Gusev crater was selected as the landing site for Spirit on the basis of morphological evidence of long-lasting water activity, including possibly fluvial and lacustrine episodes. From the Columbia Memorial Station to the Columbia Hills, Spirit's traverse provides a journey back in time, from relatively recent volcanic plains showing little evidence for aqueous processes up to the older hills, where rock and soil composition are drastically different. For the first 156 sols, the only evidence of water action was weathering rinds, vein fillings, and soil crust cementation by salts. The trenches of Sols 112-145 marked the first significant findings of increased concentrations of sulfur and magnesium varying in parallel, suggesting that they be paired as magnesium-sulfate. Spirit's arrival at West Spur coincided with a shift in rock and soil composition with observations hinting at substantial amounts of water in Gusev's past. We used the Microscopic Imager data up to Sol 431 to analyze rock and soil properties and infer plausible types and magnitude of aqueous processes through time. We show the role played early by topography and structure. The morphology, texture, and deep alteration shown by the rocks in West Spur and the Columbia Hills Formation (CHF) suggest conditions that are not met in present-day Mars and required a wetter environment, which could have included transport of sulfur, chlorine, and bromine in water, vapor in volcanic gases, hydrothermal circulation, or saturation in a briny fluid containing the same elements. Changing conditions that might have affected flow circulation are suggested by different textural and morphological characteristics between the rocks in the CHF and those of the plains, with higher porosity proxy, higher void ratio, and higher water storage potential in the CHF. Soils were used to assess aqueous processes and water pathways in the top layers of modern soils. We conclude that infiltration might have become more difficult with time.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/2005JE002490","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Cabrol, N., Farmer, J., Grin, E., Ritcher, L., Soderblom, L., Li, R., Herkenhoff, K.E., Landis, G.A., and Arvidson, R., 2006, Aqueous processes at Gusev crater inferred from physical properties of rocks and soils along the Spirit traverse: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 111, no. E2, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JE002490.","productDescription":"15 p.","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":238704,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Gusev crater; Mars","volume":"111","issue":"E2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-02-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed19e4b0c8380cd49614","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cabrol, N.A.","contributorId":65208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cabrol","given":"N.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farmer, J.D.","contributorId":79671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farmer","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grin, E.A.","contributorId":53926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grin","given":"E.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ritcher, L.","contributorId":45112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ritcher","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Soderblom, L.","contributorId":106244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderblom","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Li, R.","contributorId":68441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Li","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Herkenhoff, Kenneth E. 0000-0002-3153-6663 kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3153-6663","contributorId":2275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkenhoff","given":"Kenneth","email":"kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":429278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Landis, G. A.","contributorId":76536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landis","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Arvidson, R. E.","contributorId":46666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arvidson","given":"R. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70030934,"text":"70030934 - 2006 - A regional classification scheme for estimating reference water quality in streams using land-use-adjusted spatial regression-tree analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-06T12:20:16","indexId":"70030934","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A regional classification scheme for estimating reference water quality in streams using land-use-adjusted spatial regression-tree analysis","docAbstract":"Various approaches are used to subdivide large areas into regions containing streams that have similar reference or background water quality and that respond similarly to different factors. For many applications, such as establishing reference conditions, it is preferable to use physical characteristics that are not affected by human activities to delineate these regions. However, most approaches, such as ecoregion classifications, rely on land use to delineate regions or have difficulties compensating for the effects of land use. Land use not only directly affects water quality, but it is often correlated with the factors used to define the regions. In this article, we describe modifications to SPARTA (spatial regression-tree analysis), a relatively new approach applied to water-quality and environmental characteristic data to delineate zones with similar factors affecting water quality. In this modified approach, land-use-adjusted (residualized) water quality and environmental characteristics are computed for each site. Regression-tree analysis is applied to the residualized data to determine the most statistically important environmental characteristics describing the distribution of a specific water-quality constituent. Geographic information for small basins throughout the study area is then used to subdivide the area into relatively homogeneous environmental water-quality zones. For each zone, commonly used approaches are subsequently used to define its reference water quality and how its water quality responds to changes in land use. SPARTA is used to delineate zones of similar reference concentrations of total phosphorus and suspended sediment throughout the upper Midwestern part of the United States. ?? 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00267-005-0022-8","issn":"0364152X","usgsCitation":"Robertson, D.M., Saad, D.A., and Heisey, D., 2006, A regional classification scheme for estimating reference water quality in streams using land-use-adjusted spatial regression-tree analysis: Environmental Management, v. 37, no. 2, p. 209-229, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-005-0022-8.","startPage":"209","endPage":"229","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211445,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-005-0022-8"},{"id":238736,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-11-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e542e4b0c8380cd46c41","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robertson, Dale M. 0000-0001-6799-0596 dzrobert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6799-0596","contributorId":150760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"Dale","email":"dzrobert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":429287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Saad, D. A.","contributorId":85212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saad","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Heisey, D.M.","contributorId":77496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heisey","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70030941,"text":"70030941 - 2006 - The quest for the perfect gravity anomaly: Part 2 - Mass effects and anomaly inversion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:19","indexId":"70030941","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3317,"text":"SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The quest for the perfect gravity anomaly: Part 2 - Mass effects and anomaly inversion","docAbstract":"Gravity anomalies have become an important tool for geologic studies since the widespread use of high-precision gravimeters after the Second World War. More recently the development of instrumentation for airborne gravity observations, procedures for acquiring data from satellite platforms, the readily available Global Positioning System for precise vertical and horizontal control, improved global data bases, and enhancement of computational hardware and software have accelerated the use of the gravity method. As a result, efforts are being made to improve the gravity databases that are made available to the geoscience community by broadening their observational holdings and increasing the accuracy and precision of the included data. Currently the North American Gravity Database as well as the individual databases of Canada, Mexico, and the United States of America are being revised using new formats and standards. The objective of this paper is to describe the use of the revised standards for gravity data processing and modeling and there impact on geological interpretations. ?? 2005 Society of Exploration Geophysicists.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1190/1.2370393","issn":"10523812","usgsCitation":"Keller, G.R., Hildenbrand, T., Hinze, W.J., Li, X., Ravat, D., and Webring, M., 2006, The quest for the perfect gravity anomaly: Part 2 - Mass effects and anomaly inversion: SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts, v. 25, no. 1, p. 864-868, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.2370393.","startPage":"864","endPage":"868","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211533,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2370393"},{"id":238835,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-10-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baeebe4b08c986b32441a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keller, Gordon R.","contributorId":90280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hildenbrand, T.G.","contributorId":83892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildenbrand","given":"T.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hinze, W. J.","contributorId":52607,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hinze","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Li, X.","contributorId":67635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Li","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ravat, D.","contributorId":102971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ravat","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Webring, M.","contributorId":67662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webring","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70030944,"text":"70030944 - 2006 - Structural fabrics, mineralization and Lamaride kinematics of the Idaho Springs-Ralston shear zone, Colorado mineral belt and central Front Range uplift","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-26T10:04:06","indexId":"70030944","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2789,"text":"Mountain Geologist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structural fabrics, mineralization and Lamaride kinematics of the Idaho Springs-Ralston shear zone, Colorado mineral belt and central Front Range uplift","docAbstract":"The Idaho Springs and Central City mining districts form the central portion of a structurally controlled hydrothermal precious- and base-metal vein system in the Front Range of the northeast-trending Colorado Mineral Belt. Three new 40Ar/39Ar plateau ages on hydrothermal sericite indicate the veins formed during the Laramide orogeny between 65.4??1.5 - 61.9??1.3 Ma. We compile structural geologic data from surface geological maps, subsurface mine maps, and theses for analysis using modern graphical methods and integration into models of formation of economic mineral deposits. Structural data sets, produced in the 1950s and 1960s by the U.S. Geological Survey, are compiled for fabric elements, including metamorphic foliations, fold axial trends, major brittle fault zones, quartz and precious- and base-metal veins and fault veins, Tertiary dikes, and joints. These fabric elements are plotted on equal-area projections and analyzed for mean fabric orientations. Strike-slip fault-vein sets are mostly parallel or sub-parallel, and not conjugate as interpreted by previous work; late-stage, normal-slip fault veins possibly show a pattern indicative of triaxial strain. Fault-slip kinematic analysis was used to model the trend of the Laramide maximum horizontal stress axis, or compression direction, and to determine compatibility of opening and shear motions within a single stress field. The combined-model maximum compression direction for all strike slip fault veins is ???068??, which is consistent with published Laramide compression directions of ???064?? (mean of 23 regional models) and ???072?? for the Front Range uplift. The orientations of fabric elements were analyzed for mechanical and kinematic compatibility with opening, and thus permeability enhancement, in the modeled regional east-northeast, Laramide compression direction. The fabric orientation analysis and paleostress modeling show that structural permeability during mineralization was enhanced along pre-existing metamorphic foliations and fold axial planes. Large orientation dispersion in most fabric elements likely caused myriad potential pathways for permeability. The dominant orientations of opening and shear mode structures are consistent with a sub-parallel network of structures that formed in the Laramide east-northeast compression direction. The results presented demonstrate the importance of using mechanical and kinematic theory integrated with contemporary ideas of permeability structure to better understand the coupled nature of fluid flow, mineral deposition, stress, and strain. Further, the results demonstrate that there is significant internal strain within this basement-cored uplift that was localized by optimally oriented pre-existing structures in a regional stress field.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mountain Geologist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0027254X","usgsCitation":"Caine, J.S., Nelson, E., Beach, S., and Layer, P., 2006, Structural fabrics, mineralization and Lamaride kinematics of the Idaho Springs-Ralston shear zone, Colorado mineral belt and central Front Range uplift: Mountain Geologist, v. 43, no. 1, p. 1-24.","startPage":"1","endPage":"24","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":238867,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9be8e4b08c986b31d178","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Caine, Jonathan S. 0000-0002-7269-6989 jscaine@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7269-6989","contributorId":1272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caine","given":"Jonathan","email":"jscaine@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":429331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nelson, E.P.","contributorId":53577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"E.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Beach, S.T.","contributorId":40012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beach","given":"S.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Layer, P.W.","contributorId":42398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Layer","given":"P.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70030477,"text":"70030477 - 2006 - Albatross species demonstrate regional differences in North Pacific marine contamination","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:04","indexId":"70030477","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Albatross species demonstrate regional differences in North Pacific marine contamination","docAbstract":"Recent concern about negative effects on human health from elevated organochlorine and mercury concentrations in marine foods has highlighted the need to understand temporal and spatial patterns of marine pollution. Seabirds, long-lived pelagic predators with wide foraging ranges, can be used as indicators of regional contaminant patterns across large temporal and spatial scales. Here we evaluate contaminant levels, carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios, and satellite telemetry data from two sympatrically breeding North Pacific albatross species to demonstrate that (1) organochlorine and mercury contaminant levels are significantly higher in the California Current compared to levels in the high-latitude North Pacific and (2) levels of organochlorine contaminants in the North Paci.c are increasing over time. Black-footed Albatrosses (Phoebastria nigripes) had 370-460% higher organochlorine (polychlorinated biphenyls [PCBs], dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes [DDTs]) and mercury body burdens than a closely related species, the Laysan Albatross (P. immutabilis), primarily due to regional segregation of their North Pacific foraging areas. PCBs (the sum of the individual PCB congeners analyzed) and DDE concentrations in both albatross species were 130-360% higher than concentrations measured a decade ago. Our results demonstrate dramatically high and increasing contaminant concentrations in the eastern North Pacific Ocean, a finding relevant to other marine predators, including humans. ?? 2006 by the Ecological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Applications","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"10510761","usgsCitation":"Finkelstein, M., Keitt, B., Croll, D., Tershy, B., Jarman, W.M., Rodriguez-Pastor, S., Anderson, D., Sievert, P., and Smith, D., 2006, Albatross species demonstrate regional differences in North Pacific marine contamination: Ecological Applications, v. 16, no. 2, p. 678-686.","startPage":"678","endPage":"686","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239068,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e953e4b0c8380cd481e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finkelstein, M.","contributorId":103776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finkelstein","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keitt, B.S.","contributorId":30440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keitt","given":"B.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Croll, D.A.","contributorId":28058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Croll","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tershy, B.","contributorId":96898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tershy","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jarman, Walter M.","contributorId":21895,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jarman","given":"Walter","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":6950,"text":"U CA Santa Cruz Long Marine Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":427281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rodriguez-Pastor, S.","contributorId":99371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodriguez-Pastor","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Anderson, D.J.","contributorId":53598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Sievert, P.R.","contributorId":104858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sievert","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Smith, D. R. 0000-0001-6074-9257","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6074-9257","contributorId":44108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D. R.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":427284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70030504,"text":"70030504 - 2006 - The importance of diverse data types to calibrate a watershed model of the Trout Lake Basin, Northern Wisconsin, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:13","indexId":"70030504","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The importance of diverse data types to calibrate a watershed model of the Trout Lake Basin, Northern Wisconsin, USA","docAbstract":"As part of the USGS Water, Energy, and Biogeochemical Budgets project and the NSF Long-Term Ecological Research work, a parameter estimation code was used to calibrate a deterministic groundwater flow model of the Trout Lake Basin in northern Wisconsin. Observations included traditional calibration targets (head, lake stage, and baseflow observations) as well as unconventional targets such as groundwater flows to and from lakes, depth of a lake water plume, and time of travel. The unconventional data types were important for parameter estimation convergence and allowed the development of a more detailed parameterization capable of resolving model objectives with well-constrained parameter values. Independent estimates of groundwater inflow to lakes were most important for constraining lakebed leakance and the depth of the lake water plume was important for determining hydraulic conductivity and conceptual aquifer layering. The most important target overall, however, was a conventional regional baseflow target that led to correct distribution of flow between sub-basins and the regional system during model calibration. The use of an automated parameter estimation code: (1) facilitated the calibration process by providing a quantitative assessment of the model's ability to match disparate observed data types; and (2) allowed assessment of the influence of observed targets on the calibration process. The model calibration required the use of a 'universal' parameter estimation code in order to include all types of observations in the objective function. The methods described in this paper help address issues of watershed complexity and non-uniqueness common to deterministic watershed models. ?? 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.08.005","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Hunt, R.J., Feinstein, D.T., Pint, C., and Anderson, M.P., 2006, The importance of diverse data types to calibrate a watershed model of the Trout Lake Basin, Northern Wisconsin, USA: Journal of Hydrology, v. 321, no. 1-4, p. 286-296, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.08.005.","startPage":"286","endPage":"296","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212072,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.08.005"},{"id":239488,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"321","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bacf4e4b08c986b323886","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hunt, R. J.","contributorId":40164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Feinstein, D. T.","contributorId":47328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feinstein","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pint, C.D.","contributorId":90535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pint","given":"C.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Anderson, Marilyn P.","contributorId":102970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Marilyn","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70030567,"text":"70030567 - 2006 - Predicting water-surface fluctuation of continental lakes: A RS and GIS based approach in Central Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:04","indexId":"70030567","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3721,"text":"Water Resources Management","onlineIssn":"1573-1650","printIssn":"0920-4741","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predicting water-surface fluctuation of continental lakes: A RS and GIS based approach in Central Mexico","docAbstract":"Changes in the water-surface area occupied by the Cuitzeo Lake, Mexico, during the 1974-2001 period are analysed in this study. The research is based on remote sensing and geographic information techniques, as well as statistical analysis. High-resolution satellite image data were used to analyse the 1974-2000 period, and very low-resolution satellite image data were used for the 1997-2001 period. The long-term analysis (1974-2000) indicated that there were temporal changes in the surface area of the Cuitzeo Lake and that these changes were related to precipitation and temperatures that occurred in the previous year. Short-term monitoring (1997-2001) showed that the Cuitzeo Lake surface is lowering. Field observations demonstrated also that yearly desiccation is recurrent, particularly, in the western section of the lake. Results suggested that this behaviour was probably due to a drought period in the basin that began in the mid 1990s. Regression models constructed from long-term data showed that fluctuations of lake level can be estimated by monthly mean precipitation and temperatures of the previous year. ?? Springer Science + Business Media, Inc. 2006.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Resources Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s11269-006-8199-z","issn":"09204741","usgsCitation":"Mendoza, M., Bocco, G., Bravo, M., Lopez, G.E., and Osterkamp, W.R., 2006, Predicting water-surface fluctuation of continental lakes: A RS and GIS based approach in Central Mexico: Water Resources Management, v. 20, no. 2, p. 291-311, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-006-8199-z.","startPage":"291","endPage":"311","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212017,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11269-006-8199-z"},{"id":239420,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a81dfe4b0c8380cd7b79d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mendoza, M.E.","contributorId":37150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mendoza","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bocco, G.","contributorId":106709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bocco","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bravo, M.","contributorId":65668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bravo","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lopez, Granados E.","contributorId":28070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lopez","given":"Granados","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Osterkamp, W. R.","contributorId":46044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osterkamp","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70030284,"text":"70030284 - 2006 - Insular and migrant species, longevity records, and new species records on Guana Island, British Virgin Islands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:02","indexId":"70030284","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3784,"text":"Wilson Journal of Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Insular and migrant species, longevity records, and new species records on Guana Island, British Virgin Islands","docAbstract":"We conducted mist netting each October from 1994 to 2004 on Guana Island, British Virgin Islands, and recorded bird sightings to develop a more complete inventory of the island's resident and migrant species. During our study, we recorded four new species for the British Virgin Islands: Magnolia Warbler (Dendroica magnolia; 1996), Golden-winged Warbler (Vermivora chrysoptera; 1997), Swainson's Thrush (Catharus ustulatus; 2000), and Red-necked Phalarope (Phalaropus lobatus; 2004). Blackpoll Warbler (Dendroica striata) was the most frequently captured Neotropical migrant landbird, despite only being first detected in the region in 1989. Captures and detections of other Neotropical migrant landbirds suggest that many species may be more common in the region than previously believed, or, as speculated by other researchers, that migrant routes may be shifting eastward due to habitat degradation on western Caribbean islands. We also used recapture data to establish longevity records of resident species, including Caribbean Elaenia (Elaenia martinica; ??? 7 years), Bananaquit (Coereba flaveola; 7 years), Black-faced Grassquit (Tiaris bicolor; ???9 years), and Zenaida Dove (Zenaida aurita; 5 years). Longevities of other resident species were similar to, or slightly less than, those reported elsewhere.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wilson Journal of Ornithology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1676/05-006.1","issn":"15594491","usgsCitation":"Boal, C.W., Sibley, F., Estabrook, T., and Lazell, J., 2006, Insular and migrant species, longevity records, and new species records on Guana Island, British Virgin Islands: Wilson Journal of Ornithology, v. 118, no. 2, p. 218-224, https://doi.org/10.1676/05-006.1.","startPage":"218","endPage":"224","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211945,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1676/05-006.1"},{"id":239333,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"118","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3c50e4b0c8380cd62c46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boal, C. W.","contributorId":102614,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boal","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sibley, F.C.","contributorId":79971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sibley","given":"F.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Estabrook, T.S.","contributorId":43149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estabrook","given":"T.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lazell, J.","contributorId":36517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lazell","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70030298,"text":"70030298 - 2006 - Recordings from the deepest borehole in the New Madrid Seismic Zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:11","indexId":"70030298","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recordings from the deepest borehole in the New Madrid Seismic Zone","docAbstract":"The recordings at the deepest vertical strong-motion array (VSAS) from three small events, the 21 October 2004 Tiptonville, Tennessee, earthquake; the 10 February 2005 Arkansas earthquake; and the 2 June 2005 Ridgely, Tennessee, earthquake show some interesting wave-propagation phenomena through the soils: the S-wave is attenuated from 260 m to 30 m depth and amplified from 30 m to the surface. The S-wave arrival times from the three events yielded different shear-wave velocity estimates for the soils. These different estimates may be the result of different incident angles of the S-waves due to different epicentral distances. The epicentral distances are about 22 km, 110 km, and 47 km for the Tiptonville, Arkansas, and Ridgely earthquakes, respectively. These recordings show the usefulness of the borehole strong-motion array. The vertical strong-motion arrays operated by the University of Kentucky have started to accumulate recordings that will provide a database for scientists and engineers to study the effects of the near-surface soils on the strong ground motion in the New Madrid Seismic Zone. More information about the Kentucky Seismic and Strong-Motion Network can be found at www.uky.edu/KGS/geologichazards. The digital recordings are available at ftp://kgsweb.uky.edu.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Seismological Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"08950695","usgsCitation":"Wang, Z., and Woolery, E., 2006, Recordings from the deepest borehole in the New Madrid Seismic Zone: Seismological Research Letters, v. 77, no. 2, p. 148-153.","startPage":"148","endPage":"153","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239581,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"77","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a288e4b0e8fec6cdb63f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wang, Z.","contributorId":67976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woolery, E.W.","contributorId":53548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woolery","given":"E.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70030674,"text":"70030674 - 2006 - Using a binaural biomimetic array to identify bottom objects ensonified by echolocating dolphins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:00","indexId":"70030674","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1013,"text":"Bioinspiration and Biomimetics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using a binaural biomimetic array to identify bottom objects ensonified by echolocating dolphins","docAbstract":"The development of a unique dolphin biomimetic sonar produced data that were used to study signal processing methods for object identification. Echoes from four metallic objects proud on the bottom, and a substrate-only condition, were generated by bottlenose dolphins trained to ensonify the targets in very shallow water. Using the two-element ('binaural') receive array, object echo spectra were collected and submitted for identification to four neural network architectures. Identification accuracy was evaluated over two receive array configurations, and five signal processing schemes. The four neural networks included backpropagation, learning vector quantization, genetic learning and probabilistic network architectures. The processing schemes included four methods that capitalized on the binaural data, plus a monaural benchmark process. All the schemes resulted in above-chance identification accuracy when applied to learning vector quantization and backpropagation. Beam-forming or concatenation of spectra from both receive elements outperformed the monaural benchmark, with higher sensitivity and lower bias. Ultimately, best object identification performance was achieved by the learning vector quantization network supplied with beam-formed data. The advantages of multi-element signal processing for object identification are clearly demonstrated in this development of a first-ever dolphin biomimetic sonar. ?? 2006 IOP Publishing Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bioinspiration and Biomimetics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1088/1748-3182/1/2/002","issn":"17483182","usgsCitation":"Heiweg, D., Moore, P., Martin, S., and Dankiewicz, L., 2006, Using a binaural biomimetic array to identify bottom objects ensonified by echolocating dolphins: Bioinspiration and Biomimetics, v. 1, no. 2, p. 41-51, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-3182/1/2/002.","startPage":"41","endPage":"51","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239389,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211992,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-3182/1/2/002"}],"volume":"1","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-08-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc022e4b08c986b329f4e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heiweg, D.A.","contributorId":73818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heiweg","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, P.W.","contributorId":98111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"P.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Martin, S.W.","contributorId":65283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dankiewicz, L.A.","contributorId":49599,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dankiewicz","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70030300,"text":"70030300 - 2006 - Teachers doing science: An authentic geology research experience for teachers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:02","indexId":"70030300","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2324,"text":"Journal of Geoscience Education","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Teachers doing science: An authentic geology research experience for teachers","docAbstract":"Fairmont State University (FSU) and the West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey (WVGES) provided a small pilot group of West Virginia science teachers with a professional development session designed to mimic experiences obtained by geology majors during a typical summer field camp. Called GEOTECH, the program served as a research capstone event complimenting the participants' multi-year association with the RockCamp professional development program. GEOTECH was funded through a Improving Teacher Quality Grant administered by West Virginia Higher Education Policy Commission. Over the course of three weeks, eight GEOTEACH participants learned field measurement and field data collection techniques which they then applied to the construction of a surficial geologic map. The program exposed participants to authentic scientific processes by emphasizing the authentic scientific application of content knowledge. As a secondary product, it also enhanced their appreciation of the true nature of science in general and geology particular. After the session, a new appreciation of the effort involved in making a geologic map emerged as tacit knowledge ready to be transferred to their students. The program was assessed using pre/post instruments, cup interviews, journals, artifacts (including geologic maps, field books, and described sections), performance assessments, and constructed response items. Evaluation of the accumulated data revealed an increase in participants demonstrated use of science content knowledge, an enhanced awareness and understanding of the processes and nature of geologic mapping, positive dispositions toward geologic research and a high satisfaction rating for the program. These findings support the efficacy of the experience and document future programmatic enhancements.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geoscience Education","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"10899995","usgsCitation":"Hemler, D., and Repine, T., 2006, Teachers doing science: An authentic geology research experience for teachers: Journal of Geoscience Education, v. 54, no. 2, p. 93-102.","startPage":"93","endPage":"102","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239058,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba3f6e4b08c986b31fffc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hemler, D.","contributorId":62408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hemler","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Repine, T.","contributorId":51537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Repine","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70030310,"text":"70030310 - 2006 - Unusual Holocene and late Pleistocene carbonate sedimentation in Bear Lake, Utah and Idaho, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:02","indexId":"70030310","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3368,"text":"Sedimentary Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Unusual Holocene and late Pleistocene carbonate sedimentation in Bear Lake, Utah and Idaho, USA","docAbstract":"Bear Lake (Utah-Idaho, USA) has been producing large quantities of carbonate minerals of varying mineralogy for the past 17,000 years. The history of sedimentation in Bear Lake is documented through the study of isotopic ratios of oxygen, carbon, and strontium, percent organic carbon, percent CaCO3, X-ray diffraction mineralogy, HCl-leach inorganic geochemistry, and magnetic properties on samples from three piston cores. Historically, the Bear River, the main source of water for Great Salt Lake, did not enter Bear Lake until it was artificially diverted into the lake at the beginning of the 20th century. However, during the last glacial interval, the Bear River did enter Bear Lake depositing red, calcareous, silty clay. About 18,000 years ago, the Bear River became disconnected from Bear Lake. A combination of warmer water, increased evaporation, and increased organic productivity triggered the precipitation of calcium carbonate, first as calcite. As the salinity of the lake increased due to evaporation, aragonite began to precipitate about 11,000 years ago. Aragonite is the dominant mineral that accumulated in bottom sediments of the lake during the Holocene, comprising an average of about 70 wt.% of the sediments. Aragonite formation in a large, cold, oligotrophic, high latitude lake is highly unusual. Lacustrine aragonite usually is found in small, saline lakes in which the salinity varies considerably over time. However, Bear Lake contains endemic ostracodes and fish, which indicate that the chemistry of the lake has remained fairly constant for a long time. Stable isotope data from Holocene aragonite show that the salinity of Bear Lake increased throughout the Holocene, but never reached highly evolved values of ??18O in spite of an evaporation-dominated water balance. Bear Lake hydrology combined with evaporation created an unusual situation that produced large amounts of aragonite, but no evaporite minerals.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Sedimentary Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.sedgeo.2005.11.016","issn":"00370738","usgsCitation":"Dean, W., Rosenbaum, J., Skipp, G., Colman, S., Forester, R., Liu, A., Simmons, K., and Bischoff, J., 2006, Unusual Holocene and late Pleistocene carbonate sedimentation in Bear Lake, Utah and Idaho, USA: Sedimentary Geology, v. 185, no. 1-2, p. 93-112, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2005.11.016.","startPage":"93","endPage":"112","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211857,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2005.11.016"},{"id":239228,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"185","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbcf7e4b08c986b328e76","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dean, W.","contributorId":24076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rosenbaum, J.","contributorId":102989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenbaum","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Skipp, G.","contributorId":49899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skipp","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Colman, S.","contributorId":63553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Forester, R.","contributorId":91301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forester","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Liu, A.","contributorId":90110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Simmons, K.","contributorId":75333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simmons","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Bischoff, J.","contributorId":32730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bischoff","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70031137,"text":"70031137 - 2006 - Geodetic observations and modeling of magmatic inflation at the Three Sisters volcanic center, central Oregon Cascade Range, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-01T08:42:15","indexId":"70031137","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geodetic observations and modeling of magmatic inflation at the Three Sisters volcanic center, central Oregon Cascade Range, USA","docAbstract":"Tumescence at the Three Sisters volcanic center began sometime between summer 1996 and summer 1998 and was discovered in April 2001 using interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR). Swelling is centered about 5 km west of the summit of South Sister, a composite basaltic-andesite to rhyolite volcano that last erupted between 2200 and 2000 yr ago, and it affects an area ∼20 km in diameter within the Three Sisters Wilderness. Yearly InSAR observations show that the average maximum displacement rate was 3–5 cm/yr through summer 2001, and the velocity of a continuous GPS station within the deforming area was essentially constant from June 2001 to June 2004. The background level of seismic activity has been low, suggesting that temperatures in the source region are high enough or the strain rate has been low enough to favor plastic deformation over brittle failure. A swarm of about 300 small earthquakes (Mmax = 1.9) in the northeast quadrant of the deforming area on March 23–26, 2004, was the first notable seismicity in the area for at least two decades. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) established tilt-leveling and EDM networks at South Sister in 1985–1986, resurveyed them in 2001, the latter with GPS, and extended them to cover more of the deforming area. The 2001 tilt-leveling results are consistent with the inference drawn from InSAR that the current deformation episode did not start before 1996, i.e., the amount of deformation during 1995–2001 from InSAR fully accounts for the net tilt at South Sister during 1985–2001 from tilt-leveling. Subsequent InSAR, GPS, and leveling observations constrain the source location, geometry, and inflation rate as a function of time. A best-fit source model derived from simultaneous inversion of all three datasets is a dipping sill located 6.5 ± 2.5 km below the surface with a volume increase of 5.0 × 106 ± 1.5 × 106m3/yr (95% confidence limits). The most likely cause of tumescence is a pulse of basaltic magma intruding the upper crust along the brittle–ductile interface — a process that must occur episodically beneath the Cascade Range but in the past would have escaped detection in the absence of unusual seismicity. We speculate that such intrusive episodes last from days to years and are separated by quiescent periods of decades to centuries. The likelihood that the current episode at Three Sisters will culminate in an eruption is judged to be low, but the impact of an eruption could be great. The USGS has updated its volcano hazards assessment for the Three Sisters region, notified appropriate agencies and the public, and is helping to prepare an emergency coordination and communication plan.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2005.07.011","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Dzurisin, D., Lisowski, M., Wicks, C., Poland, M., and Endo, E.T., 2006, Geodetic observations and modeling of magmatic inflation at the Three Sisters volcanic center, central Oregon Cascade Range, USA: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 150, no. 1-3, p. 35-54, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2005.07.011.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"35","endPage":"54","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":238783,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Central Oregon Cascade Range, Three Sisters volcanic center","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121,\n 44.5\n ],\n [\n -121,\n 43.5\n ],\n [\n -122.5,\n 43.5\n ],\n [\n -122.5,\n 44.5\n ],\n [\n -121,\n 44.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"150","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a173de4b0c8380cd55441","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dzurisin, Daniel 0000-0002-0138-5067 dzurisin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0138-5067","contributorId":538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dzurisin","given":"Daniel","email":"dzurisin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":430208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lisowski, Michael 0000-0003-4818-2504 mlisowski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4818-2504","contributorId":637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"Michael","email":"mlisowski@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":430207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wicks, Charles W. Jr. cwicks@usgs.gov","contributorId":3476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wicks","given":"Charles W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"cwicks@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":430205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Poland, Michael P. 0000-0001-5240-6123","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5240-6123","contributorId":105847,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poland","given":"Michael P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Endo, Elliot T.","contributorId":10439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Endo","given":"Elliot","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70030451,"text":"70030451 - 2006 - L1C signal design options","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:04","indexId":"70030451","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"L1C signal design options","docAbstract":"Design activities for a new civil signal centered at 1575.42 MHz, called L1C, began in 2003, and the Phase 1 effort was completed in 2004. The L1C signal design has evolved and matured during a Phase 2 design activity that began in 2005. Phase 2 has built on the initial design activity, guided by responses to international user surveys conducted during Phase 1. A common core of signal characteristics has been developed to provide advances in robustness and performance. The Phase 2 activity produced five design options, all drawing upon the core signal characteristics, while representing different blends of characteristics and capabilities. A second round of international user surveys was completed to solicit advice concerning these design options. This paper provides an update of the L1C design process, and describes the current L1C design options. Initial performance estimates are presented for each design option, displaying trades between signal tracking robustness, the speed and robustness of clock and ephemeris data, and the rate and robustness of other data message contents. Planned remaining activities are summarized, leading to optimization of the L1C design.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Institute of Navigation, National Technical Meeting","conferenceTitle":"Institute of Navigation, National Technical Meeting 2006, NTM","conferenceDate":"18 January 2006 through 20 January 2006","conferenceLocation":"Monterey, CA","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Betz, J., Cahn, C., Dafesh, P., Hegarty, C., Hudnut, K., Jones, A., Keegan, R., Kovach, K., Lenahan, L., Ma, H., Rushanan, J., Stansell, T., Wang, C., and Yi, S., 2006, L1C signal design options, in Proceedings of the Institute of Navigation, National Technical Meeting, v. 2, Monterey, CA, 18 January 2006 through 20 January 2006, p. 685-697.","startPage":"685","endPage":"697","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239237,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a40d2e4b0c8380cd65082","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Betz, J.W.","contributorId":7484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Betz","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cahn, C.R.","contributorId":86556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cahn","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dafesh, P.A.","contributorId":98937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dafesh","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hegarty, C.J.","contributorId":26501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hegarty","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hudnut, K.W.","contributorId":25179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudnut","given":"K.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Jones, A.J.","contributorId":78151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Keegan, R.","contributorId":49170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keegan","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Kovach, K.","contributorId":69348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kovach","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Lenahan, L.S.","contributorId":107916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lenahan","given":"L.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Ma, H.H.","contributorId":47959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ma","given":"H.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Rushanan, J.J.","contributorId":26129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rushanan","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Stansell, T.A.","contributorId":38761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stansell","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Wang, C.C.","contributorId":22956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Yi, S.K.","contributorId":35108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yi","given":"S.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}} ,{"id":70030564,"text":"70030564 - 2006 - MODFLOW/MT3DMS-based simulation of variable-density ground water flow and transport","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:05","indexId":"70030564","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"MODFLOW/MT3DMS-based simulation of variable-density ground water flow and transport","docAbstract":"This paper presents an approach for coupling MODFLOW and MT3DMS for the simulation of variable-density ground water flow. MODFLOW routines were modified to solve a variable-density form of the ground water flow equation in which the density terms are calculated using an equation of state and the simulated MT3DMS solute concentrations. Changes to the MODFLOW and MT3DMS input files were kept to a minimum, and thus existing data files and data files created with most pre- and postprocessors can be used directly with the SEAWAT code. The approach was tested by simulating the Henry problem and two of the saltpool laboratory experiments (low- and high-density cases). For the Henry problem, the simulated results compared well with the steady-state semianalytic solution and also the transient isochlor movement as simulated by a finite-element model. For the saltpool problem, the simulated breakthrough curves compared better with the laboratory measurements for the low-density case than for the high-density case but showed good agreement with the measured salinity isosurfaces for both cases. Results from the test cases presented here indicate that the MODFLOW/MT3DMS approach provides accurate solutions for problems involving variable-density ground water flow and solute transport. ?? 2006 National Ground Water Association.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.00156.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Langevin, C., and Guo, W., 2006, MODFLOW/MT3DMS-based simulation of variable-density ground water flow and transport: Ground Water, v. 44, no. 3, p. 339-351, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.00156.x.","startPage":"339","endPage":"351","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477602,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.549.1049","text":"External Repository"},{"id":211960,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.00156.x"},{"id":239350,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-12-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4ae4e4b0c8380cd69117","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langevin, C.D.","contributorId":25976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langevin","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Guo, W.","contributorId":43230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guo","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70030563,"text":"70030563 - 2006 - Microsatellite DNA and mitochondrial DNA variation in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from the Beaufort and Chukchi seas, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-08T10:51:25","indexId":"70030563","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1176,"text":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Microsatellite DNA and mitochondrial DNA variation in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from the Beaufort and Chukchi seas, Alaska","docAbstract":"Radiotelemetry data have shown that polar bears (Ursus maritimus Phipps, 1774) occur in separate subpopulations in the Chukchi Sea and the southern Beaufort Sea. However, segregation is not absolute, and there is overlap of ranges of animals in each subpopulation. We used genetic variation at eight microsatellite DNA loci and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to further assess the degree of spatial structure of polar bears from the Chukchi and southern Beaufort seas. Microsatellite allele frequencies and mtDNA haplotype frequencies of bears from the southern Beaufort and Chukchi seas did not differ significantly. Lack of differentiation at both maternally inherited mtDNA and bi-parentally inherited microsatellite loci suggests that gene flow between the two areas is mediated by both sexes. The genetic data indicate that polar bears in the southern Beaufort and Chukchi seas compose one interbreeding population. However, there is considerable fidelity to ranges in each area, particularly by adult females. The combined genetic and movement data suggest that polar bears could be managed as Beaufort Sea and Chukchi Sea subpopulations of a combined southern Beaufort Sea and Chukchi Sea population. ?? 2006 NRC.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1139/Z06-039","issn":"00084301","usgsCitation":"Cronin, M.A., Amstrup, S.C., and Scribner, K., 2006, Microsatellite DNA and mitochondrial DNA variation in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from the Beaufort and Chukchi seas, Alaska: Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 84, no. 5, p. 655-660, https://doi.org/10.1139/Z06-039.","startPage":"655","endPage":"660","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":239316,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211931,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/Z06-039"}],"volume":"84","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a569be4b0c8380cd6d6c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cronin, M. A.","contributorId":80216,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Amstrup, Steven C.","contributorId":67034,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amstrup","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13182,"text":"Polar Bears International","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":427660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Scribner, K.T.","contributorId":97033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scribner","given":"K.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70030668,"text":"70030668 - 2006 - Daily energy expenditure in free-ranging Gopher Tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:00","indexId":"70030668","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1337,"text":"Copeia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Daily energy expenditure in free-ranging Gopher Tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus)","docAbstract":"Studies of ecological energetics in chelonians are rare. Here, we report the first measurements of daily energy expenditure (DEE) and water influx rates (WIRs) in free-ranging adult Gopher Tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus). We used the doubly labeled water (DLW) method to measure DEE in six adult tortoises during the non-breeding season in south-central Mississippi, USA. Tortoise DEE ranged from 76.7-187.5 kj/day and WIR ranged from 30.6-93.1 ml H2O/day. Daily energy expenditure did not differ between the sexes, but DEE was positively related to body mass. Water influx rates varied with the interaction of sex and body mass. We used a log/log regression model to assess the allometric relationship between DEE and body mass for Gopher Tortoises, Desert Tortoises (Gopherus agassizii), and Box Turtles (Terrapene carolina), the only chelonians for which DEE has been measured. The slope of this allometric model (0.626) was less than that previously calculated for herbivorous reptiles (0.813), suggesting that chelonians may expend energy at a slower rate per unit of body mass compared to other herbivorous reptiles. We used retrospective power analyses and data from the DLW isotope analyses to develop guidelines for sample sizes and duration of measurement intervals, respectively, for larger-scale energetic studies in this species. ?? 2006 by the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Copeia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1643/0045-8511(2006)006[0129:DEEIFG]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00458511","usgsCitation":"Jodice, P., Epperson, D., and Visser, G.H., 2006, Daily energy expenditure in free-ranging Gopher Tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus): Copeia, no. 1, p. 129-136, https://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2006)006[0129:DEEIFG]2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"129","endPage":"136","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211936,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2006)006[0129:DEEIFG]2.0.CO;2"},{"id":239321,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fd59e4b0c8380cd4e7bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jodice, P.G.R.","contributorId":79846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jodice","given":"P.G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Epperson, D.M. 0000-0002-0567-4915","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0567-4915","contributorId":95246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Epperson","given":"D.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Visser, G. Henk","contributorId":105497,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Visser","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"Henk","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70030665,"text":"70030665 - 2006 - Probabilistic analysis of tsunami hazards","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-24T15:06:14","indexId":"70030665","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2822,"text":"Natural Hazards","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Probabilistic analysis of tsunami hazards","docAbstract":"Determining the likelihood of a disaster is a key component of any comprehensive hazard assessment. This is particularly true for tsunamis, even though most tsunami hazard assessments have in the past relied on scenario or deterministic type models. We discuss probabilistic tsunami hazard analysis (PTHA) from the standpoint of integrating computational methods with empirical analysis of past tsunami runup. PTHA is derived from probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA), with the main difference being that PTHA must account for far-field sources. The computational methods rely on numerical tsunami propagation models rather than empirical attenuation relationships as in PSHA in determining ground motions. Because a number of source parameters affect local tsunami runup height, PTHA can become complex and computationally intensive. Empirical analysis can function in one of two ways, depending on the length and completeness of the tsunami catalog. For site-specific studies where there is sufficient tsunami runup data available, hazard curves can primarily be derived from empirical analysis, with computational methods used to highlight deficiencies in the tsunami catalog. For region-wide analyses and sites where there are little to no tsunami data, a computationally based method such as Monte Carlo simulation is the primary method to establish tsunami hazards. Two case studies that describe how computational and empirical methods can be integrated are presented for Acapulco, Mexico (site-specific) and the U.S. Pacific Northwest coastline (region-wide analysis).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Natural Hazards","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s11069-005-4646-z","issn":"0921030X","usgsCitation":"Geist, E., and Parsons, T., 2006, Probabilistic analysis of tsunami hazards: Natural Hazards, v. 37, no. 3, p. 277-314, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-005-4646-z.","productDescription":"38 p.","startPage":"277","endPage":"314","numberOfPages":"38","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":211879,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-005-4646-z"},{"id":239252,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8c7be4b0c8380cd7e6fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Geist, E.L. 0000-0003-0611-1150","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0611-1150","contributorId":71993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geist","given":"E.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parsons, T.","contributorId":48288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70030454,"text":"70030454 - 2006 - Typing mineral deposits using their associated rocks, grades and tonnages using a probabilistic neural network","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:04","indexId":"70030454","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2700,"text":"Mathematical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Typing mineral deposits using their associated rocks, grades and tonnages using a probabilistic neural network","docAbstract":"A probabilistic neural network is employed to classify 1610 mineral deposits into 18 types using tonnage, average Cu, Mo, Ag, Au, Zn, and Pb grades, and six generalized rock types. The purpose is to examine whether neural networks might serve for integrating geoscience information available in large mineral databases to classify sites by deposit type. Successful classifications of 805 deposits not used in training - 87% with grouped porphyry copper deposits - and the nature of misclassifications demonstrate the power of probabilistic neural networks and the value of quantitative mineral-deposit models. The results also suggest that neural networks can classify deposits as well as experienced economic geologists. ?? International Association for Mathematical Geology 2006.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mathematical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s11004-005-9023-7","issn":"08828121","usgsCitation":"Singer, D., 2006, Typing mineral deposits using their associated rocks, grades and tonnages using a probabilistic neural network: Mathematical Geology, v. 38, no. 4, p. 465-474, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11004-005-9023-7.","startPage":"465","endPage":"474","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211897,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11004-005-9023-7"},{"id":239273,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-08-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb9b8e4b08c986b327d6e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Singer, D.A.","contributorId":69128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70030659,"text":"70030659 - 2006 - Estimating thermal diffusivity and specific heat from needle probe thermal conductivity data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-29T14:11:40","indexId":"70030659","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3276,"text":"Review of Scientific Instruments","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating thermal diffusivity and specific heat from needle probe thermal conductivity data","docAbstract":"Thermal diffusivity and specific heat can be estimated from thermal conductivity measurements made using a standard needle probe and a suitably high data acquisition rate. Thermal properties are calculated from the measured temperature change in a sample subjected to heating by a needle probe. Accurate thermal conductivity measurements are obtained from a linear fit to many tens or hundreds of temperature change data points. In contrast, thermal diffusivity calculations require a nonlinear fit to the measured temperature change occurring in the first few tenths of a second of the measurement, resulting in a lower accuracy than that obtained for thermal conductivity. Specific heat is calculated from the ratio of thermal conductivity to diffusivity, and thus can have an uncertainty no better than that of the diffusivity estimate. Our thermal conductivity measurements of ice Ih and of tetrahydrofuran (THF) hydrate, made using a 1.6 mm outer diameter needle probe and a data acquisition rate of 18.2 pointss, agree with published results. Our thermal diffusivity and specific heat results reproduce published results within 25% for ice Ih and 3% for THF hydrate. ?? 2006 American Institute of Physics.","language":"English","publisher":"AIP Publishing","doi":"10.1063/1.2194481","issn":"00346748","usgsCitation":"Waite, W., Gilbert, L., Winters, W., and Mason, D., 2006, Estimating thermal diffusivity and specific heat from needle probe thermal conductivity data: Review of Scientific Instruments, v. 77, no. 4, 044904, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2194481.","productDescription":"044904","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":239182,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"77","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-04-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b65e4b0c8380cd526de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waite, W.F.","contributorId":40329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waite","given":"W.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gilbert, L.Y.","contributorId":46754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilbert","given":"L.Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Winters, W.J.","contributorId":49796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winters","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mason, D.H.","contributorId":93952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mason","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70030954,"text":"70030954 - 2006 - Analysis of environmental variation in a Great Plains reservoir using principal components analysis and geographic information systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:04","indexId":"70030954","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2592,"text":"Lake and Reservoir Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of environmental variation in a Great Plains reservoir using principal components analysis and geographic information systems","docAbstract":"We present a method for spatial interpretation of environmental variation in a reservoir that integrates principal components analysis (PCA) of environmental data with geographic information systems (GIS). To illustrate our method, we used data from a Great Plains reservoir (Skiatook Lake, Oklahoma) with longitudinal variation in physicochemical conditions. We measured 18 physicochemical features, mapped them using GIS, and then calculated and interpreted four principal components. Principal component 1 (PC1) was readily interpreted as longitudinal variation in water chemistry, but the other principal components (PC2-4) were difficult to interpret. Site scores for PC1-4 were calculated in GIS by summing weighted overlays of the 18 measured environmental variables, with the factor loadings from the PCA as the weights. PC1-4 were then ordered into a landscape hierarchy, an emergent property of this technique, which enabled their interpretation. PC1 was interpreted as a reservoir scale change in water chemistry, PC2 was a microhabitat variable of rip-rap substrate, PC3 identified coves/embayments and PC4 consisted of shoreline microhabitats related to slope. The use of GIS improved our ability to interpret the more obscure principal components (PC2-4), which made the spatial variability of the reservoir environment more apparent. This method is applicable to a variety of aquatic systems, can be accomplished using commercially available software programs, and allows for improved interpretation of the geographic environmental variability of a system compared to using typical PCA plots. ?? Copyright by the North American Lake Management Society 2006.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Lake and Reservoir Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"10402381","usgsCitation":"Long, J., and Fisher, W., 2006, Analysis of environmental variation in a Great Plains reservoir using principal components analysis and geographic information systems: Lake and Reservoir Management, v. 22, no. 2, p. 132-140.","startPage":"132","endPage":"140","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239036,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eb11e4b0c8380cd48bcb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Long, J.M.","contributorId":88944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fisher, W.L.","contributorId":87713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70030968,"text":"70030968 - 2006 - Spectral variability among rocks in visible and near-infrared mustispectral Pancam data collected at Gusev crater: Examinations using spectral mixture analysis and related techniques","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:16","indexId":"70030968","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spectral variability among rocks in visible and near-infrared mustispectral Pancam data collected at Gusev crater: Examinations using spectral mixture analysis and related techniques","docAbstract":"Visible and near-infrared (VNIR) multispectral observations of rocks made by the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit's Panoramic camera (Pancam) have been analyzed using a spectral mixture analysis (SMA) methodology. Scenes have been examined from the Gusev crater plains into the Columbia Hills. Most scenes on the plains and in the Columbia Hills could be modeled as three end-member mixtures of a bright material, rock, and shade. Scenes of rocks disturbed by the rover's Rock Abrasion Tool (RAT) required additional end-members. In the Columbia Hills, there were a number of scenes in which additional rock end-members were required. The SMA methodology identified relatively dust-free areas on undisturbed rock surfaces as well as spectrally unique areas on RAT abraded rocks. Spectral parameters from these areas were examined, and six spectral classes were identified. These classes are named after a type rock or area and are Adirondack, Lower West Spur, Clovis, Wishstone, Peace, and Watchtower. These classes are discriminable based, primarily, on near-infrared (NIR) spectral parameters. Clovis and Watchtower class rocks appear more oxidized than Wishstone class rocks and Adirondack basalts based on their having higher 535 nm band depths. Comparison of the spectral parameters of these Gusev crater rocks to parameters of glass-dominated basaltic tuffs indicates correspondence between measurements of Clovis and Watchtower classes but divergence for the Wishstone class rocks, which appear to have a higher fraction of crystalline ferrous iron-bearing phases. Despite a high sulfur content, the rock Peace has NIR properties resembling plains basalts. Copyright 2006 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2005JE002495","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Farrand, W.H., Bell, J., Johnson, J.R., Squyres, S.W., Soderblom, J., and Ming, D.W., 2006, Spectral variability among rocks in visible and near-infrared mustispectral Pancam data collected at Gusev crater: Examinations using spectral mixture analysis and related techniques: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 111, no. 2, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JE002495.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477503,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2005je002495","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":211421,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JE002495"},{"id":238706,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"111","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-01-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b954ce4b08c986b31ae67","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Farrand, W. H.","contributorId":64372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farrand","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bell, J.F.","contributorId":36663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bell","given":"J.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, J. R.","contributorId":69278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Squyres, S. W.","contributorId":31836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Squyres","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Soderblom, J.","contributorId":52699,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Soderblom","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ming, D. W.","contributorId":96811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ming","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70030458,"text":"70030458 - 2006 - Bias and uncertainty in regression-calibrated models of groundwater flow in heterogeneous media","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:03","indexId":"70030458","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":664,"text":"Advances in Water Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bias and uncertainty in regression-calibrated models of groundwater flow in heterogeneous media","docAbstract":"Groundwater models need to account for detailed but generally unknown spatial variability (heterogeneity) of the hydrogeologic model inputs. To address this problem we replace the large, m-dimensional stochastic vector ?? that reflects both small and large scales of heterogeneity in the inputs by a lumped or smoothed m-dimensional approximation ????*, where ?? is an interpolation matrix and ??* is a stochastic vector of parameters. Vector ??* has small enough dimension to allow its estimation with the available data. The consequence of the replacement is that model function f(????*) written in terms of the approximate inputs is in error with respect to the same model function written in terms of ??, ??,f(??), which is assumed to be nearly exact. The difference f(??) - f(????*), termed model error, is spatially correlated, generates prediction biases, and causes standard confidence and prediction intervals to be too small. Model error is accounted for in the weighted nonlinear regression methodology developed to estimate ??* and assess model uncertainties by incorporating the second-moment matrix of the model errors into the weight matrix. Techniques developed by statisticians to analyze classical nonlinear regression methods are extended to analyze the revised method. The analysis develops analytical expressions for bias terms reflecting the interaction of model nonlinearity and model error, for correction factors needed to adjust the sizes of confidence and prediction intervals for this interaction, and for correction factors needed to adjust the sizes of confidence and prediction intervals for possible use of a diagonal weight matrix in place of the correct one. If terms expressing the degree of intrinsic nonlinearity for f(??) and f(????*) are small, then most of the biases are small and the correction factors are reduced in magnitude. Biases, correction factors, and confidence and prediction intervals were obtained for a test problem for which model error is large to test robustness of the methodology. Numerical results conform with the theoretical analysis. ?? 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Advances in Water Resources","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.advwatres.2005.07.012","issn":"03091708","usgsCitation":"Cooley, R., and Christensen, S., 2006, Bias and uncertainty in regression-calibrated models of groundwater flow in heterogeneous media: Advances in Water Resources, v. 29, no. 5, p. 639-656, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2005.07.012.","startPage":"639","endPage":"656","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211954,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2005.07.012"},{"id":239343,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f0d4e4b0c8380cd4a932","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cooley, R.L.","contributorId":9272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooley","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christensen, S.","contributorId":30387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christensen","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}