasin to 0.38 in the Hunt-Annaquatucket-Pettaquamscutt subbasin for the 50th percentile of the gross yield minus the 7Q10 for August.
A long-term (1941–2000) water budget was calculated for the study area to assess the basin inflows and outflows. The water withdrawals and return flows used in the budget were from 1995 through 1999. Inflow was assumed to equal outflow. The total water budget was 146.29 million gallons per day for the combined Hunt-Annaquatucket-Pettaquamscutt subbasin, 48.71 million gallons per day for the Greenwich Bay subbasin, 238.98 million gallons per day for the Providence and Seekonk Rivers subbasin, and 21.32 million gallons per day for the Conanicut Island subbasin. The estimated inflows from precipitation, streamflow from upstream basins, and wastewater return flow for the entire study area were 59.3, 38.5, and 2.2 percent, respectively. The estimated outflows for the study area from evapotranspiration, streamflow, and water withdrawals were 24.9, 73.9, and 1.2 percent, respectively.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20055256","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Rhode Island Water Resources Board","usgsCitation":"Nimiroski, M.T., and Wild, E.C., 2006, Water use and availability in the West Narragansett Bay area, coastal Rhode Island, 1995-99: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5256, vii, 54 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055256.","productDescription":"vii, 54 p.","numberOfPages":"61","temporalStart":"1995-01-01","temporalEnd":"1999-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":377,"text":"Massachusetts-Rhode Island Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194477,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8060,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5256/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"0","country":"United States","state":"Rhode Island","otherGeospatial":"West Narragansett Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.37954711914061,\n 41.89307729913167\n ],\n [\n -71.42074584960938,\n 41.86956082699455\n ],\n [\n -71.42898559570312,\n 41.83887416186901\n ],\n [\n -71.45095825195312,\n 41.81738473661009\n ],\n [\n -71.41525268554688,\n 41.78360106648078\n ],\n [\n -71.38916015625,\n 41.7559466348148\n ],\n [\n -71.44134521484374,\n 41.739553198140634\n ],\n [\n -71.466064453125,\n 41.72315557551985\n ],\n [\n -71.51275634765625,\n 41.725205507257044\n ],\n [\n -71.54434204101562,\n 41.712904935827744\n ],\n [\n -71.56082153320312,\n 41.68932225997044\n ],\n [\n -71.58416748046875,\n 41.66367910784373\n ],\n [\n -71.57318115234375,\n 41.6298145037586\n ],\n [\n -71.54708862304688,\n 41.60209386160467\n ],\n [\n -71.53884887695312,\n 41.575388650111094\n ],\n [\n -71.50726318359375,\n 41.54353338440556\n ],\n [\n -71.46194458007812,\n 41.51063406062076\n ],\n [\n -71.45919799804688,\n 41.48697733905995\n ],\n [\n -71.46194458007812,\n 41.4684573556768\n ],\n [\n -71.48117065429688,\n 41.445814633981875\n ],\n [\n -71.49215698242188,\n 41.422134246213616\n ],\n [\n -71.47979736328125,\n 41.41904486310779\n ],\n [\n -71.47979736328125,\n 41.395354710280166\n ],\n [\n -71.50039672851562,\n 41.36341083816149\n ],\n [\n -71.466064453125,\n 41.35516471140717\n ],\n [\n -71.46743774414062,\n 41.37680856570233\n ],\n [\n -71.44958496093749,\n 41.40668586105652\n ],\n [\n -71.39328002929688,\n 41.43963797438237\n ],\n [\n -71.36993408203125,\n 41.46537017728069\n ],\n [\n -71.34658813476562,\n 41.47977575214487\n ],\n [\n -71.35208129882812,\n 41.53325414281322\n ],\n [\n -71.35620117187499,\n 41.56819689811343\n ],\n [\n -71.37130737304686,\n 41.586688356972346\n ],\n [\n -71.38641357421875,\n 41.611335399441735\n ],\n [\n -71.38092041015625,\n 41.64007838467894\n ],\n [\n -71.36581420898438,\n 41.66778269875831\n ],\n [\n -71.35345458984375,\n 41.69547509615208\n ],\n [\n -71.34384155273438,\n 41.71905551584262\n ],\n [\n -71.3671875,\n 41.740577910570785\n ],\n [\n -71.3726806640625,\n 41.7631174470059\n ],\n [\n -71.37130737304686,\n 41.78769700539063\n ],\n [\n -71.39739990234375,\n 41.80817277478235\n ],\n [\n -71.3836669921875,\n 41.82761869589464\n ],\n [\n -71.37130737304686,\n 41.840920397579936\n ],\n [\n -71.36993408203125,\n 41.85421933478601\n ],\n [\n -71.33285522460936,\n 41.86240192202145\n ],\n [\n -71.34109497070312,\n 41.875696393231\n ],\n [\n -71.34109497070312,\n 41.898188430430444\n ],\n [\n -71.37954711914061,\n 41.89307729913167\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd1ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nimiroski, Mark T.","contributorId":65898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimiroski","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wild, Emily C. 0000-0001-6157-7629 ecwild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-7629","contributorId":1810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wild","given":"Emily","email":"ecwild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5081,"text":"Libraries","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":288118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":76894,"text":"ds183 - 2006 - An annotated list of the mayflies, stoneflies, and caddisflies of the Sand Creek basin, Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve, Colorado, 2004 and 2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:37","indexId":"ds183","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"183","title":"An annotated list of the mayflies, stoneflies, and caddisflies of the Sand Creek basin, Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve, Colorado, 2004 and 2005","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in conjunction with the Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve and its cooperators, did an extensive inventory of certain targeted aquatic-insect groups in the Sand Creek Basin, Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve, to establish a species list for future monitoring efforts. Study sites were established to monitor these groups following disturbance events. Such potential disturbances may include, but are not limited to, chemical treatment of perennial stream reaches to remove nonnative fishes and the subsequent reintroduction of native fish species, increased public use of backcountry habitat (such as hiking and fishing), and natural disturbances such as fire. This report is an annotated list of the mayflies, stoneflies, and caddisflies found in the Sand Creek Basin, Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve, 2004 and 2005.\r\n\r\nThe primary objective of the study was to qualitatively inventory target aquatic-insect groups in perennial streams, and selected unique standing-water habitats, such as springs, and wetlands associated with the Sand Creek Basin. Efforts focused on documenting the presence of aquatic-insect species within the following taxonomic groups: Ephemeroptera (mayflies), Plecoptera (stoneflies), and Trichoptera (caddisflies). These insect orders were chosen because published species accounts, geographic distribution, and identification keys exist for many Colorado species. Given the extent of available information for these groups, there existed a potential for identifying new species and documenting range extensions of known species.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ds183","usgsCitation":"Zuellig, R.E., Kondratieff, B.C., Ruiter, D.E., and Thorp, R.A., 2006, An annotated list of the mayflies, stoneflies, and caddisflies of the Sand Creek basin, Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve, Colorado, 2004 and 2005: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 183, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds183.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2004-01-01","temporalEnd":"2005-12-31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":192871,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8059,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/ds183/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"0","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -105.5,37.833333333333336 ], [ -105.5,37.833333333333336 ], [ -105.5,37.833333333333336 ], [ -105.5,37.833333333333336 ], [ -105.5,37.833333333333336 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db6857a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zuellig, Robert E. 0000-0002-4784-2905 rzuellig@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4784-2905","contributorId":1620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zuellig","given":"Robert","email":"rzuellig@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kondratieff, Boris C.","contributorId":24868,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kondratieff","given":"Boris","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":17860,"text":"Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":288106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ruiter, David E.","contributorId":37835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruiter","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thorp, Richard A.","contributorId":57168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorp","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":76905,"text":"fs20063089 - 2006 - Availability of Ground-Water Data for California, Water Year 2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:18","indexId":"fs20063089","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-3089","title":"Availability of Ground-Water Data for California, Water Year 2005","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources, in cooperation with Federal, State, and local agencies, obtains a large amount of data pertaining to the ground-water resources of California each water year (October 1-September 30). These data constitute a valuable database for developing an improved understanding of the water resources of the State. This Fact Sheet serves as an index to ground-water data for water year 2005. The 2-page report contains a map of California showing the number of wells (by county) with available water-level and water-quality data for water year 2005 (fig. 2) and instructions for obtaining this and other ground-water information contained in the databases of the U.S. Geological Survey, California Water Science Center. From 1985 to 1993, data were published in the annual report 'Water Resources Data for California, Volume 5. Ground-Water Data'; prior to 1985, the data were published in U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Papers.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/fs20063089","usgsCitation":"Huff, J., 2006, Availability of Ground-Water Data for California, Water Year 2005: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2006-3089, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20063089.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2004-10-01","temporalEnd":"2005-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126729,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2006_3089.jpg"},{"id":8068,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2006/3089/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124,32.55 ], [ -124,42 ], [ -114,42 ], [ -114,32.55 ], [ -124,32.55 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db667fac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huff, Julia A.","contributorId":23130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huff","given":"Julia A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":76900,"text":"ofr20061132 - 2006 - Inventory of Amphibians and Reptiles in Southern Colorado Plateau National Parks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:26","indexId":"ofr20061132","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1132","title":"Inventory of Amphibians and Reptiles in Southern Colorado Plateau National Parks","docAbstract":"In fiscal year 2000, the National Park Service (NPS) initiated a nationwide program to inventory vertebrates andvascular plants within the National Parks, and an inventory plan was developed for the 19 park units in the Southern Colorado Plateau Inventory & Monitoring Network. We surveyed 12 parks in this network for reptiles and amphibians between 2001 and 2003. The overall goals of our herpetofaunal inventories were to document 90% of the species present, identify park-specific species of special concern, and, based on the inventory results, make recommendations for the development of an effective monitoring program. We used the following standardized herpetological methods to complete the inventories: time-area constrained searches, visual encounter ('general') surveys, and nighttime road cruising. We also recorded incidental species sightings and surveyed existing literature and museum specimen databases. We found 50 amphibian and reptile species during fieldwork. These included 1 salamander, 11 anurans, 21 lizards, and 17 snakes. Literature reviews, museum specimen data records, and personal communications with NPS staff added an additional eight species, including one salamander, one turtle, one lizard, and five snakes. It was necessary to use a variety of methods to detect all species in each park. Randomly-generated 1-ha time-area constrained searches and night drives produced the fewest species and individuals of all the methods, while general surveys and randomly-generated 10-ha time-areas constrained searches produced the most. Inventory completeness was likely compromised by a severe drought across the region during our surveys. In most parks we did not come close to the goal of detecting 90% of the expected species present; however, we did document several species range extensions. Effective monitoring programs for herpetofauna on the Colorado Plateau should use a variety of methods to detect species, and focus on taxa-specific methods. Randomly-generated plots must take into account microhabitat and aquatic features to be effective at sampling for herpetofauna. ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061132","collaboration":"The National Park Service has requested that we remove OFR 2006-1132 due to concerns about public release of sensitive information about the presence of certain reptiles and amphibians. Their primary concern is that reptile enthusiasts could use these reports to locate and illegally collect highly sought after species for the pet and hobby trade.","usgsCitation":"Persons, T.B., and Nowak, E., 2006, Inventory of Amphibians and Reptiles in Southern Colorado Plateau National Parks: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1132, vi, 186 p. *The National Park Service has requested that we remove OFR 2006-1132 due to concerns about public release of sensitive information about the presence of certain reptiles and amphibians. Their primary concern is that reptile enthusiasts could use these reports to locate and illegally collect highly sought after species for the pet and hobby trade*, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061132.","productDescription":"vi, 186 p. *The National Park Service has requested that we remove OFR 2006-1132 due to concerns about public release of sensitive information about the presence of certain reptiles and amphibians. Their primary concern is that reptile enthusiasts could use these reports to locate and illegally collect highly sought after species for the pet and hobby trade*","numberOfPages":"192","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195550,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48eee4b07f02db557858","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Persons, Trevor B.","contributorId":96354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Persons","given":"Trevor","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nowak, Erika M.","contributorId":14062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nowak","given":"Erika M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}