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There are many tools available to handle complex decision making. Here we illustrate the use of a multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) outranking tool (PROMETHEE) to facilitate decision making at the watershed scale, involving multiple stakeholders, multiple criteria, and multiple objectives. We compare various MCDA methods and their theoretical underpinnings, examining methods that most realistically model complex decision problems in ways that are understandable and transparent to stakeholders.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Advances in the Economics of Environmental Resources","publisher":" Emerald Group Publishing Limited","publisherLocation":"Greenwich, CT","usgsCitation":"Hermans, C.M., and Erickson, J.D., 2007, Multicriteria decision analysis: Overview and implications for environmental decision making, chap. of Advances in the Economics of Environmental Resources, v. 7, p. 213-228.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"213","endPage":"228","costCenters":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334873,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"589aeab1e4b0efcedb72d23f","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Erickson, Jon D.","contributorId":179109,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Erickson","given":"Jon","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662758,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Messner, Frank","contributorId":179110,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Messner","given":"Frank","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662759,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ring, Irene","contributorId":179111,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ring","given":"Irene","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662760,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Hermans, Caroline M.","contributorId":45012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hermans","given":"Caroline","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Erickson, Jon D.","contributorId":179109,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Erickson","given":"Jon","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70180897,"text":"70180897 - 2007 - United States‐Mexican border watershed assessment: Modeling nonpoint source pollution in Ambos Nogales","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T11:18:26","indexId":"70180897","displayToPublicDate":"2017-02-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5288,"text":"Journal of Borderlands Studies","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"United States‐Mexican border watershed assessment: Modeling nonpoint source pollution in Ambos Nogales","docAbstract":"Ecological considerations need to be interwoven with economic policy and planning along the United States‐Mexican border. Non‐point source pollution can have significant implications for the availability of potable water and the continued health of borderland ecosystems in arid lands. However, environmental assessments in this region present a host of unique issues and problems. A common obstacle to the solution of these problems is the integration of data with different resolutions, naming conventions, and quality to create a consistent database across the binational study area. This report presents a simple modeling approach to predict nonpoint source pollution that can be used for border watersheds. The modeling approach links a hillslopescale erosion‐prediction model and a spatially derived sediment‐delivery model within a geographic information system to estimate erosion, sediment yield, and sediment deposition across the Ambos Nogales watershed in Sonora, Mexico, and Arizona. This paper discusses the procedures used for creating a watershed database to apply the models and presents an example of the modeling approach applied to a conservation‐planning problem.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/08865655.2007.9695670","usgsCitation":"Norman, L.M., 2007, United States‐Mexican border watershed assessment: Modeling nonpoint source pollution in Ambos Nogales: Journal of Borderlands Studies, v. 22, no. 1, p. 79-97, https://doi.org/10.1080/08865655.2007.9695670.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"79","endPage":"97","costCenters":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334867,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico, United States","state":"Arizona, Sonoma","city":"Nogales, Nogales","otherGeospatial":"United States-Mexico border watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.3681640625,\n 30.0405664305846\n ],\n [\n -112.3681640625,\n 32.40779154205701\n ],\n [\n -109.017333984375,\n 32.40779154205701\n ],\n [\n -109.017333984375,\n 30.0405664305846\n ],\n [\n -112.3681640625,\n 30.0405664305846\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"589aeab2e4b0efcedb72d241","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Norman, Laura M. 0000-0002-3696-8406 lnorman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3696-8406","contributorId":967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norman","given":"Laura","email":"lnorman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70172021,"text":"70172021 - 2007 - Electrical activity during the 2006 Mount St. Augustine volcanic eruptions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-06T15:34:16","indexId":"70172021","displayToPublicDate":"2016-02-24T01:45:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Electrical activity during the 2006 Mount St. Augustine volcanic eruptions","docAbstract":"By using a combination of radio frequency time-of-arrival and interferometer measurements, we observed a sequence of lightning and electrical activity during one of Mount St. Augustine's eruptions. The observations indicate that the electrical activity had two modes or phases. First, there was an explosive phase in which the ejecta from the explosion appeared to be highly charged upon exiting the volcano, resulting in numerous apparently disorganized discharges and some simple lightning. The net charge exiting the volcano appears to have been positive. The second phase, which followed the most energetic explosion, produced conventional-type discharges that occurred within plume. Although the plume cloud was undoubtedly charged as a result of the explosion itself, the fact that the lightning onset was delayed and continued after and well downwind of the eruption indicates that in situ charging of some kind was occurring, presumably similar in some respects to that which occurs in normal thunderstorms.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1126/science.1136091","usgsCitation":"Thomas, R., Krehbiel, P.R., Rison, W., Edens, H.E., Aulich, G., McNutt, S., Tytgat, G., and Clark, E., 2007, Electrical activity during the 2006 Mount St. Augustine volcanic eruptions: Science, v. 315, p. 1097-1097, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1136091.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"1097","endPage":"1097","numberOfPages":"1","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2006-01-01","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":322320,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Southwestern Cook Inlet in the Kenai Peninsula Borough of southcentral coastal Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.6485595703125,\n 43.35713822211053\n ],\n [\n -111.6485595703125,\n 45.521743896993634\n ],\n [\n -108.7811279296875,\n 45.521743896993634\n ],\n [\n -108.7811279296875,\n 43.35713822211053\n ],\n [\n -111.6485595703125,\n 43.35713822211053\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -153.6046600341797,\n 59.316549906490465\n ],\n [\n -153.6046600341797,\n 59.42167959499959\n ],\n [\n -153.32313537597656,\n 59.42167959499959\n ],\n [\n -153.32313537597656,\n 59.316549906490465\n ],\n [\n -153.6046600341797,\n 59.316549906490465\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"315","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57569eb0e4b023b96ec28444","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, Ronald J.","contributorId":25371,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thomas","given":"Ronald J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":633149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krehbiel, Paul R.","contributorId":31622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krehbiel","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":633150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rison, William","contributorId":70640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rison","given":"William","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":633151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Edens, H. 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D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":633153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"McNutt, S.R.","contributorId":26722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McNutt","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":633154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Tytgat, Guy","contributorId":71152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tytgat","given":"Guy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":633155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Clark, E.","contributorId":50232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":633156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70171984,"text":"70171984 - 2007 - Volcanic ash plume identification using polarization lidar: Augustine eruption, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-06T15:11:14","indexId":"70171984","displayToPublicDate":"2016-02-17T01:30:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volcanic ash plume identification using polarization lidar: Augustine eruption, Alaska","docAbstract":"During mid January to early February 2006, a series of explosive eruptions occurred at the Augustine volcanic island off the southern coast of Alaska. By early February a plume of volcanic ash was transported northward into the interior of Alaska. Satellite imagery and Puff volcanic ash transport model predictions confirm that the aerosol plume passed over a polarization lidar (0.694 mm wavelength) site at the Arctic Facility for Atmospheric Remote Sensing at the University of Alaska Fairbanks. For the first time, lidar linear depolarization ratios of 0.10 – 0.15 were measured in a fresh tropospheric volcanic plume, demonstrating that the nonspherical glass and mineral particles typical of volcanic eruptions generate strong laser depolarization. Thus, polarization lidars can identify the volcanic ash plumes that pose a threat to jet air traffic from the ground, aircraft, or potentially from Earth orbit.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/2006GL027237","usgsCitation":"Sassen, K., Zhu, J., Webley, P.W., Dean, K., and Cobb, P., 2007, Volcanic ash plume identification using polarization lidar: Augustine eruption, Alaska: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 34, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027237.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476825,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2006gl027237","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":322284,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Southwestern Cook Inlet in the Kenai Peninsula Borough of southcentral coastal Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.6485595703125,\n 43.35713822211053\n ],\n [\n -111.6485595703125,\n 45.521743896993634\n ],\n [\n -108.7811279296875,\n 45.521743896993634\n ],\n [\n -108.7811279296875,\n 43.35713822211053\n ],\n [\n -111.6485595703125,\n 43.35713822211053\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -153.6046600341797,\n 59.316549906490465\n ],\n [\n -153.6046600341797,\n 59.42167959499959\n ],\n [\n -153.32313537597656,\n 59.42167959499959\n ],\n [\n -153.32313537597656,\n 59.316549906490465\n ],\n [\n -153.6046600341797,\n 59.316549906490465\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"34","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-04-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57569eb8e4b023b96ec28486","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sassen, Kenneth","contributorId":168686,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sassen","given":"Kenneth","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":632975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zhu, Jiang","contributorId":170401,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zhu","given":"Jiang","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":632976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Webley, Peter W.","contributorId":71937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webley","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":632977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dean, K.","contributorId":42767,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dean","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13097,"text":"Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":632978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cobb, Patrick","contributorId":170402,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cobb","given":"Patrick","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":632979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70171817,"text":"pp1717H - 2007 - The question of recharge to the deep thermal reservoir underlying the geysers and hot springs of Yellowstone National Park: Chapter H in Integrated geoscience studies in Integrated geoscience studies in the Greater Yellowstone Area—Volcanic, tectonic, and hydrothermal processes in the Yellowstone geoecosystem","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70171817,"text":"pp1717H - 2007 - The question of recharge to the deep thermal reservoir underlying the geysers and hot springs of Yellowstone National Park: Chapter H in Integrated geoscience studies in Integrated geoscience studies in the Greater Yellowstone Area—Volcanic, tectonic, and hydrothermal processes in the Yellowstone geoecosystem","indexId":"pp1717H","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"chapter":"H","title":"The question of recharge to the deep thermal reservoir underlying the geysers and hot springs of Yellowstone National Park: Chapter H in Integrated geoscience studies in Integrated geoscience studies in the Greater Yellowstone Area—Volcanic, tectonic, and hydrothermal processes in the Yellowstone geoecosystem"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":80744,"text":"pp1717 - 2007 - Integrated geoscience studies in the Greater Yellowstone Area - Volcanic, tectonic, and hydrothermal processes in the Yellowstone geoecosystem","indexId":"pp1717","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"title":"Integrated geoscience studies in the Greater Yellowstone Area - Volcanic, tectonic, and hydrothermal processes in the Yellowstone geoecosystem"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":80744,"text":"pp1717 - 2007 - Integrated geoscience studies in the Greater Yellowstone Area - Volcanic, tectonic, and hydrothermal processes in the Yellowstone geoecosystem","indexId":"pp1717","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"title":"Integrated geoscience studies in the Greater Yellowstone Area - Volcanic, tectonic, and hydrothermal processes in the Yellowstone geoecosystem"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-06T13:46:47","indexId":"pp1717H","displayToPublicDate":"2016-02-10T06:30:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1717","chapter":"H","title":"The question of recharge to the deep thermal reservoir underlying the geysers and hot springs of Yellowstone National Park: Chapter H in Integrated geoscience studies in Integrated geoscience studies in the Greater Yellowstone Area—Volcanic, tectonic, and hydrothermal processes in the Yellowstone geoecosystem","docAbstract":"The extraordinary number, size, and unspoiled beauty of the geysers and hot springs of Yellowstone National Park (the Park) make them a national treasure. The hydrology of these special features and their relation to cold waters of the Yellowstone area are poorly known. In the absence of deep drill holes, such information is available only indirectly from isotope studies. The δD-δ18O values of precipitation and cold surface-water and ground-water samples are close to the global meteoric water line (Craig, 1961). δD values of monthly samples of rain and snow collected from 1978 to 1981 at two stations in the Park show strong seasonal variations, with average values for winter months close to those for cold waters near the collection sites. δD values of more than 300 samples from cold springs, cold streams, and rivers collected during the fall from 1967 to 1992 show consistent north-south and east-west patterns throughout and outside of the Park, although values at a given site vary by as much as 8 ‰ from year to year. These data, along with hot-spring data (Truesdell and others, 1977; Pearson and Truesdell, 1978), show that ascending Yellowstone thermal waters are modified isotopically and chemically by a variety of boiling and mixing processes in shallow reservoirs. Near geyser basins, shallow recharge waters from nearby rhyolite plateaus dilute the ascending deep thermal waters, particularly at basin margins, and mix and boil in reservoirs that commonly are interconnected. Deep recharge appears to derive from a major deep thermal-reservoir fluid that supplies steam and hot water to all geyser basins on the west side of the Park and perhaps in the entire Yellowstone caldera. This water (T ≥350°C; δD = –149±1 ‰) is isotopically lighter than all but the farthest north, highest altitude cold springs and streams and a sinter-producing warm spring (δD = –153 ‰) north of the Park. Derivation of this deep fluid solely from present-day recharge is problematical. The designation of source areas depends on assumptions about the age of the deep water, which in turn depend on assumptions about the nature of the deep thermal system. Modeling, based on published chloride-flux studies of thermal waters, suggests that for a 0.5- to 4-km-deep reservoir the residence time of most of the thermal water could be less than 1,900 years, for a piston-flow model, to more than 10,000 years, for a well-mixed model. For the piston-flow model, the deep system quickly reaches the isotopic composition of the recharge in response to climate change. For this model, stable-isotope data and geologic considerations suggest that the most likely area of recharge for the deep thermal water is in the northwestern part of the Park, in the Gallatin Range, where major north-south faults connect with the caldera. This possible recharge area for the deep thermal water is at least 20 km, and possibly as much as 70 km, from outflow in the thermal areas, indicating the presence of a hydrothermal system as large as those postulated to have operated around large, ancient igneous intrusions. For this model, the volume of isotopically light water infiltrating in the Gallatin Range during our sampling period is too small to balance the present outflow of deep water. This shortfall suggests that some recharge possibly occurred during a cooler time characterized by greater winter precipitation, such as during the Little Ice Age in the 15th century. However, this scenario requires exceptionally fast flow rates of recharge into the deep system. For the well-mixed model, the composition of the deep reservoir changes slowly in response to climate change, and a significant component of the deep thermal water could have recharged during Pleistocene glaciation. The latter interpretation is consistent with the recent discovery of warm waters in wells and springs in southern Idaho that have δD values 10–20 ‰ lower than the winter snow for their present-day high-level recharge. These waters have been interpreted to be Pleistocene in age (Smith and others, 2002). The well-mixed model permits a significant component of recharge water for the deep system to have δD values less negative than –150 ‰ and consequently for the deep system recharge to be closer to the caldera at a number of possible localities in the Park.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Integrated geoscience studies in the Greater Yellowstone Area—Volcanic, tectonic, and hydrothermal processes in the Yellowstone geoecosystem (Professional Paper 1717)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"United States Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1717H","usgsCitation":"Rye, R.O., and Truesdell, A.H., 2007, The question of recharge to the deep thermal reservoir underlying the geysers and hot springs of Yellowstone National Park: Chapter H in Integrated geoscience studies in Integrated geoscience studies in the Greater Yellowstone Area—Volcanic, tectonic, and hydrothermal processes in the Yellowstone geoecosystem: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1717, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1717H.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"239","endPage":"270","numberOfPages":"32","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":322224,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":322219,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1717/downloads/pdf/p1717H.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Montana, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Located mostly in northwestern Wyoming but extends into Montana and Idaho","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.6485595703125,\n 43.35713822211053\n ],\n [\n -111.6485595703125,\n 45.521743896993634\n ],\n [\n -108.7811279296875,\n 45.521743896993634\n ],\n [\n -108.7811279296875,\n 43.35713822211053\n ],\n [\n -111.6485595703125,\n 43.35713822211053\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57569eb7e4b023b96ec28482","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Morgan, Lisa A.","contributorId":66300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"Lisa","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":632569,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Rye, Robert O. rrye@usgs.gov","contributorId":1486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"Robert","email":"rrye@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":632567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Truesdell, Alfred Hemingway","contributorId":106137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Truesdell","given":"Alfred","email":"","middleInitial":"Hemingway","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":632568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70171031,"text":"70171031 - 2007 - Modeling the dynamic response of a crater glacier to lava-dome emplacement: Mount St Helens, Washington, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-17T13:13:07","indexId":"70171031","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-29T05:15:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":794,"text":"Annals of Glaciology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling the dynamic response of a crater glacier to lava-dome emplacement: Mount St Helens, Washington, USA","docAbstract":"This paper presents a user-friendly graphically based numerical model of one-dimensional steady state homogeneous volcanic plumes that calculates and plots profiles of upward velocity, plume density, radius, temperature, and other parameters as a function of height. The model considers effects of water condensation and ice formation on plume dynamics as well as the effect of water added to the plume at the vent. Atmospheric conditions may be specified through input parameters of constant lapse rates and relative humidity, or by loading profiles of actual atmospheric soundings. To illustrate the utility of the model, we compare calculations with field-based estimates of plume height (∼9 km) and eruption rate (>∼4 × 105 kg/s) during a brief tephra eruption at Mount St. Helens on 8 March 2005. Results show that the atmospheric conditions on that day boosted plume height by 1–3 km over that in a standard dry atmosphere. Although the eruption temperature was unknown, model calculations most closely match the observations for a temperature that is below magmatic but above 100°C.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/2006GC001455","issn":"1525-2027","usgsCitation":"Mastin, L.G., 2007, A user-friendly one-dimensional model for wet volcanic plumes: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, v. 8, no. 3, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GC001455.","productDescription":"24 p.","numberOfPages":"24","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476828,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2006gc001455","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":321298,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-03-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"574d6435e4b07e28b6683450","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mastin, Larry G. 0000-0002-4795-1992 lgmastin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4795-1992","contributorId":555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastin","given":"Larry","email":"lgmastin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":629547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70170377,"text":"70170377 - 2007 - Explosive eruptive record in the Katmai region, Alaska Peninsula: An overview","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-08T11:15:57.959014","indexId":"70170377","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-28T01:15:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Explosive eruptive record in the Katmai region, Alaska Peninsula: An overview","docAbstract":"At least 15 explosive eruptions from the Katmai cluster of volcanoes and another nine from other volcanoes on the Alaska Peninsula are preserved as tephra layers in syn- and post-glacial (Last Glacial Maximum) loess and soil sections in Katmai National Park, AK. About 400 tephra samples from 150 measured sections have been collected between Kaguyak volcano and Mount Martin and from Shelikof Strait to Bristol Bay (∼8,500 km2). Five tephra layers are distinctive and widespread enough to be used as marker horizons in the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes area, and 140 radiocarbon dates on enclosing soils have established a time framework for entire soil–tephra sections to 10 ka; the white rhyolitic ash from the 1912 plinian eruption of Novarupta caps almost all sections. Stratigraphy, distribution and tephra characteristics have been combined with microprobe analyses of glass and Fe–Ti oxide minerals to correlate ash layers with their source vents. Microprobe analyses (typically 20–50 analyses per glass or oxide sample) commonly show oxide compositions to be more definitive than glass in distinguishing one tephra from another; oxides from the Kaguyak caldera-forming event are so compositionally coherent that they have been used as internal standards throughout this study. Other than the Novarupta and Trident eruptions of the last century, the youngest locally derived tephra is associated with emplacement of the Snowy Mountain summit dome (<250 14C years B.P.). East Mageik has erupted most frequently during Holocene time with seven explosive events (9,400 to 2,400 14C years B.P.) preserved as tephra layers. Mount Martin erupted entirely during the Holocene, with lava coulees (>6 ka), two tephras (∼3,700 and ∼2,700 14C years B.P.), and a summit scoria cone with a crater still steaming today. Mount Katmai has three times produced very large explosive plinian to sub-plinian events (in 1912; 12–16 ka; and 23 ka) and many smaller pyroclastic deposits show that explosive activity has long been common there. Mount Griggs, fumarolically active and moderately productive during postglacial time (mostly andesitic lavas), has three nested summit craters, two of which are on top of a Holocene central cone. Only one ash has been found that is (tentatively) correlated with the most recent eruptive activity on Griggs (<3,460 14C years B.P.). Eruptions from other volcanoes NE and SW beyond the Katmai cluster represented in this area include: (1) coignimbrite ash from Kaguyak’s caldera-forming event (5,800 14C years B.P.); (2) the climactic event from Fisher caldera (∼9,100 14C years B.P.—tentatively correlated); (3) at least three eruptions most likely from Mount Peulik (∼700, ∼7,700 and ∼8,500 14C years B.P.); and (4) a phreatic fallout most likely from the Gas Rocks (∼2,300 14C years B.P.). Most of the radiocarbon dating has been done on loess, soil and peat enclosing this tephra. Ash correlations supported by stratigraphy and microprobe data are combined with radiocarbon dating to show that variably organics-bearing substrates can provide reliable limiting ages for ash layers, especially when data for several sites is available.
The upward intrusion of magma from deeper to shallower levels beneath volcanoes obviously plays an important role in their surface deformation. This chapter will examine less obvious roles that hydrothermal processes might play in volcanic deformation. Emphasis will be placed on the effect that the transition from brittle to plastic behavior of rocks is likely to have on magma degassing and hydrothermal processes, and on the likely chemical variations in brine and gas compositions that occur as a result of movement of aqueous-rich fluids from plastic into brittle rock at different depths. To a great extent, the model of hydrothermal processes in sub-volcanic systems that is presented here is inferential, based in part on information obtained from deep drilling for geothermal resources, and in part on the study of ore deposits that are thought to have formed in volcanic and shallow plutonic environments.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Volcano deformation--Geodetic monitoring techniques","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","publisherLocation":"Berlin","doi":"10.1007/978-3-540-49302-0_10","usgsCitation":"Fournier, R., 2007, Hydrothermal systems and volcano geochemistry, chap. 10 of Volcano deformation--Geodetic monitoring techniques, p. 323-341, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-49302-0_10.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"323","endPage":"341","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320187,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"571756dae4b0ef3b7caa61ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fournier, R.O.","contributorId":73584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fournier","given":"R.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70171024,"text":"70171024 - 2007 - National volcanic ash operations plan for aviation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-17T11:32:34","indexId":"70171024","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-20T01:15:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"title":"National volcanic ash operations plan for aviation","docAbstract":"The National Aviation Weather Program Strategic Plan (1997) and the National Aviation Weather Initiatives (1999) both identified volcanic ash as a high-priority informational need to aviation services. The risk to aviation from airborne volcanic ash is known and includes degraded engine performance (including flameout), loss of visibility, failure of critical navigational and operational instruments, and, in the worse case, loss of life. The immediate costs for aircraft encountering a dense plume are potentially major—damages up to $80 million have occurred to a single aircraft. Aircraft encountering less dense volcanic ash clouds can incur longer-term costs due to increased maintenance of engines and external surfaces. The overall goal, as stated in the Initiatives, is to eliminate encounters with ash that could degrade the in-flight safety of aircrews and passengers and cause damage to the aircraft. This goal can be accomplished by improving the ability to detect, track, and forecast hazardous ash clouds and to provide adequate warnings to the aviation community on the present and future location of the cloud. To reach this goal, the National Aviation Weather Program established three objectives: (1) prevention of accidental encounters with hazardous clouds; (2) reduction of air traffic delays, diversions, or evasive actions when hazardous clouds are present; and (3) the development of a single, worldwide standard for exchange of information on airborne hazardous materials. To that end, over the last several years, based on numerous documents (including an OFCMsponsored comprehensive study on aviation training and an update of Aviation Weather Programs/Projects), user forums, and two International Conferences on Volcanic Ash and Aviation Safety (1992 and 2004), the Working Group for Volcanic Ash (WG/VA), under the OFCM-sponsored Committee for Aviation Services and Research, developed the National Volcanic Ash Operations Plan for Aviation and Support of the International Civil Aviation Organization’s (ICAO) International Airways Volcano Watch. This plan defines agency responsibilities, provides a comprehensive description of an interagency standard for volcanic ash products and their formats, describes the agency backup procedures for operational products, and outlines the actions to be taken by each agency following an occurrence of a volcanic eruption that subsequently affects and impacts aviation services. Since our most recent International Conference on Volcanic Ash and Aviation Safety, volcanic ash-related product and service activities have grown considerably along with partnerships and alliances throughout the aviation community. In January 2005, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s National Centers for Environment Prediction began running the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model in place of the Volcanic Ash Forecast Transport and Dispersion (VAFTAD) model, upgrading support to the volcanic ash advisory community. Today, improvements to the HYSPLIT model are ongoing based on recommendations by the OFCM-sponsored Joint Action Group for the Selection and Evaluation of Atmospheric Transport and Diffusion Models and the Joint Action Group for Atmospheric Transport and Diffusion Modeling (Research and Development Plan). Two international workshops on volcanic ash have already taken place, noticeable improvements and innovations in education, training, and outreach have been made, and federal and public education and training programs on volcanic ash-related products, services, and procedures iv continue to evolve. For example, in partnership with Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University and other academic institutions, volcanic ash hazard and mitigation training has been incorporated into aviation meteorology courses. As an essential next step, our volcanic ash-related efforts in the near term will be centered on the development of an interagency implementation plan to document and address the most critical needs of the volcanic ash advisory community. This interagency plan, developed as the result of the cooperative efforts of six federal agencies, follows the guidelines in support of the ICAO International Airways Volcano Watch. The signatories on the next page are committed to volcanic ash operations for aviation and will work toward full implementation through agency programs, initiatives, and procedures. I extend my sincere thanks to all members of the WG/VA, subject-matter experts, and to my staff for their collaborative and cooperative efforts in developing this first-ever national volcanic ash operations plan.
","language":"English","publisher":"Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research FCM-P35-2007","publisherLocation":"Silver Spring, Maryland","usgsCitation":"United States Department of Commerce, and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2007, National volcanic ash operations plan for aviation, 68 p.","productDescription":"68 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"68","numberOfPages":"68","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321305,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":321304,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.ofcm.gov/p35-nvaopa/pdf/FCM-P35-2007-NVAOPA.pdf","text":"FCM-P35-2007","size":"529 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"574d65eae4b07e28b66848f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"United States Department of Commerce","contributorId":169080,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"United States Department of Commerce","id":629582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","contributorId":128155,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","id":629583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70170397,"text":"70170397 - 2007 - Lava effusion rate definition and measurement: a review","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-30T15:37:08","indexId":"70170397","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-18T14:30:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lava effusion rate definition and measurement: a review","docAbstract":"Measurement of effusion rate is a primary objective for studies that model lava flow and magma system dynamics, as well as for monitoring efforts during on-going eruptions. However, its exact definition remains a source of confusion, and problems occur when comparing volume flux values that are averaged over different time periods or spatial scales, or measured using different approaches. Thus our aims are to: (1) define effusion rate terminology; and (2) assess the various measurement methods and their results. We first distinguish between instantaneous effusion rate, and time-averaged discharge rate. Eruption rate is next defined as the total volume of lava emplaced since the beginning of the eruption divided by the time since the eruption began. The ultimate extension of this is mean output rate, this being the final volume of erupted lava divided by total eruption duration. Whether these values are total values, i.e. the flux feeding all flow units across the entire flow field, or local, i.e. the flux feeding a single active unit within a flow field across which many units are active, also needs to be specified. No approach is without its problems, and all can have large error (up to ∼50%). However, good agreement between diverse approaches shows that reliable estimates can be made if each approach is applied carefully and takes into account the caveats we detail here. There are three important factors to consider and state when measuring, giving or using an effusion rate. First, the time-period over which the value was averaged; second, whether the measurement applies to the entire active flow field, or a single lava flow within that field; and third, the measurement technique and its accompanying assumptions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","publisherLocation":"Berlin","doi":"10.1007/s00445-007-0120-y","usgsCitation":"Calvari, S., Dehn, J., and Harris, A., 2007, Lava effusion rate definition and measurement: a review: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 70, p. 1-22, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-007-0120-y.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"22","numberOfPages":"22","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320194,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"70","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-03-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"571756dee4b0ef3b7caa624a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Calvari, Sonia","contributorId":168721,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Calvari","given":"Sonia","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dehn, Jonathan","contributorId":49322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dehn","given":"Jonathan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harris, A.","contributorId":67703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70170360,"text":"70170360 - 2007 - Observations of volcanic tremor during January-February 2005 eruption of Mt. Veniaminof, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-19T10:50:03","indexId":"70170360","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Observations of volcanic tremor during January-February 2005 eruption of Mt. Veniaminof, Alaska","docAbstract":"Mt. Veniaminof, Alaska Peninsula, is a stratovolcano with a summit ice-filled caldera containing a small intracaldera cone and active vent. From January 2 to February 21, 2005, Mt. Veniaminof erupted. The eruption was characterized by numerous small ash emissions (VEI 0 to 1) and accompanied by low-frequency earthquake activity and volcanic tremor. We have performed spectral analyses of the seismic signals in order to characterize them and to constrain their source. Continuous tremor has durations of minutes to hours with dominant energy in the band 0.5– 4.0 Hz, and spectra characterized by narrow peaks either irregularly (non-harmonic tremor) or regularly spaced (harmonic tremor). The spectra of non-harmonic tremor resemble those of low-frequency events recorded simultaneously with surface ash explosions, suggesting that the source mechanisms might be similar or related. We propose that non-harmonic tremor at Mt. Veniaminof results from the coalescence of gas bubbles while low-frequency events are related to the disruption of large gas pockets within the conduit. Harmonic tremor, characterized by regular and quasisinusoidal waveforms, has duration of hours. Spectra containing up to five harmonics suggest the presence of a resonating source volume that vibrates in a longitudinal acoustic mode. An interesting feature of harmonic tremor is that frequency is observed to change over time; spectral lines move towards higher or lower values while the harmonic nature of the spectra is maintained. Factors controlling the variable characteristics of harmonic tremor include changes in acoustic velocity at the source and variations of the effective size of the resonator.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Link","publisherLocation":"Berlin","doi":"10.1007/s00445-007-0119-4","usgsCitation":"De Angelis, S., and McNutt, S.R., 2007, Observations of volcanic tremor during January-February 2005 eruption of Mt. Veniaminof, Alaska: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 69, p. 927-940, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-007-0119-4.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"927","endPage":"940","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320171,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","county":"Lake and Peninsula Borough","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -159.862060546875,\n 55.88763544617004\n ],\n [\n -159.862060546875,\n 56.4078233698268\n ],\n [\n -158.829345703125,\n 56.4078233698268\n ],\n [\n -158.829345703125,\n 55.88763544617004\n ],\n [\n -159.862060546875,\n 55.88763544617004\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"69","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-03-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"571756e5e4b0ef3b7caa6280","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"De Angelis, Slivio","contributorId":52055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De Angelis","given":"Slivio","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McNutt, Stephen R.","contributorId":38133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McNutt","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70171027,"text":"70171027 - 2007 - Swarms of repeating long-period earthquakes at Shishaldin Volcano, Alaska, 2001-2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-12T10:48:44","indexId":"70171027","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-13T01:30:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Swarms of repeating long-period earthquakes at Shishaldin Volcano, Alaska, 2001-2004","docAbstract":"During 2001–2004, a series of four periods of elevated long-period seismic activity, each lasting about 1–2 months, occurred at Shishaldin Volcano, Aleutian Islands, Alaska. The time periods are termed swarms of repeating events, reflecting an abundance of earthquakes with highly similar waveforms that indicate stable, non-destructive sources. These swarms are characterized by increased earthquake amplitudes, although the seismicity rate of one event every 0.5–5 min has remained more or less constant since Shishaldin last erupted in 1999. A method based on waveform cross-correlation is used to identify highly repetitive events, suggestive of spatially distinct source locations. The waveform analysis shows that several different families of similar events co-exist during a given swarm day, but generally only one large family dominates. A network of hydrothermal fractures may explain the events that do not belong to a dominant repeating event group, i.e. multiple sources at different locations exist next to a dominant source. The dominant waveforms exhibit systematic changes throughout each swarm, but some of these waveforms do reappear over the course of 4 years indicating repeatedly activated source locations. The choked flow model provides a plausible trigger mechanism for the repeating events observed at Shishaldin, explaining the gradual changes in waveforms over time by changes in pressure gradient across a constriction within the uppermost part of the conduit. The sustained generation of Shishaldin's long-period events may be attributed to complex dynamics of a multi-fractured hydrothermal system: the pressure gradient within the main conduit may be regulated by temporarily sealing and reopening of parallel flow pathways, by the amount of debris within the main conduit and/or by changing gas influx into the hydrothermal system. The observations suggest that Shishaldin's swarms of repeating events represent time periods during which a dominant source is activated.
\nPrimary volcanic landforms are created by the ascent and eruption of magma. The ascending magma displaces and interacts with surrounding rock and fluids as it creates new pathways, flows through cracks or conduits, vesiculates, and accumulates in underground reservoirs. The formation of new pathways and pressure changes within existing conduits and reservoirs stress and deform the surrounding rock. Eruption products load the crust. The pattern and rate of surface deformation around volcanoes reflect the tectonic and volcanic processes transmitted to the surface through the mechanical properties of the crust.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Volcano deformation--Geodetic monitoring techniques","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","publisherLocation":"Berlin","usgsCitation":"Lisowski, M., 2007, Analytical volcano deformation source models, chap. 8 of Volcano deformation--Geodetic monitoring techniques, p. 279-304.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"279","endPage":"304","numberOfPages":"26","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320890,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":320889,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://download.springer.com/static/pdf/895/chp%253A10.1007%252F978-3-540-49302-0_8.pdf?originUrl=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F978-3-540-49302-0_8&token2=exp=1462295007~acl=%2Fstatic%2Fpdf%2F895%2Fchp%25253A10.1007%25252F978-3-540-49302-0_8.pdf%3ForiginUrl%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Flink.springer.com%252Fchapter%252F10.1007%252F978-3-540-49302-0_8*~hmac=a5d65bd360fd2c24e286c5141f4f334369c682cf87663c56c27d8e641982735c","text":"Analytical volcano deformation source models","size":"5.02 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Analytical volcano deformation source models"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5729cbade4b0b13d3919a2df","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Dzurisin, Daniel 0000-0002-0138-5067 dzurisin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0138-5067","contributorId":538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dzurisin","given":"Daniel","email":"dzurisin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":628528,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Lisowski, Michael 0000-0003-4818-2504 mlisowski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4818-2504","contributorId":637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"Michael","email":"mlisowski@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":628527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70170359,"text":"70170359 - 2007 - Predicting and validating the motion of an ash cloud during the 2006 eruption of Mount Augustine volcano","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-20T10:47:45","indexId":"70170359","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-07T01:15:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5069,"text":"Journal of the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predicting and validating the motion of an ash cloud during the 2006 eruption of Mount Augustine volcano","docAbstract":"On 11 January 2006, Mount Augustine volcano in southern Alaska began erupting after 20- year repose. The Anchorage Forecast Office of the National Weather Service (NWS) issued an advisory on 28 January for Kodiak City. On 31 January, Alaska Airlines cancelled all flights to and from Anchorage after multiple advisories from the NWS for Anchorage and the surrounding region. The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) had reported the onset of the continuous eruption. AVO monitors the approximately 100 active volcanoes in the Northern Pacific. Ash clouds from these volcanoes can cause serious damage to an aircraft and pose a serious threat to the local communities, and to transcontinental air traffic throughout the Arctic and sub-Arctic region. Within AVO, a dispersion model has been developed to track the dispersion of volcanic ash clouds. The model, Puff, was used operational by AVO during the Augustine eruptive period. Here, we examine the dispersion of a volcanic ash (or aerosol) cloud from Mount Augustine across Alaska from 29 January through the 2 February 2006. We present the synoptic meteorology, the Puff predictions, and measurements from aerosol samplers, laser radar (or lidar) systems, and satellites. Aerosol samplers revealed the presence of volcanic aerosols at the surface at sites where Puff predicted the ash clouds movement. Remote sensing satellite data showed the development of the ash cloud in close proximity to the volcano consistent with the Puff predictions. Two lidars showed the presence of volcanic aerosol with consistent characteristics aloft over Alaska and were capable of detecting the aerosol, even in the presence of scattered clouds and where the ash cloud is too thin/disperse to be detected by remote sensing satellite data. The lidar measurements revealed the different trajectories of ash consistent with the Puff predictions. Dispersion models provide a forecast of volcanic ash cloud movement that might be undetectable by any other means but are still a significant hazard. Validation is the key to assessing the accuracy of any predictions. The study highlights the use of multiple and complementary observations used in detecting the trajectory ash cloud, both at the surface and aloft in the atmosphere.
","publisher":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology","publisherLocation":"Tokyo, Japan","usgsCitation":"Collins, R.L., Fochesatto, J., Sassen, K., Webley, P.W., Atkinson, D.E., Dean, K.G., Cahill, C.F., and Mizutani, K., 2007, Predicting and validating the motion of an ash cloud during the 2006 eruption of Mount Augustine volcano: Journal of the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, v. 54, no. 1-2, p. 17-28.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"17","endPage":"28","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":323966,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":320166,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.nict.go.jp/publication/shuppan/kihou-journal/journal-vol54no1_2.htm","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","county":"Kenai Peninsula Borough","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -153.59779357910156,\n 59.314272285806524\n ],\n [\n -153.59779357910156,\n 59.42342608667134\n ],\n [\n -153.31214904785156,\n 59.42342608667134\n ],\n [\n -153.31214904785156,\n 59.314272285806524\n ],\n [\n -153.59779357910156,\n 59.314272285806524\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"54","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"576913e4e4b07657d19ff228","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Collins, Richard L.","contributorId":168685,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Collins","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fochesatto, Javier","contributorId":168682,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fochesatto","given":"Javier","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sassen, Kenneth","contributorId":168686,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sassen","given":"Kenneth","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Webley, Peter W.","contributorId":71937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webley","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Atkinson, David E.","contributorId":168687,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Atkinson","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dean, Kenneson G.","contributorId":44512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Kenneson","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Cahill, Catherine F.","contributorId":168688,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cahill","given":"Catherine","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Mizutani, Kohei","contributorId":168683,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mizutani","given":"Kohei","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70170358,"text":"70170358 - 2007 - Debris flow hazards mitigation--Mechanics, prediction, and assessment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-18T21:26:22.324865","indexId":"70170358","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Debris flow hazards mitigation--Mechanics, prediction, and assessment","docAbstract":"These proceedings contain papers presented at the Fourth International Conference on Debris-Flow Hazards Mitigation: Mechanics, Prediction, and Assessment held in Chengdu, China, September 10-13, 2007. The papers cover a wide range of topics on debris-flow science and engineering, including the factors triggering debris flows, geomorphic effects, mechanics of debris flows (e.g., rheology, fluvial mechanisms, erosion and deposition processes), numerical modeling, various debris-flow experiments, landslide-induced debris flows, assessment of debris-flow hazards and risk, field observations and measurements, monitoring and alert systems, structural and non-structural countermeasures against debris-flow hazards and case studies. The papers reflect the latest devel-opments and advances in debris-flow research. Several studies discuss the development and appli-cation of Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) technologies in debris-flow hazard/risk assessment. Timely topics presented in a few papers also include the development of new or innovative techniques for debris-flow monitoring and alert systems, especially an infra-sound acoustic sensor for detecting debris flows. Many case studies illustrate a wide variety of debris-flow hazards and related phenomena as well as their hazardous effects on human activities and settlements.
\nRecent inference that Mesozoic Cordilleran plutons grew incrementally during >106 yr intervals, without the presence of voluminous eruptible magma at any stage, minimizes close associations with large ignimbrite calderas. Alternatively, Tertiary ignimbrites in the Rocky Mountains and elsewhere, with volumes of 1–5 × 103 km3, record multistage histories of magma accumulation, fractionation, and solidification in upper parts of large subvolcanic plutons that were sufficiently liquid to erupt. Individual calderas, up to 75 km across with 2–5 km subsidence, are direct evidence for shallow magma bodies comparable to the largest granitic plutons. As exemplified by the composite Southern Rocky Mountain volcanic field (here summarized comprehensively for the first time), which is comparable in areal extent, magma composition, eruptive volume, and duration to continental-margin volcanism of the central Andes, nested calderas that erupted compositionally diverse tuffs document deep composite subsidence and rapid evolution in subvolcanic magma bodies. Spacing of Tertiary calderas at distances of tens to hundreds of kilometers is comparable to Mesozoic Cordilleran pluton spacing. Downwind ash in eastern Cordilleran sediments records large-scale explosive volcanism concurrent with Mesozoic batholith growth. Mineral fabrics and gradients indicate unified flow-age of many pluton interiors before complete solidification, and some plutons contain ring dikes or other textural evidence for roof subsidence. Geophysical data show that low-density upper-crustal rocks, inferred to be plutons, are 10 km or more thick beneath many calderas. Most ignimbrites are more evolved than associated plutons; evidence that the subcaldera chambers retained voluminous residua from fractionation. Initial incremental pluton growth in the upper crust was likely recorded by modest eruptions from central volcanoes; preparation for caldera-scale ignimbrite eruption involved recurrent magma input and homogenization high in the chamber. Some eroded calderas expose shallow granites of similar age and composition to tuffs, recording sustained postcaldera magmatism.
\nPlutons thus provide an integrated record of prolonged magmatic evolution, while volcanism offers snapshots of conditions at early stages. Growth of subvolcanic batholiths involved sustained multistage open-system processes. These commonly involved ignimbrite eruptions at times of peak power input, but assembly and consolidation processes continued at diminishing rates long after peak volcanism. Some evidence cited for early incremental pluton assembly more likely records late events during or after volcanism. Contrasts between relatively primitive arc systems dominated by andesitic compositions and small upper-crustal plutons versus more silicic volcanic fields and associated batholiths probably reflect intertwined contrasts in crustal thickness and magmatic power input. Lower power input would lead to a Cascade- or Aleutian-type arc system, where intermediate-composition magma erupts directly from middle- and lower-crustal storage without development of large shallow plutons. Andean and southern Rocky Mountain–type systems begin similarly with intermediate-composition volcanism, but increasing magma production, perhaps triggered by abrupt changes in plate boundaries, leads to development of larger upper-crustal reservoirs, more silicic compositions, large ignimbrites, and batholiths. Lack of geophysical evidence for voluminous eruptible magma beneath young calderas suggests that near-solidus plutons can be rejuvenated rapidly by high-temperature mafic recharge, potentially causing large explosive eruptions with only brief precursors.
\nTheoretically- and empirically-derived cooling rates for active pāhoehoe lava flows show that surface cooling is controlled by conductive heat loss through a crust that is thickening with the square root of time. The model is based on a linear relationship that links log(time) with surface cooling. This predictable cooling behavior can be used assess the age of recently emplaced sheet flows from their surface temperatures. Using a single thermal image, or image mosaic, this allows quantification of the variation in areal coverage rates and lava discharge rates over 48 hour periods prior to image capture. For pāhoehoe sheet flow at Kīlauea (Hawai`i) this gives coverage rates of 1–5 m2/min at discharge rates of 0.01–0.05 m3/s, increasing to ∼40 m2/min at 0.4–0.5 m3/s. Our thermal chronometry approach represents a quick and easy method of tracking flow advance over a three-day period using a single, thermal snap-shot.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/2007GL030791","usgsCitation":"Dehn, J., Hamilton, C., Harris, A.J., Herd, R.A., James, M., Lodato, L., and Steffke, A., 2007, Pāhoehoe flow cooling, discharge, and coverage rates from thermal image chronometry: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 34, no. 19, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030791.","productDescription":"6 p.","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476834,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2007gl030791","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":320829,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.30925750732422,\n 19.389210198825108\n ],\n [\n -155.30925750732422,\n 19.44490308013705\n ],\n [\n -155.22891998291016,\n 19.44490308013705\n ],\n [\n -155.22891998291016,\n 19.389210198825108\n ],\n [\n -155.30925750732422,\n 19.389210198825108\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"34","issue":"19","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-10-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5719f9c1e4b071321fe22be9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dehn, Jonathan","contributorId":49322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dehn","given":"Jonathan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hamilton, Christopher M.","contributorId":27767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"Christopher M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harris, A. J. L.","contributorId":116022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"J. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Herd, Richard A.","contributorId":95663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herd","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"James, M.R.","contributorId":18929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"James","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lodato, Luigi","contributorId":168727,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lodato","given":"Luigi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Steffke, Andrea","contributorId":168728,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Steffke","given":"Andrea","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70171029,"text":"70171029 - 2007 - Seismo-acoustic signals associated with degassing explosions recorded at Shishaldin Volcano, Alaska, 2003-2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-17T12:30:59","indexId":"70171029","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-06T02:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismo-acoustic signals associated with degassing explosions recorded at Shishaldin Volcano, Alaska, 2003-2004","docAbstract":"In summer 2003, a Chaparral Model 2 microphone was deployed at Shishaldin Volcano, Aleutian Islands, Alaska. The pressure sensor was co-located with a short-period seismometer on the volcano’s north flank at a distance of 6.62 km from the active summit vent. The seismo-acoustic data exhibit a correlation between impulsive acoustic signals (1–2 Pa) and long-period (LP, 1–2 Hz) earthquakes. Since it last erupted in 1999, Shishaldin has been characterized by sustained seismicity consisting of many hundreds to two thousand LP events per day. The activity is accompanied by up to ∼200 m high discrete gas puffs exiting the small summit vent, but no significant eruptive activity has been confirmed. The acoustic waveforms possess similarity throughout the data set (July 2003–November 2004) indicating a repetitive source mechanism. The simplicity of the acoustic waveforms, the impulsive onsets with relatively short (∼10–20 s) gradually decaying codas and the waveform similarities suggest that the acoustic pulses are generated at the fluid–air interface within an open-vent system. SO2 measurements have revealed a low SO2 flux, suggesting a hydrothermal system with magmatic gases leaking through. This hypothesis is supported by the steady-state nature of Shishaldin’s volcanic system since 1999. Time delays between the seismic LP and infrasound onsets were acquired from a representative day of seismo-acoustic data. A simple model was used to estimate source depths. The short seismo-acoustic delay times have revealed that the seismic and acoustic sources are co-located at a depth of 240±200 m below the crater rim. This shallow depth is confirmed by resonance of the upper portion of the open conduit, which produces standing waves with f=0.3 Hz in the acoustic waveform codas. The infrasound data has allowed us to relate Shishaldin’s LP earthquakes to degassing explosions, created by gas volume ruptures from a fluid–air interface.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Link","publisherLocation":"New York City","doi":"10.1007/s00445-006-0088-z","usgsCitation":"Petersen, T., 2007, Seismo-acoustic signals associated with degassing explosions recorded at Shishaldin Volcano, Alaska, 2003-2004: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 69, p. 527-536, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-006-0088-z.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"527","endPage":"536","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2003-01-01","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321314,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Shishaldin Volcano, Unimak Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -164.16595458984375,\n 54.680183097099984\n ],\n [\n -164.16595458984375,\n 54.856058604544806\n ],\n [\n -163.80340576171875,\n 54.856058604544806\n ],\n [\n -163.80340576171875,\n 54.680183097099984\n ],\n [\n -164.16595458984375,\n 54.680183097099984\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"69","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-10-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"574d664be4b07e28b6684e2d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Petersen, T.","contributorId":104705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70170337,"text":"70170337 - 2007 - Directed blasts and blast-generated pyroclastic density currents: a comparison of the Bezymianny 1956, Mount St Helens 1980, and Soufrière Hills, Montserrat 1997 eruptions and deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-18T14:29:20","indexId":"70170337","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Directed blasts and blast-generated pyroclastic density currents: a comparison of the Bezymianny 1956, Mount St Helens 1980, and Soufrière Hills, Montserrat 1997 eruptions and deposits","docAbstract":"We compare eruptive dynamics, effects and deposits of the Bezymianny 1956 (BZ), Mount St Helens 1980 (MSH), and Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat 1997 (SHV) eruptions, the key events of which included powerful directed blasts. Each blast subsequently generated a high-energy stratified pyroclastic density current (PDC) with a high speed at onset. The blasts were triggered by rapid unloading of an extruding or intruding shallow magma body (lava dome and/or cryptodome) of andesitic or dacitic composition. The unloading was caused by sector failures of the volcanic edifices, with respective volumes for BZ, MSH, and SHV c. 0.5, 2.5, and 0.05 km3 . The blasts devastated approximately elliptical areas, axial directions of which coincided with the directions of sector failures. We separate the transient directed blast phenomenon into three main parts, the burst phase, the collapse phase, and the PDC phase. In the burst phase the pressurized mixture is driven by initial kinetic energy and expands rapidly into the atmosphere, with much of the expansion having an initially lateral component. The erupted material fails to mix with sufficient air to form a buoyant column, but in the collapse phase, falls beyond the source as an inclined fountain, and thereafter generates a PDC moving parallel to the ground surface. It is possible for the burst phase to comprise an overpressured jet, which requires injection of momentum from an orifice; however some exploding sources may have different geometry and a jet is not necessarily formed. A major unresolved question is whether the preponderance of strong damage observed in the volcanic blasts should be attributed to shock waves within an overpressured jet, or alternatively to dynamic pressures and shocks within the energetic collapse and PDC phases. Internal shock structures related to unsteady flow and compressibility effects can occur in each phase. We withhold judgment about published shock models as a primary explanation for the damage sustained at MSH until modern 3D numerical modeling is accomplished, but argue that much of the damage observed in directed blasts can be reasonably interpreted to have been caused by high dynamic pressures and clast impact loading by an inclined collapsing fountain and stratified PDC. This view is reinforced by recent modeling cited for SHV. In distal and peripheral regions, solids concentration, maximum particle size, current speed, and dynamic pressure are diminished, resulting in lesser damage and enhanced influence by local topography on the PDC. Despite the different scales of the blasts (devastated areas were respectively 500, 600, and >10 km2 for BZ, MSH, and SHV), and some complexity involving retrogressive slide blocks and clusters of explosions, their pyroclastic deposits demonstrate strong similarity. Juvenile material composes >50% of the deposits, implying for the blasts a dominantly magmatic mechanism although hydrothermal explosions also occurred. The character of the magma fragmented by explosions (highly viscous, phenocryst-rich, variable microlite content) determined the bimodal distributions of juvenile clast density and vesicularity. Thickness of the deposits fluctuates in proximal areas but in general decreases with distance from the crater, and laterally from the axial region. The proximal stratigraphy of the blast deposits comprises four layers named A, B, C, D from bottom to top. Layer A is represented by very poorly sorted debris with admixtures of vegetation and soil, with a strongly erosive ground contact; its appearance varies at different sites due to different ground conditions at the time of the blasts. The layer reflects intense turbulent boundary shear between the basal part of the energetic head of the PDC and the substrate. Layer B exhibits relatively well-sorted fines depleted debris with some charred plant fragments; its deposition occurred by rapid suspension sedimentation in rapidly waning, high-concentration conditions. Layer C is mainly a poorly sorted massive layer enriched by fines with its uppermost part laminated, created by rapid sedimentation under moderate-concentration, weakly tractive conditions, with the uppermost laminated part reflecting a dilute depositional regime with grain-by-grain traction deposition. By analogy to laboratory experiments, mixing at the flow head of the PDC created a turbulent dilute wake above the body of a gravity current, with layer B deposited by the flow body and layer C by the wake. The uppermost layer D of fines and accretionary lapilli is an ash fallout deposit of the finest particles from the high-rising buoyant thermal plume derived from the sediment-depleted pyroclastic density current. The strong similarity among these eruptions and their deposits suggests that these cases represent similar source, transport and depositional phenomena.
","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/s00445-006-0109-y","usgsCitation":"Belousov, A., Voight, B., and Belousova, M., 2007, Directed blasts and blast-generated pyroclastic density currents: a comparison of the Bezymianny 1956, Mount St Helens 1980, and Soufrière Hills, Montserrat 1997 eruptions and deposits: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 69, p. 701-740, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-006-0109-y.","productDescription":"40 p.","startPage":"701","endPage":"740","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476841,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://repo.kscnet.ru/1319/1/compar.pdf","text":"External Repository"},{"id":320148,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Montserrat, Russia, United States","otherGeospatial":"Bezymianny, Mount St Helens, Soufriere Hills","volume":"69","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57160533e4b0ef3b7ca91fe4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Belousov, Alexander","contributorId":168655,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Belousov","given":"Alexander","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Voight, Barry","contributorId":73653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voight","given":"Barry","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Belousova, Marina","contributorId":168656,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Belousova","given":"Marina","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70160392,"text":"70160392 - 2007 - Scale-dependent approaches to modeling spatial epidemiology of chronic wasting disease.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-17T17:20:17","indexId":"70160392","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-14T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"title":"Scale-dependent approaches to modeling spatial epidemiology of chronic wasting disease.","docAbstract":"This e-book is the product of a second workshop that was funded and promoted by the United States Geological Survey to enhance cooperation between states for the management of chronic wasting disease (CWD). The first workshop addressed issues surrounding the statistical design and collection of surveillance data for CWD. The second workshop, from which this document arose, followed logically from the first workshop and focused on appropriate methods for analysis, interpretation, and use of CWD surveillance and related epidemiology data. Consequently, the emphasis of this e-book is on modeling approaches to describe and gain insight of the spatial epidemiology of CWD. We designed this e-book for wildlife managers and biologists who are responsible for the surveillance of CWD in their state or agency. We chose spatial methods that are popular or common in the spatial epidemiology literature and evaluated them for their relevance to modeling CWD. Our opinion of the usefulness and relevance of each method was based on the type of field data commonly collected as part of CWD surveillance programs and what we know about CWD biology, ecology, and epidemiology. Specifically, we expected the field data to consist primarily of the infection status of a harvested or culled sample along with its date of collection (not date of infection), location, and demographic status. We evaluated methods in light of the fact that CWD does not appear to spread rapidly through wild populations, relative to more highly contagious viruses, and can be spread directly from animal to animal or indirectly through environmental contamination.
\nWe discovered that many of the wellpublished methods were developed for fast-spreading human diseases, such as influenza and measles. While these methods are applicable to fast spreading wildlife diseases, such as foot-and-mouth disease or West Nile virus, many are not likely to work well for CWD. Only limited data exist to evaluate geographic and spatial spread because many locations where we find CWD tend to be locations where samples have just been taken or sample sizes have just become large enough to have a high probability of detecting a low prevalence. Consequently, methods that work well to describe or predict the spread of foot-and-mouth disease throughout England, which occurred within a year, do not work well for describing or predicting CWD spread. We did not exclude methods that we regarded as inappropriate; rather, we included methods that are commonly used for disease epidemiology and then discussed their applicability for modeling the spatial epidemiology of CWD. We hope including inappropriate methods with an explanation of why they are ill-suited for CWD will make it easier to drop them from consideration and explain to others why they were not recommended for spatial modeling of CWD.
\nWe organized the three chapters by scale and extent for which each method was developed or best suited. The first chapter covers methods appropriate to multi-jurisdictional or multi-state modeling, which we call “regional” scale. The second chapter covers methods appropriate for within state areas such as wildlife management units or metapopulations, which we call “landscape” scale. The third chapter covers methods appropriate for population or individual-based modeling, which we call “fine” scale. We know this rubric is somewhat artificial because many methods work at multiple scales. We hope, however, that this structure addresses some of the challenges faced by managers that work at local, regional, state, and national scales. Further, the resolution of empirical data often changes with spatial scale, which affects the utility of different modeling approaches. For example, individual-based models work best at modeling spread within populations, while risk analysis is most useful for summarizing data over larger scales such as a region. Because some methods are applicable at several scales, however, we included a graphic at the beginning of each method that indicates the range of scales for which it applies. For example, the graphic to
the right indicates that the method is most applicable for regional-scale modeling.
There is also a question of resolution as well as scale and extent for each method. CWD surveillance data have been collected over large areas, such as a wildlife management unit or state, but the resolution of the data may be fine scale with GPS locations for many samples. For each method, we described the required resolution of the data and describe the type of data required, as well as what questions the method could answer and how useful the method is, given typical CWD data.
\nFor each scale, we presented a focal approach that would be useful for understanding the spatial pattern and epidemiology of CWD, as well as being a useful tool for CWD management. The focal approaches include risk analysis and micromaps for the regional scale, cluster analysis for the landscape scale, and individual based modeling for the fine scale of within population. For each of these methods, we used simulated data and walked through the method step by step to fully illustrate the “how to”, with specifics about what is input and output, as well as what questions the method addresses. We also provided a summary table to, at a glance, describe the scale, questions that can be addressed, and general data required for each method described in this e-book. We hope that this review will be helpful to biologists and managers by increasing the utility of their surveillance data, and ultimately be useful for increasing our understanding of CWD and allowing wildlife biologists and managers to move beyond retroactive fire-fighting to proactive preventative action.
","language":"English","publisher":"Utah Division of Wildlife Resources","usgsCitation":"Conner, M.M., Gross, J.E., Cross, P.C., Ebinger, M.R., Gillies, R., Samuel, M.D., and Miller, M.W., 2007, Scale-dependent approaches to modeling spatial epidemiology of chronic wasting disease. 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Mary M.","contributorId":95342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conner","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":582818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gross, John E.","contributorId":106777,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gross","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":582819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cross, Paul C. 0000-0001-8045-5213 pcross@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8045-5213","contributorId":2709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cross","given":"Paul","email":"pcross@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":582820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ebinger, Michael R. mebinger@usgs.gov","contributorId":5771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ebinger","given":"Michael","email":"mebinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":582821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gillies, Robert","contributorId":150736,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gillies","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":582822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Samuel, Michael D. msamuel@usgs.gov","contributorId":1419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Samuel","given":"Michael","email":"msamuel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":582823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Miller, Michael W.","contributorId":140308,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":13449,"text":"Colorado Division of Parks and Wildlife","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":582824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70160304,"text":"70160304 - 2007 - Monitoring alpine plants for climate change: The North American GLORIA Project","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-27T14:31:09","indexId":"70160304","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-31T05:15:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5057,"text":"Mountain Views","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Monitoring alpine plants for climate change: The North American GLORIA Project","docAbstract":"Alpine Environments
\nGlobally, alpine environments are hotspots of biodiversity, often harboring higher diversity of plant species than corresponding areas at lower elevations. These regions are also likely to experience more severe and rapid change in climate than lowlands under conditions of anthropogenic warming (Theurillat & Guisan 2001; Halloy & Mark 2003; Pickering & Armstrong 2003). Such climatic effects are already being documented by instrumental monitoring in the few places in western North America where long-term climate stations are available at high elevations. New sites are being planned (see GCOS article, pg 15). Climate Change is augmenting concern for alpine vegetation because available habitat diminishes at increasingly higher elevations. This creates an “elevational squeeze,” whereby the geometry of mountain peaks means that escape routes to cooler environments uphill are dead ends for migrating alpine species. While monitoring and modeling efforts have begun to elucidate climate of alpine environments in North America, very little is known about corresponding responses of alpine plant species to changing climate. Indeed, for many mountain regions in the West, little information exists even about alpine plant distribution and abundance.
","language":"English","publisher":"CIRMOUNT","usgsCitation":"Millar, C., and Fagre, D.B., 2007, Monitoring alpine plants for climate change: The North American GLORIA Project: Mountain Views, v. 1, no. 1, 3 p.","productDescription":"3 p.","numberOfPages":"3","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312359,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":312358,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/cirmount/publications/pdf/Mtn_Views_jan_07.pdf","text":"pdf"}],"volume":"1","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56729945e4b01a7f82451dae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Millar, C.","contributorId":150631,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Millar","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":582485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fagre, Daniel B. 0000-0001-8552-9461 dan_fagre@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8552-9461","contributorId":2036,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fagre","given":"Daniel","email":"dan_fagre@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":582486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70160343,"text":"70160343 - 2007 - Adapting to the reality of climate change at Glacier National Park, Montana, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-10T18:34:56","indexId":"70160343","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-11T05:15:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Adapting to the reality of climate change at Glacier National Park, Montana, USA","docAbstract":"The glaciers of Glacier National Park (GNP) are disappearing rapidly and likely will be gone by 2030. These alpine glaciers have been continuously present for approximately 7,000 years so their loss from GNP in another 25 years underscores the significance of current climate change. There are presently only 27 glaciers remaining of the 150 estimated to have existed when GNP was created in 1910. Mean annual temperature in GNP has increased 1.6°C during the past century, three times the global mean increase. The temperature increase has affected other parts of the mountain ecosystem, too. Snowpacks hold less water equivalent and melt 2+ weeks earlier in the spring. Forest growth rates have increased, alpine treelines have expanded upward and become denser, and subalpine meadows have been invaded by high elevation tree species. These latter responses can be mostly attributed to longer growing seasons and warmer temperatures.
Ecosystem modeling of possible future changes in the GNP mountain environments suggest that increased tree growth rates and evapotranspiration will reduce soil moisture and streamflow. The drier forests, with more wood, will burn more frequently and with greater severity, leading to degradation in air quality and increased risk to people and infrastructure. Management of forest fires is an important issue in the arid western United States. In 2003, 13% of GNP’s 4,082 km2 was burned in three large fires and numerous smaller fires. Managers can accomplish some of their goals, such as preserving threatened wildlife populations, by altering their management of fires. In 2003, intense efforts were successfully made to divert the fires away from valuable grizzly bear ( Ursus arctos horribilis ) habitat that contained huckleberry plants ( Vaccinium spp .) necessary to ensure bear survival through the winter.
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