The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Centers for Disease Control thank Dr. Till for her comments concerning our research (Till, 2005) and welcome the opportunity to respond. The primary objective of our study was to evaluate the potential for organic wastewater-related contaminants (OWCs), including pharmaceuticals, to survive a conventional drinking-water-treatment process and persist in potable-water supplies (Stackelberg et al., 2004). Our study was supported by two USGS laboratories: the National Water Quality Laboratory (NWQL), which provided the HPLC/ESI-MS and CLLE GC/MS data and the Ocala Water Quality and Research Laboratory (OWQRL), which provided the LC/MS data (Stackelberg et al., 2004). Although discussed as distinct techniques by Dr. Till and indicated by differing acronyms to distinguish the laboratories producing the data, as described in our paper, the two LC/MS methods are very similar; they consist of a solid-phase extraction method with analysis of the extract produced using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to an electrospray ionization mass spectrometer operated in the positive mode. The NWQL and OWQRL report ‘trace’ and ‘ultratrace’ determinations of analytes that provide significant benefit for describing the presence and fate of low-level contaminants. For mass spectral methods, an analyte is qualitatively identified by its retention time on the chromatographic column as well as the presence of two or more confirming ions with area ratios that match that of the reference standard compounds. Because of a recognized increased risk of false positives, these qualitative identification criteria are used in conjunction with abundant quality-control samples (detailed below) to confirm detection prior to making an estimate of the concentration. These qualitative identification criteria must be met before a compound is considered present (or detected) in a sample (Oblinger Childress et al., 1999). When a compound has been qualitatively identified in an environmental sample (whether above or below its reporting level [RL]), it is assessed in context with associated field and laboratory blanks, field and laboratory replicates, and other data, such as appropriate laboratory reagent spikes. An environmental concentration is calculated only after determining that field and laboratory procedures did not contaminate the samples. The concentrations are then calculated from 5- to 8-point calibration curves using internal standard quantitation. Our lowest calibration standard is intentionally much lower than the RL, typically 10 times lower. The most abundant molecular or fragment ion is used for quantitation, and, for the two LC/MS methods, at least one, and where possible two, qualifier ions are used for confirmation. For the GC/MS method, with its greater degree of fragmentation, one quantitation and two qualifier ions are used. When any of the abovementioned qualitative identification criteria are not met, the analyte is considered not present and is reported as “less than” the RL.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.04.012","usgsCitation":"Stackelberg, P.E., Furlong, E.T., Meyer, M.T., Zaugg, S.D., Henderson, A.K., and Reissman, D.B., 2006, Response to comment on “Persistence of pharmaceutical compounds and other organic wastewater contaminants in a conventional drinking-water-treatment plant”: Science of the Total Environment, v. 354, no. 1, p. 93-97, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.04.012.","productDescription":"5 p. ","startPage":"93","endPage":"97","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337106,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"354","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c1263de4b014cc3a3d34ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stackelberg, Paul E. 0000-0002-1818-355X pestack@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1818-355X","contributorId":1069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stackelberg","given":"Paul","email":"pestack@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":681380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Furlong, Edward T. 0000-0002-7305-4603 efurlong@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7305-4603","contributorId":740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Furlong","given":"Edward","email":"efurlong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":5046,"text":"Branch of Analytical Serv (NWQL)","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":681381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meyer, Michael T. 0000-0001-6006-7985 mmeyer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6006-7985","contributorId":866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"Michael","email":"mmeyer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":681382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zaugg, Steven D. sdzaugg@usgs.gov","contributorId":768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zaugg","given":"Steven","email":"sdzaugg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":681383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Henderson, Alden K.","contributorId":187696,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Henderson","given":"Alden","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Reissman, Dori B.","contributorId":187697,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reissman","given":"Dori","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70207772,"text":"70207772 - 2006 - Changes in the C storage in Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park (PNTD) in the last 1000 years [Cambios en el almacenamiento de C en el Parque Nacional de Las Tablas de Daimiel (PNTD) en los últimos 1000 años]","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-15T17:11:48.630654","indexId":"70207772","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-09T15:55:45","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1065,"text":"Boletin Geologico y Minero","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Changes in the C storage in Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park (PNTD) in the last 1000 years [Cambios en el almacenamiento de C en el Parque Nacional de Las Tablas de Daimiel (PNTD) en los últimos 1000 años]","docAbstract":"Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park has suffered too many modifications throughout its history, natural as well as anthropic, which have affected the carbon storage in different ways. The study of those variations has been carried out by the analysis of sedimentary record and historical data. The sedimentary record has been studied from the core Ciguela 4. It was sampled with a systematic high resolution method (0.7 cm thickness average) to analyze geochemistry and pollen. The analysis of all data shows that the natural changes (linked with the climate) have more variation ranges than the anthropic ones, are directly related with the climate and not with the concentration of the atmospheric CO2, showing a natural cyclicity with a fast mitigation (decades) of the variations. In the other hand the anthropogenic impacts depend on the proximity and intensity of the impact. The usage changes produced during the second half of the 19th century were an indirect impact with medium intensity. The environment had the capacity to recover the values of a normal storage in less than 50 years. Nevertheless the dissication and overexploitation of the groundwater (second half of 20th century) were direct and high intensity impacts. These impacts caused a fast loss of the water table and the salinization of the environment. Due to that the ecosystem lost capacity to store C. recovery of the normal values by a natural way is difficult now.
","language":"Castilian","publisher":"Instituto Geologico y Minero de Espana","issn":"0366-0176","usgsCitation":"Dominguez-Castro, F., Santisteban, J., Mediavilla, R., Dean, W.E., Lopez-Pamo, E., Ruiz-Zapata, M.B., and Gil-Garcia, M.J., 2006, Changes in the C storage in Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park (PNTD) in the last 1000 years [Cambios en el almacenamiento de C en el Parque Nacional de Las Tablas de Daimiel (PNTD) en los últimos 1000 años]: Boletin Geologico y Minero, v. 117, p. 537-544.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"537","endPage":"544","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371131,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Spain","otherGeospatial":"Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -3.779983520507812,\n 39.10182458484289\n ],\n [\n -3.64471435546875,\n 39.10182458484289\n ],\n [\n -3.64471435546875,\n 39.19448036993607\n ],\n [\n -3.779983520507812,\n 39.19448036993607\n ],\n [\n -3.779983520507812,\n 39.10182458484289\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"117","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dominguez-Castro, F.","contributorId":82996,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dominguez-Castro","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Santisteban, J.I.","contributorId":56118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Santisteban","given":"J.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mediavilla, R.","contributorId":43240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mediavilla","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lopez-Pamo, Enrique","contributorId":221636,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lopez-Pamo","given":"Enrique","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ruiz-Zapata, Maria Blanca","contributorId":221637,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ruiz-Zapata","given":"Maria","email":"","middleInitial":"Blanca","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Gil-Garcia, Maria Jose","contributorId":221638,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gil-Garcia","given":"Maria","email":"","middleInitial":"Jose","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70046923,"text":"dsNE3071 - 2006 - Drainage areas for selected stream-sampling stations, Missouri River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-09T13:00:39","indexId":"dsNE3071","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-09T12:49:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"NE-3071","title":"Drainage areas for selected stream-sampling stations, Missouri River Basin","docAbstract":"As part of the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) National Water-Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA), an investigation of the Missouri River Basin is being conducted to document trends in surface-water quality, specifically for trends in nutrients and suspended sediment. Surface-water samples were collected from streams at specific sampling stations. Water-quality characteristics at each station are influenced by the natural and cultural characteristics of the drainage area upstream from the sampling station. Efficient quantification of the drainage area characteristics requires a digital map of the drainage area boundary that may be processed, together with other digital thematic maps (such as geology or land use), in a geographic information system (GIS). Digital drainage-area boundary data for one stream-sampling station in the Missouri River Basin (MRB4) study area is included in this data release. The drainage divides were identified chiefly using 1:24,000-scale hypsography.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/dsNE3071","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, 2006, Drainage areas for selected stream-sampling stations, Missouri River Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series NE-3071, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.3133/dsNE3071.","productDescription":"Dataset","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":274766,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado;Iowa;Kansas;Montana;Nebraska;North Dakota;South Dakota;Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -110.452497,44.539797 ], [ -110.452497,45.238318 ], [ -109.799224,45.238318 ], [ -109.799224,44.539797 ], [ -110.452497,44.539797 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51dd30e9e4b0f72b44719c6c"} ,{"id":70207682,"text":"70207682 - 2006 - Introduction to ‘Antarctic climate evolution: View from the margin’","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-08T13:13:12.68654","indexId":"70207682","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-06T11:38:30","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Introduction to ‘Antarctic climate evolution: View from the margin’","docAbstract":"This special issue on “Antarctic Climate Evolution—view from the margin” presents results from modelling studies and reports on geoscience data aimed at improving our understanding of the behaviour of the Antarctic ice sheet and the climate of the region. This research field is of interest because of the sensitivity of the polar regions to global warming, and because of the influence of the Antarctic ice sheet on global sea level and climate through most if not all of the Cenozoic Era. The Antarctic ice sheet both responds to and forces changes on global climate and sea level. We need to be aware of the scale and frequency of these changes if we are to understand past patterns of environmental change elsewhere on earth. It was only three decades ago that we discovered from strata drilled in shelf basins on the Antarctic margin that the Antarctic ice sheet had a history that predated the Quaternary ice ages by over 20 million years (Hayes et al., 1975). Later that year the first interpretation of Antarctic glacial history through the Cenozoic Era from oxygen isotopes, recorded in foraminifera from deep-sea sediment cores, was published (Shackleton and Kennett, 1975). Revisions with a more extensive database have modified the story a little (Miller et al., 1987, Zachos et al., 2001), and there have been recent attempts to resolve the temperature–ice volume ambiguity (Lear et al., 2000). However, reports on strata drilled on the Antarctic margin have unambiguously shown the character of this huge ice sheet, which was oscillating in the Oligocene (Barrett et al., 1987, Barrett, 1999) with a period and magnitude comparable with the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets of the Quaternary (Naish et al., 2001a, Naish et al., 2001b). In this issue we present further research on the history of the Antarctic ice sheet from Oligocene to recent times, most of them from the Antarctic margin, but with some on the nature of the deep-sea isotope record, and others using recently developed modeling techniques to investigate the influence of atmosphere, ocean and biosphere on past Antarctic climate.
This special issue is the third in three years on the theme of Antarctic Climate Evolution. The first followed a workshop in Erice, Sicily, in 2001 to report on results from ANTOSTRAT, a SCAR-sponsored project for gathering and analysing circum-Antarctic seismic data for planning and promoting offshore drilling for climate history. The introduction to that issue (Florindo et al., 2003) provides a review of the recent history of circum-Antarctic drilling by the Ocean Drilling Program (Legs 113, 114, 119, 120, 177, 178, 188 and 189) and the Cape Roberts Project. For a more comprehensive review of earlier drilling in the Ross Sea region (Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 28, Dry Valley Drilling Project, McMurdo Sound Sediment and Tectonic Studies, Cenozoic Investigations in the western Ross Sea) see Hambrey and Barrett (1993). The first of these issues (Florindo et al., 2003) featured a global plate reconstruction of the Southern Hemisphere through Cenozoic time with emphasis on evolution of Cenozoic seaways (Lawver and Gahagan, 2003) along with a study of the inception and early evolution of the EAIS using a new coupled global climate (GCM)–dynamic ice sheet model (DeConto and Pollard, 2003b), as well as data from recent drilling around the margin covering time period from Cretaceous to the present. A second special issue on the same theme (Florindo et al., 2005) also featured a mix of modelling and data papers with a focus on the Eocene–Oligocene boundary and the initiation of ice sheet growth, including a pioneering attempt to evaluate the relative influence of fluvial versus glacial processes in shaping the landscape of the Prydz Bay sector of Antarctica (Jamieson et al., 2005). The remainder of the issue comprised further papers on seismic stratigraphy and reports from drilling around the margin. The papers to be found in this special issue, like the previous two, maintain the mix of modelling- and data-oriented papers that reflect the range of this research.
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Peter J.","contributorId":22626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barrett","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Florindo, F.","contributorId":49205,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Florindo","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cooper, Alan K. acooper@usgs.gov","contributorId":2854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"Alan","email":"acooper@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70162941,"text":"70162941 - 2006 - Research plan and preliminary results: A field research site for emerging contaminants in Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-22T10:41:30","indexId":"70162941","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T16:15:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2555,"text":"Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Research plan and preliminary results: A field research site for emerging contaminants in Iowa","docAbstract":"Research has recently documented the prevalence of a wide variety of pharmaceuticals and other emerging contaminants (ECs) in streams across the United States. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have been found to be an important source and collection point of ECs to streams as many ECs are incompletely removed during treatment. To investigate the complex in-stream processes (e.g., dilution, sorption, degradation, dispersion, etc.) that can affect ECs following their input from a WWTP and determining if such input is having an effect on the aquatic ecosystem requires the integration of multi-disciplinary efforts at a carefully selected field site. Preliminary work has identified an 8-km reach of Fourmile Creek in central Iowa as an ideal research site to investigate such important research questions pertaining to ECs. Unique aspects of Fourmile Creek included: (1) it single source effluent-dominated stream, (2) background data document the input of a wide variety of ECs from WWTP discharge, (3) small basin size, (4) relatively simple flow system, (5) background data suggest that undefined processes are taking place decreasing the level of select ECs during stream transport, (6) the WWTP uses a treatment technology (activated sludge) typical of many towns in Iowa and the United States (7) a hydrogeologic setting of a low-gradient, small stream (average discharge less than 1.41 m³/s) in glacial drift is typical of many areas in Iowa and across the Midwest, and (8) the existence of a low-head clam approximately 2 km upstream of the WWTP outfall allowing more accurate \"above WWTP\" and \"below WWTP\" comparisons in aquatic ecosystems. Furthermore, the WWTP is scheduled to close by 2011 providing a unique opportunity to determine how stream hydrology, water chemistry and aquatic biota react to the removal of the primary source of flow and ECs in this system. This will allow a novel \"before\" and \"after\" assessment not previously available in EC research. Research to date at the site has included installation of a streamflow gauging station, dye-tracing tests (to determine water travel times), Lagrangian water-quality sampling at two flow/water temperature regimes, and sampling for ECs in bed sediment. Selected fish have been collected for analysis and identification. In addition, basic fish community and fish health assessment for different seasons and spawning conditions are being analyzed. The research \"framework\" is unique at Fourmile Creek for investigating the important question of how ECs are transported through the environment and if the presence of such compounds is having a deleterious effect on aquatic ecosystems.
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lbbarber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0561-0831","contributorId":921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barber","given":"Larry","email":"lbbarber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":591214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Furlong, Edward T. 0000-0002-7305-4603 efurlong@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7305-4603","contributorId":740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Furlong","given":"Edward","email":"efurlong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":5046,"text":"Branch of Analytical Serv (NWQL)","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":591215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Meyer, Michael","contributorId":71655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":591216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Skopec, M.","contributorId":14627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skopec","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":591217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70129589,"text":"70129589 - 2006 - A semi-empirical model for the estimation of maximum horizontal displacement due to liquefaction-induced lateral spreading","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-15T14:48:20","indexId":"70129589","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T16:05:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"A semi-empirical model for the estimation of maximum horizontal displacement due to liquefaction-induced lateral spreading","docAbstract":"During the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake, liquefaction-induced lateral spreading and resultant ground displacements damaged bridges, buried utilities, and lifelines, conventional structures, and other developed works. This paper presents an improved engineering tool for the prediction of maximum displacement due to liquefaction-induced lateral spreading. A semi-empirical approach is employed, combining mechanistic understanding and data from laboratory testing with data and lessons from full-scale earthquake field case histories. The principle of strain potential index, based primary on correlation of cyclic simple shear laboratory testing results with in-situ Standard Penetration Test (SPT) results, is used as an index to characterized the deformation potential of soils after they liquefy. A Bayesian probabilistic approach is adopted for development of the final predictive model, in order to take fullest advantage of the data available and to deal with the inherent uncertainties intrinstiic to the back-analyses of field case histories. A case history from the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake is utilized to demonstrate the ability of the resultant semi-empirical model to estimate maximum horizontal displacement due to liquefaction-induced lateral spreading.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 8th U.S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"8th U.S. National Conference of Earthquake Engineering","conferenceDate":"2006-04-18T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"San Francisco, CA","language":"English","publisher":"Earthquake Engineering Research Institute","publisherLocation":"Oakland, CA","usgsCitation":"Faris, A.T., Seed, R., Kayen, R., and Wu, J., 2006, A semi-empirical model for the estimation of maximum horizontal displacement due to liquefaction-induced lateral spreading, in Proceedings of the 8th U.S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering, San Francisco, CA, 2006-04-18T00:00:00, 1323; 10 p.","productDescription":"1323; 10 p.","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":295702,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"544a18ade4b04d2014abfb03","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Faris, Allison T.","contributorId":76248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faris","given":"Allison","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Seed, Raymond B.","contributorId":62162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seed","given":"Raymond B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kayen, Robert E. rkayen@usgs.gov","contributorId":2787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kayen","given":"Robert E.","email":"rkayen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":503894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wu, Jiaer","contributorId":19102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wu","given":"Jiaer","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":79526,"text":"sir20065179 - 2006 - Watershed characteristics and pre-restoration surface-water hydrology of Minebank Run, Baltimore County, Maryland, water years 2002-04","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-09T20:41:47.458782","indexId":"sir20065179","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T16:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5179","displayTitle":"Watershed Characteristics and Pre-Restoration Surface-Water Hydrology of Minebank Run, Baltimore County, Maryland, Water Years 2002-04","title":"Watershed characteristics and pre-restoration surface-water hydrology of Minebank Run, Baltimore County, Maryland, water years 2002-04","docAbstract":"Stream restoration efforts have been ongoing in Maryland since the early 1990s. Physical stream restoration often involves replacement of lost sediments to elevate degraded streambeds, re-establishment of riffle-pool sequences along the channel profile, planting vegetation in riparian zones, and re-constructing channel banks, point bars, flood plains, and stream-meanders. The primary goal of many restoration efforts is to re-establish geomorphic stability of the stream channel and reduce erosive energy from urban runoff. Monitoring streams prior to and after restoration could help quantify other possible benefits of stream restoration, such as improved water quality and biota.\r\n\r\nThis report presents general watershed characteristics associated with the Minebank Run watershed; a small, urban watershed in the south-central section of Baltimore County, Maryland that was physically restored in phases during 1999, 2004, and 2005. The physiography, geology, hydrology, land use, soils, and pre-restoration geomorphic setting of the unrestored stream channel are discussed.\r\n\r\nThe report describes a reach of Minebank Run that was selected for the purpose of collecting several types of environmental data prior to restoration, including continuous-record and partial-record stage and streamflow data, precipitation, and ground-water levels. Examples of surface-water data that were collected in and near the study reach during water years 2002 through 2004, including continuous-record streamflow, partial-record stage and discharge, and precipitation, are described. These data were used in analyses of several characteristics of surface-water hydrology in the watershed, including (1) rainfall totals, storm duration, and intensity, (2) instantaneous peak discharge and daily mean discharge, (3) stage-discharge ratings, (4) hydraulic-geometry relations, (5) water-surface slope, (6) time of concentration, (7) flood frequency, (8) flood volume, and (9) rainfall-runoff relations.\r\n\r\nSeveral hydrologic characteristics that are typical of urban environments were quantified by these analyses. These include (1) large ratios of peak discharge to daily mean discharge as an indicator of flashiness, (2) consistent shifting of the stage-discharge rating over short periods of time that indicates instability of the stream channel, (3) analyses of hydraulic-geometry relations that indicate mean velocities of 11 feet per second or more while the flow is contained in the stream channel, (4) discharges that are 4 to 5 times larger in Minebank Run for corresponding flood frequency recurrence intervals than in Slade Run, which is a Piedmont watershed of similar size with smaller percentages of urban development, and (5) flood waves that can travel through the stream channel at a velocity of 412 feet per minute, or 6.9 feet per second.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20065179","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Doheny, E.J., Starsoneck, R.J., Striz, E.A., and Mayer, P.M., 2006, Watershed characteristics and pre-restoration surface-water hydrology of Minebank Run, Baltimore County, Maryland, water years 2002-04: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5179, viii, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065179.","productDescription":"viii, 42 p.","numberOfPages":"50","temporalStart":"2001-10-01","temporalEnd":"2004-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":41514,"text":"Maryland-Delaware-District of Columbia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194876,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":373106,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5179/index.html"}],"country":"United 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The use of such tectonic and geochemical records requires an accurate understanding of sedimentary dynamics in an arc setting: processes of deposition and reworking that affect the degree to which sediments represent the contemporaneous volcanism at the time of their deposition. We review evidence from the modern Mariana and Tonga arcs and the ancient arc crustal section in the Lower Jurassic Talkeetna Formation of south-central Alaska, and introduce new data from the Mariana Arc, to produce a conceptual model of volcaniclastic sedimentation processes in oceanic arc settings. All three arcs are interpreted to have formed in tectonically erosive margin settings, resulting in long-term extension and subsidence. Debris aprons composed of turbidites and debris flow deposits occur in the immediate vicinity of arc volcanoes, forming relatively continuous mass-wasted volcaniclastic records in abundant accommodation space. There is little erosion or reworking of old volcanic materials near the arc volcanic front. Tectonically generated topography in the forearc effectively blocks sediment flow from the volcanic front to the trench; although some canyons deliver sediment to the trench slope, most volcaniclastic sedimentation is limited to the area immediately around volcanic centers. Arc sedimentary sections in erosive plate margins can provide comprehensive records of volcanism and tectonism spanning < 10 My. The chemical evolution of a limited section of an oceanic arc may be best reconstructed from sediments of the debris aprons for intervals up to ~ 20 My but no longer, because subduction erosion causes migration of the forearc basin crust and its sedimentary cover toward the trench, where there is little volcaniclastic sedimentation and where older sediments are dissected and reworked along the trench slope.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Sedimentary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Society for Sedimentary Geology","doi":"10.2110/jsr.2006.044","usgsCitation":"Draut, A.E., and Clift, P., 2006, Sedimentary processes in modern and ancient oceanic arc settings: evidence from the Jurassic Talkeetna Formation of Alaska and the Mariana and Tonga Arcs, western Pacific: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 76, no. 3, p. 493-514, https://doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2006.044.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"493","endPage":"514","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":295695,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295694,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2006.044"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Mariana Arc, Talkeetna formation, Tonga Arc","volume":"76","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-04-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"544a190fe4b04d2014abfb74","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Draut, Amy E.","contributorId":108424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Draut","given":"Amy","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clift, Peter D.","contributorId":103203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clift","given":"Peter D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70129643,"text":"70129643 - 2006 - Revisiting Frazier's subdeltas: enhancing datasets with dimensionality, better to understand geologic systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-24T13:38:00","indexId":"70129643","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T13:34:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1871,"text":"Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Revisiting Frazier's subdeltas: enhancing datasets with dimensionality, better to understand geologic systems","docAbstract":"Scientific knowledge from the past century is commonly represented by two-dimensional figures and graphs, as presented in manuscripts and maps. Using today's computer technology, this information can be extracted and projected into three- and four-dimensional perspectives. Computer models can be applied to datasets to provide additional insight into complex spatial and temporal systems. This process can be demonstrated by applying digitizing and modeling techniques to valuable information within widely used publications.
\nThe seminal paper by D. Frazier, published in 1967, identified 16 separate delta lobes formed by the Mississippi River during the past 6,000 yrs. The paper includes stratigraphic descriptions through geologic cross-sections, and provides distribution and chronologies of the delta lobes. The data from Frazier's publication are extensively referenced in the literature. Additional information can be extracted from the data through computer modeling.
\nDigitizing and geo-rectifying Frazier's geologic cross-sections produce a three-dimensional perspective of the delta lobes. Adding the chronological data included in the report provides the fourth-dimension of the delta cycles, which can be visualized through computer-generated animation. Supplemental information can be added to the model, such as post-abandonment subsidence of the delta-lobe surface. Analyzing the regional, net surface-elevation balance between delta progradations and land subsidence is computationally intensive. By visualizing this process during the past 4,500 yrs through multi-dimensional animation, the importance of sediment compaction in influencing both the shape and direction of subsequent delta progradations becomes apparent. Visualization enhances a classic dataset, and can be further refined using additional data, as well as provide a guide for identifying future areas of study.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies","usgsCitation":"Flocks, J., 2006, Revisiting Frazier's subdeltas: enhancing datasets with dimensionality, better to understand geologic systems: Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 56, p. 195-203.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"195","endPage":"203","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":295732,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295731,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://archives.datapages.com/data/gcags/data/056/056001/195_gcags560195.htm"}],"volume":"56","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"544b6a2de4b03653c63fb1de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flocks, James","contributorId":43696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flocks","given":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70046921,"text":"70046921 - 2006 - Generalized boundaries of the National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Study-Unit Investigations in the conterminous United States 2001-2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-09T12:57:48","indexId":"70046921","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T12:41:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Generalized boundaries of the National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Study-Unit Investigations in the conterminous United States 2001-2012","docAbstract":"This is a GENERALIZED version of the boundaries and codes used for the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program Study-Unit investigations in the conterminous United States, excluding the High Plains Regional Ground-Water Study. The data set represents the areas to be studied during the second decade of the NAWQA Program, from 2001-2012 (\"cycle 2\"). The coverage is intended only for drawing ILLUSTRATIONS, NOT for spatial analysis.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70046921","usgsCitation":"Hitt, K., 2006, Generalized boundaries of the National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Study-Unit Investigations in the conterminous United States 2001-2012 (1.0), Dataset, https://doi.org/10.3133/70046921.","productDescription":"Dataset","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":274764,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":274763,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/nawqagencyc2.xml"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -127.849844,23.254474 ], [ -127.849844,51.553462 ], [ -65.379042,51.553462 ], [ -65.379042,23.254474 ], [ -127.849844,23.254474 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51dd30eae4b0f72b44719c7f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hitt, K.J.","contributorId":85985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hitt","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70046920,"text":"70046920 - 2006 - Generalized boundaries of the National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Study-Unit Investigations in the conterminous United States 1991-2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-09T12:39:56","indexId":"70046920","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T12:33:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Generalized boundaries of the National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Study-Unit Investigations in the conterminous United States 1991-2001","docAbstract":"This is a GENERALIZED version of the boundaries and codes used for the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program Study-Unit investigations in the conterminous United States, excluding the High Plains Regional Ground-Water Study. The data set represents the areas studied during the first decade of the NAWQA Program, from 1991-2001 (\"cycle 1\"). The coverage is intended only for drawing ILLUSTRATIONS, NOT for spatial analysis. The sources of this coverage were the full resolution NAWQA study unit coverage, which is available at http://water.usgs.gov/lookup/getspatial?nawqacyc1 and the coastline from a 1:2 million county coverage generalized for display at the scale of 1:34 million.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70046920","usgsCitation":"Hitt, K., 2006, Generalized boundaries of the National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Study-Unit Investigations in the conterminous United States 1991-2001, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.3133/70046920.","productDescription":"Dataset","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":274762,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":274761,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/nawqagencyc1.xml"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -127.849768,23.254474 ], [ -127.849768,51.553303 ], [ -65.379115,51.553303 ], [ -65.379115,23.254474 ], [ -127.849768,23.254474 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51dd30eae4b0f72b44719c7b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hitt, K.J.","contributorId":85985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hitt","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70006717,"text":"70006717 - 2006 - Chronic wasting disease infection patterns in female white-tailed deer related to demographics, genetic relationships, and spatial proximity of infected deer in southern Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-09T10:13:40","indexId":"70006717","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T12:33:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":21,"text":"Thesis"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":28,"text":"Thesis"},"title":"Chronic wasting disease infection patterns in female white-tailed deer related to demographics, genetic relationships, and spatial proximity of infected deer in southern Wisconsin","docAbstract":"Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a fatal disease of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) caused by transmissible protease resistant prions. Since the discovery of CWD in southern Wisconsin in 2001, more than 20,000 deer have been removed from a >2,500 km2 disease eradication zone surrounding the three initial cases. Nearly all deer removed were tested for CWD infection and sex, age, and harvest location were recorded. Our analysis used data from a 310 kin2 core study area where disease prevalence was higher than surrounding areas. We found no difference in harvest rates between CWD infected and non-infected deer. Ow results show that the probability of infection increased with age and that adult males were more likely to be infected than adult females. Six fawns tested positive for CWD, five fawns from the core study area, including the youngest (5 months) kee-ranging cervid to test positive. The increase in male prevalence with age is nearly twice the increase found in females. We concluded that CWD is not randomly distributed among deer and that differential transmission among sex and age classes is likely driving the observed patterns in disease prevalence. We discuss alternative hypotheses for CWD transmission and spread and, in addition, discuss several possible non-linear relationships between prevalence and age. Understanding CWD transmission in free-ranging cervid populations will be essential to the development of strategies to manage this disease in areas where CWD is found as well as for surveillance strategies in areas where CWD threatens to spread.
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Daniel A. 0000-0002-5478-1549","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5478-1549","contributorId":26563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grear","given":"Daniel A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70046918,"text":"70046918 - 2006 - National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Study-Unit Investigations in the conterminous United States 2001-2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-09T12:02:54","indexId":"70046918","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T11:56:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Study-Unit Investigations in the conterminous United States 2001-2012","docAbstract":"This is a coverage of the boundaries and codes used for the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program Study-Unit investigations in the conterminous United States, excluding the High Plains Regional Ground-Water Study. The data set represents the areas to be studied during the second cycle of the NAWQA Program, from 2001-2012 (\"cycle 2\").","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70046918","usgsCitation":"Hitt, K., and Nakagaki, N., 2006, National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Study-Unit Investigations in the conterminous United States 2001-2012 (1), Dataset, https://doi.org/10.3133/70046918.","productDescription":"Dataset","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":274758,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":274757,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/nawqacyc2.xml"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -127.872474,22.877918 ], [ -127.872474,51.601234 ], [ -65.356310,51.601234 ], [ -65.356310,22.877918 ], [ -127.872474,22.877918 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51dd30ede4b0f72b44719ca7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hitt, K.J.","contributorId":85985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hitt","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nakagaki, N.","contributorId":58420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nakagaki","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70046917,"text":"70046917 - 2006 - National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Study-Unit Investigations in the conterminous United States 1991-2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-09T11:53:04","indexId":"70046917","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T11:41:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Study-Unit Investigations in the conterminous United States 1991-2001","docAbstract":"This is a coverage of the boundaries and codes used for the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program Study-Unit investigations in the conterminous United States, excluding the High Plains Regional Ground-Water Study. 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Previous studies of fish assemblages in the San Francisco Estuary and watershed have focused on specific habitat types, water bodies, or geographic subregions. In this study, we use seining data from two monitoring programs to provide an integrated view of spring nearshore resident fish species composition and life history characteristics in five regions: the San Joaquin River, the upper Sacramento River, the lower Sacramento River, the northern Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (North Delta), and the Interior Delta. Data for the period March-May from 1994 to 2002, showed that spring species composition of the San Joaquin River was very different from the other four regions. Total catch in the San Joaquin River was dominated by small, short-lived batch spawning alien species (93%), particularly red shiner Cyprinella lutrensis (>75% of total catch). The upper and lower Sacramento River were very similar in species composition and life history characteristics and less dominated by alien fish (<45% of total catch). Ordination of species percentage abundances by non–metric multidimensional scaling confirmed that the major gradient was from assemblages dominated by native species to assemblages dominated by alien species. Two-way analysis of variance of ordination scores indicated that spatial variability was more important than annual variability in explaining patterns in species composition. The potential benefits of San Joaquin River native fish restoration appear high because there is so much potential for improvement; however, it is unclear how to best manipulate the system to achieve such restoration. Addressing such uncertainties is necessary if society desires the reservation and restoration of native biodiversity as human demands on water resources increase.
","language":"English","publisher":"California Bay-Delta Authority Science Program, Jon Muir Institute of the Environment","usgsCitation":"Brown, L.R., and May, J.T., 2006, Variation in spring nearshore resident fish species composition and life histories in the lower San Joaquin watershed and delta: San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science, v. 4, no. 2, 15 p.","productDescription":"15 p.","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357486,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":357485,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/09j597dn"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Joaquin Watershed and Delta","volume":"4","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10e014e4b034bf6a7feedd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, Larry R. 0000-0001-6702-4531 lrbrown@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6702-4531","contributorId":1717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Larry","email":"lrbrown@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"May, Jason T. 0000-0002-5699-2112 jasonmay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5699-2112","contributorId":617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"Jason","email":"jasonmay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":745567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70198704,"text":"70198704 - 2006 - Selected case studies using CFC data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-15T09:14:41","indexId":"70198704","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T09:13:08","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"9","title":"Selected case studies using CFC data","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Use of chlorofluorocarbons in hydrology: A guidebook","language":"English","publisher":"IAEA","publisherLocation":"Vienna","isbn":"92-0-100805-8","usgsCitation":"Plummer, L., Busenberg, E., Cook, P., Han, L.F., and Groning, M., 2006, Selected case studies using CFC data, chap. 9 of Use of chlorofluorocarbons in hydrology: A guidebook, p. 135-182.","productDescription":"48 p.","startPage":"135","endPage":"182","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":356491,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b98c454e4b0702d0e84614f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plummer, L.N.","contributorId":206803,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Plummer","given":"L.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":742644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Busenberg, Eurybiades ebusenbe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"Eurybiades","email":"ebusenbe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":742645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cook, P.G.","contributorId":103807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cook","given":"P.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":742646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Han, L. F","contributorId":190101,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Han","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"F","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":742647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Groning, M.","contributorId":60039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Groning","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":742648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70198701,"text":"70198701 - 2006 - Data interpretation in representative cases","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-15T09:03:01","indexId":"70198701","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T09:01:03","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"8","title":"Data interpretation in representative cases","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Use of chlorofluorocarbons in hydrology: A guidebook","language":"English","publisher":"IAEA","publisherLocation":"Vienna","isbn":"92-0-100805-8","usgsCitation":"Plummer, L., Busenberg, E., and Han, L.F., 2006, Data interpretation in representative cases, chap. 8 of Use of chlorofluorocarbons in hydrology: A guidebook, p. 105-134.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"105","endPage":"134","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":356487,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b98c454e4b0702d0e846153","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plummer, L.N.","contributorId":206803,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Plummer","given":"L.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":742633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Busenberg, Eurybiades ebusenbe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"Eurybiades","email":"ebusenbe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":742634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Han, L. F","contributorId":190101,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Han","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"F","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":742635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":96283,"text":"96283 - 2006 - Temporal, spatial, and environmental influences on the demographics of grizzly bears in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-14T12:12:55","indexId":"96283","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T02:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"title":"Temporal, spatial, and environmental influences on the demographics of grizzly bears in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem","docAbstract":"During the past 2 decades, the grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) population in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE) has increased in numbers and expanded in range. Understanding temporal, environmental, and spatial variables responsible for this change is useful in evaluating what likely influenced grizzly bear demographics in the GYE and where future management efforts might benefit conservation and management. We used recent data from radio-marked bears to estimate reproduction (1983–2002) and survival (1983–2001); these we combined into models to evaluate demographic vigor (lambda [λ]). We explored the influence of an array of individual, temporal, and spatial covariates on demographic vigor.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2193/0084-0173(2006)161[1:TSAEIO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Schwartz, C.C., Haroldson, M.A., White, G.C., Harris, R., Cherry, S., Keating, K.A., Moody, D., and Servheen, C., 2006, Temporal, spatial, and environmental influences on the demographics of grizzly bears in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, v. 161, no. 1, 68 p., https://doi.org/10.2193/0084-0173(2006)161[1:TSAEIO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"68 p.","numberOfPages":"68","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203913,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":292055,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2193/0084-0173(2006)161[1:TSAEIO]2.0.CO;2"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Montana, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.11572265625,\n 43.5326204268101\n ],\n [\n -111.11572265625,\n 44.99588261816546\n ],\n [\n -108.87451171875,\n 44.99588261816546\n ],\n [\n -108.87451171875,\n 43.5326204268101\n ],\n [\n -111.11572265625,\n 43.5326204268101\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"161","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db685263","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schwartz, Charles C.","contributorId":55950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwartz","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":299386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haroldson, Mark A. 0000-0002-7457-7676 mharoldson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7457-7676","contributorId":1773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haroldson","given":"Mark","email":"mharoldson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":299382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"White, Gary C.","contributorId":66831,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"White","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":6621,"text":"Colorado State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":299387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Harris, Richard B.","contributorId":55138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"Richard B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cherry, Steve","contributorId":90450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cherry","given":"Steve","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Keating, Kim A.","contributorId":44660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keating","given":"Kim","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Moody, Dave","contributorId":79999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moody","given":"Dave","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Servheen, Christopher","contributorId":47507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Servheen","given":"Christopher","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":85885,"text":"85885 - 2006 - Estimating Potential Effects of Hypothetical Oil Spills on Polar Bears","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-09T19:26:34","indexId":"85885","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T01:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Estimating Potential Effects of Hypothetical Oil Spills on Polar Bears","docAbstract":"Much is known about the transport and fate of oil spilled into the sea and its toxicity to exposed wildlife. Previously, however, there has been no way to quantify the probability that wildlife dispersed over the seascape would be exposed to spilled oil. Polar bears, the apical predator of the arctic, are widely dispersed near the continental shelves of the Arctic Ocean, an area also undergoing considerable hydrocarbon exploration and development. We used 15,308 satellite locations from 194 radiocollared polar bears to estimate the probability that polar bears could be exposed to hypothetical oil spills. We used a true 2 dimensional Gausian kernel density estimator, to estimate the number of bears likely to occur in each 1.00 km2 cell of a grid superimposed over near shore areas surrounding 2 oil production facilities: the existing Northstar oil production facility, and the proposed offshore site for the Liberty production facility. We estimated the standard errors of bear numbers per cell with bootstrapping. Simulated oil spill footprints for September and October, the times during which we hypothesized effects of an oil-spill would be worst, were estimated using real wind and current data collected between 1980 and 1996. We used ARC/Info software to calculate overlap (numbers of bears oiled) between simulated oil-spill footprints and polar bear grid-cell values. Numbers of bears potentially oiled by a hypothetical 5912 barrel spill (the largest spill thought probable from a pipeline breach) ranged from 0 to 27 polar bears for September open water conditions, and from 0 to 74 polar bears in October mixed ice conditions. Median numbers oiled by the 5912 barrel hypothetical spill from the Liberty simulation in September and October were 1 and 3 bears, equivalent values for the Northstar simulation were 3 and 11 bears. In October, 75% of trajectories from the 5912 barrel simulated spill at Liberty oiled 9 or fewer bears while 75% of the trajectories affected 20 or fewer polar bears when we simulated an October spill at the Northstar site. Northstar Island is nearer the active ice flaw zone than Liberty. Simulations suggested that oil spilled at Northstar would spread more effectively and more consistently into surrounding areas. Also, polar bear densities are consistently higher near Northstar. Oil spills simulated for the Liberty site were more erratic in the areas they covered and the numbers of bears impacted, and numbers of bears hypothetically exposed were usually smaller. Methods described here are broadly applicable to other dispersed marine wildlife. Key words: Arctic, Beaufort Sea, clustering, kernel, management, oil spill, polar bears, population delineation, radiotelemetry, satellite, smoothing, Ursus maritimus
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center","doi":"10.3133/85885","usgsCitation":"Amstrup, S.C., Durner, G.M., McDonald, T.L., and Johnson, W., 2006, Estimating Potential Effects of Hypothetical Oil Spills on Polar Bears, https://doi.org/10.3133/85885.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127815,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":91990,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.polarbearsinternational.org/sites/default/files/scientists/amstrup_et_al_mms_oil_spill_2006.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db688276","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Amstrup, Steven C.","contributorId":67034,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amstrup","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13182,"text":"Polar Bears International","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":296663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Durner, George M. 0000-0002-3370-1191 gdurner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3370-1191","contributorId":3576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durner","given":"George","email":"gdurner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McDonald, T. L.","contributorId":101211,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McDonald","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, W.R.","contributorId":100316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70028926,"text":"70028926 - 2006 - Improving the design of acoustic and midwater trawl surveys through stratification, with an application to Lake Michigan prey fishes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-09T09:14:40","indexId":"70028926","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Improving the design of acoustic and midwater trawl surveys through stratification, with an application to Lake Michigan prey fishes","docAbstract":"Reliable estimates of fish biomass are vital to the management of aquatic ecosystems and their associated fisheries. Acoustic and midwater trawl surveys are an efficient sampling method for estimating fish biomass in large bodies of water. To improve the precision of biomass estimates from combined acoustic and midwater trawl surveys, sampling effort should be optimally allocated within each stage of the survey design. Based on information collected during fish surveys, we developed an approach to improve the design of combined acoustic and midwater trawl surveys through stratification. Geographic strata for acoustic surveying and depth strata for midwater trawling were defined using neighbor-restricted cluster analysis, and the optimal allocation of sampling effort for each was then determined. As an example, we applied this survey stratification approach to data from lakewide acoustic and midwater trawl surveys of Lake Michigan prey fishes. Precision of biomass estimates from surveys with and without geographic stratification was compared through resampling. Use of geographic stratification with optimal sampling allocation reduced the variance of Lake Michigan acoustic biomass estimates by 77%. Stratification and optimal allocation at each stage of an acoustic and midwater trawl survey should serve to reduce the variance of the resulting biomass estimates.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/M04-216.1","issn":"02755947","usgsCitation":"Adams, J., Argyle, R., Fleischer, G., Curtis, G., and Stickel, R., 2006, Improving the design of acoustic and midwater trawl surveys through stratification, with an application to Lake Michigan prey fishes: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 26, no. 3, p. 612-621, https://doi.org/10.1577/M04-216.1.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"612","endPage":"621","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236556,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209828,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/M04-216.1"}],"volume":"26","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a397fe4b0c8380cd6193f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adams, J.V.","contributorId":94069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"J.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Argyle, R.L.","contributorId":103614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Argyle","given":"R.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fleischer, G.W.","contributorId":33281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleischer","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Curtis, G.L.","contributorId":62003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curtis","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stickel, R.G.","contributorId":61229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stickel","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1003987,"text":"1003987 - 2006 - Wetland environmental conditions associated with the risk of avian cholera outbreaks and the abundance of Pasteurella multocida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-21T11:22:08","indexId":"1003987","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wetland environmental conditions associated with the risk of avian cholera outbreaks and the abundance of Pasteurella multocida","docAbstract":"Avian cholera is a significant infectious disease affecting waterfowl across North America and occurs worldwide among various avian species. Despite the importance of this disease, little is known about the factors that cause avian cholera outbreaks and what management strategies might be used to reduce disease mortality. Previous studies indicated that wetland water conditions may affect survival and transmission of Pasteurella multocida, the agent that causes avian cholera. These studies hypothesized that water conditions affect the likelihood that avian cholera outbreaks will occur in specific wetlands. To test these predictions, we collected data from avian cholera outbreak and non-outbreak (control) wetlands throughout North America (wintera??spring 1995a??1996 to 1998a??1999) to evaluate whether water conditions were associated with outbreaks. Conditional logistic regression analysis on paired outbreak and non-outbreak wetlands indicated no significant association between water conditions and the risk of avian cholera outbreaks. For wetlands where avian cholera outbreaks occurred, linear regression showed that increased eutrophic nutrient concentrations (Potassium [K], nitrate [NO3], phosphorus [P], and phosphate [PO3]) were positively related to the abundance of P. multocida recovered from water and sediment samples. Wetland protein concentration and an El Ni??o event were also associated with P. multocida abundance. Our results indicate that wetland water conditions are not strongly associated with the risk of avian cholera outbreaks; however, some variables may play a role in the abundance of P. multocida bacteria and might be important in reducing the severity of avian cholera outbreaks.
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They are a small to moderate carbon sink of about 49 Tg C yr-1, although the uncertainty around this estimate is greater than 100%, with the largest unknown being the role of carbon sequestration by sedimentation in freshwater mineral-soil wetlands. We estimate that North American wetlands emit 9 Tg methane (CH 4) yr-1; however, the uncertainty of this estimate is also greater than 100%. With the exception of estuarine wetlands, CH4 emissions from wetlands may largely offset any positive benefits of carbon sequestration in soils and plants in terms of climate forcing. Historically, the destruction of wetlands through land-use changes has had the largest effects on the carbon fluxes and consequent radiative forcing of North American wetlands. The primary effects have been a reduction in their ability to sequester carbon (a small to moderate increase in radiative forcing), oxidation of their soil carbon reserves upon drainage (a small increase in radiative forcing), and reduction in CH4 emissions (a small to large decrease in radiative forcing). It is uncertain how global changes will affect the carbon pools and fluxes of North American wetlands. We will not be able to predict accurately the role of wetlands as potential positive or negative feedbacks to anthropogenic global change without knowing the integrative effects of changes in temperature, precipitation, atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, and atmospheric deposition of nitrogen and sulfur on the carbon balance of North American wetlands.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wetlands","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1672/0277-5212(2006)26[889:TCBONA]2.0.CO;2","issn":"02775212","usgsCitation":"Bridgham, S., Megonigal, J., Keller, J., Bliss, N., and Trettin, C., 2006, The carbon balance of North American wetlands: Wetlands, v. 26, no. 4, p. 889-916, https://doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2006)26[889:TCBONA]2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"889","endPage":"916","numberOfPages":"28","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236550,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209823,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2006)26[889:TCBONA]2.0.CO;2"}],"volume":"26","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baa04e4b08c986b322689","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bridgham, S.D.","contributorId":40775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bridgham","given":"S.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Megonigal, J.P.","contributorId":22545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Megonigal","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Keller, J.K.","contributorId":17032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bliss, N.B. 0000-0003-2409-5211","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2409-5211","contributorId":104094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bliss","given":"N.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Trettin, C.","contributorId":18162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trettin","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70028819,"text":"70028819 - 2006 - The 1923 Kanto earthquake reevaluated using a newly augmented geodetic data set","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:56","indexId":"70028819","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The 1923 Kanto earthquake reevaluated using a newly augmented geodetic data set","docAbstract":"This study revisits the mechanism of the 1923 Ms = 7.9 Kanto earthquake in Japan. We derive a new source model and use it to assess quantitative and qualitative aspects of the accommodation of plate motion in the Kanto region. We use a new geodetic data set that consists of displacements from leveling and angle changes from triangulation measurements obtained in surveys between 1883 and 1927. Two unique aspects of our analysis are the inclusion of a large number of second-order triangulation measurements and the application of a correction to remove interseismic deformation. The geometry of the fault planes is adopted from a recent seismic reflection study of the Kanto region. We evaluate the minimum complexity necessary in the model to fit the data optimally. Our final uniform-slip elastic dislocation model consists of two adjacent ???20?? dipping low-angle planes accommodating reverse dextral slip of 6.0 in on the larger, eastern plane and 9.5 m on the smaller, western plane with azimuths of 163?? and 121??, respectively. The earthquake was located in the Sagami trough, where the Philippine Sea plate subducts under Honshu. Compared to the highly oblique angle of plate convergence, the coseismic slip on the large fault plane has a more orthogonal orientation to the strike of the plate boundary, suggesting that slip partitioning plays a role in accommodation of plate motion. What other structure is involved in the partitioning is unclear. Uplift records of marine coastal terraces in Sagami Bay document 7500 years of earthquake activity and predict average recurrence intervals of 400 years for events with vertical displacement profiles similar to those of the 1923 earthquake. This means that the average slip deficit per recurrence interval is ???50% of the relative plate convergence. These findings of plate motion partitioning and slip deficit lead us to suggest that instead of a simple recurrence model with characteristic earthquakes, additional mechanisms are necessary to describe the accommodation of deformation in the Kanto region. So far, obvious candidates for these alternative mechanisms have not been discovered. Copyright 2006 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2005JB003628","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Nyst, M., Nishimura, T., Pollitz, F., and Thatcher, W., 2006, The 1923 Kanto earthquake reevaluated using a newly augmented geodetic data set: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 111, no. 11, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB003628.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477444,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jb003628","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":209797,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JB003628"},{"id":236514,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"111","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-11-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba619e4b08c986b320ebf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nyst, M.","contributorId":66453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nyst","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nishimura, T.","contributorId":94834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nishimura","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pollitz, F. F.","contributorId":108280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pollitz","given":"F. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thatcher, W.","contributorId":32669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thatcher","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}