We present here the initial results of a petrographic, geochemical, and isotopic study of Mesozoic intrusive rocks and spatially associated Zn-Pb-Ag-Cu-Au prospects in the Fortymile mining district in the southern Eagle quadrangle, Alaska. Analyzed samples include mineralized and unmineralized drill core from 2006 and 2007 exploration by Full Metal Minerals, USA, Inc., at the Little Whiteman (LWM) and Fish prospects, and other mineralized and plutonic samples collected within the mining district is part of the USGS study. Three new ion microprobe U-Pb zircon ages are: 210 ± 3 Ma for quartz diorite from LWM, 187 ± 3 Ma for quartz monzonite from Fish, and 70.5 ± 1.1 Ma for altered rhyolite porphyry from Fish. We also present 11 published and unpublished Mesozoic thermal ionization mass spectrometric U-Pb zircon and titanite ages and whole-rock geochemical data for the Mesozoic plutonic rocks. Late Triassic and Early Jurassic plutons generally have intermediate compositions and are slightly foliated, consistent with synkinematic intrusion. Several Early Jurassic plutons contain magmatic epidote, indicating emplacement of the host plutons at mesozonal crustal depths of greater than 15 km. Trace-element geochemical data indicate an arc origin for the granitoids, with an increase in the crustal component with time.
Preliminary study of drill core from the LWM Zn-Pb-Cu-Ag prospect supports a carbonate-replacement model of mineralization. LWM massive sulfides consist of sphalerite, galena, and minor pyrite and chalcopyrite, in a gangue of calcite and lesser quartz; silver resides in Sb-As-Ag sulfosalts and pyrargyrite, and probably in submicroscopic inclusions within galena. Whole-rock analyses of LWM drill cores also show elevated In, an important metal in high-technology products. Hypogene mineralized rocks at Fish, below the secondary Zn-rich zone, are associated with a carbonate host and also may be of replacement origin, or alternatively, may be a magnetite-bearing Zn skarn. Cu-Zn-Pb-Ag-Au showings at the Oscar pros-pect occur in marble-hosted magnetite and pyrrhotite skarn that is spatially related to the stocks, dikes, and sills of the Early Jurassic syenite of Mount Veta. Mineralized rocks at the Eva Creek Ag-Zn-Pb-Cu prospect are within 1.5 km of the Mount Veta pluton, which is epidotized and locally altered along its contact with metamorphosed country rock east of the prospect.
We report five new sulfide Pb-isotopic analyses from the LWM, Oscar, and Eva Creek prospects and compare these sulfide Pb-isotopic ratios with those for sulfides from nearby deposits and prospects in the Yukon-Tanana Upland and with feldspar Pb-isotopic ratios for Mesozoic plutons in the region. Disparities between the Pb-isotopic ratios for sulfides and igneous feldspars are consistent with a carbonate-replacement model for both the LWM and Eva Creek prospects. The presence in the Fortymile district of base-metal sulfides within both calc-silicate-rich skarns and the calc-silicate-free carbonate replacement deposits may reflect multistage mineralization by magmatic-hydrothermal systems during the emplacement of two or more magmatically unrelated igneous intrusions. Alternatively, all of the mineralized occurrences could be products of one regionally zoned system that formed during the intrusion of a single pluton. In addition to the likely origin of some of the base-metal occurrences by intrusion-related hydrothermal fluids, proximity of the LWM prospect to the northeast-striking, high-angle Kechumstuk Fault suggests that fluid flow along the fault also played an important role during carbonate-replacement mineralization.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Studies by the U.S. Geological Survey in Alaska, 2007","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1760A","usgsCitation":"Dusel-Bacon, C., Slack, J.F., Aleinikoff, J.N., and Mortensen, J.K., 2009, Mesozoic magmatism and base-metal mineralization in the Fortymile mining district, eastern Alaska — Initial results of petrographic, geochemical, and isotopic studies in the Mount Veta area (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1760, iv, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1760A.","productDescription":"iv, 42 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195554,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp1760a.jpg"},{"id":394851,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_86348.htm"},{"id":12316,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1760/a/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Mount Veta area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -144,\n 64\n ],\n [\n -140.5333,\n 64\n ],\n [\n -140.5333,\n 64.75\n ],\n [\n -144,\n 64.75\n ],\n [\n -144,\n 64\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db624f94","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dusel-Bacon, Cynthia 0000-0001-8481-739X cdusel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8481-739X","contributorId":2797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dusel-Bacon","given":"Cynthia","email":"cdusel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":301532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Slack, John F. 0000-0001-6600-3130 jfslack@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6600-3130","contributorId":1032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slack","given":"John","email":"jfslack@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":301530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aleinikoff, John N. 0000-0003-3494-6841 jaleinikoff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3494-6841","contributorId":1478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aleinikoff","given":"John","email":"jaleinikoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":301531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mortensen, James K.","contributorId":96794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mortensen","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":301533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":97255,"text":"sir20085200 - 2009 - Ground-Water Temperature, Noble Gas, and Carbon Isotope Data from the Espanola Basin, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:55","indexId":"sir20085200","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5200","title":"Ground-Water Temperature, Noble Gas, and Carbon Isotope Data from the Espanola Basin, New Mexico","docAbstract":"Ground-water samples were collected from 56 locations throughout the Espanola Basin and analyzed for general chemistry (major ions and trace elements), carbon isotopes (delta 13C and 14C activity) in dissolved inorganic carbon, noble gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, and 3He/4He ratio), and tritium. Temperature profiles were measured at six locations in the southeastern part of the basin. Temperature profiles suggest that ground water generally becomes warmer with distance from the mountains and that most ground-water flow occurs at depths <250 m below ground surface. The two dominant water types in the basin are Ca/CO3+HCO3 and Na/CO3+HCO3, followed by mixed-cation/CO3+HCO3. Waters generally evolve from Ca/CO3+HCO3 to Na/CO3+HCO3 with increasing residence time through Ca-Na cation exchange with clay minerals. Basin ground water can be divided into four hydrochemical zones based on chemical and isotopic composition: West, Southeast, Northeast, and Central Deep. Hydrochemical zone boundaries are roughly correlated with contacts between geologic units or lithosome transitions within the Tesuque Formation.\r\nGeochemical mass-transfer modeling was performed using NETPATH and 14C ages were adjusted accordingly. Isotopic input parameters were varied within reasonable limits to assess uncertainty in the adjusted 14C ages. For each sample, a preferred adjusted age was selected from multiple possible adjusted ages based primarily on the fit between measured and modeled delta 13C values. The range of possible age adjustments for most samples is about 6,000 years or less, indicating that the preferred adjusted age for most samples has a total range of uncertainty of <6,000 years. Preferred adjusted ages range from 0 to 35,400 years. First-order trends in the age distribution include older ages generally occurring farther from rivers on the east side of the basin and farther from the mountains, consistent with both mountain-front recharge and recharge on the basin floor in the form of stream-loss and arroyo recharge. Ages also increase with depth in the Southeast zone, the only area where discrete-depth samples could be collected.\r\nRecharge temperatures derived from noble gas concentrations were used in conjunction with an empirically derived local relationship between recharge temperature and elevation to constrain recharge elevation and to estimate fractions of mountain-block recharge (MBR) in sampled waters of Holocene age. Noble gas recharge temperatures indicate that ground water in the Southeast zone contains a significant fraction of MBR, commonly 20-50 percent or more. The same is apparently true for the Northeast zone, though only two data points could be used to evaluate the MBR fraction in this area. Recharge temperatures indicate that the upper 30 m of the regional aquifer on the Pajarito Plateau typically contain little or no MBR.\r\nTritium concentrations and apparent 3H/3He ages indicate that water in the mountain block is dominantly <50 years old, and water in the basin-fill is dominantly >50 years old, consistent with the 14C ages. Terrigenic He (Heterr) concentrations in ground water are high (log Delta Heterr of 2 to 5) throughout much of the basin. High Heterr concentrations are probably caused by in situ production in the Tesuque Formation from locally high concentrations of U-bearing minerals (Northeast zone only), or by upward diffusive/advective transport of crustal- and mantle-sourced He possibly enhanced by basement piercing faults, or by both. The 3He/4He ratio of Heterr (Rterr) is commonly high (Rterr/Ra of 0.3-2.0, where Ra is the 3He/4He ratio in air) suggesting that Espanola Basin ground water commonly contains mantle-sourced He. The 3He/4He ratio of Heterr is generally the highest in the western and southern parts of the basin, closest to the western border fault system and the Quaternary to Miocene volcanics of the Jemez Mountains and Cerros del Rio.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20085200","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Los Alamos National Laboratory and the City of Santa Fe, New Mexico","usgsCitation":"Manning, A.H., 2009, Ground-Water Temperature, Noble Gas, and Carbon Isotope Data from the Espanola Basin, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5200, vi, 69 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085200.","productDescription":"vi, 69 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":213,"text":"Crustal Imaging and Characterization Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196300,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12304,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5200/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -110,31 ], [ -110,40 ], [ -101,40 ], [ -101,31 ], [ -110,31 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d493","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manning, Andrew H. 0000-0002-6404-1237 amanning@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6404-1237","contributorId":1305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manning","given":"Andrew","email":"amanning@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":301508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":97226,"text":"sir20085049 - 2009 - Three-dimensional numerical model of ground-water flow in northern Utah Valley, Utah County, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-19T16:36:08","indexId":"sir20085049","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5049","title":"Three-dimensional numerical model of ground-water flow in northern Utah Valley, Utah County, Utah","docAbstract":"A three-dimensional, finite-difference, numerical model was developed to simulate ground-water flow in northern Utah Valley, Utah. The model includes expanded areal boundaries as compared to a previous ground-water flow model of the valley and incorporates more than 20 years of additional hydrologic data. The model boundary was generally expanded to include the bedrock in the surrounding mountain block as far as the surface-water divide. New wells have been drilled in basin-fill deposits near the consolidated-rock boundary. Simulating the hydrologic conditions within the bedrock allows for improved simulation of the effect of withdrawal from these wells. The inclusion of bedrock also allowed for the use of a recharge model that provided an alternative method for spatially distributing areal recharge over the mountains.
The model was calibrated to steady- and transient-state conditions. The steady-state simulation was developed and calibrated by using hydrologic data that represented average conditions for 1947. The transient-state simulation was developed and calibrated by using hydrologic data collected from 1947 to 2004. Areally, the model grid is 79 rows by 70 columns, with variable cell size. Cells throughout most of the model domain represent 0.3 mile on each side. The largest cells are rectangular with dimensions of about 0.3 by 0.6 mile. The largest cells represent the mountain block on the eastern edge of the model domain where the least hydrologic data are available. Vertically, the aquifer system is divided into 4 layers which incorporate 11 hydrogeologic units. The model simulates recharge to the ground-water flow system as (1) infiltration of precipitation over the mountain block, (2) infiltration of precipitation over the valley floor, (3) infiltration of unconsumed irrigation water from fields, lawns, and gardens, (4) seepage from streams and canals, and (5) subsurface inflow from Cedar Valley. Discharge of ground water is simulated by the model to (1) flowing and pumping wells, (2) drains and springs, (3) evapotranspiration, (4) Utah Lake, (5) the Jordan River and mountain streams, and (6) Salt Lake Valley by subsurface outflow through the Jordan Narrows.
During steady-state calibration, variables were adjusted within probable ranges to minimize differences between model-computed and measured water levels as well as between model-computed and independently estimated flows that include: recharge by seepage from individual streams and canals, discharge by seepage to individual streams and the Jordan River, discharge to Utah Lake, discharge to drains and springs, discharge by evapotranspiration, and subsurface flows into and out of northern Utah Valley from Cedar Valley and to Salt Lake Valley, respectively. The transient-state simulation was calibrated to measured water levels and water-level changes with consideration given to annual changes in the flows listed above.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20085049","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Central Utah Water Conservancy District; Jordan Valley Water Conservancy District representing Draper City; Highland Water Company; Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights; and the municipalities of Alpine, American Fork, Cedar Hills, Eagle Mountain, Highland, Lehi, Lindon, Orem, Pleasant Grove, Provo, Saratoga Springs, and Vinyard","usgsCitation":"Gardner, P.M., 2009, Three-dimensional numerical model of ground-water flow in northern Utah Valley, Utah County, Utah (Version 2.0 January 2011): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5049, viii, 95 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085049.","productDescription":"viii, 95 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124653,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2008_5049.jpg"},{"id":12276,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5049/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Utah County","otherGeospatial":"Utah Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -112.25,40 ], [ -112.25,40.583333333333336 ], [ -111.25,40.583333333333336 ], [ -111.25,40 ], [ -112.25,40 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 2.0 January 2011","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b910","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gardner, Philip M. 0000-0003-3005-3587 pgardner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3005-3587","contributorId":962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"Philip","email":"pgardner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":301420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":97235,"text":"ds409 - 2009 - Summary of fluvial sediment collected at selected sites on the Gunnison River in Colorado and the Green and Duchesne Rivers in Utah, Water Years 2005-2008","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-20T12:15:42","indexId":"ds409","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"409","title":"Summary of fluvial sediment collected at selected sites on the Gunnison River in Colorado and the Green and Duchesne Rivers in Utah, Water Years 2005-2008","docAbstract":"The Colorado River Basin provides habitat for 14 native fish, including four endangered species protected under the Federal Endangered Species Act of 1973 - Colorado pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus lucius), razorback sucker (Xyrauchen texanus), bonytail (Gila elegans), and humpback chub (Gila cypha). These endangered fish species once thrived in the Colorado River system, but water-resource development, including the building of numerous diversion dams and several large reservoirs, and the introduction of nonnative fish, resulted in large reductions in the numbers and range of the four species. Knowledge of sediment dynamics in river reaches important to specifc life-stages of the endangered fishes is critical to understanding the effects of flow regimes on endangered fish habitats. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Upper Colorado River Endangered Fish Recovery Program, Bureau of Reclamation, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and Wyoming State Engineer's Office, implemented daily sediment sampling at three locations in critical habitat reaches in the Upper Colorado River Basin. This report presents a summary of data collected at these sites, including water and suspended-sediment discharge, streambed compositions, and channel and flood-plain topography. The locations are at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging stations 09152500, Gunnison River near Grand Junction, Colorado; 09261000, Green River near Jensen, Utah; and 09302000, Duchesne River near Randlett, Utah.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds409","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Upper Colorado Endangered Fish Recovery Program, Bureau of Reclamation, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Wyoming State Engineer's Office","usgsCitation":"Williams, C.A., Gerner, S.J., and Elliott, J.G., 2009, Summary of fluvial sediment collected at selected sites on the Gunnison River in Colorado and the Green and Duchesne Rivers in Utah, Water Years 2005-2008: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 409, vi, 123 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds409.","productDescription":"vi, 123 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2004-10-01","temporalEnd":"2008-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195268,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12285,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/409/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Duchesne River, Green River, Gunnison River","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db699521","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, Cory A. 0000-0003-1461-7848 cawillia@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1461-7848","contributorId":689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Cory","email":"cawillia@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":301444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gerner, Steven J. 0000-0002-5701-1304 sjgerner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5701-1304","contributorId":972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerner","given":"Steven","email":"sjgerner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":301446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Elliott, John G. jelliott@usgs.gov","contributorId":832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"John","email":"jelliott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":301445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":97228,"text":"sir20085197 - 2009 - Hydrology of Northern Utah Valley, Utah County, Utah, 1975-2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-25T11:58:42","indexId":"sir20085197","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5197","title":"Hydrology of Northern Utah Valley, Utah County, Utah, 1975-2005","docAbstract":"The ground-water resources of northern Utah Valley, Utah, were assessed during 2003-05 to describe and quantify components of the hydrologic system, determine a hydrologic budget for the basin-fill aquifer, and evaluate changes to the system relative to previous studies. Northern Utah Valley is a horst and graben structure with ground water occurring in both the mountain-block uplands surrounding the valley and in the unconsolidated basin-fill sediments. The principal aquifer in northern Utah Valley occurs in the unconsolidated basin-fill deposits where a deeper unconfined aquifer occurs near the mountain front and laterally grades into multiple confined aquifers near the center of the valley.\r\n\r\nSources of water to the basin-fill aquifers occur predominantly as either infiltration of streamflow at or near the interface of the mountain front and valley or as subsurface inflow from the adjacent mountain blocks. Sources of water to the basin-fill aquifers were estimated to average 153,000 (+/- 31,500) acre-feet annually during 1975-2004 with subsurface inflow and infiltration of streamflow being the predominant sources. Discharge from the basin-fill aquifers occurs in the valley lowlands as flow to waterways, drains, ditches, springs, as diffuse seepage, and as discharge from flowing and pumping wells. Ground-water discharge from the basin-fill aquifers during 1975-2004 was estimated to average 166,700 (+/- 25,900) acre-feet/year where discharge to wells for consumptive use and discharge to waterways, drains, ditches, and springs were the principal sources.\r\n\r\nMeasured water levels in wells in northern Utah Valley declined an average of 22 feet from 1981 to 2004. Water-level declines are consistent with a severe regional drought beginning in 1999 and continuing through 2004. Water samples were collected from 36 wells and springs throughout the study area along expected flowpaths. Water samples collected from 34 wells were analyzed for dissolved major ions, nutrients, and stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen. Water samples from all 36 wells were analyzed for dissolved-gas concentration including noble gases and tritium/helium-3. Within the basin fill, dissolved-solids concentration generally increases with distance along flowpaths from recharge areas, and shallower flowpaths tend to have higher concentrations than deeper flowpaths. Nitrate concentrations generally are at or below natural background levels. Dissolved-gas recharge temperature data support the conceptual model of the basin-fill aquifers and highlight complexities of recharge patterns in different parts of the valley. Dissolved-gas data indicate that the highest elevation recharge sources for the basin-fill aquifer are subsurface inflow derived from recharge in the adjacent mountain block between the mouths of American Fork and Provo Canyons. Apparent ground-water ages in the basin-fill aquifer, as calculated using tritium/helium-3 data, range from 2 to more than 50 years. The youngest waters in the valley occur near the mountain fronts with apparent ages generally increasing near the valley lowlands and discharge area around Utah Lake.\r\n\r\nFlowpaths are controlled by aquifer properties and the location of the predominant recharge sources, including subsurface inflow and recharge along the mountain front. Subsurface inflow is distributed over a larger area across the interface of the subsurface mountain block and basin-fill deposits. Subsurface inflow occurs at a depth deeper than that at which mountain-front recharge occurs. Recharge along the mountain front is often localized and focused over areas where streams and creeks enter the valley, and recharge is enhanced by the associated irrigation canals.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20085197","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Central Utah Water Conservancy District; Jordan Valley Water Conservancy District representing Draper City; Highland Water Company; Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights; and the municipalities of Alpine, American Fork, Cedar Hills, Eagle Mountain, Highland, Lehi, Lindon, Orem, Pleasant Grove, Provo, Saratoga Springs, and Vineyard","usgsCitation":"Cederberg, J.R., Gardner, P.M., and Thiros, S.A., 2009, Hydrology of Northern Utah Valley, Utah County, Utah, 1975-2005 (Version 2.0, Revised Feb 2009): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5197, x, 114 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085197.","productDescription":"x, 114 p.","temporalStart":"1975-01-01","temporalEnd":"2005-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195791,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12278,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5197/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Utah County","otherGeospatial":"Utah Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -112.25,40 ], [ -112.25,40.583333333333336 ], [ -111.25,40.583333333333336 ], [ -111.25,40 ], [ -112.25,40 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 2.0, Revised Feb 2009","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e478fe4b07f02db48a36b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cederberg, Jay R. 0000-0001-6649-7353 cederber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6649-7353","contributorId":964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cederberg","given":"Jay","email":"cederber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":301425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gardner, Philip M. 0000-0003-3005-3587 pgardner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3005-3587","contributorId":962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"Philip","email":"pgardner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":301424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thiros, Susan A. 0000-0002-8544-553X sthiros@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8544-553X","contributorId":965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thiros","given":"Susan","email":"sthiros@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":301426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70176163,"text":"70176163 - 2009 - Using a coupled groundwater/surfacewater model to predict climate-change impacts to lakes in the Trout Lake watershed, Northern Wisconsin","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70176163,"text":"70176163 - 2009 - Using a coupled groundwater/surfacewater model to predict climate-change impacts to lakes in the Trout Lake watershed, Northern Wisconsin","indexId":"70176163","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"title":"Using a coupled groundwater/surfacewater model to predict climate-change impacts to lakes in the Trout Lake watershed, Northern Wisconsin"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":97928,"text":"sir20095049 - 2009 - Planning for an uncertain future - Monitoring, integration, and adaptation","indexId":"sir20095049","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"title":"Planning for an uncertain future - Monitoring, integration, and adaptation"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":97928,"text":"sir20095049 - 2009 - Planning for an uncertain future - Monitoring, integration, and adaptation","indexId":"sir20095049","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"title":"Planning for an uncertain future - Monitoring, integration, and adaptation"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-30T15:24:37","indexId":"70176163","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Using a coupled groundwater/surfacewater model to predict climate-change impacts to lakes in the Trout Lake watershed, Northern Wisconsin","docAbstract":"A major focus of the U.S. Geological Survey’s Trout Lake Water, Energy, and Biogeochemical Budgets (WEBB) project is the development of a watershed model to allow predictions of hydrologic response to future conditions including land-use and climate change. The coupled groundwater/surface-water model GSFLOW was chosen for this purpose because it could easily incorporate an existing groundwater flow model and it provides for simulation of surface-water processes. The Trout Lake watershed in northern Wisconsin is underlain by a highly conductive outwash sand aquifer. In this area, streamflow is dominated by groundwater contributions; however, surface runoff occurs during intense rainfall periods and spring snowmelt. Surface runoff also occurs locally near stream/lake areas where the unsaturated zone is thin. A diverse data set, collected from 1992 to 2007 for the Trout Lake WEBB project and the co-located and NSF-funded North Temperate Lakes LTER project, includes snowpack, solar radiation, potential evapotranspiration, lake levels, groundwater levels, and streamflow. The timeseries processing software TSPROC (Doherty 2003) was used to distill the large time series data set to a smaller set of observations and summary statistics that captured the salient hydrologic information. The timeseries processing reduced hundreds of thousands of observations to less than 5,000. Model calibration included specific predictions for several lakes in the study area using the PEST parameter estimation suite of software (Doherty 2007). The calibrated model was used to simulate the hydrologic response in the study lakes to a variety of climate change scenarios culled from the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Solomon et al. 2007). Results from the simulations indicate climate change could result in substantial changes to the lake levels and components of the hydrologic budget of a seepage lake in the flow system. For a drainage lake lower in the flow system, the impacts of climate change are diminished.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Planning for an uncertain future - Monitoring, integration, and adaptation (SIR2009-5049)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"conferenceTitle":"Third interagency conference on research in the watersheds","conferenceDate":"September 8-11, 2008","conferenceLocation":"Estes Park, CO","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Walker, J.F., Hunt, R.J., Markstrom, S., Hay, L.E., and Doherty, J., 2009, Using a coupled groundwater/surfacewater model to predict climate-change impacts to lakes in the Trout Lake watershed, Northern Wisconsin, in Planning for an uncertain future - Monitoring, integration, and adaptation (SIR2009-5049), Estes Park, CO, September 8-11, 2008, p. 155-161.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"161","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":328067,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":328066,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5049/pdf/Walker.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57c6b1b6e4b0f2f0cebe73c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walker, John F. jfwalker@usgs.gov","contributorId":1081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"John","email":"jfwalker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":647522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hunt, Randall J. 0000-0001-6465-9304 rjhunt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6465-9304","contributorId":1129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"Randall","email":"rjhunt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":647523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Markstrom, Steven L. 0000-0001-7630-9547 markstro@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7630-9547","contributorId":1986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markstrom","given":"Steven L.","email":"markstro@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":647524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hay, Lauren E. 0000-0003-3763-4595 lhay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3763-4595","contributorId":1287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hay","given":"Lauren","email":"lhay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":647525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Doherty, John","contributorId":43843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doherty","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70032458,"text":"70032458 - 2009 - Turbulent stresses and secondary currents in a tidal-forced channel with significant curvature and asymmetric bed forms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-10T17:29:25.087434","indexId":"70032458","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2338,"text":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Turbulent stresses and secondary currents in a tidal-forced channel with significant curvature and asymmetric bed forms","docAbstract":"Acoustic Doppler current profilers are deployed to measure both the mean flow and turbulent properties in a channel with significant curvature. Direct measurements of the Reynolds stress show a significant asymmetry over the tidal cycle where stresses are enhanced during the flood tide and less prominent over the ebb tide. This asymmetry is corroborated by logarithmic fits using
The design, construction, and performance analyses of a 6.1ha evapotranspiration (ET) landfill cover at the semiarid U.S. Army Fort Carson site, near Colorado Springs, Colo. are presented. Initial water-balance model simulations, using literature reported soil hydraulic data, aided selection of borrow-source soil type(s) that resulted in predictions of negligible annual drainage (⩽1mm∕year). Final construction design was based on refined water-balance simulations using laboratory determined soil hydraulic values from borrow area natural soil horizons that were described with USDA soil classification methods. Cover design components included a 122cm thick clay loam (USDA), compaction ⩽80% of the standard Proctor maximum dry density (dry bulk density ∼1.3Mg/m3), erosion control measures, top soil amended with biosolids, and seeding with native grasses. Favorable hydrologic performance for a 5year period was documented by lysimeter-measured and Richards’-based calculations of annual drainage that were all <0.4mm∕year. Water potential data suggest that ET removed water that infiltrated the cover and contributed to a persistent driving force for upward flow and removal of water from below the base of the cover.
Joint Cassini VIMS and RADAR SAR data of ∼700-km-wide Hotei Regio reveal a rich collection of geological features that correlate between the two sets of images. The degree of correlation is greater than anywhere else seen on Titan. Central to Hotei Regio is a basin filled with cryovolcanic flows that are anomalously bright in VIMS data (in particular at 5 μm) and quite variable in roughness in SAR. The edges of the flows are dark in SAR data and appear to overrun a VIMS-bright substrate. SAR-stereo topography shows the flows to be viscous, 100–200 m thick. On its southern edge the basin is ringed by higher (∼1 km) mountainous terrain. The mountains show mixed texture in SAR data: some regions are extremely rough, exhibit low and spectrally neutral albedo in VIMS data and may be partly coated with darker hydrocarbons. Around the southern margin of Hotei Regio, the SAR image shows several large, dendritic, radar-bright channels that flow down from the mountainous terrain and terminate in dark blue patches, seen in VIMS images, whose infrared color is consistent with enrichment in water ice. The patches are in depressions that we interpret to be filled with fluvial deposits eroded and transported by liquid methane in the channels. In the VIMS images the dark blue patches are encased in a latticework of lighter bands that we suggest to demark a set of circumferential and radial fault systems bounding structural depressions. Conceivably the circular features are tectonic structures that are remnant from an ancient impact structure. We suggest that impact-generated structures may have simply served as zones of weakness; no direct causal connection, such as impact-induced volcanism, is implied. We also speculate that two large dark features lying on the northern margin of Hotei Regio could be calderas. In summary the preservation of such a broad suite of VIMS infrared color variations and the detailed correlation with features in the SAR image and SAR topography evidence a complex set of geological processes (pluvial, fluvial, tectonic, cryovolcanic, impact) that have likely remained active up to very recent geological time (<104 year). That the cryovolcanic flows are excessively bright in the infrared, particularly at 5 μm, might signal ongoing geological activity. One study [Nelson, R.M., and 28 colleagues, 2009. Icarus 199, 429–441] reported significant 2-μm albedo changes in VIMS data for Hotei Arcus acquired between 2004 and 2006, that were interpreted as evidence for such activity. However in our review of that work, we do not agree that such evidence has yet been found.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2009.07.033","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Soderblom, L., Brown, R.H., Soderblom, J., Barnes, J.W., Kirk, R.L., Sotin, C., Jaumann, R., MacKinnon, D.J., Mackowski, D., Baines, K.H., Buratti, B.J., Clark, R.N., and Nicholson, P.D., 2009, The geology of Hotei Regio, Titan: Correlation of Cassini VIMS and RADAR: Icarus, v. 204, no. 2, p. 610-618, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2009.07.033.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"610","endPage":"618","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245000,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"204","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bac6ce4b08c986b3234b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Soderblom, L.A. 0000-0002-0917-853X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0917-853X","contributorId":6139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderblom","given":"L.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, R. H.","contributorId":19931,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brown","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Soderblom, J.M.","contributorId":31097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderblom","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Barnes, J. W.","contributorId":14554,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barnes","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kirk, R. L.","contributorId":94698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirk","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sotin, Christophe","contributorId":53924,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sotin","given":"Christophe","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Jaumann, R.","contributorId":81232,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jaumann","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"MacKinnon, D. J.","contributorId":79145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacKinnon","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Mackowski, D.W.","contributorId":60886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mackowski","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Baines, K. H.","contributorId":37868,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baines","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Buratti, B. J.","contributorId":69280,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buratti","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Clark, R. N.","contributorId":6568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Nicholson, P. D.","contributorId":54330,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nicholson","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}} ,{"id":70035825,"text":"70035825 - 2009 - Assessing the impact of land use change on hydrology by ensemble modelling (LUCHEM) II: Ensemble combinations and predictions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:49","indexId":"70035825","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":664,"text":"Advances in Water Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing the impact of land use change on hydrology by ensemble modelling (LUCHEM) II: Ensemble combinations and predictions","docAbstract":"This paper reports on a project to compare predictions from a range of catchment models applied to a mesoscale river basin in central Germany and to assess various ensemble predictions of catchment streamflow. The models encompass a large range in inherent complexity and input requirements. In approximate order of decreasing complexity, they are DHSVM, MIKE-SHE, TOPLATS, WASIM-ETH, SWAT, PRMS, SLURP, HBV, LASCAM and IHACRES. The models are calibrated twice using different sets of input data. The two predictions from each model are then combined by simple averaging to produce a single-model ensemble. The 10 resulting single-model ensembles are combined in various ways to produce multi-model ensemble predictions. Both the single-model ensembles and the multi-model ensembles are shown to give predictions that are generally superior to those of their respective constituent models, both during a 7-year calibration period and a 9-year validation period. This occurs despite a considerable disparity in performance of the individual models. Even the weakest of models is shown to contribute useful information to the ensembles they are part of. The best model combination methods are a trimmed mean (constructed using the central four or six predictions each day) and a weighted mean ensemble (with weights calculated from calibration performance) that places relatively large weights on the better performing models. Conditional ensembles, in which separate model weights are used in different system states (e.g. summer and winter, high and low flows) generally yield little improvement over the weighted mean ensemble. However a conditional ensemble that discriminates between rising and receding flows shows moderate improvement. An analysis of ensemble predictions shows that the best ensembles are not necessarily those containing the best individual models. Conversely, it appears that some models that predict well individually do not necessarily combine well with other models in multi-model ensembles. The reasons behind these observations may relate to the effects of the weighting schemes, non-stationarity of the climate series and possible cross-correlations between models. Crown Copyright ?? 2008.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Advances in Water Resources","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.advwatres.2008.05.006","issn":"03091708","usgsCitation":"Viney, N., Bormann, H., Breuer, L., Bronstert, A., Croke, B., Frede, H., Graff, T., Hubrechts, L., Huisman, J.A., Jakeman, A., Kite, G., Lanini, J., Leavesley, G., Lettenmaier, D., Lindstrom, G., Seibert, J., Sivapalan, M., and Willems, P., 2009, Assessing the impact of land use change on hydrology by ensemble modelling (LUCHEM) II: Ensemble combinations and predictions: Advances in Water Resources, v. 32, no. 2, p. 147-158, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2008.05.006.","startPage":"147","endPage":"158","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216197,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2008.05.006"},{"id":244051,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059edebe4b0c8380cd49ade","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Viney, N.R.","contributorId":11850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Viney","given":"N.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bormann, H.","contributorId":66091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bormann","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Breuer, L.","contributorId":54814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breuer","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bronstert, A.","contributorId":98565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bronstert","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Croke, B.F.W.","contributorId":52809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Croke","given":"B.F.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Frede, H.","contributorId":94927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frede","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Graff, T.","contributorId":15803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graff","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hubrechts, L.","contributorId":54815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubrechts","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Huisman, J. A.","contributorId":86591,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Huisman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Jakeman, A.J.","contributorId":12639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jakeman","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Kite, G.W.","contributorId":42100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kite","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Lanini, J.","contributorId":89745,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanini","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Leavesley, G.","contributorId":90483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leavesley","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Lettenmaier, D.P.","contributorId":61175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lettenmaier","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Lindstrom, G.","contributorId":27292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindstrom","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Seibert, J.","contributorId":37513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seibert","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Sivapalan, M.","contributorId":59587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sivapalan","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Willems, P.","contributorId":57685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willems","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18}]}} ,{"id":70192378,"text":"70192378 - 2009 - A multidisciplinary effort to assign realistic source parameters to models of volcanic ash-cloud transport and dispersion during eruptions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-25T11:34:44","indexId":"70192378","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A multidisciplinary effort to assign realistic source parameters to models of volcanic ash-cloud transport and dispersion during eruptions","docAbstract":"During volcanic eruptions, volcanic ash transport and dispersion models (VATDs) are used to forecast the location and movement of ash clouds over hours to days in order to define hazards to aircraft and to communities downwind. Those models use input parameters, called “eruption source parameters”, such as plume height H, mass eruption rate Ṁ, duration D, and the mass fraction m63 of erupted debris finer than about 4ϕ or 63 μm, which can remain in the cloud for many hours or days. Observational constraints on the value of such parameters are frequently unavailable in the first minutes or hours after an eruption is detected. Moreover, observed plume height may change during an eruption, requiring rapid assignment of new parameters. This paper reports on a group effort to improve the accuracy of source parameters used by VATDs in the early hours of an eruption. We do so by first compiling a list of eruptions for which these parameters are well constrained, and then using these data to review and update previously studied parameter relationships. We find that the existing scatter in plots of H versus Ṁ yields an uncertainty within the 50% confidence interval of plus or minus a factor of four in eruption rate for a given plume height. This scatter is not clearly attributable to biases in measurement techniques or to well-recognized processes such as elutriation from pyroclastic flows. Sparse data on total grain-size distribution suggest that the mass fraction of fine debris m63 could vary by nearly two orders of magnitude between small basaltic eruptions (∼ 0.01) and large silicic ones (> 0.5). We classify eleven eruption types; four types each for different sizes of silicic and mafic eruptions; submarine eruptions; “brief” or Vulcanian eruptions; and eruptions that generate co-ignimbrite or co-pyroclastic flow plumes. For each eruption type we assign source parameters. We then assign a characteristic eruption type to each of the world's ∼ 1500 Holocene volcanoes. These eruption types and associated parameters can be used for ash-cloud modeling in the event of an eruption, when no observational constraints on these parameters are available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.01.008","usgsCitation":"Mastin, L.G., Guffanti, M.C., Servranckx, R., Webley, P., Barsotti, S., Dean, K., Durant, A., Ewert, J.W., Neri, A., Rose, W., Schneider, D.J., Siebert, L., Stunder, B., Swanson, G., Tupper, A., Volentik, A., and Waythomas, C.F., 2009, A multidisciplinary effort to assign realistic source parameters to models of volcanic ash-cloud transport and dispersion during eruptions: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 186, no. 1-2, p. 10-21, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.01.008.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"10","endPage":"21","ipdsId":"IP-007193","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":347339,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"186","issue":"1-2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park 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A.","contributorId":6294,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Volentik","given":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":7163,"text":"University of South Florida","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":715590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Waythomas, Christopher F. 0000-0002-3898-272X cwaythomas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3898-272X","contributorId":640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waythomas","given":"Christopher","email":"cwaythomas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":715591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17}]}} ,{"id":70033968,"text":"70033968 - 2009 - Volcanism and associated hazards: The Andean perspective","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-25T10:38:07","indexId":"70033968","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":655,"text":"Advances in Geosciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volcanism and associated hazards: The Andean perspective","docAbstract":"Andean volcanism occurs within the Andean Volcanic Arc (AVA), which is the product of subduction of the Nazca Plate and Antarctica Plates beneath the South America Plate. The AVA is Earth's longest but discontinuous continental-margin volcanic arc, which consists of four distinct segments: Northern Volcanic Zone, Central Volcanic Zone, Southern Volcanic Zone, and Austral Volcanic Zone. These segments are separated by volcanically inactive gaps that are inferred to indicate regions where the dips of the subducting plates are too shallow to favor the magma generation needed to sustain volcanism. The Andes host more volcanoes that have been active during the Holocene (past 10 000 years) than any other volcanic region in the world, as well as giant caldera systems that have produced 6 of the 47 largest explosive eruptions (so-called \"super eruptions\") recognized worldwide that have occurred from the Ordovician to the Pleistocene. <br><br> The Andean region's most powerful historical explosive eruption occurred in 1600 at Huaynaputina Volcano (Peru). The impacts of this event, whose eruptive volume exceeded 11 km3, were widespread, with distal ashfall reported at distances >1000 km away. Despite the huge size of the Huaynaputina eruption, human fatalities from hazardous processes (pyroclastic flows, ashfalls, volcanogenic earthquakes, and lahars) were comparatively small owing to the low population density at the time. In contrast, lahars generated by a much smaller eruption (<0.05 km 3) in 1985 of Nevado del Ruiz (Colombia) killed about 25 000 people - the worst volcanic disaster in the Andean region as well as the second worst in the world in the 20th century. The Ruiz tragedy has been attributed largely to ineffective communications of hazards information and indecisiveness by government officials, rather than any major deficiencies in scientific data. Ruiz's disastrous outcome, however, together with responses to subsequent hazardous eruptions in Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru has spurred significant improvements in reducing volcano risk in the Andean region. But much remains to be done.","language":"English","publisher":"European Geosciences Union","doi":"10.5194/adgeo-22-125-2009","issn":"16807340","usgsCitation":"Tilling, R., 2009, Volcanism and associated hazards: The Andean perspective: Advances in Geosciences, v. 22, p. 125-137, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-22-125-2009.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"125","endPage":"137","numberOfPages":"13","ipdsId":"IP-016559","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476218,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-22-125-2009","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":244728,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Peru","otherGeospatial":"Huaynaputina Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.3616943359375,\n -17.431890128553164\n ],\n [\n -70.8782958984375,\n -17.431890128553164\n ],\n [\n -70.8782958984375,\n -16.99375545289455\n ],\n [\n -71.3616943359375,\n -16.99375545289455\n ],\n [\n -71.3616943359375,\n -17.431890128553164\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-12-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc31be4b08c986b32af70","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tilling, R.I. 0000-0003-4263-7221","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4263-7221","contributorId":98311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tilling","given":"R.I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70034671,"text":"70034671 - 2009 - Analysis of a cryolava flow-like feature on Titan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-14T16:09:40.496529","indexId":"70034671","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3083,"text":"Planetary and Space Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of a cryolava flow-like feature on Titan","docAbstract":"This paper reports on the analysis of the highest spatial resolution hyperspectral images acquired by the Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) onboard the Cassini spacecraft during its prime mission. A bright area matches a flow-like feature coming out of a caldera-like feature observed in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data recorded by the Cassini radar experiment [Lopes et al., 2007. Cryovolcanic features on Titan's surface as revealed by the Cassini Titan Radar Mapper. Icarus 186, 395–412, doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.09.006]. In this SAR image, the flow extends about 160 km east of the caldera. The contrast in brightness between the flow and the surroundings progressively vanishes, suggesting alteration or evolution of the composition of the cryolava during the lifetime of the eruptions. Dunes seem to cover part of this flow on its eastern end. We analyze the different terrains using the Spectral Mixing Analysis (SMA) approach of the Multiple-Endmember Linear Unmixing Model (MELSUM, Combe et al., 2008). The study area can be fully modeled by using only two types of terrains. Then, the VIMS spectra are compared with laboratory spectra of known materials in the relevant atmospheric windows (from 1 to 2.78 μm). We considered simple molecules that could be produced during cryovolcanic events, including H2O, CO2 (using two different grain sizes), CH4 and NH3. We find that the mean spectrum of the cryoflow-like feature is not consistent with pure water ice. It can be best fitted by linear combinations of spectra of the candidate materials, showing that its composition is compatible with a mixture of H2O, CH4 and CO2.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.pss.2009.03.005","usgsCitation":"Le Corre, L., Le Mouelic, S., Sotin, C., Combe, J.#., Rodriguez, S., Barnes, J.W., Brown, R.H., Buratti, B.J., Jaumann, R., Soderblom, J., Soderblom, L., Clark, R., Baines, K.H., and Nicholson, P.D., 2009, Analysis of a cryolava flow-like feature on Titan: Planetary and Space Science, v. 57, no. 7, p. 870-879, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2009.03.005.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"870","endPage":"879","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":243606,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Titan","volume":"57","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eb02e4b0c8380cd48b58","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Le Corre, L.","contributorId":92874,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Le Corre","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Le Mouelic, S.","contributorId":92786,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Le Mouelic","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sotin, Christophe","contributorId":53924,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sotin","given":"Christophe","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Combe, J. #NAME?","contributorId":37982,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Combe","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"#NAME?","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rodriguez, S.","contributorId":54329,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Barnes, J. 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D.","contributorId":54330,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nicholson","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}} ,{"id":70034767,"text":"70034767 - 2009 - The stable carbon isotope biogeochemistry of acetate and other dissolved carbon species in deep subseafloor sediments at the northern Cascadia Margin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-30T14:26:24","indexId":"70034767","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The stable carbon isotope biogeochemistry of acetate and other dissolved carbon species in deep subseafloor sediments at the northern Cascadia Margin","docAbstract":"Ocean drilling has revealed the existence of vast microbial populations in the deep subseafloor, but to date little is known about their metabolic activities. To better understand the biogeochemical processes in the deep biosphere, we investigate the stable carbon isotope chemistry of acetate and other carbon-bearing metabolites in sediment pore-waters. Acetate is a key metabolite in the cycling of carbon in anoxic sediments. Its stable carbon isotopic composition provides information on the metabolic processes dominating acetate turnover in situ. This study reports our findings for a methane-rich site at the northern Cascadia Margin (NE Pacific) where Expedition 311 of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) sampled the upper 190 m of sediment. At Site U1329, δ13C values of acetate span a wide range from −46.0‰ to −11.0‰ vs. VPDB and change systematically with sediment depth. In contrast, δ13C values of both the bulk dissolved organic carbon (DOC) (−21.6 ± 1.3‰ vs. VPDB) and the low-molecular-weight compound lactate (−20.9 ± 1.8‰ vs. VPDB) show little variability. These species are interpreted to represent the carbon isotopic composition of fermentation products. Relative to DOC, acetate is up to 23.1‰ depleted and up to 9.1‰ enriched in 13C. Broadly, 13C-depletions of acetate relative to DOC indicate flux of carbon from acetogenesis into the acetate pool while 13C-enrichments of pore-water acetate relative to DOC suggest consumption of acetate by acetoclastic methanogenesis. Isotopic relationships between acetate and lactate or DOC provide new information on the carbon flow and the presence and activity of specific functional microbial communities in distinct biogeochemical horizons of the sediment. In particular, they suggest that acetogenic CO2-reduction can coexist with methanogenic CO2-reduction, a notion contrary to the hypothesis that hydrogen levels are controlled by the thermodynamically most favorable electron-accepting process. Further, the isotopic relationship suggests a relative increase in acetate flow to acetoclastic methanogenesis with depth although its contribution to total methanogenesis is probably small. Our study demonstrates how the stable carbon isotope biogeochemistry of acetate can be used to identify pathways of microbial carbon turnover in subsurface environments. Our observations also raise new questions regarding the factors controlling acetate turnover in marine sediments.
In 2001, the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Assessment Program began a series of studies in the contiguous United States to examine the effects of urbanization on the chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of streams. Small streams in the Texas Blackland Prairie level III ecoregion in and near the Dallas-Fort Worth metropolitan area were the focus of one of the studies. The principal objectives of the study, based on data collected in 2003-04 from 28 subbasins of the Trinity River Basin, were to (1) define a gradient of urbanization for small Blackland Prairie streams in the Trinity River Basin on the basis of a range of urban intensity indexes (UIIs) calculated using land-use/land-cover, infrastructure, and socioeconomic characteristics; (2) assess the relation between this gradient of urbanization and the chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of these streams; and (3) evaluate the type of relation (that is, linear or nonlinear, and whether there was a threshold response) of the chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of these streams to the gradient of urbanization. Of 94 water-chemistry variables and one measure of potential toxicity from a bioassay, the concentrations of two pesticides (diazinon and sima-zine) and one measure of potential toxicity (P450RGS assay) from compounds sequestered in semipermeable membrane devices were significantly positively correlated with the UII. No threshold responses to the UII for diazinon and simazine concentrations were observed over the entire range of the UII scores. The linear correlation for diazinon with the UII was significant, but the linear correlation for simazine with the UII was not. No statistically significant relations between the UII and concentrations of suspended sediment, total nitrogen, total phosphorous, or any major ions were indicated. Eleven of 59 physical variables from streamflow were significantly correlated with the UII. Temperature was not significantly correlated with the UII, and none of the physical habitat measurements were significantly correlated with the UII. Seven physical variables categorized as streamflow flashiness metrics were significantly positively correlated with the UII, two of which showed a linear but not a threshold response to the UII. Four flow-duration metrics were significantly negatively correlated with the UII, of which two showed a linear response to the UII, one showed a threshold response, and one showed neither. None of the fish metrics were significantly correlated with the UII in the Blackland Prairie streams. Two qualitative multi-habitat benthic macroinvertebrate metrics, predator richness and percentage filterer-collector richness, were significantly correlated with the UII; predator richness was negatively correlated with the UII, and percentage filterer-collector richness was positively correlated with the UII. No threshold response to the UII was observed for either metric, but both showed a significant linear response to the UII. Three richest targeted habitat (RTH) benthic macroinvertebrate metrics, Margalef's richness, predator richness, and omnivore richness were significantly negatively correlated with the UII. Margalef's richness was the only RTH metric that indicated a threshold response to the UII. The majority of unique taxa collected in the periphytic algae samples were diatoms. Six RTH periphytic algae metrics were correlated with the UII and five of the six showed no notable threshold response to the UII; but all five showed significant linear responses to the UII. Only the metric OT_VL_DP, which indicates the presence of algae that are tolerant of low dissolved oxygen conditions, showed a threshold response to the UII. Six depositional target habitat periphytic algae metrics were correlated with the UII, five of which showed no threshold response to the UII; three of the five showed significant linear responses to the UII, one showed a borderline significant
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Effects of urbanization on stream ecosystems in six metropolitan areas of the United States (Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5101)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20065101C","usgsCitation":"Moring, J., 2009, Effects of urbanization on the chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of small Blackland Prairie streams in and near the Dallas-Fort Worth metropolitan area, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5101, v, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065101C.","productDescription":"v, 31 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121134,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2006_5101_c.jpg"},{"id":394048,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_86419.htm"},{"id":327273,"rank":101,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5101C/pdf/sir2006-5101-C.pdf"},{"id":12394,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5101C/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"Dallas-Fort Worth","otherGeospatial":"Blackland Prairie","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.2833,\n 31.6508\n ],\n [\n -96,\n 31.6508\n ],\n [\n -96,\n 33.4244\n ],\n [\n -97.2833,\n 33.4244\n ],\n [\n -97.2833,\n 31.6508\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db684d44","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moring, J. Bruce","contributorId":53372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moring","given":"J. Bruce","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":81004,"text":"ofr20081087 - 2008 - Basin characteristics for selected streamflow-gaging stations in and near West Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-15T09:59:06.667856","indexId":"ofr20081087","displayToPublicDate":"2021-07-14T12:30:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1087","displayTitle":"Basin Characteristics for Selected Streamflow-Gaging Stations In and Near West Virginia","title":"Basin characteristics for selected streamflow-gaging stations in and near West Virginia","docAbstract":"Basin characteristics have long been used to develop equations describing streamflow. In the past, flow equations used in West Virginia were based on a few hand-calculated basin characteristics. More recently, the use of a Geographic Information System (GIS) to generate basin characteristics from existing datasets has refined the process for developing equations to describe flow values in the Mountain State. These basin characteristics are described in this document for streamflow-gaging stations in and near West Virginia. The GIS program developed in ArcGIS Workstation by Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI?) used data that included National Elevation Dataset (NED) at 1:24,000 scale, climate data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency (NOAA), streamlines from the National Hydrologic Dataset (NHD), and LandSat-based land-cover data (NLCD) for the period 1999-2003. Full automation of data generation was not achieved due to some inaccuracies in the elevation dataset, as well as inaccuracies in the streamflow-gage locations retrieved from the National Water Information System (NWIS). A Pearson?s correlation examination of the data indicates that several of the basin characteristics are correlated with drainage area. However, the GIS-generated data provide a consistent and documented set of basin characteristics for resource managers and researchers to use.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081087","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Water and Waste Management and the West Virginia Department of Transportation, Division of Highways","usgsCitation":"Paybins, K.S., 2008, Basin characteristics for selected streamflow-gaging stations in and near West Virginia (Version 1.1: July 2021; Version 1.0: 2008): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1087, Report: iv, 9 p.; 1 Table; Version History; HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081087.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 9 p.; 1 Table; Version History; HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2000-01-01","temporalEnd":"2007-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":37280,"text":"Virginia and West Virginia Water Science Center ","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":10867,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1087/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":195013,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1087/coverthb3.jpg"},{"id":386965,"rank":5,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1087/ofr20081087_table1.xlsx","text":"Table 1","size":"223 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"linkHelpText":"- Basin characteristics for selected streamflow-gaging stations in West Virginia and adjacent areas of Virginia, Maryland, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Kentucky"},{"id":386966,"rank":6,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1087/ofr20081087_table1.csv","text":"Table 1","size":"95.4 KB","linkFileType":{"id":7,"text":"csv"}},{"id":386963,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1087/ofr20081087.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.40 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2008-1087"},{"id":386964,"rank":5,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1087/versionHist.txt","size":"849 B","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}}],"country":"United States","state":"West Virginia","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -84,37 ], [ -84,41 ], [ -76,41 ], [ -76,37 ], [ -84,37 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.1: July 2021; Version 1.0: 2008","contact":"Director, Virginia and West Virginia Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1730 E. Parham Road
Richmond, VA 23228
A sample of Key Largo Limestone from southern Florida exhibited turbulent flow behavior along three orthogonal axes as reported in recently published permeameter experiments. The limestone sample was a cube measuring 0.2 m on edge. The published nonlinear relation between hydraulic gradient and discharge was simulated using the turbulent flow approximation applied in the Conduit Flow Process (CFP) for MODFLOW-2005 mode 2, CFPM2. The good agreement between the experimental data and the simulated results verifies the utility of the approach used to simulate the effects of turbulent flow on head distributions and flux in the CFPM2 module of MODFLOW-2005.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2008.00458.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Kuniansky, E.L., Halford, K.J., and Shoemaker, W., 2008, Permeameter data verify new turbulence process for MODFLOW: Ground Water, v. 46, no. 5, p. 768-771, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2008.00458.x.","startPage":"768","endPage":"771","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203720,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18690,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2008.00458.x"}],"volume":"46","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-08-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db6885a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kuniansky, Eve L. 0000-0002-5581-0225 elkunian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5581-0225","contributorId":932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuniansky","given":"Eve","email":"elkunian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":509,"text":"Office of the Associate Director for Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5064,"text":"Southeast Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":344966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Halford, Keith J. 0000-0002-7322-1846 khalford@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7322-1846","contributorId":1374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halford","given":"Keith","email":"khalford@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":344965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shoemaker, W. Barclay bshoemak@usgs.gov","contributorId":1495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shoemaker","given":"W. Barclay","email":"bshoemak@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. Lauderdale","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":344964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}