Many process-based models on carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles have been developed for northern forest ecosystems. These models are widely used to evaluate the long-term decisions in forest management dealing with effects like particulate pollution, productivity and climate change. Regarding climate change, one of the key questions that have sensitive political implications is whether northern forests will sequester atmospheric C or not. Whilst many process-based models have been tested for accuracy by evaluating or validating against observed data, few have dealt with the complexity of the incorporated procedures to estimate uncertainties associated with model predictions or the sensitivity of these predictions to input factors in a systematic, inter-model comparison fashion. In general, models differ in their underlying attempts to match natural complexities with assumed or imposed model structure and process formulations to estimate model parameters, to gather data and to address issues on scope, scale and natural variations. Uncertainties may originate from model structure, estimation of model parameters, data input, representation of natural variation and scaling exercises. Model structure relates to the mathematical representation of the processes modelled and the type of state variables that a model contains. The modelling of partitioning among above- and below-ground C and N pools and the interdependence among these pools remain a major source of uncertainty in model structure and error propagation. Most soil C models use at least three state variables to represent the different types of soil organic matter (SOM). This approach results in creating three artificial SOM pools, assuming that each one contains C compounds with same turnover rate. In reality, SOM consists of many different types of C compounds with widely different turnover rates. Uncertainty in data and parameter estimates are closely linked. Data uncertainties are associated with high variations in estimating forest biomass, productivity and soil organic matter and may be incomplete for model initialization, calibration, validation and sensitivity analysis of generalized predictor models. The scale at which a model is being used also affects the level of uncertainty, as the errors in the prediction of the C and N dynamics differ from the site to the landscape levels and across climatic regions. If the spatial or temporal scale of a model application is changed, additional uncertainty arises from neglecting natural variability in system variables in time and space. Uncertainty issues are also intimately related to model validation and sensitivity analysis. The estimation of uncertainties is needed to inform decision process, in order to detect the possible corridor of development. Uncertainty in this context is an essential measure of quality for stakeholder and decision makers.
","conferenceTitle":"3rd International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software","conferenceDate":"July 9-13, 2006","conferenceLocation":"Burlington, VT","language":"English","publisher":"International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software","usgsCitation":"Larocque, G.R., Bhatti, J.S., Gordon, A., Luckai, N., Liu, J., Liu, S., Arp, P., Zhang, C., Komarov, A., Grabarnik, P., Wattenbach, M., Peng, C., Sun, J., and White, T., 2006, Dealing with uncertainty and sensitivity issues in process-based models of carbon and nitrogen cycles in northern forest ecosystems, 3rd International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software, Burlington, VT, July 9-13, 2006, 11 p.","productDescription":"11 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":462835,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/iemssconference/2006/all/147/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":462836,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larocque, Guy R.","contributorId":68139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larocque","given":"Guy","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bhatti, Jagtar S.","contributorId":12720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bhatti","given":"Jagtar","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gordon, A.M.","contributorId":221191,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gordon","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Luckai, N.","contributorId":81727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luckai","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Liu, Jinxun 0000-0003-0561-8988 jxliu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0561-8988","contributorId":3414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Jinxun","email":"jxliu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":915716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Liu, Shuguang 0000-0002-6027-3479 sliu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6027-3479","contributorId":147403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Shuguang","email":"sliu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":915717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Arp, P.A.","contributorId":221193,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Arp","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Zhang, C.F.","contributorId":221194,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zhang","given":"C.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Komarov, A","contributorId":221178,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Komarov","given":"A","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Grabarnik, P.","contributorId":221195,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grabarnik","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Wattenbach, M.","contributorId":221192,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wattenbach","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Peng, C.","contributorId":44092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peng","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Sun, Jianfeng","contributorId":345117,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sun","given":"Jianfeng","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"White, Thomas","contributorId":345118,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"White","given":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}} ,{"id":70202243,"text":"70202243 - 2006 - Heat-producing elements in the lunar mantle: Insights from ion microprobe analyses of lunar pyroclastic glasses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-18T09:01:12","indexId":"70202243","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-01T08:59:10","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Heat-producing elements in the lunar mantle: Insights from ion microprobe analyses of lunar pyroclastic glasses","docAbstract":"We provide new estimates for the abundance of heat-producing elements in the lunar mantle by using SIMS techniques to measure the concentrations of thorium and samarium in lunar pyroclastic glasses. Lunar pyroclastic glasses are utilized in this study because they represent quenched products of near-primary melts from the lunar mantle and as such, they provide compositional information about the mantle itself. Thorium and samarium were measured because: (1) Th is not significantly fractionated from Sm during partial melting of the pyroclastic glass source regions, which are dominated by olivine and pyroxene. Therefore, the Th/Sm ratios that we measure in the pyroclastic glasses reflect the Th/Sm ratio of the pyroclastic glass source regions. (2) Strong correlations between Th, U, and K on the Moon allow us to use measured Th concentrations to estimate the concentrations of U and K in the pyroclastic glasses. (3) Th, Sm, U, and K are radioactive elements and as such, their concentrations can be used to investigate heat production in the lunar mantle.
The results from this study show that the lunar mantle is heterogeneous with respect to heat-producing elements and that there is evidence for mixing of a KREEP component into the source regions of some of the pyroclastic glasses. Because the source regions for many of the glasses are deep (⩾400 km), we propose that a KREEP component was transported to the deep lunar mantle. KREEP enriched sources produce 138% more heat than sources that do not contain KREEP and therefore, could have provided a source of heat for extended periods of nearside basaltic magmatism. Data from this study, in conjunction with models for the fractional crystallization of a lunar magma ocean, are used to show that the average lunar mantle contains 0.15 ppm Th, 0.54 ppm Sm, 0.039 ppm U, and 212 ppm K. This is a greater enrichment in radiogenic elements than some earlier estimates, suggesting a more prolonged impact of radiogenic heat on nearside basaltic volcanism.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.gca.2006.04.013","usgsCitation":"Hagerty, J., Shearer, C.K., and Vaniman, D., 2006, Heat-producing elements in the lunar mantle: Insights from ion microprobe analyses of lunar pyroclastic glasses: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 70, no. 13, p. 3457-3476, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2006.04.013.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"3457","endPage":"3476","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361310,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Moon","volume":"70","issue":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hagerty, Justin 0000-0003-3800-7948 jhagerty@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3800-7948","contributorId":911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hagerty","given":"Justin","email":"jhagerty@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":757460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shearer, Charles K.","contributorId":111575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shearer","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":757461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vaniman, David","contributorId":173231,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vaniman","given":"David","affiliations":[{"id":13179,"text":"Planetary Science Institute","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":757462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":76889,"text":"ofr20061180 - 2006 - Digital single-channel seismic-reflection data from western Santa Monica basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:39","indexId":"ofr20061180","displayToPublicDate":"2006-06-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1180","title":"Digital single-channel seismic-reflection data from western Santa Monica basin","docAbstract":"During a collaborative project in 1992, Geological Survey of Canada and United States Geological Survey scientists obtained about 850 line-km of high-quality single-channel boomer and sleeve-gun seismic-reflection profiles across Hueneme, Mugu and Dume submarine fans, Santa Monica Basin, off southern California. The goals of this work were to better understand the processes that lead to the formation of sandy submarine fans and the role of sea-level changes in controlling fan development.\r\n\r\nThis report includes a trackline map of the area surveyed, as well as images of the sleeve-gun profiles and the opportunity to download both images and digital data files (SEG-Y) of all the sleeve-gun profiles. ","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061180","collaboration":"Also contains previously unpublished Canadian Geological Survey report, CRUISE REPORT PARIZEAU 91-062, prepared by D.J.W. Piper, see APPENDIX of this OFR","usgsCitation":"Normark, W.R., Piper, D., Sliter, R.W., Triezenberg, P., and Gutmacher, C.E., 2006, Digital single-channel seismic-reflection data from western Santa Monica basin (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1180, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061180.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":645,"text":"Western Coastal and Marine Geology","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":191977,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8056,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1180/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"0","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -119.5,33.166666666666664 ], [ -119.5,34.166666666666664 ], [ -118.5,34.166666666666664 ], [ -118.5,33.166666666666664 ], [ -119.5,33.166666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a94e4b07f02db6593cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Normark, William R.","contributorId":69570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Normark","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piper, David J. W.","contributorId":28631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piper","given":"David J. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sliter, Ray W. 0000-0003-0337-3454 rsliter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0337-3454","contributorId":1992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sliter","given":"Ray","email":"rsliter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Triezenberg, Peter 0000-0002-7736-9186 ptriezenberg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7736-9186","contributorId":2409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Triezenberg","given":"Peter","email":"ptriezenberg@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gutmacher, Christina E.","contributorId":28272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gutmacher","given":"Christina","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":76886,"text":"sir20065038 - 2006 - Simulation of nutrient and sediment concentrations and loads in the Delaware inland bays watershed: Extension of the hydrologic and water-quality model to ungaged segments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-18T19:27:54.58084","indexId":"sir20065038","displayToPublicDate":"2006-06-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5038","title":"Simulation of nutrient and sediment concentrations and loads in the Delaware inland bays watershed: Extension of the hydrologic and water-quality model to ungaged segments","docAbstract":"Rapid population increases, agriculture, and industrial practices have been identified as important sources of excessive nutrients and sediments in the Delaware Inland Bays watershed. The amount and effect of excessive nutrients and sediments in the Inland Bays watershed have been well documented by the Delaware Geological Survey, the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s National Estuary Program, the Delaware Center for Inland Bays, the University of Delaware, and other agencies. This documentation and data previously were used to develop a hydrologic and water-quality model of the Delaware Inland Bays watershed to simulate nutrients and sediment concentrations and loads, and to calibrate the model by comparing concentrations and streamflow data at six stations in the watershed over a limited period of time (October 1998 through April 2000). Although the model predictions of nutrient and sediment concentrations for the calibrated segments were fairly accurate, the predictions for the 28 ungaged segments located near tidal areas, where stream data were not available, were above the range of values measured in the area.
The cooperative study established in 2000 by the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control, the Delaware Geological Survey, and the U.S. Geological Survey was extended to evaluate the model predictions in ungaged segments and to ensure that the model, developed as a planning and management tool, could accurately predict nutrient and sediment concentrations within the measured range of values in the area. The evaluation of the predictions was limited to the period of calibration (1999) of the 2003 model.
To develop estimates on ungaged watersheds, parameter values from calibrated segments are transferred to the ungaged segments; however, accurate predictions are unlikely where parameter transference is subject to error. The unexpected nutrient and sediment concentrations simulated with the 2003 model were likely the result of inappropriate criteria for the transference of parameter values. From a model-simulation perspective, it is a common practice to transfer parameter values based on the similarity of soils or the similarity of land-use proportions between segments. For the Inland Bays model, the similarity of soils between segments was used as the basis to transfer parameter values. An alternative approach, which is documented in this report, is based on the similarity of the spatial distribution of the land use between segments and the similarity of land-use proportions, as these can be important factors for the transference of parameter values in lumped models. Previous work determined that the difference in the variation of runoff due to various spatial distributions of land use within a watershed can cause substantialloss of accuracy in the model predictions.
The incorporation of the spatial distribution of land use to transfer parameter values from calibrated to uncalibrated segments provided more consistent and rational predictions of flow, especially during the summer, and consequently, predictions of lower nutrient concentrations during the same period. For the segments where the similarity of spatial distribution of land use was not clearly established with a calibrated segment, the similarity of the location of the most impervious areas was also used as a criterion for the transference of parameter values.
The model predictions from the 28 ungaged segments were verified through comparison with measured in-stream concentrations from local and nearby streams provided by the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control. Model results indicated that the predicted edge-of-stream total suspended solids loads in the Inland Bays watershed were low in comparison to loads reported for the Eastern Shore of Maryland from the Chesapeake Bay watershed model. The flatness of the terrain and the low annual surface runoff are important factors in determining the amount of detached sediment from the land that is delivered to streams. The highest predicted total suspended solids loads were found in the southern part of the watershed, where the values are associated with high total streamflow and a high surface-runoff component, and related to soil and aquifer permeability and land use. Nutrient loads from model segments in the southern part of the Inland Bays watershed were also higher than those measured in the northern part of the basin, due to relatively high runoff and the substantial amount of available organic fertilizer (animal waste) that results in over-application of organic fertilizer to crops.
Time series of simulated hourly concentrations indicated a seasonal pattern in the simulated base flow for total nitrogen, with the lowest values occurring during the summer and the highest values during the winter months. Total phosphorus and total-suspended-solids concentrations were less seasonal and were more storm-dependent; in general, base-flow concentrations of total phosphorus and total suspended solids were low. During storm events, the total nitrogen concentrations tended to be diluted and total phosphorus concentrations tended to rise sharply. Nitrogen was transported mainly in the aqueous phase and largely through ground water, whereas phosphorus was strongly associated with sediment, which washes off during rainfall events.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20065038","usgsCitation":"Gutierrez-Magness, A.L., 2006, Simulation of nutrient and sediment concentrations and loads in the Delaware inland bays watershed: Extension of the hydrologic and water-quality model to ungaged segments: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5038, v, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065038.","productDescription":"v, 26 p.","numberOfPages":"31","costCenters":[{"id":41514,"text":"Maryland-Delaware-District of Columbia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":120781,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2006_5038.jpg"},{"id":415936,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_78360.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":8831,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5038/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.4186,\n 38.4489\n ],\n [\n -75.4186,\n 38.8069\n ],\n [\n -75.045,\n 38.8069\n ],\n [\n -75.045,\n 38.4489\n ],\n [\n -75.4186,\n 38.4489\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db697854","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gutierrez-Magness, Angelica L.","contributorId":36995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gutierrez-Magness","given":"Angelica","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":76887,"text":"sir20055198 - 2006 - Hydrogeology of the upper and middle Verde River watersheds, central Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-03T00:10:04","indexId":"sir20055198","displayToPublicDate":"2006-06-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5198","title":"Hydrogeology of the upper and middle Verde River watersheds, central Arizona","docAbstract":"The upper and middle Verde River watersheds in central Arizona are primarily in Yavapai County, which in 1999 was determined to be the fastest growing rural county in the United States; by 2050 the population is projected to more than double its current size (132,000 in 2000). This study combines climatic, surface-water, ground-water, water-chemistry, and geologic data to describe the hydrogeologic systems within the upper and middle Verde River watersheds and to provide a conceptual understanding of the ground-water flow system. The study area includes the Big Chino and Little Chino subbasins in the upper Verde River watershed and the Verde Valley subbasin in the middle Verde Rive watershed...more...A geochemical mixing model was used to quantify fractions of ground-water sources to the Verde River from various parts of the study area. Most of the water in the uppermost 0.2 mile of the Verde River is from the Little Chino subbasin, and the remainder is from the Big Chino subbasin. Discharge from a system of springs increases base flow to about 17 cubic feet per second within the next 2 miles of the river. Ground water that discharges at these springs is derived from the western part of the Coconino Plateau, from the Big Chino subbasin, and from the Little Chino subbasin. More...","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20055198","usgsCitation":"Blasch, K.W., Hoffmann, J.P., Graser, L.F., Bryson, J.R., and Flint, A.L., 2006, Hydrogeology of the upper and middle Verde River watersheds, central Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5198, 115 p.; 8 spreadsheet appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055198.","productDescription":"115 p.; 8 spreadsheet appendices","numberOfPages":"115","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195719,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8055,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5198/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2de4b07f02db614a5d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blasch, Kyle W. 0000-0002-0590-0724 kblasch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0590-0724","contributorId":1631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blasch","given":"Kyle","email":"kblasch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoffmann, John P. jphoffma@usgs.gov","contributorId":1337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffmann","given":"John","email":"jphoffma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":288082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Graser, Leslie F.","contributorId":24876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graser","given":"Leslie","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bryson, Jeannie R.","contributorId":46184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bryson","given":"Jeannie","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Flint, Alan L. 0000-0002-5118-751X aflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5118-751X","contributorId":1492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Alan","email":"aflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":76891,"text":"ds182 - 2006 - usSEABED: Pacific Coast (California, Oregon, Washington) Offshore Surficial-Sediment Data Release, version 1","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-05T20:12:27.086426","indexId":"ds182","displayToPublicDate":"2006-06-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"182","title":"usSEABED: Pacific Coast (California, Oregon, Washington) Offshore Surficial-Sediment Data Release, version 1","docAbstract":"Over the past 50 years there has been an explosion in scientific interest, research effort, and information gathered on the geologic sedimentary character of the continental margin of the United States. Data and information from thousands of publications have greatly increased our scientific understanding of the geologic origins of the margin surface but rarely have those data been combined and integrated.\r\n\r\nThis publication is the first release of the Pacific coast data from the usSEABED database. The report contains a compilation of published and unpublished sediment texture and other geologic data about the sea floor from diverse sources. usSEABED is an innovative database system developed to unify assorted data, with the data processed by the dbSEABED system. Examples of maps displaying attributes such as grain size and sediment color are included. This database contains information that is a scientific foundation for the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Sea floor Mapping and Benthic Habitats project and the Marine Aggregate Resources and Processes assessment project, and will be useful to the marine science community for other studies of the Pacific coast continental margin.\r\n\r\nThe publication is divided into 10 sections: Home, Introduction, Content, usSEABED (data), dbSEABED (processing), Data Catalog, References, Contacts, Acknowledgments, and Frequently Asked Questions. Use the navigation bar on the left to navigate to specific sections of this report. Underlined topics throughout the publication are links to more information. Links to specific and detailed information on processing and to those to pages outside this report will open in a new browser window.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds182","usgsCitation":"Reid, J.A., Reid, J.M., Jenkins, C.J., Zimmermann, M., Williams, S.J., and Field, M.E., 2006, usSEABED: Pacific Coast (California, Oregon, Washington) Offshore Surficial-Sediment Data Release, version 1 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 182, Report: iii, 57 p.; Spatial Data, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds182.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 57 p.; Spatial Data","numberOfPages":"60","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":194602,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":393928,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_76638.htm"},{"id":8058,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2006/182/usseabed.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":8057,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2006/182/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Oregon, Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -125,\n 32.5344\n ],\n [\n -117.0667,\n 32.5344\n ],\n [\n -117.0667,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -125,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -125,\n 32.5344\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4780e4b07f02db482843","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reid, Jane A. 0000-0003-1771-3894 jareid@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1771-3894","contributorId":2826,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"Jane","email":"jareid@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reid, Jamey M.","contributorId":68386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"Jamey","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jenkins, Chris J.","contributorId":14066,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jenkins","given":"Chris","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zimmermann, Mark","contributorId":49479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmermann","given":"Mark","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Williams, S. Jeffress 0000-0002-1326-7420 jwilliams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1326-7420","contributorId":2063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"S.","email":"jwilliams@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Jeffress","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Field, Michael E. mfield@usgs.gov","contributorId":2101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"Michael","email":"mfield@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":76878,"text":"sir20065053 - 2006 - A system for calibrating seepage meters used to measure flow between ground water and surface water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-18T12:38:21","indexId":"sir20065053","displayToPublicDate":"2006-06-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5053","title":"A system for calibrating seepage meters used to measure flow between ground water and surface water","docAbstract":"A system has been developed for generating controlled rates of seepage across the sediment-water interface representing flow between ground water and surface water. The seepage- control system facilitates calibration and testing of seepage measurement devices commonly called seepage meters. Two slightly different seepage-control systems were evaluated. Both designs make use of a 1.5-m-diameter by 1.5-m-tall polyethylene flux tank partially filled with sand that overlies a pipe manifold and diffuser plate to provide a uniform flux of water through the sand. The flux tank is filled with water to maintain a water depth above the sand bed of about 0.6 m. Flow is generated by routing water through tubing that connects an adjustable-height reservoir to the base of the flux tank, through the diffuser plate and sand, and across the sediment-water interface. Seepage rate is controlled by maintaining a constant water depth in the reservoir while routing flow between the reservoir and the flux tank. The rate of flow is controlled by adjusting the height of the reservoir with a manually operated fork lift. Flow from ground water to surface water (inflow) occurs when the water surface of the reservoir is higher than the water surface of the flux tank. Flow from surface water to ground water (outflow) occurs when the water surface of the reservoir is lower than the water surface of the flux tank. Flow rates as large as ±55 centimeters per day were generated by adjusting the reservoir to the extremes of the operable range of the fork lift. The minimum seepage velocity that the flowmeter can reliably measure is about 7 centimeters per day.
\nWater in the reservoir is maintained at a nearly constant depth by pumping return flow between the reservoir and flux tanks based on output from a submersible pressure transducer placed in the reservoir. A datalogger switches the pump on and off at appropriate intervals to maintain a nearly constant water depth inside the reservoir, which maintains a virtually constant hydraulic gradient between the reservoir and flux tanks. The datalogger also records flow, in units of volume per time, as measured by an in-line flowmeter positioned between the base of the flux tank and the reservoir. Seepage flux in units of distance per time is determined by dividing the flowmeter output by the surface area at the sediment-water interface in the flux tank.
\nSpatial heterogeneity in seepage was evident in both flux tanks in spite of attempts to minimize heterogeneity during tank construction. Medium sand was used in both flux tanks and care was taken to homogenize the sand during and after filling of the tanks. Time was provided for release or dissolution of trapped air, and water was circulated to remove fine-grained sediments prior to system use. In spite of these precautions, seepage measured with five to six small 20.25-cm-diameter seepage meters varied by about a factor of two. Use of larger diameter seepage meters, which cover a larger percentage of the sediment surface of the flux tanks, greatly minimized measured seepage heterogeneity.
\nThe seepage-control system was used to demonstrate that seepage-meter efficiency is sensitive to the type of seepage-meter bag and that bag-measured seepage rate is sensitive to the duration of the seepage-meter measurement only during very short measurement times.
\nThe in-line flowmeter used with this system is incapable of measuring seepage rates below about 7 centimeters per day. Smaller seepage rates can be measured manually. The seepage- control system also can be modified for measuring slower seepage rates with the use of two flowmeters and a slightly different water-routing system, or a fluid-metering pump can be used to control flow through the flux tank instead of an adjustable-height reservoir.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20065053","usgsCitation":"Rosenberry, D.O., and Menheer, M.A., 2006, A system for calibrating seepage meters used to measure flow between ground water and surface water: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5053, v, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065053.","productDescription":"v, 21 p.","numberOfPages":"27","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319741,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20065053.JPG"},{"id":8044,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5053/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b1252","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rosenberry, Donald O. 0000-0003-0681-5641 rosenber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0681-5641","contributorId":1312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenberry","given":"Donald","email":"rosenber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Menheer, Michael A. menheer@usgs.gov","contributorId":3042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Menheer","given":"Michael","email":"menheer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":76884,"text":"sir20065075 - 2006 - Regionalized equations for bankfull-discharge and channel characteristics of streams in New York State—Hydrologic Region 7 in western New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-14T10:07:22","indexId":"sir20065075","displayToPublicDate":"2006-06-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5075","title":"Regionalized equations for bankfull-discharge and channel characteristics of streams in New York State—Hydrologic Region 7 in western New York","docAbstract":"Computation of bankfull discharge and channel dimensions (width, depth, and cross-sectional area) at ungaged sites requires equations that relate bankfull discharge and channel dimensions to drainage-area at gaged sites. Bankfull-channel information commonly is needed for watershed assessments, stream channel classification, and the design of stream-restoration projects. Such equations are most accurate if they are derived on the basis of data from streams within a region of uniform hydrologic, climatic, and physiographic conditions and applied only within that region. New York State contains eight hydrologic regions that were previously delineated on the basis of high-flow (flood) characteristics. This report presents drainage areas and associated bankfull characteristics (discharge and channel dimensions) for surveyed streams in western New York (Region 7).
Stream-survey data and discharge records from seven active and three inactive USGS streamflow-gaging stations were used in regression analyses to relate drainage area to bankfull discharge and to bankfull channel width, depth, and cross-sectional area. The resulting equations are:
(1) bankfull discharge, in cubic feet per second = 37.1*(drainage area, in square miles)0.765;
(2) bankfull channel width, in feet = 10.8*(drainage area, in square miles)0.458;
(3) bankfull channel depth, in feet = 1.47*(drainage area, in square miles)0.199; and
(4) bankfull channel cross-sectional area, in square feet = 15.9*(drainage area, in square mile)0.656.
The coefficients of determination (R2) for these four equations were 0.94, 0.89, 0.52, and 0.96, respectively. The high coefficients of determination for three of these equations (discharge, width, and cross-sectional area) indicate that much of the range in the variables was explained by the drainage area. The low coefficient of determination for the equation relating bankfull depth to drainage area, however, suggests that other factors also affected water depth. Recurrence intervals for the estimated bankfull discharge of each stream ranged from 1.05 to 3.60 years; the mean recurrence interval was 2.13 years. The 10 surveyed streams were classified by Rosgen stream type; most were C- and E-type, with occasional B- and F-type cross sections. The equation (curve) for bankfull discharge for Region 7 was compared with those previously developed for four other hydrologic regions in New York State. The differences confirm that the hydraulic geometry of streams is affected by local climatic and physiographic conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":" Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20065075","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New York State Department of Environmental ConservationDirector, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Rd
Troy, NY 12180
(518) 285-5695
http://ny.water.usgs.gov/
Direct estimation of groundwater solute concentrations from geophysical tomograms has been only moderately successful because (1) reconstructed tomograms are often highly uncertain and subject to inversion artifacts, (2) the range of subsurface conditions represented in data sets is incomplete because of the paucity of colocated well or core data and aquifer heterogeneity, and (3) geophysical methods exhibit spatially variable sensitivity. We show that electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) can be used to estimate groundwater solute concentrations if a relation between concentration and inverted resistivity is used to deal quantitatively with these issues. We use numerical simulation of solute transport and electrical current flow to develop these relations, which we call “apparent” petrophysical relations. They provide the connection between concentration, or local resistivity, and inverted resistivity, which is measured at the field scale based on ERT for media containing ionic solute. The apparent petrophysical relations are applied to tomograms of electrical resistivity obtained from field measurements of resistance from cross‐well ERT to create maps of tracer concentration. On the basis of synthetic and field cases we demonstrate that tracer mass and concentration estimates obtained using these apparent petrophysical relations are far better than those obtained using direct application of Archie's law applied to three‐dimensional tomograms from ERT, which gives severe underestimates.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2005WR004568","usgsCitation":"Singha, K., and Gorelick, S.M., 2006, Hydrogeophysical tracking of three‐dimensional tracer migration: The concept and application of apparent petrophysical relations: Water Resources Research, v. 42, no. 6, W06422; 14 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2005WR004568.","productDescription":"W06422; 14 p.","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477325,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2005wr004568","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":336978,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-06-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58bfd4fde4b014cc3a3ba51d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Singha, Kamini","contributorId":76733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singha","given":"Kamini","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gorelick, Steven M.","contributorId":8784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorelick","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":76869,"text":"sir20065039 - 2006 - Effects of roads and well pads on erosion in the Largo Canyon watershed, New Mexico, 2001-02","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:19","indexId":"sir20065039","displayToPublicDate":"2006-06-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5039","title":"Effects of roads and well pads on erosion in the Largo Canyon watershed, New Mexico, 2001-02","docAbstract":"Largo Canyon, located in the San Juan Basin of northwestern New Mexico, is one of the longest dry washes in the world. Oil and gas production in the San Juan Basin, which began in the 1940's, required the development of an extensive network of dirt roads to service the oil and gas wells in the Navajo Reservoir area. Presently, there are about eight wells per square mile, and the density of oil and gas wells is expected to increase. Potential environmental effects on landscape stability that may result from the additional roads and well pads have not been documented. In 2001, the U.S. Geological Survey began a study in cooperation with the Bureau of Land Management to evaluate the effects of roads and well pads associated with oil and gas operations on the erosion potential of Bureau of Land Management lands in the Largo Canyon watershed.\r\n\r\nThe effects of roads and well pads on erosion were quantified by installing sediment dams (dams) and by surveying transects across roads and well pads. Data from 26 dams were used in the analysis. Dams were installed at 43 sites: 21 on hillsides upslope from roads or pads to measure erosion from hillslopes, 11 at the downslope edges of roads to measure erosion from roads, and 11 at the downslope edges of well pads to measure erosion from well pads. Pairs of survey transects were established at nine well pads and two road locations.\r\n\r\nSediment-accumulation data for 26 dams, recorded at 17 measurement intervals, indicate that average erosion rates at the dams significantly correlate to size of the contributing area. The average erosion rate normalized by drainage area was 0.001 foot per year below roads, 0.003 foot per year on hillslopes, and 0.011 foot per year below well pads. Results of a two-sample t-test indicate that there was no significant difference in average erosion rates for dams located on hillslopes and below roads, whereas average erosion rates were significantly greater for dams below well pads than for dams on hillslopes and dams below roads.\r\n\r\nThe average erosion rates estimated from the data collected during this study most likely represent minimum erosion rates. Sediment-accumulation data for measurement intervals and for dams that were breached during 2002, resulting from the large volume of runoff generated by high-intensity storms, were not used to compute erosion rates. For this reason, the higher range of erosion rates is underrepresented and the results of this study are biased toward the lower end of the range of erosion rates.\r\n\r\nMeasurements along road transects generally indicate that sediment is eroded from the top of road berms and redeposited at the base of the berms and may be transported downslope along the road. Measurements along well-pad transects generally indicate that sediment eroded from hillslopes is transported over the surface of the well pad and down the well-pad edges.\r\n\r\nBased on field observations, roads aligned parallel to topographic contours facilitate erosional processes in two ways: (1) roads cut across and collect runoff from previously established drainages and (2) roads, where they are cut into hillsides or into the land surface, provide focal points for the initiation of erosion. Roads aligned across topographic contours can serve as conduits to channel runoff but do not constitute a large percentage of the road network.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20065039","usgsCitation":"Matherne, A.M., 2006, Effects of roads and well pads on erosion in the Largo Canyon watershed, New Mexico, 2001-02: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5039, v, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065039.","productDescription":"v, 42 p.","numberOfPages":"47","temporalStart":"2001-01-01","temporalEnd":"2002-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193242,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8037,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5039/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"0","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -108,36 ], [ -108,37 ], [ -107,37 ], [ -107,36 ], [ -108,36 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db611003","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Matherne, Anne Marie 0000-0002-5873-2226 matherne@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5873-2226","contributorId":303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matherne","given":"Anne","email":"matherne@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Marie","affiliations":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":76863,"text":"fs20063087 - 2006 - The Everglades Depth Estimation Network (EDEN) for Support of Ecological and Biological Assessments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-19T10:47:12.254856","indexId":"fs20063087","displayToPublicDate":"2006-06-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-3087","title":"The Everglades Depth Estimation Network (EDEN) for Support of Ecological and Biological Assessments","docAbstract":"The Everglades Depth Estimation Network (EDEN) is an integrated network of real-time water-level monitoring, ground-elevation modeling, and water-surface modeling that provides scientists and managers with current (1999-present), online water-depth information for the entire freshwater portion of the Greater Everglades. Presented on a 400-square-meter grid spacing, EDEN offers a consistent and documented dataset that can be used by scientists and managers to (1) guide large-scale field operations, (2) integrate hydrologic and ecological responses, and (3) support biological and ecological assessments that measure ecosystem responses to the implementation of the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs20063087","collaboration":"Prepared as part of the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan and the Greater Everglades Priority Ecosystems Science","usgsCitation":"Telis, P.A., 2006, The Everglades Depth Estimation Network (EDEN) for Support of Ecological and Biological Assessments: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2006-3087, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20063087.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125132,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2006_3087.jpg"},{"id":8033,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2006/3087/pdf/fs2006-3087.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.74 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2006-3087"},{"id":388841,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2006/3087/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -81.25,25 ], [ -81.25,27 ], [ -80.25,27 ], [ -80.25,25 ], [ -81.25,25 ] ] ] } } ] }","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
Trace elements in sediment and the clam Macoma petalum (formerly reported as Macoma balthica (Cohen and Carlton 1995)), clam reproductive activity and benthic, macroinvertebrate community structure are reported for a mudflat one kilometer south of the discharge of the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in South San Francisco Bay. This report includes data collected for the period January to December 2005, and extends a critical long-term biogeochemical record dating back to 1974. These data serve as the basis for the City of Palo Alto’s Near-Field Receiving Water Monitoring Program, initiated in 1994.
Metal concentrations in both sediments and clam tissue during 2005 were consistent with results observed since 1990. Copper and zinc concentrations in sediment and bivalve tissue displayed a continued decrease over the last decade. In 2005, Cu concentrations were at or below the effects range-low (ERL) concentration (34 µg/g) for the entire year, the first time this has been observed. Also, zinc concentrations never exceeded the ERL (150 µg/g). Yearly average concentrations of copper, zinc and silver in Macoma petalum for 2005 were some of the lowest recorded since monitoring for metals began in 1975. The concentrations of mercury and selenium in sediments, during April and January 2004, respectively, were the highest values observed for these elements during this study. Later in 2005, concentrations decreased to historic levels. The increase in mercury and selenium in 2004 was not a permanent trend and concentrations of these elements in sediments and clams at Palo Alto remain similar to concentrations observed elsewhere in the San Francisco Bay.
Analyses of the benthic-community structure of a mudflat in South San Francisco Bay over a 31-year period show that changes in the community have occurred concurrent with with reduced concentrations of metals in the sediment and in the tissues of the biosentinal clam Macoma petalum from the same area. Analysis of the reproductive activity of M. petalum shows increases in reproductive activity concurrent with the decline in metal concentrations in the tissues of this organism. Reproductive activity is presently stable with almost all animals initiating reproduction in the fall and spawning the following spring of most years. The community has shifted from being dominated by several opportunistic species to a community where the species are more similar in abundance, a pattern that suggests a more stable community that is subjected to less stress. In addition, two of the opportunistic species (Ampelisca abdita and Streblospio benedicti) that brood their young and live on the surface of the sediment in tubes have shown a continual decline in dominance coincident with the decline in metals. Heteromastus filiformis, a subsurface polychaete worm that lives in the sediment, consumes sediment and organic particles residing in the sediment, and reproduces by laying their eggs on or in the sediment has shown a concurrent increase in dominance. These changes in species dominance reflect a change in the community from one dominated by surface dwelling, brooding species to one with species with varying life history characteristics. For the first time since its invasion in 1986, the non-indigenous filter-feeding bivalve Corbula (Potamocorbula) amurensis has shown up in small but persistent numbers in the benthic community.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061152","usgsCitation":"Cain, D.J., Parcheso, F., Thompson, J.K., Luoma, S.N., Lorenzi, A.H., Moon, E., Shouse, M.K., Hornberger, M.I., and Dyke, J., 2006, Near-Field Receiving Water Monitoring of trace metals and a benthic community near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in South San Francisco Bay, California: 2005: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1152, viii, 120 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061152.","productDescription":"viii, 120 p.","numberOfPages":"128","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2005-01-01","temporalEnd":"2005-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195694,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8029,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1152/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":388972,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_76876.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Palo Alto Regional Quality Control Plant, south San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.1092,\n 37.4508\n ],\n [\n -122.0928,\n 37.4508\n ],\n [\n -122.0928,\n 37.4644\n ],\n [\n -122.1092,\n 37.4644\n ],\n [\n -122.1092,\n 37.4508\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db697f5d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cain, Daniel J. 0000-0002-3443-0493 djcain@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3443-0493","contributorId":1784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cain","given":"Daniel","email":"djcain@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - 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Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lorenzi, Allison H.","contributorId":63484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorenzi","given":"Allison","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Moon, Edward","contributorId":60309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moon","given":"Edward","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Shouse, Michelle K. mkshouse@usgs.gov","contributorId":5407,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shouse","given":"Michelle","email":"mkshouse@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":288017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hornberger, Michelle I. 0000-0002-7787-3446 mhornber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7787-3446","contributorId":1037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hornberger","given":"Michelle","email":"mhornber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Dyke, Jessica jldyke@usgs.gov","contributorId":1035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dyke","given":"Jessica","email":"jldyke@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":288012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":76855,"text":"wdrMT051 - 2006 - Water resources data, Montana, water year 2005: Volume 1. Hudson Bay and upper Missouri River basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:19","indexId":"wdrMT051","displayToPublicDate":"2006-06-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"MT-05-1","title":"Water resources data, Montana, water year 2005: Volume 1. Hudson Bay and upper Missouri River basins","docAbstract":"Water resources data for Montana for the 2005 water year, volumes 1 and 2, consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage, contents, and water quality of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels in wells. This volume contains discharge records for 125 streamflow-gaging stations; stage or content records for 17 lakes and reservoirs; and water-quality records for 68 streamflow stations (37 ungaged), 12 reservoir or lake sites, and 13 ground-water wells. Additional water year 2005 data collected at crest-stage gage and miscellaneous-measurement sites were collected but are not published in this report. These data are stored within the office files in Helena and are available on request. These data represent part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Montana.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrMT051","usgsCitation":"Berkas, W.R., White, M.K., Ladd, P.B., Bailey, F.A., and Dodge, K.A., 2006, Water resources data, Montana, water year 2005: Volume 1. Hudson Bay and upper Missouri River basins: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report MT-05-1, 407 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrMT051.","productDescription":"407 p.","numberOfPages":"407","temporalStart":"2004-10-01","temporalEnd":"2005-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":400,"text":"Montana Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192337,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8030,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2005/wdr-mt-05/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f6e4b07f02db5f1248","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berkas, Wayne R. wrberkas@usgs.gov","contributorId":425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berkas","given":"Wayne","email":"wrberkas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, Melvin K. mwhite@usgs.gov","contributorId":1563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Melvin","email":"mwhite@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":288023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ladd, Patricia B.","contributorId":64321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ladd","given":"Patricia","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bailey, Fred A. fbailey@usgs.gov","contributorId":1561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"Fred","email":"fbailey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":288022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dodge, Kent A. kdodge@usgs.gov","contributorId":1036,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dodge","given":"Kent","email":"kdodge@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":76856,"text":"wdrMT052 - 2006 - Water resources data, Montana, water year 2005: Volume 2. Yellowstone and upper Columbia River basins and ground-water levels","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:21","indexId":"wdrMT052","displayToPublicDate":"2006-06-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"MT-05-2","title":"Water resources data, Montana, water year 2005: Volume 2. Yellowstone and upper Columbia River basins and ground-water levels","docAbstract":"Water resources data for Montana for the 2005 water year, volumes 1 and 2, consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage, contents, and water quality of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels in wells. This volume contains discharge records for 120 streamflow-gaging stations; stage or content records for 22 lakes and reservoirs; water-quality records for 86 streamflow stations (32 ungaged), and 25 ground-water wells; water-level records for 25 observation wells; and precipitation records for 2 atmospheric-deposition stations. Additional water year 2005 data collected at crest-stage gage and miscellaneous-measurement sites were collected but are not published in this report. These data are stored within the District office files in Helena and are available on request. These data represent part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Montana.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrMT052","usgsCitation":"Berkas, W.R., White, M.K., Ladd, P.B., Bailey, F.A., and Dodge, K.A., 2006, Water resources data, Montana, water year 2005: Volume 2. Yellowstone and upper Columbia River basins and ground-water levels: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report MT-05-2, 571 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrMT052.","productDescription":"571 p.","numberOfPages":"571","temporalStart":"2004-10-01","temporalEnd":"2005-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":400,"text":"Montana Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190904,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8031,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2005/wdr-mt-05/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f5e4b07f02db5f109c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berkas, Wayne R. wrberkas@usgs.gov","contributorId":425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berkas","given":"Wayne","email":"wrberkas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, Melvin K. mwhite@usgs.gov","contributorId":1563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Melvin","email":"mwhite@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":288028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ladd, Patricia B.","contributorId":64321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ladd","given":"Patricia","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bailey, Fred A. fbailey@usgs.gov","contributorId":1561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"Fred","email":"fbailey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":288027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dodge, Kent A. kdodge@usgs.gov","contributorId":1036,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dodge","given":"Kent","email":"kdodge@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":76844,"text":"ds189 - 2006 - PRISM3 DOT1 Atlantic Basin Reconstruction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-10T16:32:10","indexId":"ds189","displayToPublicDate":"2006-06-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"189","title":"PRISM3 DOT1 Atlantic Basin Reconstruction","docAbstract":"PRISM3 DOT1 (Pliocene Research, Interpretation and Synoptic Mapping 3, Deep Ocean Temperature 1) provides a three-dimensional temperature reconstruction for the mid-Pliocene Atlantic basin, the first of several regional data sets that will comprise a global mid-Pliocene reconstruction. DOT1 is an alteration of modern temperature values for the Atlantic Ocean in 4 degree x 5 degree cells in 13 depth layers for December 1 based on Mg/Ca-derived BWT estimates from seventeen DSDP and ODP Sites and SST estimates from the PRISM2 reconstruction (Dowsett et al., 1999). DOT1 reflects a vaguely modern circulation system, assuming similar processes of deep-water formation; however, North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) production is increased, and Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) production is decreased. Pliocene NADW was approximately 2 degreesC warmer than modern temperatures, and Pliocene AABW was approximately 0.3 degreesC warmer than modern temperatures.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ds189","usgsCitation":"Dowsett, H., Robinson, M., Dwyer, G., Chandler, M., and Cronin, T., 2006, PRISM3 DOT1 Atlantic Basin Reconstruction (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 189, Available online only, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds189.","productDescription":"Available online only","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192354,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8015,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2006/189/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":8016,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":9,"text":"Database"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2006/189/Atlantic_Grid_DOT1.xls"}],"projection":"GISS","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -90,-88 ], [ -90,88 ], [ 30,88 ], [ 30,-88 ], [ -90,-88 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db689de2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dowsett, Harry","contributorId":6138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dowsett","given":"Harry","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robinson, Marci","contributorId":100087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"Marci","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dwyer, Gary S.","contributorId":67642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dwyer","given":"Gary S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chandler, Mark","contributorId":17320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chandler","given":"Mark","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cronin, Thomas","contributorId":12109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":76846,"text":"ofr20051331 - 2006 - Geologic map of the national parks in the National Capital region, Washington, D.C., Virginia, Maryland, and West Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-23T21:55:34.330522","indexId":"ofr20051331","displayToPublicDate":"2006-06-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-1331","title":"Geologic map of the national parks in the National Capital region, Washington, D.C., Virginia, Maryland, and West Virginia","docAbstract":"More than 51,000 acres within the National Capital Region (NCR) are administered by the National Park Service (NPS). These parks consist of parkways, trails, statues, monuments, memorials, historic sites, scenic areas, theatres, parks for performing arts, and Civil War battlefields. Although largely established for historical and cultural resources, each park is situated on a landscape that is influenced by bedrock and surficial geology of the central Appalachian mid-Atlantic region. Geologic mapping and field studies conducted for over 130 years are summarized here to provide the earliest history of the parklands. The age, type, names, and the interpreted origin of the rocks, as well as the processes active in the formation of surficial deposits and the landscape are discussed. 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