Ground-water recharge in the arid and semiarid southwestern United States results from the complex interplay of climate, geology, and vegetation across widely ranging spatial and temporal scales. Present-day recharge tends to be narrowly focused in time and space. Widespread water-table declines accompanied agricultural development during the twentieth century, demonstrating that sustainable ground-water supplies are not guaranteed when part of the extracted resource represents paleorecharge. Climatic controls on ground-water recharge range from seasonal cycles of summer monsoonal and winter frontal storms to multimillennial cycles of glacial and interglacial periods. Precipitation patterns reflect global-scale interactions among the oceans, atmosphere, and continents. Large-scale climatic influences associated with El Niño and Pacific Decadal Oscillations strongly, but irregularly, control weather in the study area, so that year-to-year variations in precipitation and ground-water recharge are large and difficult to predict. Proxy data indicate geologically recent periods of naturally occurring multidecadal droughts unlike any in the modern instrumental record. Any anthropogenically induced climate change will likely reduce ground-water recharge through diminished snowpack at higher elevations. Future changes in El Niño and monsoonal patterns, both crucial to precipitation in the study area, are highly uncertain in current models. Current land-use modifications influence ground-water recharge through vegetation, irrigation, and impermeable area. High mountain ranges bounding the study area—the San Bernadino Mountains and Sierra Nevada to the west, and the Wasatch and southern Colorado Rocky Mountains to the east—provide external geologic controls on ground-water recharge. Internal geologic controls stem from tectonic processes that led to numerous, variably connected alluvial-filled basins, exposure of extensive Paleozoic aquifers in mountainous recharge areas, and distinct modes of recharge in the Colorado Plateau and Basin and Range subregions.
The chapters in this professional paper present (first) an overview of climatic and hydrogeologic framework (chapter A), followed by a regional analysis of ground-water recharge across the entire study area (chapter B). These are followed by an overview of site-specific case studies representing different subareas of the geographically diverse arid and semiarid southwestern United States (chapter C); the case studies themselves follow in chapters D–K. The regional analysis includes detailed hydrologic modeling within the framework of a high-resolution geographic-information system (GIS). Results from the regional analysis are used to explore both the distribution of ground-water recharge for mean climatic conditions as well as the influence of two climatic patterns—the El Niño-Southern Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation—that impart a high degree of variability to the hydrologic cycle. Individual case studies employ a variety of geophysical and geochemical techniques to investigate recharge processes and relate the processes to local geologic and climatic conditions. All of the case studies made use of naturally occurring tracers to quantify recharge. Thermal and geophysical techniques that were developed in the course of the studies are presented in appendices.
The quantification of ground-water recharge in arid settings is inherently difficult due to the generally low amount of recharge, its spatially and temporally spotty nature, and the absence of techniques for directly measuring fluxes entering the saturated zone from the unsaturated zone. Deep water tables in arid alluvial basins correspond to thick unsaturated zones that produce up to millennial time lags between changes in hydrologic conditions at the land surface and subsequent changes in recharge to underlying ground water. Recent advances in physical, chemical, isotopic, and modeling techniques have fostered new types of recharge assessments. Chemical and isotopic techniques include an increasing variety of environmental tracers that are useful and robust. Physically based techniques include the use of heat as a tracer and computationally intensive geophysical imaging tools for characterizing hydrologic conditions in the unsaturated zone. Modeling-based techniques include spatially distributed water-budget computations using high-resolution remotely sensed and ground-based geographic data. Application of these techniques to arid and semiarid settings in the southwestern United States reveals distinct patterns of recharge corresponding to geologic setting, climatic and vegetative history, and land use. Analysis of recharge patterns shows that large expanses of alluvial basin floors are drying out under current climatic conditions, with little to no recharge to underlying ground water. Ground-water recharge occurs mainly beneath upland catchments in which thin soils overlie permeable bedrock, ephemeral channels in which flow may average only several hours per year, and active agricultural areas. The chapters in this professional paper represent a coordinated attempt to develop a better understanding of one of the Nation's most critical yet difficult-to-quantify renewable resources.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1703","usgsCitation":"2007, Ground-water recharge in the arid and semiarid southwestern United States (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1703, 11 Chapters: A-K; 2 Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1703.","productDescription":"11 Chapters: A-K; 2 Appendices","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195710,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11161,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1703/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124,25 ], [ -124,49 ], [ -93,49 ], [ -93,25 ], [ -124,25 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d4b5","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Stonestrom, David A. 0000-0001-7883-3385 dastones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7883-3385","contributorId":2280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stonestrom","given":"David","email":"dastones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":725729,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Constantz, Jim","contributorId":66338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Constantz","given":"Jim","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725730,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ferré, Ty P.A.","contributorId":35647,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ferré","given":"Ty P.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725731,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Leake, Stanley A. 0000-0003-3568-2542 saleake@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3568-2542","contributorId":1846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leake","given":"Stanley","email":"saleake@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":725732,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":81137,"text":"sir20075197 - 2007 - Consumptive Water-Use Coefficients for the Great Lakes Basin and Climatically Similar Areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:26","indexId":"sir20075197","displayToPublicDate":"2008-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5197","title":"Consumptive Water-Use Coefficients for the Great Lakes Basin and Climatically Similar Areas","docAbstract":"Consumptive water use is the portion of water withdrawn (for a particular use) that is evaporated, transpired, incorporated into products or crops, consumed by humans or livestock, or otherwise removed from the immediate water environment. This report, which is organized by water?use categories, includes consumptive?use coefficients for the Great Lakes Basin (including Canada) and for areas climatically similar to the Great Lakes Basin. This report also contains an annotated bibliography of consumptive water?use coefficients. Selected references are listed for consumptive?use data from elsewhere in the world.\r\n\r\nFor the industrial water?use category, the median consumptive?use coefficients were 10 percent for the Great Lakes Basin, climatically similar areas, and the world; the 25th and 75th percentiles for these geographic areas were comparable within 6 percent. The combined domestic and public?supply consumptive?use statistics (median, 25th and 75th percentiles) were between 10 to 20 percent for the various geographic areas. Although summary statistics were similar for coefficients in the livestock and irrigation water?use categories for the Great Lakes Basin and climatically similar areas, statistic values for the world on a whole were substantially lower (15 to 28 percent lower). Commercial and thermoelectric power consumptive?use coefficient statistics (median, 25th, and 75th percentile) also were comparable for the Great Lakes Basin and climatically similar areas, within 2 percent. References for other countries were not found for commercial and thermoelectric power water?use categories. The summary statistics for the mining consumptive?use coefficients varied, likely because of differences in types of mining, processes, or equipment.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20075197","usgsCitation":"Shaffer, K., and Runkle, D.L., 2007, Consumptive Water-Use Coefficients for the Great Lakes Basin and Climatically Similar Areas: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5197, viii, 191 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075197.","productDescription":"viii, 191 p.","costCenters":[{"id":448,"text":"National Water Availability and Use Program","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195435,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11160,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5197/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db696afa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shaffer, Kimberly H.","contributorId":98275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaffer","given":"Kimberly H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Runkle, Donna L. dlrunkle@usgs.gov","contributorId":2556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkle","given":"Donna","email":"dlrunkle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":294441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":81097,"text":"sim2889 - 2007 - Geologic Map of the Frederick 30' x 60' Quadrangle, Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:47","indexId":"sim2889","displayToPublicDate":"2008-04-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2889","title":"Geologic Map of the Frederick 30' x 60' Quadrangle, Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia","docAbstract":"The Frederick 30? ? 60? quadrangle lies within the Potomac River watershed of the Chesapeake Bay drainage basin. The map area covers parts of Montgomery, Howard, Carroll, Frederick, and Washington Counties in Maryland; Loudoun, Clarke, and Fairfax Counties in Virginia; and Jefferson and Berkeley Counties in West Virginia. Many geologic features (such as faults and folds) are named for geographic features that may or may not be shown on the 1:100,000-scale base map. \r\n\r\nThe geology of the Frederick 30? ? 60? quadrangle, Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia, was first mapped on the 32 1:24,000-scale 7.5-minute quadrangle base maps between 1989 and 1994. The geologic data were compiled manually at 1:100,000 scale in 1997 and were digitized between 1998 and 1999. The geologic map and database may be used to support activities such as land-use planning, soil mapping, groundwater availability and quality studies, identifying aggregate resources, and conducting engineering and environmental studies. \r\n\r\nThe map area covers distinct geologic provinces and sections of the central Appalachian region that are defined by unique bedrock and resulting landforms. From west to east, the provinces include the Great Valley section of the Valley and Ridge province, the Blue Ridge province, and the Piedmont province; in the extreme southeastern corner, a small part of the Coastal Plain province is present. The Piedmont province is divided into several sections; from west to east, hey are the Frederick Valley synclinorium, the Culpeper and Gettysburg basins, the Sugarloaf Mountain anticlinorium, the Westminster terrane, and the Potomac terrane. The geology of the Frederick quadrangle is discussed by geologic province and sections; the geologic units within each province are discussed from oldest to youngest. Where applicable, the discussion includes information on tectonic origins. \r\n\r\nFor more information concerning the report, please contact the author.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sim2889","isbn":"9781411311657","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Maryland Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Southworth, S., Brezinski, D.K., Drake, A., Burton, W.C., Orndorff, R.C., Froelich, A., Reddy, J.E., Denenny, D., and Daniels, D.L., 2007, Geologic Map of the Frederick 30' x 60' Quadrangle, Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2889, Pamphlet: vi, 42 p.; Map Sheet: 57 x 38 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim2889.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: vi, 42 p.; Map Sheet: 57 x 38 inches","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":110770,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_83523.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"83523"},{"id":195690,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10966,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2889/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"1","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -78,39 ], [ -78,39.5 ], [ -77,39.5 ], [ -77,39 ], [ -78,39 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8501","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Southworth, Scott","contributorId":93933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Southworth","given":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brezinski, David K.","contributorId":49428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brezinski","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Drake, Avery Jr.","contributorId":62582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drake","given":"Avery","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Burton, William C. 0000-0001-7519-5787 bburton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7519-5787","contributorId":1293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"William","email":"bburton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Orndorff, Randall C. 0000-0002-8956-5803 rorndorf@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8956-5803","contributorId":2739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orndorff","given":"Randall","email":"rorndorf@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":501,"text":"Office of Science Quality and Integrity","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Froelich, Albert J.","contributorId":60200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Froelich","given":"Albert J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Reddy, James E. 0000-0002-6998-7267 jreddy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6998-7267","contributorId":1080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reddy","given":"James","email":"jreddy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Denenny, Danielle","contributorId":78804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denenny","given":"Danielle","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Daniels, David L. 0000-0003-0599-8036 dave@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0599-8036","contributorId":1792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Daniels","given":"David","email":"dave@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":81093,"text":"sim2971 - 2007 - Hydrostratigraphic Framework and Selection and Correlation of Geophysical Log Markers in the Surficial Aquifer System, Palm Beach County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:48","indexId":"sim2971","displayToPublicDate":"2008-04-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2971","title":"Hydrostratigraphic Framework and Selection and Correlation of Geophysical Log Markers in the Surficial Aquifer System, Palm Beach County, Florida","docAbstract":"The surficial aquifer system is the major source of freshwater for public water supply in Palm Beach County, Florida, yet many previous studies of the hydrogeology of this aquifer system have focused only on the eastern one-half to one-third of the county in the more densely populated coastal area (Land and others, 1973; Swayze and others, 1980; Swayze and Miller, 1984; Shine and others, 1989). Population growth in the county has resulted in the westward expansion of urbanized areas into agricultural areas and has created new demands on the water resources of the county. Additionally, interest in surface-water resources of central and western areas of the county has increased. In these areas, plans for additional surface-water storage reservoirs are being made under the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan originally proposed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the South Florida Water Management District (1999), and stormwater treatment areas have been constructed by the South Florida Water Management District. Surface-water and ground-water interactions in the Everglades are thought to be important to water budgets, water quality, and ecology (Harvey and others, 2002).\r\n\r\nMost of the previous hydrogeologic and ground-water flow simulation studies of the surficial aquifer system have not utilized a hydrostratigraphic framework, in which stratigraphic or sequence stratigraphic units, such as those proposed in Cunningham and others (2001), are delineated in this stratigraphically complex aquifer system. A thick zone of secondary permeability mapped by Swayze and Miller (1984) was not subdivided and was identified as only being within the Anastasia Formation of Pleistocene age. Miller (1987) published 11 geologic sections of the surficial aquifer system, but did not delineate any named stratigraphic units in these sections. This limited interpretation has resulted, in part, from the complex facies changes within rocks and sediments of the surficial aquifer system and the seemingly indistinct and repetitious nature of the most common lithologies, which include sand, shell, sandstone, and limestone.\r\n\r\nModel construction and layer definition in a simulation of ground-water flow within the surficial aquifer system of Palm Beach County utilized only the boundaries of one or two major hydrogeologic zones, such as the Biscayne aquifer and surficial aquifer system; otherwise layers were defined by average elevations rather than geologic structure or stratigraphy (Shine and others, 1989). Additionally, each major permeable zone layer in the model was assumed to have constant hydraulic conductivity with no allowance for the possibility of discrete (thin) flow zones within the zone.\r\n\r\nThe key to understanding the spatial distribution and hydraulic connectivity of permeable zones in the surficial aquifer system beneath Palm Beach County is the development of a stratigraphic framework based on a consistent method of county-wide correlation. Variability in hydraulic properties in the system needs to be linked to the stratigraphic units delineated in this framework, and proper delineation of the hydrostratigraphic framework should provide a better understanding and simulation of the ground-water flow system. In 2004, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the South Florida Water Management District, initiated an investigation to develop a hydrostratigraphic framework for the surficial aquifer system in Palm Beach County.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sim2971","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with South Florida Water Management District","usgsCitation":"Reese, R.S., and Wacker, M.A., 2007, Hydrostratigraphic Framework and Selection and Correlation of Geophysical Log Markers in the Surficial Aquifer System, Palm Beach County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2971, 2 Map Sheets: 32 x 36 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim2971.","productDescription":"2 Map Sheets: 32 x 36 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":275,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":110769,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_83520.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"83520"},{"id":195359,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10962,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2971/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -81.08333333333333,26.166666666666668 ], [ -81.08333333333333,27.083333333333332 ], [ -79.91666666666667,27.083333333333332 ], [ -79.91666666666667,26.166666666666668 ], [ -81.08333333333333,26.166666666666668 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c93e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reese, Ronald S. rsreese@usgs.gov","contributorId":1090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reese","given":"Ronald","email":"rsreese@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":294315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wacker, Michael A. mwacker@usgs.gov","contributorId":2162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wacker","given":"Michael","email":"mwacker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. Lauderdale","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":81092,"text":"tm6A24 - 2007 - Documentation of a Conduit Flow Process (CFP) for MODFLOW-2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:18","indexId":"tm6A24","displayToPublicDate":"2008-04-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"6-A24","title":"Documentation of a Conduit Flow Process (CFP) for MODFLOW-2005","docAbstract":"This report documents the Conduit Flow Process (CFP) for the modular finite-difference ground-water flow model, MODFLOW-2005. The CFP has the ability to simulate turbulent ground-water flow conditions by: (1) coupling the traditional ground-water flow equation with formulations for a discrete network of cylindrical pipes (Mode 1), (2) inserting a high-conductivity flow layer that can switch between laminar and turbulent flow (Mode 2), or (3) simultaneously coupling a discrete pipe network while inserting a high-conductivity flow layer that can switch between laminar and turbulent flow (Mode 3). Conduit flow pipes (Mode 1) may represent dissolution or biological burrowing features in carbonate aquifers, voids in fractured rock, and (or) lava tubes in basaltic aquifers and can be fully or partially saturated under laminar or turbulent flow conditions. Preferential flow layers (Mode 2) may represent: (1) a porous media where turbulent flow is suspected to occur under the observed hydraulic gradients; (2) a single secondary porosity subsurface feature, such as a well-defined laterally extensive underground cave; or (3) a horizontal preferential flow layer consisting of many interconnected voids. In this second case, the input data are effective parameters, such as a very high hydraulic conductivity, representing multiple features.\r\n\r\nData preparation is more complex for CFP Mode 1 (CFPM1) than for CFP Mode 2 (CFPM2). Specifically for CFPM1, conduit pipe locations, lengths, diameters, tortuosity, internal roughness, critical Reynolds numbers (NRe), and exchange conductances are required. CFPM1, however, solves the pipe network equations in a matrix that is independent of the porous media equation matrix, which may mitigate numerical instability associated with solution of dual flow components within the same matrix. CFPM2 requires less hydraulic information and knowledge about the specific location and hydraulic properties of conduits, and turbulent flow is approximated by modifying horizontal conductances assembled by the Block-Centered Flow (BCF), Layer-Property Flow (LPF), or Hydrogeologic-Unit Flow Packages (HUF) of MODFLOW-2005.\r\n\r\nFor both conduit flow pipes (CFPM1) and preferential flow layers (CFPM2), critical Reynolds numbers are used to determine if flow is laminar or turbulent. Due to conservation of momentum, flow in a laminar state tends to remain laminar and flow in a turbulent state tends to remain turbulent. This delayed transition between laminar and turbulent flow is introduced in the CFP, which provides an additional benefit of facilitating convergence of the computer algorithm during iterations of transient simulations. Specifically, the user can specify a higher critical Reynolds number to determine when laminar flow within a pipe converts to turbulent flow, and a lower critical Reynolds number for determining when a pipe with turbulent flow switches to laminar flow. With CFPM1, the Hagen-Poiseuille equation is used for laminar flow conditions and the Darcy-Weisbach equation is applied to turbulent flow conditions. With CFPM2, turbulent flow is approximated by reducing the laminar hydraulic conductivity by a nonlinear function of the Reynolds number, once the critical head difference is exceeded. This adjustment approximates the reductions in mean velocity under turbulent ground-water flow conditions.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Techniques and Methods, Book 6, Chapter A24","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/tm6A24","usgsCitation":"Shoemaker, W., Kuniansky, E.L., Birk, S., Bauer, S., and Swain, E.D., 2007, Documentation of a Conduit Flow Process (CFP) for MODFLOW-2005: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6-A24, viii, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tm6A24.","productDescription":"viii, 50 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":275,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125744,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tm_6_a24.gif"},{"id":10961,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/tm6a24/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48c1e4b07f02db53c8e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shoemaker, W. Barclay bshoemak@usgs.gov","contributorId":1495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shoemaker","given":"W. Barclay","email":"bshoemak@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. Lauderdale","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kuniansky, Eve L. 0000-0002-5581-0225 elkunian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5581-0225","contributorId":932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuniansky","given":"Eve","email":"elkunian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":509,"text":"Office of the Associate Director for Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5064,"text":"Southeast Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Birk, Steffen","contributorId":61055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Birk","given":"Steffen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bauer, Sebastian","contributorId":40232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bauer","given":"Sebastian","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Swain, Eric D. 0000-0001-7168-708X edswain@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7168-708X","contributorId":1538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swain","given":"Eric","email":"edswain@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":81075,"text":"sir20085022 - 2007 - Earth science and public health: Proceedings of the Second National Conference on USGS Health-Related Research","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-27T16:41:17","indexId":"sir20085022","displayToPublicDate":"2008-04-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5022","displayTitle":"Earth Science and Public Health: Proceedings of the Second National Conference on USGS Health-Related Research","title":"Earth science and public health: Proceedings of the Second National Conference on USGS Health-Related Research","docAbstract":"The mission of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is to serve the Nation by providing reliable scientific information to describe and understand the earth; minimize loss of life and property from natural disasters; manage water, biological, energy, and mineral resources; and enhance and protect our quality of life. As the Nation?s largest water, earth, and biological science and civilian mapping agency, the USGS can play a significant role in providing scientific knowledge and information that will improve our understanding of the relations of environment and wildlife to human health and disease. USGS human health-related research is unique in the Federal government because it brings together a broad spectrum of natural science expertise and information, including extensive data collection and monitoring on varied landscapes and ecosystems across the Nation.\r\n\r\nUSGS can provide a great service to the public health community by synthesizing the scientific information and knowledge on our natural and living resources that influence human health, and by bringing this science to the public health community in a manner that is most useful. Partnerships with health scientists and managers are essential to the success of these efforts. USGS scientists already are working closely with the public health community to pursue rigorous inquiries into the connections between natural science and public health. Partnering agencies include the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Agency for Toxic Substances Disease Registry, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Food and Drug Administration, Mine Safety and Health Administration, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Public Health Service, and the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases. Collaborations between public health scientists and earth scientists can lead to improved solutions for existing and emerging environmental health problems.\r\n\r\nThis report summarizes the presentations and discussions held at the Second National Conference on USGS Health-Related Research, held at the USGS national headquarters in Reston, Virginia. The report presents 68 abstracts of technical presentations made at the conference and summaries of six topical breakout sessions. The abstracts cover a broad range of issues and demonstrate connections between human health and the quality and condition of our environment and wildlife. The summaries of the topical breakout sessions present ideas for advancing interdisciplinary science in areas of earth science and human health.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20085022","usgsCitation":"Buxton, H.T., Griffin, D.W., and Pierce, B.S., 2007, Earth science and public health: Proceedings of the Second National Conference on USGS Health-Related Research: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5022, viii, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085022.","productDescription":"viii, 48 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2007-02-27","temporalEnd":"2007-03-01","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195163,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10946,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5022/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62c1af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buxton, Herbert T. hbuxton@usgs.gov","contributorId":1911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buxton","given":"Herbert","email":"hbuxton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":5056,"text":"Office of the AD Energy and Minerals, and Environmental Health","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Griffin, Dale W. 0000-0003-1719-5812 dgriffin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1719-5812","contributorId":2178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffin","given":"Dale","email":"dgriffin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pierce, Brenda S. bpierce@usgs.gov","contributorId":268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierce","given":"Brenda","email":"bpierce@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":294263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":81046,"text":"ofr20071143 - 2007 - EL68D Wasteway Watershed Land-Cover Generation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:26","indexId":"ofr20071143","displayToPublicDate":"2008-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1143","title":"EL68D Wasteway Watershed Land-Cover Generation","docAbstract":"Classification of land cover from Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) for the EL68D Wasteway Watershed in the State of Washington is documented. The procedures for classification include use of two ETM+ scenes in a simultaneous unsupervised classification process supported by extensive field data collection using Global Positioning System receivers and digital photos. The procedure resulted in a detailed classification at the individual crop species level.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071143","usgsCitation":"Ruhl, S., Usery, E.L., and Finn, M.P., 2007, EL68D Wasteway Watershed Land-Cover Generation: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1143, iv, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071143.","productDescription":"iv, 28 p.","costCenters":[{"id":425,"text":"National Geospatial Technical Operations Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195412,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10909,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1143/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62c367","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruhl, Sheila","contributorId":103759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruhl","given":"Sheila","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Usery, E. Lynn 0000-0002-2766-2173 usery@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2766-2173","contributorId":231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Usery","given":"E.","email":"usery@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Lynn","affiliations":[{"id":423,"text":"National Geospatial Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Finn, Michael P. 0000-0003-0415-2194 mfinn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0415-2194","contributorId":2657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"Michael","email":"mfinn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":5047,"text":"NGTOC Denver","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5074,"text":"Center for Geospatial Information Science (CEGIS)","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":81047,"text":"ofr20071283 - 2007 - Relations of Environmental Factors with Mussel-Species Richness in the Neversink River, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:22","indexId":"ofr20071283","displayToPublicDate":"2008-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1283","title":"Relations of Environmental Factors with Mussel-Species Richness in the Neversink River, New York","docAbstract":"INTRODUCTION\r\n\r\nDeclines in the distribution, abundance, and diversity of freshwater-mussel species (family Unionidae1) have been reported worldwide (Bogan, 1993; Strayer and Jirka, 1997). The principal causes of the observed declines are difficult to confirm, however, because only a few of the many factors that affect mussel-species populations have been identified (Strayer and Ralley, 1993; Strayer, 1999; Baldigo and others, 2003; Strayer and others, 2006).\r\n\r\nThe Neversink River, which drains the Catskill Mountains in southeastern New York (fig. 1), contains seven species of mussels (Strayer and Ralley, 1991; Strayer and Jirka, 1997). Populations of the endangered dwarf wedgemussel (Alasmidonta heterodon) and the threatened swollen wedgemussel (Alasmidonta varicosa) coexist with other unionid mussels in the Neversink River (Strayer and Ralley, 1991, 1993; Baldigo and others, 2003). Dwarf wedgemussel populations had previously been found only downstream from the site of an abandoned dam in the lower part of the river at Cuddebackville (fig. 1), and swollen wedgemussels were only found in the lower and middle reaches of the river. The limited distribution of these two species suggests that they may be susceptible to local extinctions.\r\n\r\nThe distribution of mussel populations can be limited by impoundments. Mussel larvae develop in species-specific host fish; thus, impoundments that restrict passage of these host fish also restrict the extent of mussels. The Neversink River is impounded by the Neversink Reservoir [241 square kilometers (km2)], a major source of drinking water for the City of New York, and was also impounded 50 km downstream by the Cuddebackville Dam until 2004, when the latter was removed by The Nature Conservancy (TNC) and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to improve fish passage. The removal of this dam has provided previously unavailable habitat for diadromous and other fish species that act as hosts for rare mussel species. In addition, releases from the Neversink Reservoir that mimic the river?s original flow patterns have recently been proposed by TNC and could benefit the established mussel populations and aquatic communities. The ability to protect mussel populations and the potential to increase mussel richness in the Neversink River is unknown, however, because the environmental factors that affect the seven mussel species are poorly defined, and the distribution of mussel beds is patchy and thus difficult to quantify.\r\n\r\nIn 1997, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with TNC, began a 6-year study along the Neversink River and its tributaries to (1) document the current distribution of each mussel species, (2) assess environmental factors in relation to mussel-species richness and distribution, and (3) identify the factors that most strongly affect mussel populations and develop an equation that relates environmental factors to mussel-species richness. This report (a) summarizes the methods used to quantify or qualify environmental factors and mussel-species distribution and abundance, (b) presents a list of environmental factors that were correlated with mussel-species richness, and (c) offers an empirical model to predict richness of mussel species in benthic communities throughout the basin.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071283","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with The Nature Conservancy and Sullivan County Division of Planning and Environmental Management","usgsCitation":"Baldigo, B.P., Ernst, A., Schuler, G.E., and Apse, C.D., 2007, Relations of Environmental Factors with Mussel-Species Richness in the Neversink River, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1283, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071283.","productDescription":"8 p.","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190570,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10910,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1283/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b31e4b07f02db6b411a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baldigo, Barry P. 0000-0002-9862-9119 bbaldigo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9862-9119","contributorId":1234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baldigo","given":"Barry","email":"bbaldigo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ernst, Anne G.","contributorId":37825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ernst","given":"Anne G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schuler, George E.","contributorId":37005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuler","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Apse, Colin D.","contributorId":54680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Apse","given":"Colin","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":81043,"text":"sir20075285 - 2007 - Geologic, hydrologic, and geochemical identification of flow paths in the Edwards Aquifer, northeastern Bexar and southern Comal Counties, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-23T13:23:29","indexId":"sir20075285","displayToPublicDate":"2008-03-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5285","title":"Geologic, hydrologic, and geochemical identification of flow paths in the Edwards Aquifer, northeastern Bexar and southern Comal Counties, Texas","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the San Antonio Water System, conducted a 4-year study during 2002?06 to identify major flow paths in the Edwards aquifer in northeastern Bexar and southern Comal Counties (study area). In the study area, faulting directs ground water into three hypothesized flow paths that move water, generally, from the southwest to the northeast. These flow paths are identified as the southern Comal flow path, the central Comal flow path, and the northern Comal flow path. Statistical correlations between water levels for six observation wells and between the water levels and discharges from Comal Springs and Hueco Springs yielded evidence for the hypothesized flow paths. Strong linear correlations were evident between the datasets from wells and springs within the same flow path and the datasets from wells in areas where flow between flow paths was suspected. Geochemical data (major ions, stable isotopes, sulfur hexafluoride, and tritium and helium) were used in graphical analyses to obtain evidence of the flow path from which wells or springs derive water. Major-ion geochemistry in samples from selected wells and springs showed relatively little variation. Samples from the southern Comal flow path were characterized by relatively high sulfate and chloride concentrations, possibly indicating that the water in the flow path was mixing with small amounts of saline water from the freshwater/saline-water transition zone. Samples from the central Comal flow path yielded the most varied major-ion geochemistry of the three hypothesized flow paths. Central Comal flow path samples were characterized, in general, by high calcium concentrations and low magnesium concentrations. Samples from the northern Comal flow path were characterized by relatively low sulfate and chloride concentrations and high magnesium concentrations. The high magnesium concentrations characteristic of northern Comal flow path samples from the recharge zone in Comal County might indicate that water from the Trinity aquifer is entering the Edwards aquifer in the subsurface. A graph of the relation between the stable isotopes deuterium and delta-18 oxygen showed that, except for samples collected following an unusually intense rain storm, there was not much variation in stable isotope values among the flow paths. In the study area deuterium ranged from -36.00 to -20.89 per mil and delta-18 oxygen ranged from -6.03 to -3.70 per mil. Excluding samples collected following the intense rain storm, the deuterium range in the study area was -33.00 to -20.89 per mil and the delta-18 oxygen range was -4.60 to -3.70 per mil. Two ground-water age-dating techniques, sulfur hexafluoride concentrations and tritium/helium-3 isotope ratios, were used to compute apparent ages (time since recharge occurred) of water samples collected in the study area. In general, the apparent ages computed by the two methods do not seem to indicate direction of flow. Apparent ages computed for water samples in northeastern Bexar and southern Comal Counties do not vary greatly except for some very young water in the recharge zone in central Comal County.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20075285","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the San Antonio Water System","usgsCitation":"Otero, C.L., 2007, Geologic, hydrologic, and geochemical identification of flow paths in the Edwards Aquifer, northeastern Bexar and southern Comal Counties, Texas (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5285, vi, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075285.","productDescription":"vi, 49 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190661,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20075285.gif"},{"id":327674,"rank":101,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5285/pdf/sir2007-5285.pdf","size":"14.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":10905,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5285/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -101,28.75 ], [ -101,30.5 ], [ -97.25,30.5 ], [ -97.25,28.75 ], [ -101,28.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8734","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Otero, Cassi L.","contributorId":100469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Otero","given":"Cassi","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":81040,"text":"sim2993 - 2007 - Generalized potentiometric surface of the Arikaree aquifer, Pine Ridge Indian Reservation and Bennett County, South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-14T13:08:13","indexId":"sim2993","displayToPublicDate":"2008-03-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2993","title":"Generalized potentiometric surface of the Arikaree aquifer, Pine Ridge Indian Reservation and Bennett County, South Dakota","docAbstract":"The Pine Ridge Indian Reservation and Bennett County are located in southwest South Dakota. The Pine Ridge Indian Reservation includes all of Shannon County and the part of Jackson County south of the White River. Extensive Indian trust lands are in Bennett County. For purposes of this map, the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation and all of Bennett County are included in the study area (sheet 1).
Ground water from wells and springs is the predominant source of public and domestic supply within the study area. The Arikaree aquifer is the largest source of ground water throughout this area. The Oglala Sioux Tribe is developing a ground-water management plan designed to “preserve, protect and maintain the quality of ground water for living and future members and non-members of the Oglala Sioux Indian Tribe within the internal and external boundaries of the Pine Ridge Reservation” (Michael Catches Enemy, Oglala Sioux Tribe Natural Resources Regulatory Agency, oral commun., 2007). Hydrologic information about the Arikaree aquifer is important to managing this resource.
In 1998, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) began working in cooperation with the Oglala Sioux Tribe to develop a potentiometric map of the Arikaree aquifer in Jackson and Shannon Counties, with a primary component of that effort being a well inventory in those counties. In 2003, the study area was expanded to include Bennett County.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sim2993","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Oglala Sioux Tribe","usgsCitation":"Carter, J.M., and Heakin, A.J., 2007, Generalized potentiometric surface of the Arikaree aquifer, Pine Ridge Indian Reservation and Bennett County, South Dakota (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2993, 2 Map Sheets: each 50 x 36 inches; Supplementary Data, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim2993.","productDescription":"2 Map Sheets: each 50 x 36 inches; Supplementary Data","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195667,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":110768,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_83409.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"83409"},{"id":10908,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2993/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"25000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator","country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","county":"Bennett County","otherGeospatial":"Arikaree aquifer, Pine Ridge Indian Reservation","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -103,43 ], [ -103,43.833333333333336 ], [ -101.16666666666667,43.833333333333336 ], [ -101.16666666666667,43 ], [ -103,43 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a806e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, Janet M. 0000-0002-6376-3473 jmcarter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6376-3473","contributorId":339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"Janet","email":"jmcarter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":294197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heakin, Allen J.","contributorId":20366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heakin","given":"Allen","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":81035,"text":"ofr20071379 - 2007 - Vegetation Response to the 1995 Drawdown of the Navigation Pool at Felsenthal National Wildlife Refuge, Crossett, Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:17","indexId":"ofr20071379","displayToPublicDate":"2008-03-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1379","title":"Vegetation Response to the 1995 Drawdown of the Navigation Pool at Felsenthal National Wildlife Refuge, Crossett, Arkansas","docAbstract":"Felsenthal Navigation Pool (?the pool?) at Felsenthal National Wildlife Refuge near Crossett, Ark., was continuously flooded to a baseline elevation of 19.8 m (65.0 ft) mean sea level (m.s.l.) from late fall 1985, when the final in a series of locks and dams was constructed, until the summer of 1995. Water level within the pool was reduced by 0.3 m (1.0 ft) beginning July 5, 1995, exposing about 1,591 ha (3,931 acres) of sediment; the reduced water level was maintained until October 25 of that year. A total of 15 transects was established along the pool margin before the drawdown, extending perpendicular from the pool edge to 19.5 m (64.0 ft) in elevation. Plant species composition and cover were recorded at six to seven quadrats on each transect; 14 of the transects were also monitored three times during the drawdown and in June 1996. Soil near five of the original transects was disturbed two weeks into the drawdown by scraping the soil surface with a bulldozer. Soil cores were collected to characterize soil organic matter, texture class, carbon and nitrogen content, and plant nutrient concentrations; soil samples were also collected to identify species present in the seed bank prior to and during the drawdown.\r\n\r\nPlant species, several of which were high quality food sources for waterfowl, colonized the drawdown zone within four weeks. Vegetation response, measured by species richness, total cover, and cover of Cyperus species, was often greater at low compared to high elevations in the drawdown zone; this effect was probably intensified by low rainfall during the summer of 1995. Vegetation response on the disturbed transects was reduced compared to that on the undisturbed transects. This effect was attributed to two factors: (1) removal of the existing seed bank by the disturbance technique applied and (2) reduced incorporation of seeds recruited during the drawdown because of unusually low summer rainfall. Seed bank studies demonstrated that several species persisted despite nearly 10 years of continual flooding, and that seed bank species richness increased during the drawdown. Analyses indicated that predominantly clay soils containing relatively low organic matter were present along the pool margin. Levels of the plant nutrients measured were consistent with normal values reported for soils. Although conclusions from this study are limited by its one-year time frame, it is unlikely that permanent change to plant community function in the drawdown zone resulted from the lowered water levels during the summer of 1995. While species composition in the summer following the drawdown differed from that prior to the drawdown, the plant community remained dominated by annual floating-leaved or submersed species. It is probable that any future decrease in summer water levels in the pool will result in increased growth of desirable waterfowl food plants, such as Cyperus erythrorhizos (red-root flat sedge) and Leptochloa fascicularis var. fascicularis (bearded sprangletop), in the drawdown zone.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071379","usgsCitation":"Howard, R.J., and Wells, C.J., 2007, Vegetation Response to the 1995 Drawdown of the Navigation Pool at Felsenthal National Wildlife Refuge, Crossett, Arkansas (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1379, vi, 52 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071379.","productDescription":"vi, 52 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":110767,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_83406.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"83406"},{"id":194913,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10898,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1379/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602733","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Howard, Rebecca J. 0000-0001-7264-4364 howardr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7264-4364","contributorId":2429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"Rebecca","email":"howardr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wells, Christopher J. wellsc@usgs.gov","contributorId":5607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"Christopher","email":"wellsc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":294180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":81033,"text":"sir20075168 - 2007 - Estimated water use and availability in the East Narragansett Bay study area, Rhode Island, 1995-99","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-25T10:38:40","indexId":"sir20075168","displayToPublicDate":"2008-03-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5168","title":"Estimated water use and availability in the East Narragansett Bay study area, Rhode Island, 1995-99","docAbstract":"Water availability became a concern in Rhode Island during a drought in 1999, and further investigation was needed to assess the current demands on the hydrologic system from withdrawals during periods of little to no precipitation. The low ground-water levels and streamflows measured in Rhode Island prompted initiation of a series of studies on water use and availability in each major drainage area in Rhode Island for the period 1995–99. The investigation of the East Narragansett Bay area is the last of these studies. The East Narragansett Bay study area (130.9 square miles) includes small sections of the Ten Mile and Westport River Basins in Rhode Island. The area was divided into three regions (islands and contiguous land areas separated by the bay) within each of which the freshwater water use and availability were assessed.
During the study period from 1995 through 1999, three major public water suppliers in the study area withdrew 7.601 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) from ground-water and surface-water reservoirs. The estimated water withdrawals by minor public water suppliers during the study period were 0.063 Mgal/d. Total self-supply domestic, industrial, commercial, and agricultural withdrawals from the study area averaged 1.891 Mgal/d. Total water use in the study area averaged 16.48 Mgal/d, of which about 8.750 Mgal/d was imported from other basins. The average return flow to freshwater within the basin was 2.591 Mgal/d, which included effluent from permitted facilities and septic systems. The average return flow to saltwater (Narragansett Bay) outside of the basin was about 45.21 Mgal/d and included discharges by permitted facilities (wastewater-treatment plants and Rhode Island Pollutant Discharge Elimination Systems).
The PART program, a computerized hydrographseparation application, was used for the data collected at two selected index stream-gaging stations in the East Narragansett Bay study area to determine water availability on the basis of the 75th, 50th, and 25th percentiles of the total base flow; the base flow for the 7-day, 10-year low-flow scenario; and the base flow for the Aquatic Base Flow scenario for both stations. Base flows in the study area were lowest in September for the 75th, 50th, and 25th percentiles. The safe yields determined for the surface-water reservoirs (14.10 Mgal/d) were added to the estimated available ground water (gross yield) in the Southeastern Narragansett and East Narragansett Islands regions to give the total available water.
The water availability in the study area at the 50th percentile ranged from 33.18 Mgal/d in September to 94.62 Mgal/d in June, water availability for the 7-day, 10-year low-flow scenario at the 50th percentile ranged from 21.87 Mgal/d in September to 83.03 Mgal/d in June, and water availability for the Aquatic Base Flow scenario at the 50th percentile ranged from 14.10 Mgal/d in August and September to 65.48 Mgal/d in June.
Because water withdrawals and use are greater during the summer than at other times of the year, water availability in June, July, August, and September was compared to water withdrawals in the three regions. For the study period, the withdrawals in July were higher than in the other summer months. For the 50th percentile, the ratios of water withdrawn to water available were close to one in August for the estimated basic and Aquatic Base Flow scenarios and in September for the estimated 7-day, 10-year low-flow scenario. For the 25th percentile, the ratios were close to one in August for the estimated basic and for the 7-day, 10-year low-flow scenario, and were close to one in July for the estimated Aquatic Base Flow scenario.
A long-term water budget was calculated for the East Narragansett Bay study area to identify and assess inflows and outflows by region. The water withdrawals and return flows used in the budget were from 1995 through 1999. Total inflow and outflow were calculated separately for each region. Inflow was assumed to equal outflow; the total water budget was 292.1 Mgal/d for the study area. Precipitation and return flow were 99 and less than 1 percent of the total estimated inflow to the study area, respectively. Evapotranspiration, streamflow, and water withdrawals were 47, 49, and 3 percent of the total outflow from the study area, respectively.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20075168","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Rhode Island Water Resources Board","usgsCitation":"Wild, E.C., 2007, Estimated water use and availability in the East Narragansett Bay study area, Rhode Island, 1995-99: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5168, vii, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075168.","productDescription":"vii, 51 p.","onlineOnly":"N","temporalStart":"1995-01-01","temporalEnd":"1999-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":377,"text":"Massachusetts-Rhode Island Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195582,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20075168.JPG"},{"id":10897,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5168/index.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Rhode 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Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1389","title":"Vulnerability of National Park Service beaches to inundation during a direct hurricane landfall: Fire Island National Seashore","docAbstract":"Waves and storm surge associated with strong tropical storms are part of the natural process of barrier-island evolution and can cause extensive morphologic changes in coastal parks, leading to reduced visitor accessibility and enjoyment. Even at Fire Island National Seashore, a barrier-island coastal park in New York where extratropical storms (northeasters) dominate storm activity, the beaches are vulnerable to the powerful, sand-moving forces of hurricanes. The vulnerability of park beaches to inundation, and associated extreme coastal change, during a direct hurricane landfall can be assessed by comparing the elevations of storm-induced mean-water levels (storm surge) to the elevations of the crest of the sand dune that defines the beach system. Maps detailing the inundation potential for Category 1-4 hurricanes can be used by park managers to determine the relative vulnerability of various barrier-island parks and to assess which areas of a particular park are more susceptible to inundation and extreme coastal changes.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071389","usgsCitation":"Stockdon, H.F., and Thompson, D.M., 2007, Vulnerability of National Park Service beaches to inundation during a direct hurricane landfall: Fire Island National Seashore: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1389, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071389.","productDescription":"8 p.","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":277,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center - St. Petersburg","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195191,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20071389.PNG"},{"id":10886,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1389/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":294992,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1389/ofr2007-1389.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":415292,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_83415.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Fire Island National Seashore","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -73.4,40.55 ], [ -73.4,40.8 ], [ -72.7,40.8 ], [ -72.7,40.55 ], [ -73.4,40.55 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49a2e4b07f02db5bf1e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stockdon, Hilary F. 0000-0003-0791-4676 hstockdon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0791-4676","contributorId":2153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stockdon","given":"Hilary","email":"hstockdon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, David M. 0000-0002-7103-5740 dthompson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7103-5740","contributorId":3502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"David","email":"dthompson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":81001,"text":"sir20075195 - 2007 - Nutrient and biological conditions of selected small streams in the Edwards Plateau, central Texas, 2005-06, and implications for development of nutrient criteria","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-23T14:03:28","indexId":"sir20075195","displayToPublicDate":"2008-03-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5195","title":"Nutrient and biological conditions of selected small streams in the Edwards Plateau, central Texas, 2005-06, and implications for development of nutrient criteria","docAbstract":"During the summers of 2005 and 2006 the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, evaluated nutrient and biological conditions in small streams in parts of the Edwards Plateau of Central Texas. Land-cover analysis was used to select 15 small streams that represented a gradient of conditions with the potential to affect nutrient concentrations across the study area, which comprises two of four subregions of the Edwards Plateau ecoregion. All 15 streams were sampled for water properties, nutrients, algae, benthic invertebrates, and fish in summer 2005, and eight streams were resampled in summer 2006. Streams that did not receive wastewater effluent had relatively low nutrient concentrations and were classified as oligotrophic; streams receiving wastewater effluent had relatively high nutrient concentrations and were classified as eutrophic. Nutrient concentrations measured in the least-disturbed streams closely matched the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency nutrient criteria recommendations based on estimated reference concentrations. Nitrogen/phosphorus ratios indicated streams not affected by wastewater effluent might be limited by phosphorus concentrations. Algal indicators of nutrient condition were closely related to dissolved nitrogen concentrations and streamflow conditions. Ambient dissolved nitrogen concentrations (nitrite plus nitrate) were positively correlated with benthic algal chlorophyll-a concentrations. The correlation of benthic algal chlorophyll-a with instantaneous nitrite plus nitrate load was stronger than correlations with ambient nutrients. Increased nutrient concentrations were associated with increased macroalgae cover, wider diel dissolved oxygen ranges, and reduced diel dissolved oxygen minimums. Benthic invertebrate aquatic life use scores generally were classified as High to Exceptional in study streams despite the influence of urbanization or wastewater effluent. Reductions in aquatic life use scores appeared to be related to extremely low flow conditions and the loss of riffle habitats. Benthic invertebrate aquatic life use scores and several of the metrics used to compute composite aquatic life use scores tended to increase with increasing total nitrogen concentrations. Fish community aquatic life use scores generally were classified as High or Exceptional with the exception of a few samples collected from streams receiving wastewater effluent that were classified as Intermediate. Fish community aquatic life use scores and several fish community metrics were positively correlated with nutrient concentrations and macroalgae cover. The majority of the positive correlations among nutrient concentrations, macroalgae cover, and fish metrics were strongly influenced by relatively high nutrient concentrations. Both benthic and planktonic chlorophyll-a measures were related to nutrients, but this study indicates that benthic chlorophyll-a was the better choice for monitoring nutrient enrichment because (1) the relation between benthic chlorophyll-a and nutrients was stronger, and (2) a strong relation between benthic chlorophyll-a and nutrients persisted after removal of the sites influenced by wastewater effluent, which indicates superior ability of benthic chlorophyll-a to discriminate between conditions at lower nutrient concentrations. The transect-based algal abundance estimate technique is a useful tool for identifying eutrophic conditions, assessing nuisance algal growth, and making broad comparisons among sites, but it appears to lack the fine resolution to identify lesser degrees of nutrient enrichment. Several individual benthic invertebrate and fish metrics were correlated with nutrient conditions, but correlations were generally positive and the reverse of what would be expected when nutrient enrichment causes a proliferation of algal growth and stream degradation. However, the benthic invertebrate functional feeding group metrics showed some
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20075195","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality","usgsCitation":"Mabe, J.A., 2007, Nutrient and biological conditions of selected small streams in the Edwards Plateau, central Texas, 2005-06, and implications for development of nutrient criteria (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5195, vi, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075195.","productDescription":"vi, 47 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2005-01-01","temporalEnd":"2006-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195416,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20075195.gif"},{"id":10863,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5195/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":327697,"rank":101,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5195/pdf/sir2007-5195.pdf","size":"48.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -103,28.75 ], [ -103,32.5 ], [ -97,32.5 ], [ -97,28.75 ], [ -103,28.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699f3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mabe, Jeffrey A.","contributorId":65565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mabe","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":80998,"text":"sir20075286 - 2007 - Base flow (1966-2005) and streamflow gain and loss (2006) of the Brazos River, McLennan County to Fort Bend County, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-10T23:12:05.124189","indexId":"sir20075286","displayToPublicDate":"2008-03-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5286","title":"Base flow (1966-2005) and streamflow gain and loss (2006) of the Brazos River, McLennan County to Fort Bend County, Texas","docAbstract":"During 2006–07, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Texas Water Development Board, did a study to quantify historical (water years 1966–2005) base flow and streamflow gains and losses from two streamflow-measuring surveys (March and August 2006) in the Brazos River from McLennan County to Fort Bend County, Texas. The Brazos River is hydraulically connected to the Brazos River alluvium aquifer, which in turn is hydraulically connected to several underlying aquifers, the outcrops of which occur in laterally adjacent layers generally parallel to the coast (major aquifers, Carrizo-Wilcox and Gulf Coast, and minor aquifers, Queen City, Sparta, and Yegua-Jackson). Hydrograph separation was done using the USGS computer program Hydrograph Separation and Analysis with historical streamflow from 10 USGS gaging stations, three on the Brazos River and seven on selected tributaries to the Brazos River. Streamflow data for computation of gains and losses were collected in March 2006 from 36 sites on the Brazos River and 19 sites on 19 tributaries to the Brazos River; and in August 2006 from 28 sites on the Brazos River and 16 sites on tributaries. Hydrograph separation and associated analyses indicate an appreciable increase in base flow as a percentage of streamflow in the reach of the Brazos River that crosses the outcrops of the Carrizo-Wilcox, Queen City, Sparta, and Yegua-Jackson aquifers compared to that in the adjacent upstream reach (on average from about 43 percent to about 60 percent). No increase in base flow as a percentage of streamflow in the reach of the Brazos River crossing the Gulf Coast aquifer compared to that in the adjacent upstream reach was indicated. Streamflow gains and losses computed for March 2006 for 35 reaches defined by pairs of sites on the Brazos River indicated that five reaches were verifiably gaining streamflow (computed gain exceeded potential flow measurement error) and none were verifiably losing streamflow. Four of the five gaining reaches are in the outcrop areas of the Carrizo-Wilcox and Yegua-Jackson aquifers. The results of the synoptic gain and loss surveys are consistent with the results of the base-flow analysis of historical streamflow. Appreciable increases in streamflow, apparently the result of increases in base flow, occur in the reach of the Brazos River that crosses the outcrops of the Carrizo-Wilcox, Queen City, Sparta, and Yegua-Jackson aquifers.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20075286","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Texas Water Development Board","usgsCitation":"Turco, M.J., East, J., and Milburn, M.S., 2007, Base flow (1966-2005) and streamflow gain and loss (2006) of the Brazos River, McLennan County to Fort Bend County, Texas (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5286, v, 27 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075286.","productDescription":"v, 27 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1965-10-01","temporalEnd":"2007-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":424293,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_83361.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":327673,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5286/pdf/sir2007-5286.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":10860,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5286/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":124808,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2007_5286.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Brazos River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.68398418849199,\n 28.82116321715563\n ],\n [\n -95.02060442805676,\n 29.421196387359828\n ],\n [\n -96.14776295906165,\n 30.696505037552654\n ],\n [\n -96.90507259708033,\n 31.685814865231762\n ],\n [\n -97.38059260234799,\n 31.5208154629957\n ],\n [\n -95.68398418849199,\n 28.82116321715563\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db64951f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Turco, Michael J. mjturco@usgs.gov","contributorId":1011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turco","given":"Michael","email":"mjturco@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":294100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"East, Jeffery W. jweast@usgs.gov","contributorId":1683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"East","given":"Jeffery W.","email":"jweast@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Milburn, Matthew S.","contributorId":53896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milburn","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":80990,"text":"sir20075248 - 2007 - Principal locations of metal loading from flood-plain tailings, Lower Silver Creek, Utah, April 2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-09T15:11:45.065164","indexId":"sir20075248","displayToPublicDate":"2008-03-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5248","displayTitle":"Principal Locations of Metal Loading from Flood-Plain Tailings, Lower Silver Creek, Utah, April 2004","title":"Principal locations of metal loading from flood-plain tailings, Lower Silver Creek, Utah, April 2004","docAbstract":"Because of the historical deposition of mill tailings in flood plains, the process of determining total maximum daily loads for streams in an area like the Park City mining district of Utah is complicated. Understanding the locations of metal loading to Silver Creek and the relative importance of these locations is necessary to make science-based decisions. Application of tracer-injection and synoptic-sampling techniques provided a means to quantify and rank the many possible source areas. A mass-loading study was conducted along a 10,000-meter reach of Silver Creek, Utah, in April 2004. Mass-loading profiles based on spatially detailed discharge and chemical data indicated five principal locations of metal loading. These five locations contributed more than 60 percent of the cadmium and zinc loads to Silver Creek along the study reach and can be considered locations where remediation efforts could have the greatest effect upon improvement of water quality in Silver Creek.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20075248","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Utah Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Water Quality","usgsCitation":"Kimball, B.A., Runkel, R.L., and Walton-Day, K., 2007, Principal locations of metal loading from flood-plain tailings, Lower Silver Creek, Utah, April 2004: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5248, vi, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075248.","productDescription":"vi, 34 p.","temporalStart":"2004-04-01","temporalEnd":"2004-04-30","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190993,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10852,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5248/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":367595,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5248/pdf/sir20075248.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.51666666666667,40.666666666666664 ], [ -111.51666666666667,40.75 ], [ -111.43333333333334,40.75 ], [ -111.43333333333334,40.666666666666664 ], [ -111.51666666666667,40.666666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db6680a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kimball, Briant A. bkimball@usgs.gov","contributorId":533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kimball","given":"Briant","email":"bkimball@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Runkel, Robert L. 0000-0003-3220-481X runkel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3220-481X","contributorId":685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkel","given":"Robert","email":"runkel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Walton-Day, Katherine 0000-0002-9146-6193","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9146-6193","contributorId":68339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walton-Day","given":"Katherine","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":80988,"text":"sir20065199 - 2007 - Borehole geophysical monitoring of amendment emplacement and geochemical changes during vegetable oil biostimulation, Anoka County Riverfront Park, Fridley, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-30T18:48:47.269727","indexId":"sir20065199","displayToPublicDate":"2008-03-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5199","title":"Borehole geophysical monitoring of amendment emplacement and geochemical changes during vegetable oil biostimulation, Anoka County Riverfront Park, Fridley, Minnesota","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conducted a series of geophysical investigations to monitor a field-scale biostimulation pilot project at the Anoka County Riverfront Park (ACP), downgradient from the Naval Industrial Reserve Ordnance Plant, in Fridley, Minnesota. The pilot project was undertaken by the U.S. Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Southern Division, for the purpose of evaluating biostimulation using emulsified vegetable oil to treat ground water contaminated with chlorinated hydrocarbons. Vegetable oil was introduced to the subsurface to serve as substrate for naturally occurring microbes, which ultimately break down chlorinated hydrocarbons into chloride, carbon dioxide, and water through oxidation-reduction reactions. In support of this effort, the USGS collected cross-borehole radar data and conventional borehole geophysical data in five site visits over 1.5 years to evaluate the effectiveness of geophysical methods for monitoring emplacement of the vegetable oil emulsion and for tracking changes in water chemistry. Radar zero-offset profile (ZOP) data, radar traveltime tomograms, electromagnetic (EM) induction logs, natural gamma logs, neutron porosity logs, and magnetic susceptibility logs were collected and analyzed.
\nIn order to facilitate data interpretation and to test the effectiveness of radar for monitoring oil-emulsion placement and movement, three injection mixtures with different radar signatures were used: (1) vegetable oil emulsion, (2) vegetable oil emulsion with a colloidal iron tracer, and (3) vegetable oil emulsion with a magnetite tracer. Based on petrophysical modeling, mixture (1) was expected to increase radar velocity and decrease radar attenuation relative to background—a water-saturated porous medium; mixtures (2) and (3) were expected to increase radar velocity and increase radar attenuation because of their greater electrical conductivity compared to background ground water.
\nRadar ZOP data and tomograms show increased EM velocity in the vicinity of injection wells. Comparison of pre- and post-injection datasets shows that velocity anomalies are observed only in planes connected to injection wells, indicating that the emulsified vegetable oil does not migrate far after injection. In contrast to the localization of velocity anomalies, radar attenuation anomalies are observed in all zero-offset profiles, particularly those downgradient from the injection wells. Despite the expected signatures of different tracers, increases in attenuation are observed downgradient from all three injection wells; thus, we infer that the attenuation changes do not result from the iron tracers alone. Over the period of data collection, the slowness (reciprocal velocity) anomalies are relatively stable, whereas the attenuation anomalies generally increase in magnitude and extent. One explanation for the attenuation changes is that products of vegetable oil-enhanced biodegradation (for example, chloride) increase the specific conductance of ground water and thus bulk electrical conductivity and radar attenuation. This interpretation is supported by the results of EM-induction and magnetic susceptibility logs, which indicate increases in electrical conductivity in the absence of magnetic anomalies that might result from the iron and magnetite.
\nBased on the geophysical data, conceptual models of the distributions of emulsified vegetable oil and ground water with altered chemistry were developed. The field data indicate that, in several cases, the plume of ground water with altered chemistry would not be detected by direct chemical sampling given the construction of monitoring wells; hence the geophysical data provide valuable site-specific insights for the interpretation of water samples and monitoring of biostimulation projects. Application of geophysical methods to data from the ACP demonstrated the utility of radar for monitoring biostimulation injections.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20065199","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Navy","usgsCitation":"Lane, J.W., Day-Lewis, F.D., Johnson, C.D., Joesten, P.K., and Kochiss, C.S., 2007, Borehole geophysical monitoring of amendment emplacement and geochemical changes during vegetable oil biostimulation, Anoka County Riverfront Park, Fridley, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5199, vi, 55 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065199.","productDescription":"vi, 55 p.","numberOfPages":"62","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":431638,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_83378.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":10850,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5199/pdf/SIR2006-5199.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":125764,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2006_5199.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","city":"Fridley","otherGeospatial":"Anoka County Riverfront Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.288889,\n 45.071111\n ],\n [\n -93.288889,\n 45.05\n ],\n [\n -93.274722,\n 45.05\n ],\n [\n -93.274722,\n 45.071111\n ],\n [\n -93.288889,\n 45.071111\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602a43","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lane, John W. Jr. jwlane@usgs.gov","contributorId":1738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"John","suffix":"Jr.","email":"jwlane@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":294066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Day-Lewis, Frederick D. 0000-0003-3526-886X daylewis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3526-886X","contributorId":1672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day-Lewis","given":"Frederick","email":"daylewis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Carole D. 0000-0001-6941-1578 cjohnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6941-1578","contributorId":1891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Carole","email":"cjohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Joesten, Peter K. pjoesten@usgs.gov","contributorId":1929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joesten","given":"Peter","email":"pjoesten@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kochiss, Christopher S.","contributorId":76017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kochiss","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":80987,"text":"sir20075188 - 2007 - Nutrient Enrichment in Estuaries from Discharge of Shallow Ground Water, Mt. Desert Island, Maine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:22","indexId":"sir20075188","displayToPublicDate":"2008-03-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5188","title":"Nutrient Enrichment in Estuaries from Discharge of Shallow Ground Water, Mt. Desert Island, Maine","docAbstract":"Nutrient enrichment from atmospheric deposition, agricultural activities, wildlife, and domestic sources is a concern at Acadia National Park because of the potential problem of water-quality degradation and eutrophication in its estuaries. Water-quality degradation has been observed at the Park?s Bass Harbor Marsh estuary but not in Northeast Creek estuary. Previous studies at Acadia National Park have estimated nutrient inputs to estuaries from atmospheric deposition and surface-water runoff, but the importance of shallow ground water that may contain nutrients derived from domestic or other sources is unknown. Northeast Creek and Bass Harbor Marsh estuaries were studied to (1) identify shallow ground-water seeps, (2) assess the chemistry of the water discharged from selected seeps, and (3) assess the chemistry of ground water in shallow ground-water hyporheic zones. The hyporheic zone is defined here as the region beneath and lateral to a stream bed, where there is mixing of shallow ground water and surface water. This study also provides baseline chemical data for ground water in selected bedrock monitoring wells and domestic wells on Mt. Desert Island. Water samples were analyzed for concentrations of nutrients, wastewater compounds, dissolved organic carbon, pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature and specific conductance. Samples from bedrock monitoring wells also were analyzed for alkalinity, major cations and anions, and trace metals. Shallow ground-water seeps to Northeast Creek and Bass Harbor Marsh estuaries at Acadia National Park were identified and georeferenced using aerial infrared digital imagery. Monitoring included the deployment of continuously recording temperature and specific conductance sensors in the seep discharge zone to access marine or freshwater signatures related to tidal flooding, gradient-driven shallow ground-water flow, or shallow subsurface flow related to precipitation events.\r\n\r\nMany potential shallow ground-water discharge zones were identified from aerial thermal imagery during flights in May and December 2003 in both estuaries. The occurrence of ground-water seeps was confirmed using continuous and discrete measurements of temperature and specific conductance in selected seeps and in the adjacent estuaries that showed salinity anomalies reflecting the input of freshwater in these complex tidal systems. Analysis of water samples from shallow ground water in the hyporheic zone and from ground-water seeps indicated the presence of elevated concentrations of dissolved nitrogen, compared to concentrations in the adjacent estuaries and surface-water tributaries draining into the estuaries. These findings indicate that shallow ground water is a source of dissolved nitrogen to the estuaries. Orthophosphate levels were low in ground water in the hyporheic zone in Bass Harbor Marsh, but somewhat higher in one hyporheic-zone well in Northeast Creek compared with the concentrations in both estuaries that were at or below detection limits. Household wastewater-related compounds were not detected in ground water in the hyporheic zone. Analysis of water samples from domestic and bedrock monitoring wells developed in fractured bedrock indicated that concentrations of dissolved nitrogen, phosphorus, and household wastewater-related compounds were typically at or below detection, suggesting that the aquifers sampled had not been contaminated from septic sources.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20075188","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Culbertson, C.W., Huntington, T.G., and Caldwell, J.M., 2007, Nutrient Enrichment in Estuaries from Discharge of Shallow Ground Water, Mt. Desert Island, Maine: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5188, vi, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075188.","productDescription":"vi, 35 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190926,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10849,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5188/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db69673f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Culbertson, Charles W. cculbert@usgs.gov","contributorId":1607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Culbertson","given":"Charles","email":"cculbert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Huntington, Thomas G. 0000-0002-9427-3530 thunting@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-3530","contributorId":1884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huntington","given":"Thomas","email":"thunting@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Caldwell, James M. 0000-0001-5880-443X jmcald@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5880-443X","contributorId":1882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caldwell","given":"James","email":"jmcald@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":80986,"text":"sir20075139 - 2007 - Chemical Characteristics, Water Sources and Pathways, and Age Distribution of Ground Water in the Contributing Recharge Area of a Public-Supply Well near Tampa, Florida, 2002-05","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:48","indexId":"sir20075139","displayToPublicDate":"2008-03-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5139","title":"Chemical Characteristics, Water Sources and Pathways, and Age Distribution of Ground Water in the Contributing Recharge Area of a Public-Supply Well near Tampa, Florida, 2002-05","docAbstract":"In 2001, the National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program of the U.S. Geological Survey began a series of studies on the transport of anthropogenic and natural contaminants (TANC) to public-supply wells. The main goal of the TANC program was to better understand the source, transport, and receptor factors that control contaminant movement to public-supply wells in representative aquifers of the United States. Studies were first conducted at regional scales at four of the eight TANC study areas during 2002-03 and at small (local) scales during 2003-05 in California, Nebraska, Connecticut, and Florida.\r\n\r\nIn the Temple Terrace study area near Tampa, Florida, multiple chemical indicators and geochemical and ground-water flow modeling techniques were used to assess the vulnerability of a public-supply well in the karstic Upper Floridan aquifer to contamination from anthropogenic and naturally occurring contaminants. During 2003-05, water samples were collected from the public-supply well and 13 surrounding monitoring wells that all tap the Upper Floridan aquifer, and from 15 monitoring wells in the overlying surficial aquifer system and the intermediate confining unit that are located within the modeled ground-water contributing recharge area of the public-supply well.\r\n\r\nSix volatile organic compounds and four pesticides were detected in trace concentrations (well below drinking-water standards) in water from the public-supply well, which had an open interval from 36 to 53 meters below land surface. These contaminants were detected more frequently in water samples from monitoring wells in the overlying clastic surficial aquifer system than in water from monitoring wells in the Upper Floridan aquifer in the study area. Likewise, nitrate-N concentrations in the public-supply well (0.72-1.4 milligrams per liter) were more similar to median concentrations in the oxic surficial aquifer system (2.1 milligrams per liter) than to median nitrate-N concentrations in the anoxic Upper Floridan aquifer (0.06 milligram per liter) under sulfate-reducing conditions. High concentrations of radon-222 and uranium in the public-supply well compared to those in monitoring wells in the Upper Floridan aquifer appear to originate from water moving downward through sands and discontinuous clay lenses that overlie the aquifer.\r\n\r\nWater samples also were collected from three overlapping depth intervals (38-53, 43-53, and 49-53 meters below land surface) in the public-supply well. The 49- to 53-meter interval was identified as a high-flow zone during geophysical logging of the wellbore. Water samples were collected from these depth intervals at a low pumping rate by placing a low-capacity submersible pump (less than 0.02 cubic meter per minute) at the top of each interval. To represent higher pumping conditions, a large-capacity portable submersible pump (1.6 cubic meters per minute) was placed near the top of the open interval; water-chemistry samples were collected using the low-capacity submersible pump. The 49- to 53-meter depth interval had distinctly different chemistry than the other two sampled intervals. Higher concentrations of nitrate-N, atrazine, radon, trichloromethane (chloroform), and arsenic (and high arsenic (V)/arsenic (III) ratios); lower concentrations of dissolved solids, strontium, iron, manganese, and lower nitrogen and sulfur isotope ratios were found in this highly transmissive zone in the limestone than in water from the two other depth intervals.\r\n\r\nMovement of water likely occurs from the overlying sands and clays of the oxic surficial aquifer system and intermediate confining unit (that contains high radon-222 and nitrate-N concentrations) into the anoxic Upper Floridan aquifer (that contains low radon-222 and nitrate-N concentrations). Differences in arsenic concentrations in water from the various depth intervals in the public-supply well (3.2-19.0 micrograms per liter) were related to pumping conditions. The high arsenic","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20075139","usgsCitation":"Katz, B.G., Crandall, C.A., Metz, P.A., McBride, W.S., and Berndt, M., 2007, Chemical Characteristics, Water Sources and Pathways, and Age Distribution of Ground Water in the Contributing Recharge Area of a Public-Supply Well near Tampa, Florida, 2002-05: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5139, xii, 85 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075139.","productDescription":"xii, 85 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":275,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195099,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10848,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5139/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -82.91666666666667,27.75 ], [ -82.91666666666667,28.75 ], [ -81.83333333333333,28.75 ], [ -81.83333333333333,27.75 ], [ -82.91666666666667,27.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4c3f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Katz, Brian G. bkatz@usgs.gov","contributorId":1093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Katz","given":"Brian","email":"bkatz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":294058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crandall, Christy A. crandall@usgs.gov","contributorId":1091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crandall","given":"Christy","email":"crandall@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":294057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Metz, Patricia A. pmetz@usgs.gov","contributorId":1095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Metz","given":"Patricia","email":"pmetz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":270,"text":"FLWSC-Tampa","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McBride, W. Scott wmcbride@usgs.gov","contributorId":1096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McBride","given":"W.","email":"wmcbride@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Scott","affiliations":[{"id":270,"text":"FLWSC-Tampa","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":294060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Berndt, Marian P.","contributorId":45296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berndt","given":"Marian P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":80980,"text":"sir20075169 - 2007 - Hydrogeology of Two Areas of the Tug Hill Glacial-Drift Aquifer, Oswego County, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:22","indexId":"sir20075169","displayToPublicDate":"2008-03-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5169","title":"Hydrogeology of Two Areas of the Tug Hill Glacial-Drift Aquifer, Oswego County, New York","docAbstract":"Two water-production systems, one for the Village of Pulaski and the other for the Villages of Sandy Creek and Lacona in Oswego County, New York, withdraw water from the Tug Hill glacial-drift aquifer, a regional sand and gravel aquifer along the western flank of the Tug Hill Plateau, and provide the sole source of water for these villages. As a result of concerns about contamination of the aquifer, two studies were conducted during 2001 to 2004, one for each water-production system, to refine the understanding of ground-water flow surrounding these water-production systems. Also, these studies were conducted to determine the cause of the discrepancy between ground-water ages estimated from previously constructed numerical ground-water-flow models for the Pulaski and Sandy Creek/Lacona well fields and the apparent ground-water ages determined using concentrations of tritium and chlorofluorocarbons.\r\n\r\nThe Village of Pulaski withdrew 650,000 gallons per day in 2000 from four shallow, large-diameter, dug wells finished in glaciolacustrine deposits consisting of sand with some gravelly lenses 3 miles east of the village. Four 2-inch diameter test wells were installed upgradient from each production well, hydraulic heads were measured, and water samples collected and analyzed for physical properties, inorganic constituents, nutrients, bacteria, tritium, dissolved gases, and chlorofluorocarbons.\r\n\r\nRecharge to the Tug Hill glacial-drift aquifer is from precipitation directly over the aquifer and from upland sources in the eastern part of the recharge area, including (1) unchannelized runoff from till and bedrock hills east of the aquifer, (2) seepage to the aquifer from streams that drain the Tug Hill Plateau, (3) ground-water inflow from the till and bedrock on the adjoining Tug Hill Plateau. \r\n\r\nWater-quality data collected from four piezometers near the production wells in November 2003 indicated that the water is a calcium-bicarbonate type with iron concentrations that slightly exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency?s Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level in three of the four samples. The relatively small concentrations of major ions and nutrients in the samples indicate that there is no contamination from septic-tank effluent and dissolved road salt in the ground water at the Village of Pulaski well field. Three of the four samples were analyzed for total coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli (E. coli), and only total coliform bacteria were detected in all three samples. E. coli was not detected in any samples.\r\n\r\nThe Villages of Sandy Creek and Lacona use about 270,000 gallons of water per day for public consumption?alternating withdrawals from northern and southern well fields located in glaciolacustrine beach, glaciofluvial outwash, and alluvial inwash deposits consisting mostly of silty sand and gravel. Four test wells were drilled, hydraulic heads were measured, and water samples collected between 2001 and 2003 and analyzed for physical properties, inorganic constituents, nutrients, bacteria, tritium, dissolved gases, and chlorofluorocarbons.\r\n\r\nThe aquifer in the Sandy Creek/Lacona area is highly susceptible to contamination because the aquifer (1) is unconfined, (2) is highly transmissive, (3) is thin (10 to 25 feet) and narrow (about 0.5 miles wide), and (4) has relatively short ground-water flowpaths from recharge to discharge areas (including wells). Additionally, drainage ditches east of the southern well field intercept westward-flowing ground water, which then is routed to an area just upgradient from the production wells where some of the water seeps back into the aquifer and is captured by these wells, effectively shortcircuiting the ground-water-flow system. \r\n\r\nWater-quality samples collected from three wells in the Sandy Creek/Lacona southern well field indicate that the ground water is a sodium-bicarbonate/sulfate type and of good quality; however, in one water sample, the sodium concentration of 6","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20075169","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Oswego County Health Department","usgsCitation":"Miller, T.S., Bugliosi, E.F., Hetcher-Aguila, K.K., and Eckhardt, D.A., 2007, Hydrogeology of Two Areas of the Tug Hill Glacial-Drift Aquifer, Oswego County, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5169, viii, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075169.","productDescription":"viii, 43 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190569,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10841,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5169/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -76.21666666666667,43.5 ], [ -76.21666666666667,43.71666666666667 ], [ -76.03333333333333,43.71666666666667 ], [ -76.03333333333333,43.5 ], [ -76.21666666666667,43.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a49e4b07f02db624758","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Todd S. tsmiller@usgs.gov","contributorId":1190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Todd","email":"tsmiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bugliosi, Edward F. ebuglios@usgs.gov","contributorId":1083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bugliosi","given":"Edward","email":"ebuglios@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hetcher-Aguila, Kari K.","contributorId":92753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hetcher-Aguila","given":"Kari","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Eckhardt, David A. daeckhar@usgs.gov","contributorId":1079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eckhardt","given":"David","email":"daeckhar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":294037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":80983,"text":"cir1288 - 2007 - Statistics of petroleum exploration in the world outside the United States and Canada through 2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-18T14:30:09","indexId":"cir1288","displayToPublicDate":"2008-03-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1288","title":"Statistics of petroleum exploration in the world outside the United States and Canada through 2001","docAbstract":"Future oil and gas supplies depend, in part, on the reserves that are expected to be added through exploration and new discoveries. This Circular presents a summary of the statistics and an analysis of petroleum exploration in the world outside the United States and Canada (the study area) through 2001. It updates U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1096 (by E.D. Attanasi and D.H. Root, 1993) and expands coverage of the statistics to areas where drilling and discovery data have recently become available. These new areas include China, the formerly Communist countries of Eastern Europe, and the countries that once were part of the former Soviet Union in Europe and Asia. Data are presented by country but are organized by petroleum provinces delineated by the U.S. Geological Survey World Energy Assessment Team (USGS Digital Data Series DDS?60, published in 2000).\r\n\r\nThe data and analysis are presented in maps and graphs, providing a visual summary of the exploration maturity of an area. The maps show the delineated prospective areas and explored areas through 2001; explored areas have a drilling density that would rule out the occurrence of undetected large petroleum accumulations. Graphs summarize the exploration yields in terms of cumulative recoverable discovered oil and gas by delineated prospective area.\r\n\r\nFrom 1992 through 2001 in areas outside the United States and Canada, the delineated prospective area expanded at a rate of about 50,000 square miles per year while the explored area grew at the rate of about 11,000 square miles per year. The delineated prospective area established by 1970 contains about 75 percent of the oil discovered to date in the study area. This area is slightly less than 40 percent of the delineated prospective area established through 2001.\r\n\r\nMaps and graphs show the extension of the delineated prospective area to deepwater areas offshore of Brazil and West Africa. From 1991 through 2000, offshore discoveries accounted for 59 percent of the oil and 77 percent of the gas discovered in the study area. The petroleum industry's decision to incur the greater costs of moving offshore and into deeper waters appears to be a response to the absence of onshore prospects of comparable quality. Where natural gas can be commercially developed and marketed, data show an expansion of exploration to target gas-prone areas.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir1288","isbn":"9781411309005","usgsCitation":"Attanasi, E.D., Freeman, P., and Glovier, J.A., 2007, Statistics of petroleum exploration in the world outside the United States and Canada through 2001: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1288, vi, 167 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1288.","productDescription":"vi, 167 p.","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195581,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10844,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1288/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dbe4b07f02db5e0fa0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Attanasi, Emil D. 0000-0001-6845-7160 attanasi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6845-7160","contributorId":193092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Attanasi","given":"Emil","email":"attanasi@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":294045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Freeman, Philip A. 0000-0002-0863-7431 pfreeman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0863-7431","contributorId":193093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"Philip A.","email":"pfreeman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Glovier, Jennifer A.","contributorId":65191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glovier","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":80973,"text":"ofr20071179 - 2007 - EAARL topography: George Washington Birthplace National Monument","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-09T13:15:29","indexId":"ofr20071179","displayToPublicDate":"2008-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1179","title":"EAARL topography: George Washington Birthplace National Monument","docAbstract":"This Web site contains Lidar-derived topography (first return and bare earth) maps and GIS files for George Washington Birthplace National Monument in Virginia.
\nThese lidar-derived topography maps were produced as a collaborative effort between the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Coastal and Marine Geology Program, FISC St. Petersburg, the National Park Service (NPS), Northeast Coastal and Barrier Network, Inventory and Monitoring Program, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Wallops Flight Facility. One objective of this research is to create techniques to survey coral reefs and barrier islands for the purposes of geomorphic change studies, habitat mapping, ecological monitoring, change detection, and event assessment. As part of this project, data from an innovative instrument under development at the NASA Wallops Flight Facility, the NASA Experimental Airborne Advanced Research Lidar (EAARL) are being used. This sensor has the potential to make significant contributions in this realm for measuring subaerial and submarine topography wthin cross-environment surveys. High spectral resolution, water-column correction, and low costs were found to be key factors in providing accurate and affordable imagery to coastal resource managers.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071179","usgsCitation":"Brock, J., Wright, C.W., Patterson, M., Nayegandhi, A., and Patterson, J., 2007, EAARL topography: George Washington Birthplace National Monument: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1179, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071179.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195123,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20071179.gif"},{"id":292708,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1179/start.html"},{"id":10834,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1179/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","otherGeospatial":"George Washington Birthplace National Monument","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -76.934732,38.182164 ], [ -76.934732,38.20192 ], [ -76.91314,38.20192 ], [ -76.91314,38.182164 ], [ -76.934732,38.182164 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a55e4b07f02db62ce5f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brock, John 0000-0002-5289-9332 jbrock@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5289-9332","contributorId":2261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brock","given":"John","email":"jbrock@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5061,"text":"National Cooperative Geologic Mapping and Landslide Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wright, C. Wayne wwright@usgs.gov","contributorId":57422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"C.","email":"wwright@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Wayne","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Patterson, Matt","contributorId":93982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patterson","given":"Matt","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nayegandhi, Amar","contributorId":37292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nayegandhi","given":"Amar","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Patterson, Judd","contributorId":9358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patterson","given":"Judd","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":80974,"text":"ofr20071395 - 2007 - EAARL submarine topography: Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-09T13:14:52","indexId":"ofr20071395","displayToPublicDate":"2008-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1395","title":"EAARL submarine topography: Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary","docAbstract":"This Web site contains 46 Lidar-derived submarine topography maps and GIS files for the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary.
\nThese Lidar-derived submarine topographic maps were produced as a collaborative effort between the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Coastal and Marine Geology Program, FISC St. Petersburg, Florida, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Remote Sensing Division, the National Park Service (NPS) South Florida/Caribbean Network Inventory and Monitoring Program, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Wallops Flight Facility. One objective of this research is to create techniques to survey coral reefs and barrier islands for the purposes of geomorphic change studies, habitat mapping, ecological monitoring, change detection, and event assessment. As part of this project, data from an innovative instrument under development at the NASA Wallops Flight Facility, the NASA Experimental Airborne Advanced Research Lidar (EAARL) are being used. This sensor has the potential to make significant contributions in this realm for measuring subaerial and submarine topography within cross-environment surveys. High spectral resolution, water-column correction, and low costs were found to be key factors in providing accurate and affordable imagery to coastal resource managers.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071395","usgsCitation":"Brock, J., Wright, C.W., Nayegandhi, A., Woolard, J., Patterson, M., Wilson, I., and Travers, L.J., 2007, EAARL submarine topography: Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1395, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071395.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195706,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20071395.gif"},{"id":292702,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1395/start.html"},{"id":10835,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1395/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -81.8091229803,24.5493590197 ], [ -81.8091229803,24.5520569803 ], [ -81.8064250197,24.5520569803 ], [ -81.8064250197,24.5493590197 ], [ -81.8091229803,24.5493590197 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a58e4b07f02db62f43d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brock, John 0000-0002-5289-9332 jbrock@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5289-9332","contributorId":2261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brock","given":"John","email":"jbrock@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5061,"text":"National Cooperative Geologic Mapping and Landslide Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wright, C. Wayne wwright@usgs.gov","contributorId":57422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"C.","email":"wwright@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Wayne","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nayegandhi, Amar","contributorId":37292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nayegandhi","given":"Amar","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Woolard, Jason","contributorId":93997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woolard","given":"Jason","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Patterson, Matt","contributorId":93982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patterson","given":"Matt","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wilson, Iris","contributorId":37420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Iris","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Travers, Laurinda J. ltravers@usgs.gov","contributorId":3002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Travers","given":"Laurinda","email":"ltravers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":294010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":80979,"text":"sir20075254 - 2007 - Sources, dispersal, and fate of fine sediment supplied to coastal California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-22T14:40:19","indexId":"sir20075254","displayToPublicDate":"2008-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5254","title":"Sources, dispersal, and fate of fine sediment supplied to coastal California","docAbstract":"We have investigated the sources, dispersal, and fate of fine sediment supplied to California coastal waters in a partnership between the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the California Sediment Management Workgroup (CSMW). The purpose of this study was to document the rates and characteristics of these processes so that the State can better manage its coastal resources, including sediment. In this study, we made the following observations:
\n- Rivers dominate the supply of fine sediment to the California coastal waters, with an average annual flux of 34 megatonnes (Mt).
\n- Cliff and bluff erosion in central and southern California is a source of fine sediment, with a delivery rate of approximately 10 percent of river loads. In the southern most part of the State, however, where river-sediment loads are low, cliff and bluff erosion represent approximately 40 percent of the total fine-sediment flux.
\n- Temporal variation in the sources of fine sediment is high. River floods and bluff erosion are episodic and dominated by winter storms, which supply most sediment flux to the coast. The magnitude of winter storms is generally related to the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) climate cycles.
\n- The three rivers that dominate fine-sediment flux to the California coast are the Eel, Salinas, and Santa Clara Rivers. Because the sediment delivery from these and all other California coastal watersheds is episodic, individual rivers discharge most of their annual loads over the course of only a few days per year.
\n- Spatial variation in river-sediment discharge is high and generally related to such watershed characteristics as geology, precipitation, and drainage area. For example, the Transverse Range of southern California represents only 9 percent of the watershed-drainage area but 18 percent of the fine-sediment flux, a function of the young sedimentary bedrock and active tectonics of this region. The urban rivers of southern California were observed to discharge sediment at rates consistent with those of the surrounding Transverse Range rivers, which share the same geologic setting.
\n- Direct observations of fine-sediment dispersal have been limited to the river-mouth settings of the Eel and Santa Clara Rivers, where sediment has been observed to settle quickly from buoyant plumes and be transported along the seabed during periods of storm waves.
\n- After heavy loading of fine sediment onto the continental shelf during river floods, there is increasing evidence that fluid-mud gravity flows occur within a layer 10 to 50 cm above the seabed and efficiently transport fine sediment offshore.
\n- All along the California coast, the timing of river discharge and coastal winds and waves from storm events are strongly coherent; however, of large wave events with the potential for resuspending and transporting fine sediment occur during periods without significant rainfall and therefore no significant river discharge.
\n- Although fine sediment dominates the midshelf mud belts offshore of California river mouths, these mud belts are not the dominant sink of fine sediment, much of which is deposited across the entire continental shelf, including the inner shelf, and offshelf into deeper water depths.
\n- Accumulation rates of fine sediment, which can exceed several millimeters per year, are generally highest near river sources of sediment and along the inner shelf and midshelf.
\n- Sediment-accumulation rates, as summarized from both long-term and recent investigations of continental-shelf geochronology, are generally consistent across California except in southern California, where recently the sediment-accumulation rate has been tenfold greater than the long-term rate, possibly as a result of increased river discharge, wastewater outfall inputs, or other anthropogenic sources.
\nThus, fine sediment is a natural and dynamic element of the California coastal system because of large, natural sediment sources and dynamic transport processes.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20075254","usgsCitation":"Farnsworth, K., and Warrick, J., 2007, Sources, dispersal, and fate of fine sediment supplied to coastal California (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5254, vi, 77 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075254.","productDescription":"vi, 77 p.","numberOfPages":"86","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":645,"text":"Western Coastal and Marine Geology","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195650,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20075254.PNG"},{"id":10840,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5254/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":292900,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5254/sir2007-5254.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.41,32.53 ], [ -124.41,42.01 ], [ -114.13,42.01 ], [ -114.13,32.53 ], [ -124.41,32.53 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e74a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Farnsworth, Katherine L.","contributorId":56330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farnsworth","given":"Katherine L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Warrick, Jonathan A. 0000-0002-0205-3814","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0205-3814","contributorId":48255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warrick","given":"Jonathan A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":80968,"text":"sir20075204 - 2007 - Magnitude and Frequency of Floods in Alabama, 2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:46","indexId":"sir20075204","displayToPublicDate":"2008-02-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5204","title":"Magnitude and Frequency of Floods in Alabama, 2003","docAbstract":"Methods of estimating flood magnitudes for recurrence intervals of 1.5, 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 500 years have been developed for rural streams in Alabama that are not affected by regulation or urbanization. Regression relations were developed using generalized least-squares regression techniques to estimate flood magnitude and frequency on ungaged streams as a function of the basin drainage area. These methods are based on flood-frequency characteristics for 169 gaging stations in Alabama and 47 gaging stations in adjacent states having 10 or more years of record through September 2003. Graphical relations of peak flows to drainage areas are presented for sites along the Alabama, Coosa, Tallapoosa, Tennessee, Tombigbee, and Black Warrior Rivers. Equations that account for drainage area and percentage of impervious cover as independent variables also are provided for estimating flood magnitudes on ungaged urban streams (taken from a previous report).","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20075204","isbn":"9781411320130","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Alabama Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Hedgecock, T., and Feaster, T., 2007, Magnitude and Frequency of Floods in Alabama, 2003: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5204, Report: iv, 28 p. + 112 p. appendix; Plate: 20 x 28 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075204.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 28 p. + 112 p. appendix; Plate: 20 x 28 inches","costCenters":[{"id":105,"text":"Alabama Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195404,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10828,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5204/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -89.5,30 ], [ -89.5,35.5 ], [ -84.5,35.5 ], [ -84.5,30 ], [ -89.5,30 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db6494b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hedgecock, T.S.","contributorId":16107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hedgecock","given":"T.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":293995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Feaster, Toby D. 0000-0002-5626-5011 tfeaster@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5626-5011","contributorId":1109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feaster","given":"Toby D.","email":"tfeaster@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":293994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}