{"pageNumber":"93","pageRowStart":"2300","pageSize":"25","recordCount":4111,"records":[{"id":86281,"text":"ofr20081305 - 2008 - Mormon cricket control in Utah's west desert - Evaluation of impacts of the pesticide Diflubenzuron on nontarget arthropod communities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-11T09:51:55","indexId":"ofr20081305","displayToPublicDate":"2008-10-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1305","title":"Mormon cricket control in Utah's west desert - Evaluation of impacts of the pesticide Diflubenzuron on nontarget arthropod communities","docAbstract":"<p>Grasshopper and Mormon cricket (Orthoptera) populations periodically build to extremely high numbers and can cause significant economic damage in rangelands and agricultural fields of the Great Plains and Intermountain West. A variety of insecticides have been applied to control population outbreaks, with recent efforts directed at minimizing impacts to nontarget fauna in treated ecosystems. A relatively new insecticide for control of Orthoptera is diflubenzuron, which acts to inhibit chitin production, ultimately causing death during the molt following ingestion of the insecticide. All arthropods, including insects, mites, and crustaceans, use chitin to build their exoskeletons and will die if they are unable to produce it during the next molt. Diflubenzuron is not taxon specific—it affects all arthropods that ingest it, except adult insects, which do not molt. Consequently, application of this pesticide has the potential to significantly reduce not only target populations but all terrestrial and aquatic arthropods within treatment zones.</p><p>Some research has been done in the Great Plains on the impact of diflubenzuron on nontarget arthropods in the context of grasshopper-control programs, but no work has been done in the Great Basin in Mormon cricket-control areas. This study was instigated in anticipation of the need for extensive control of Orthoptera outbreaks in Utah’s west desert during 2005, and it was designed to sample terrestrial and aquatic arthropod communities in both treated and untreated zones. Three areas were sampled: Grouse Creek, Ibapah, and Vernon. High mortality of Mormon cricket eggs in the wet, cool spring of 2005 restricted the need to control Mormon crickets to Grouse Creek. Diflubenzuron was applied (aerial reduced agent-area treatment) in May 2005. Terrestrial and aquatic arthropod communities were sampled before and after application of diflubenzuron in the Grouse Creek area of northwestern Utah in May and June of 2005. In July 2005, U.S. Geological Survey scientists sampled areas in Ibapah and Vernon that had been treated with diflubenzuron in 2004, along with adjacent untreated areas. Pitfall traps at four treated and four untreated sites were used to collect ground-dwelling terrestrial arthropods. Semiquantitative sweep surveys of aquatic habitats were made before treatment, 2 weeks after treatment, and 4 months after treatment (after leaf fall) at Grouse Creek. One-year post-treatment samples were collected by using the same methods for terrestrial and aquatic arthropods at Ibapah and Vernon in July 2005 (treatments applied in June 2004).</p><p>More than 124,000 terrestrial arthropods were collected from the three study areas, and more than 200,000 aquatic invertebrates were collected in the aquatic samples. Direct effects of diflubenzuron on aquatic and terrestrial arthropod communities were not apparent in our data from Grouse Creek. The treatment was designed to avoid spraying pesticide on water bodies, and no measurable effects on aquatic communities from either springs or streams were observed, with the exception of the reduction of taxa richness at Vernon (a result confounded by elevational differences in the treatment and nontreatment zones). Some trends indicate diflubenzuron may affect some terrestrial taxa. Ant communities showed some differences, with possible lag effects at Ibapah and Vernon. <i>Forelius</i> was more abundant, while <i>Tapinoma</i> and, perhaps, <i>Formica</i> declined in treated zones in these two study areas. <i>Solenopsis</i> also was more numerous at treated Ibapah sites but varied without pattern at Vernon. Scorpions were abundant at Grouse Creek and Ibapah but rare at Vernon. Numbers did not change during several weeks at Grouse Creek, but at Ibapah, numbers at treated sites were much lower than at untreated sites. The Lygaeidae (in the order Hemiptera) were more abundant in the untreated zones at Ibapah and Vernon, although significantly so only at Ibapah. Lygaeidae were absent from the treated zone at Grouse Creek (before and after treatment) but were present after treatment in the untreated zone. Additional research is recommended to determine more explicitly whether these taxa are sensitive to diflubenzuron applications in the Great Basin.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081305","usgsCitation":"Graham, T.B., Brasher, A., and Close, R.N., 2008, Mormon cricket control in Utah's west desert - Evaluation of impacts of the pesticide Diflubenzuron on nontarget arthropod communities: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1305, vi, 82 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081305.","productDescription":"vi, 82 p.","numberOfPages":"92","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194837,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339522,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1305/of2008-1305.pdf"},{"id":11865,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1305/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Grouse Creek","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114,38 ], [ -114,42 ], [ -112,42 ], [ -112,38 ], [ -114,38 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b474d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Graham, Tim B.","contributorId":105003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graham","given":"Tim","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brasher, Anne M.D.","contributorId":33686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brasher","given":"Anne M.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Close, Rebecca N.","contributorId":16803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Close","given":"Rebecca","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":86263,"text":"gip80 - 2008 - Internships, employment opportunities, and research grants","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":86263,"text":"gip80 - 2008 - Internships, employment opportunities, and research grants","indexId":"gip80","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"title":"Internships, employment opportunities, and research grants"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":98716,"text":"gip114 - 2015 - Internships, employment opportunities, and research grants","indexId":"gip114","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"title":"Internships, employment opportunities, and research grants"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":98716,"text":"gip114 - 2015 - Internships, employment opportunities, and research grants","indexId":"gip114","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"title":"Internships, employment opportunities, and research grants"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-18T13:05:06","indexId":"gip80","displayToPublicDate":"2008-10-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":315,"text":"General Information Product","code":"GIP","onlineIssn":"2332-354X","printIssn":"2332-3531","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"80","title":"Internships, employment opportunities, and research grants","docAbstract":"<p>As an unbiased, multidisciplinary science organization that focuses on biology, geography, geology, geospatial information, and water, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is dedicated to the timely, relevant, and impartial study of the landscape, our natural resources, and the natural hazards that threaten us. Opportunities for undergraduate and graduate students and faculty to participate in USGS science are available through the selected programs described below. Please note: U.S. citizenship is required for all positions, although some noncitizens may be eligible in rare circumstances.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/gip80","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Internships, employment opportunities, and research grants: U.S. Geological Survey General Information Product 80, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/gip80.","productDescription":"4 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121181,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/gip_80.jpg"},{"id":11845,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/80/"},{"id":339862,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/80/GIP80.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66d382"}
,{"id":86247,"text":"ofr20081258 - 2008 - GIS Representation of Coal-Bearing Areas in Africa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:50","indexId":"ofr20081258","displayToPublicDate":"2008-09-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1258","title":"GIS Representation of Coal-Bearing Areas in Africa","docAbstract":"The African continent contains approximately 5 percent of the world's proven recoverable reserves of coal (World Energy Council, 2007). Energy consumption in Africa is projected to grow at an annual rate of 2.3 percent from 2004 through 2030, while average consumption in first-world nations is expected to rise at 1.4 percent annually (Energy Information Administration, 2007).  Coal reserves will undoubtedly continue to be part of Africa's energy portfolio as it grows in the future.  A review of academic and industrial literature indicates that 27 nations in Africa contain coal-bearing rock.  South Africa accounts for 96 percent of Africa's total proven recoverable coal reserves, ranking it sixth in the world.  This report is a digital compilation of information on Africa's coal-bearing geology found in the literature and is intended to be used in small scale spatial investigations in a Geographic Information System (GIS) and as a visual aid for the discussion of Africa's coal resources.\r\n\r\nMany maps of African coal resources often include points for mine locations or regional scale polygons with generalized borders depicting basin edges. Point locations are detailed but provide no information regarding extent, and generalized polygons do not have sufficient detail.  In this dataset, the polygons are representative of the actual coal-bearing lithology both in location and regional extent.  Existing U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) digital geology datasets provide the majority of the base geologic polygons.  Polygons for the coal-bearing localities were clipped from the base geology that represented the age and extent of the coal deposit as indicated in the literature.  Where the 1:5,000,000-scale geology base layer's ages conflicted with those in the publications, polygons were generated directly from the regional African coal maps (1:500,000 scale, approximately) in the published material.  In these cases, coal-bearing polygons were clipped to the literature's indicated coal extent, without regard to the underlying geology base or topographic constraints.\r\n\r\nIndication of the presence of African coal is based on multiple sources. However, the quality of the sources varies and there is often disagreement in the literature. This dataset includes the rank, age, and location of coal in Africa as well as the detailed source information responsible for each coal-bearing polygon.  The dataset is not appropriate for use in resource assessments of any kind.  Attributes necessary for tasks, such as number of coal seams, thickness of seams, and depth to coal are rarely provided in the literature and accordingly not represented in this data set.  Small-scale investigations, representations and display uses are most appropriate for this product.  This product is the first to show coal distribution as bounded by actual geologic contacts for the entire African continent.  In addition to the spatial component of this dataset, complete references to source material are provided for each polygon, making this product a useful first step resource in African coal research.  Greater detail regarding the creation of this dataset as well as the sources used is provided in the metadata file for the Africa_coal.shp file.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081258","usgsCitation":"Merrill, M., and Tewalt, S.J., 2008, GIS Representation of Coal-Bearing Areas in Africa: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1258, GIS Data, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081258.","productDescription":"GIS Data","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195241,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11829,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1258/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -20,-40 ], [ -20,40 ], [ 55,40 ], [ 55,-40 ], [ -20,-40 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b1645","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Merrill, Matthew D. 0000-0003-3766-847X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3766-847X","contributorId":48256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merrill","given":"Matthew D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tewalt, Susan J. stewalt@usgs.gov","contributorId":64270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tewalt","given":"Susan","email":"stewalt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":259,"text":"Energy Resources Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":297288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":86228,"text":"pp1757 - 2008 - The Inskip Formation, the Harmony Formation, and the Havallah sequence of Northwestern Nevada — An interrelated Paleozoic assemblage in the home of the Sonoma orogeny","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-14T22:11:42.350823","indexId":"pp1757","displayToPublicDate":"2008-09-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1757","title":"The Inskip Formation, the Harmony Formation, and the Havallah sequence of Northwestern Nevada — An interrelated Paleozoic assemblage in the home of the Sonoma orogeny","docAbstract":"An area between the towns of Winnemucca and Battle Mountain in northwestern Nevada, termed the arkosic triangle, includes the type areas of the middle to upper Paleozoic Inskip Formation and Havallah sequence, the Upper Devonian to Mississippian Harmony Formation, the Sonoma orogeny, and the Golconda thrust. According to an extensive body of scientific literature, the Havallah sequence, a diverse assemblage of oceanic rocks, was obducted onto the continent during the latest Permian or earliest Triassic Sonoma orogeny by way of the Golconda thrust. This has been the most commonly accepted theory for half a century, often cited but rarely challenged. The tectonic roles of the Inskip and Harmony Formations have remained uncertain, and they have never been fully integrated into the accepted theory. New, and newly interpreted, data are incompatible with the accepted theory and force comprehensive stratigraphic and tectonic concepts that include the Inskip and Harmony Formations as follows: middle to upper Paleozoic strata, including the Inskip, Harmony, and Havallah, form an interrelated assemblage that was deposited in a single basin on an autochthonous sequence of Cambrian, Ordovician, and lowest Silurian strata of the outer miogeocline. Sediments composing the Upper Devonian to Permian sequence entered the basin from both sides, arkosic sands, gravel, limestone olistoliths, and other detrital components entered from the west, and quartz, quartzite, chert, and other clasts from the east. Tectonic activity was expressed as: (1) Devonian uplift and erosion of part of the outer miogeocline; (2) Late Devonian depression of the same area, forming a trough, probably fault-bounded, in which the Inskip, Harmony, and Havallah were deposited; (3) production of intraformational and extrabasinal conglomerates derived from the basinal rocks; and (4) folding or tilting of the east side of the depositional basin in the Pennsylvanian. These middle to upper Paleozoic deposits were compressed in the Jurassic, causing east-verging thrusts in the eastern part of the depositional basin (Golconda thrust) and west-verging thrusts and folds in the western part. Hypotheses involving a far-traveled allochthon that was obducted from an ocean or back-arc basin are incompatible with modern observations and concepts.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1757","usgsCitation":"Ketner, K.B., 2008, The Inskip Formation, the Harmony Formation, and the Havallah sequence of Northwestern Nevada — An interrelated Paleozoic assemblage in the home of the Sonoma orogeny (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1757, vi, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1757.","productDescription":"vi, 21 p.","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190605,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp1757.gif"},{"id":11806,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1757/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":356876,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1757/pdf/pp1757_508.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Harmony Formation, Havallah sequence, Inskip Formation","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -118,\n              39.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -118,\n              42\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.375,\n              42\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.375,\n              39.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -118,\n              39.5\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67c0b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ketner, Keith B.","contributorId":957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ketner","given":"Keith","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":297244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":86192,"text":"ofr20081275 - 2008 - Avian Species Inventory at Manzanar National Historic Site, California - Final Report to the National Park Service","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:47","indexId":"ofr20081275","displayToPublicDate":"2008-09-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1275","title":"Avian Species Inventory at Manzanar National Historic Site, California - Final Report to the National Park Service","docAbstract":"We conducted a baseline inventory for avian species at Manzanar National Historic Site, Inyo County, Calif., from 2002 to 2005. Under the guidelines of the Mojave Network Biological Inventory Program, the primary objectives for this study were to (1) inventory and document the occurrence of avian species at Manzanar, with the goal of documenting at least 90 percent of the species present; (2) provide a geographic information system (GIS)-referenced list of sensitive species occurring at Manzanar that are rare, on Federal or State lists, or otherwise worthy of special consideration; and (3) enter all species data into the National Park Service NPSpecies database. Survey methods included general area searches, variable circular plot point-count censusing, nocturnal surveys, and nest searching. During 13 year-round survey sessions, we documented the occurrence of 132 bird species at Manzanar and confirmed breeding by 19 of these. Based on our findings, as well as review of the literature and searches for records of species occurrence, we estimate inventory completeness for regularly occurring bird species at Manzanar to be near 90 percent. No sensitive species on Federal or State lists were found. The distribution and relative abundance of common bird species at this site is now well enough known to begin development of a monitoring protocol for this group.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081275","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Northern Arizona University","usgsCitation":"Hart, J., and Drost, C., 2008, Avian Species Inventory at Manzanar National Historic Site, California - Final Report to the National Park Service (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1275, iv, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081275.","productDescription":"iv, 39 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2002-01-01","temporalEnd":"2005-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195504,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11769,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1275/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118.2,36.7 ], [ -118.2,36.8 ], [ -118.1,36.8 ], [ -118.1,36.7 ], [ -118.2,36.7 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64afe2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hart, Jan","contributorId":38246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"Jan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drost, Charles","contributorId":52524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drost","given":"Charles","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":85803,"text":"ofr20081111 - 2008 - TSPP - A collection of FORTRAN programs for processing and manipulating time series","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-17T16:44:35","indexId":"ofr20081111","displayToPublicDate":"2008-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1111","title":"TSPP - A collection of FORTRAN programs for processing and manipulating time series","docAbstract":"<p>This report lists a number of FORTRAN programs that I have developed over the years for processing and manipulating strong-motion accelerograms. The collection is titled TSPP, which stands for Time Series Processing Programs. I have excluded 'strong-motion accelerograms' from the title, however, as the boundary between 'strong' and 'weak' motion has become blurred with the advent of broadband sensors and high-dynamic range dataloggers, and many of the programs can be used with any evenly spaced time series, not just acceleration time series. This version of the report is relatively brief, consisting primarily of an annotated list of the programs, with two examples of processing, and a few comments on usage. I do not include a parameter-by-parameter guide to the programs. Future versions might include more examples of processing, illustrating the various parameter choices in the programs. Although these programs have been used by the U.S. Geological Survey, no warranty, expressed or implied, is made by the USGS as to the accuracy or functioning of the programs and related program material, nor shall the fact of distribution constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the USGS in connection therewith. The programs are distributed on an 'as is' basis, with no warranty of support from me. These programs were written for my use and are being publicly distributed in the hope that others might find them as useful as I have. I would, however, appreciate being informed about bugs, and I always welcome suggestions for improvements to the codes. Please note that I have made little effort to optimize the coding of the programs or to include a user-friendly interface (many of the programs in this collection have been included in the software usdp (Utility Software for Data Processing), being developed by Akkar et al. (personal communication, 2008); usdp includes a graphical user interface). Speed of execution has been sacrificed in favor of a code that is intended to be easy to understand, although on modern computers speed of execution is rarely a problem. I will be pleased if users incorporate portions of my programs into their own applications; I only ask that reference be made to this report as the source of the programs.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081111","usgsCitation":"Boore, D.M., 2008, TSPP - A collection of FORTRAN programs for processing and manipulating time series (Version 1.6, revised Jun 30, 2009): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1111, iv, 53 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081111.","productDescription":"iv, 53 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190789,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11493,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1111/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.6, revised Jun 30, 2009","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b06e4b07f02db69a259","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boore, David M. boore@usgs.gov","contributorId":2509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boore","given":"David","email":"boore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":296448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":81309,"text":"sim2963 - 2008 - Geologic Map of the San Luis Quadrangle, Costilla County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:47","indexId":"sim2963","displayToPublicDate":"2008-05-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2963","title":"Geologic Map of the San Luis Quadrangle, Costilla County, Colorado","docAbstract":"The map area includes San Luis and the primarily rural surrounding area. San Luis, the county seat of Costilla County, is the oldest surviving settlement in Colorado (1851). West of the town are San Pedro and San Luis mesas (basalt-covered tablelands), which are horsts with the San Luis fault zone to the east and the southern Sangre de Cristo fault zone to the west. The map also includes the Sanchez graben (part of the larger Culebra graben), a deep structural basin that lies between the San Luis fault zone (on the west) and the central Sangre de Cristo fault zone (on the east). The oldest rocks exposed in the map area are the Pliocene to upper Oligocene basin-fill sediments of the Santa Fe Group, and Pliocene Servilleta Basalt, a regional series of 3.7?4.8 Ma old flood basalts. Landslide deposits and colluvium that rest on sediments of the Santa Fe Group cover the steep margins of the mesas. Rare exposures of the sediment are comprised of siltstones, sandstones, and minor fluvial conglomerates. Most of the low ground surrounding the mesas and in the graben is covered by surficial deposits of Quaternary age. The alluvial deposits are subdivided into three Pleistocene-age units and three Holocene-age units. The oldest Pleistocene gravel (unit Qao) forms extensive coalesced alluvial fan and piedmont surfaces, the largest of which is known as the Costilla Plain. This surface extends west from San Pedro Mesa to the Rio Grande. The primary geologic hazards in the map area are from earthquakes, landslides, and localized flooding. There are three major fault zones in the area (as discussed above), and they all show evidence for late Pleistocene to possible Holocene movement. The landslides may have seismogenic origins; that is, they may be stimulated by strong ground shaking during large earthquakes. Machette and Thompson based this geologic map entirely on new mapping, whereas Drenth supplied geophysical data and interpretations.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sim2963","isbn":"9781411321304","usgsCitation":"Machette, M., Thompson, R.A., and Drenth, B.J., 2008, Geologic Map of the San Luis Quadrangle, Costilla County, Colorado (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2963, Map Sheet: 44 x 29 inches; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim2963.","productDescription":"Map Sheet: 44 x 29 inches; Downloads Directory","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":111117,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_83674.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":195468,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11345,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2963/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"24000","projection":"Polyconic","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -105.5,37.1175 ], [ -105.5,37.25 ], [ -105.36749999999999,37.25 ], [ -105.36749999999999,37.1175 ], [ -105.5,37.1175 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6adf49","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Machette, Michael N.","contributorId":28963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Machette","given":"Michael N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, Ren A. 0000-0002-3044-3043 rathomps@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3044-3043","contributorId":1265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Ren","email":"rathomps@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Drenth, Benjamin J. 0000-0002-3954-8124 bdrenth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3954-8124","contributorId":1315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drenth","given":"Benjamin","email":"bdrenth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":81259,"text":"sir20085018 - 2008 - Water Quality and Biological Characteristics of the Middle Fork of the Saline River, Arkansas, 2003-06","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:47","indexId":"sir20085018","displayToPublicDate":"2008-05-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5018","title":"Water Quality and Biological Characteristics of the Middle Fork of the Saline River, Arkansas, 2003-06","docAbstract":"The Middle Fork of the Saline River has many qualities that have been recognized by State and Federal agencies. The Middle Fork provides habitat for several rare aquatic species and is part of a larger stream system (the Upper Saline River) that is known for relatively high levels of species richness and relatively high numbers of species of concern. \r\n\r\nWater-quality samples were collected and streamflow was measured by the U.S. Geological Survey at three sites in the Middle Fork Basin between October 2003 and October 2006.  The Arkansas Department of Environmental Quality collected discrete synoptic water-quality samples from eight sites between January 2004 and October 2006.  The Arkansas Department of Environmental Quality also sampled fish (September-October 2003) and benthic macroinvertebrate communities (September 2003-December 2005) at five sites.  \r\n\r\nStreamflow varied annually among the three streamflow sites from October 2003 to October 2006.  The mean annual streamflow for Brushy Creek near Jessieville (MFS06) was 0.72 cubic meters per second for water years 2004-2006.  The Middle Fork below Jessieville (MFS05) had a mean annual streamflow of 1.11 cubic meters per second for water years 2004-2006.  The Middle Fork near Owensville (MFS02), the most downstream site, had a mean annual streamflow of 3.01 cubic meters per second.  The greatest streamflows at the three sites generally occurred in the winter and spring and the least in the summer. \r\n\r\nNutrient dynamics in the Middle Fork are controlled by activities in the basin and processes that occur in the stream.  Point sources and nonpoint sources of nutrients occur in the Middle Fork Basin that could affect the water-quality.  Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations generally were greatest in Mill Creek (MFS04E) and in the Middle Fork immediately downstream from the confluence with Mill Creek (MFS04) with decreasing concentrations at sites farther downstream in Middle Fork.  The site in Mill Creek is located downstream from a wastewater-treatment plant discharge and concentrations at sites farther downstream probably had lesser concentrations because of dilution effects and from algal uptake.  Nutrient concentrations generally were significantly greater during high-flow conditions compared to base-flow conditions. \r\n\r\nFlow-weighted nutrient concentrations were computed for the three streamflow sites and were compared to 82 relatively undeveloped sites identified across the Nation, to the Alum Fork of the Saline River near Reform, Arkansas, and to the Illinois River south of Siloam Springs, Arkansas, a site influenced by numerous point and nonpoint sources of nutrients.  Annual flow-weighted nutrient concentrations for MFS06, MFS05, and MFS02 were greater than relatively undeveloped sites, but were substantially less than the Illinois River south of Siloam Springs.\r\n\r\nFecal indicator bacteria concentrations were slightly greater at MFS06 and MFS05 compared to concentrations at MFS02 for October 2003 to October 2006.  MFS05 had the greatest E.coli concentrations and MFS06 had the greatest fecal coliform concentrations.  Overall, fecal indicator bacteria concentrations were significantly greater for samples collected during high-flow conditions compared to samples collected during low-flow conditions at all three sites.\r\n\r\nSuspended-sediment concentrations did not vary significantly among MFS06, MFS05, and MFS02 for all the samples collected from October 2003 to October 2006. Suspended-sediment concentrations were significantly greater in samples collected during high-flow conditions compared to samples collected during base-flow conditions.  Synoptic samples indicated varied total suspended-solids distributions from upstream to downstream in the Middle Fork between January 2004 and October 2006.  Overall, total suspended-solids values were the greatest at site MFS02 and decreased at sites upstream and downstream.  \r\n\r\nTurbidity measured when water-quality samples were","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20085018","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Hot Springs Village Property Owners Association, Arkansas Department of Environmental Quality, Arkansas Game and Fish Commission, U.S. Bureau of Land Management, Arkansas Natural Resources Commission, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Galloway, J.M., Petersen, J., Shelby, E.L., and Wise, J.A., 2008, Water Quality and Biological Characteristics of the Middle Fork of the Saline River, Arkansas, 2003-06 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5018, vii, 78 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085018.","productDescription":"vii, 78 p.","temporalStart":"2003-10-01","temporalEnd":"2006-10-31","costCenters":[{"id":129,"text":"Arkansas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121193,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2008_5018.jpg"},{"id":11300,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5018/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -93.16666666666667,34.583333333333336 ], [ -93.16666666666667,34.833333333333336 ], [ -92.66666666666667,34.833333333333336 ], [ -92.66666666666667,34.583333333333336 ], [ -93.16666666666667,34.583333333333336 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adfe4b07f02db687c93","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Galloway, Joel M. 0000-0002-9836-9724 jgallowa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9836-9724","contributorId":1562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galloway","given":"Joel","email":"jgallowa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Petersen, James C. petersen@usgs.gov","contributorId":2437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"James C.","email":"petersen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":129,"text":"Arkansas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":294986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shelby, Erica L.","contributorId":83221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shelby","given":"Erica","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wise, Jim A.","contributorId":78432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wise","given":"Jim","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":81244,"text":"sir20075246 - 2008 - Uranium in surface waters and sediments affected by historical mining in the Denver West 1:100,000 Quadrangle, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-19T06:52:57","indexId":"sir20075246","displayToPublicDate":"2008-05-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5246","title":"Uranium in surface waters and sediments affected by historical mining in the Denver West 1:100,000 Quadrangle, Colorado","docAbstract":"Geochemical sampling of 82 stream waters and 87 stream sediments within mountainous areas immediately west of Denver, Colorado, was conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey in October 1994. The primary purpose was to evaluate regionally the effects of geology and past mining on the concentration and distribution of uranium. The study area contains uranium- and thorium-rich bedrock, numerous noneconomic occurrences of uranium minerals, and several uranium deposits of variable size and production history. During the sampling period, local streams had low discharge and were more susceptible to uranium-bearing acid drainage originating from historical mines of base- and precious-metal sulfides.\r\n\r\nResults indicated that the spatial distribution of Precambrian granites and metamorphic rocks strongly influences the concentration of uranium in stream sediments. Within-stream transport increases the dispersion of uranium- and thorium rich mineral grains derived primarily from granitic source rocks. Dissolved uranium occurs predominantly as uranyl carbonate complexes, and concentrations ranged from less than 1 to 65 micrograms per liter. Most values were less than 5 micrograms per liter, which is less than the current drinking water standard of 30 micrograms per liter and much less than locally applied aquatic-life toxicity standards of several hundred micrograms per liter. \r\n\r\nIn local streams that are affected by uranium-bearing acid mine drainage, dissolved uranium is moderated by dilution and sorptive uptake by stream sediments. Sorbents include mineral alteration products and chemical precipitates of iron- and aluminum-oxyhydroxides, which form where acid drainage enters streams and is neutralized. Suspended uranium is relatively abundant in some stream segments affected by nearby acid drainage, which likely represents mobilization of these chemical precipitates. The 234U/238U activity ratio of acid drainage (0.95-1.0) is distinct from that of local surface waters (more than 1.05), and this distinctive isotopic composition may be preserved in iron-oxyhydroxide precipitates of acid drainage origin. \r\n\r\nThe study area includes a particularly large vein-type uranium deposit (Schwartzwalder mine) with past uranium production. Stream water and sediment collected downstream from the mine's surface operations have locally anomalous concentrations of uranium. Fine-grained sediments downstream from the mine contain rare minute particles (10-20 micrometers) of uraninite, which is unstable in a stream environment and thus probably of recent origin related to mining. Additional rare particles of very fine grained (less than 5 micrometer) barite likely entered the stream as discharge from settling ponds in which barite precipitation was formerly used to scavenge dissolved radium from mine effluent.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20075246","usgsCitation":"Zielinski, R.A., Otton, J.K., Schumann, R.R., and Wirt, L., 2008, Uranium in surface waters and sediments affected by historical mining in the Denver West 1:100,000 Quadrangle, Colorado (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5246, Report: vi, 54 p.; HTML, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075246.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 54 p.; HTML","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125747,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2007_5246.jpg"},{"id":11287,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5246/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -106.00,\n              40.00\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.00,\n              40.00\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.00,\n              39.30\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.00,\n              39.30\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.00,\n              40.00\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db6054d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zielinski, Robert A. 0000-0002-4047-5129 rzielinski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4047-5129","contributorId":1593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zielinski","given":"Robert","email":"rzielinski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Otton, James K. jkotton@usgs.gov","contributorId":1170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Otton","given":"James","email":"jkotton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schumann, R. Randall 0000-0001-8158-6960 rschumann@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8158-6960","contributorId":1569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schumann","given":"R.","email":"rschumann@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Randall","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wirt, Laurie","contributorId":13204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wirt","given":"Laurie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70209973,"text":"70209973 - 2008 - Living in Yellowstone's Caldera: A geochemical trophic cascade in elk","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-07T16:30:28.160652","indexId":"70209973","displayToPublicDate":"2008-05-07T11:21:14","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"chapter":"10","title":"Living in Yellowstone's Caldera: A geochemical trophic cascade in elk","docAbstract":"<p><span>Though the geology of earth's rare geothermal environments and their associated&nbsp;<a title=\"Learn more about Microbial Community from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages\" href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/microbial-community\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/microbial-community\">microbial communities</a>&nbsp;are intensely studied, less scientific attention has focused on their potential effects through the plant-herbivore-carnivore trophic chain. The west-central portion of Yellowstone National Park contains a 2000-km</span><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;volcanic&nbsp;<a title=\"Learn more about Caldera from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages\" href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/caldera\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/caldera\">caldera</a>&nbsp;with 2- to 60-million-year-old, predominantly rhyolitic, rocks that produce relatively infertile soils. The caldera area contains one of the largest concentrations of active geothermal features in the world, including thousands of geysers,&nbsp;<a title=\"Learn more about Fumarole from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages\" href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/fumarole\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/fumarole\">fumaroles</a>, hot springs, and mud pots. In many other chapters of this book, we address the ecological impacts of this unique geology to the ecology of the large mammals that live within the caldera, primarily through the effects of geothermal heat on snow pack. In this chapter, we explore the unique&nbsp;<a title=\"Learn more about Geochemistry from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages\" href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/geochemistry\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/geochemistry\">geochemistry</a>&nbsp;of the geothermal environments and the consequences of this geochemistry to elk and perhaps other herbivores that reside within the caldera. These studies were prompted by behavioral and demographic observations of elk during the initial years of our studies that we could not explain and, in turn, led us to formulate hypotheses about potential geochemical influences on elk ecology. Specifically, we contrast the concentrations of fluoride (F) and silica (SiO</span><sub>2</sub><span>) found in the Madison&nbsp;<a title=\"Learn more about Headwater from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages\" href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/headwater\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/headwater\">headwaters</a>&nbsp;area with areas on Yellowstone's northern range located approximately 50 km to the northwest, where geothermal features are rare or absent. We then trace the consequences of geochemical differences through abiotic and biotic linkages in the ecosystem.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Terrestrial Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S1936-7961(08)00210-8","usgsCitation":"Garrott, R.A., White, P., Otton, J.K., and Chaffee, M.A., 2008, Living in Yellowstone's Caldera: A geochemical trophic cascade in elk, v. 3, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/S1936-7961(08)00210-8.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"177","endPage":"189","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374535,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garrott, Robert A.","contributorId":171537,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Garrott","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, P.J.","contributorId":91436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"P.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Otton, James K. jkotton@usgs.gov","contributorId":1170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Otton","given":"James","email":"jkotton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chaffee, Maurice A. mchaffee@usgs.gov","contributorId":4047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chaffee","given":"Maurice","email":"mchaffee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":81080,"text":"ofr20081119 - 2008 - Geochemistry of Rock Samples Collected from the Iron Hill Carbonatite Complex, Gunnison County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:28","indexId":"ofr20081119","displayToPublicDate":"2008-04-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1119","title":"Geochemistry of Rock Samples Collected from the Iron Hill Carbonatite Complex, Gunnison County, Colorado","docAbstract":"A study conducted in 2006 by the U.S. Geological Survey collected 57 surface rock samples from nine types of intrusive rock in the Iron Hill carbonatite complex. This intrusive complex, located in Gunnison County of southwestern Colorado, is known for its classic carbonatite-alkaline igneous geology and petrology. The Iron Hill complex is also noteworthy for its diverse mineral resources, including enrichments in titanium, rare earth elements, thorium, niobium (columbium), and vanadium. This study was performed to reexamine the chemistry and metallic content of the major rock units of the Iron Hill complex by using modern analytical techniques, while providing a broader suite of elements than the earlier published studies. The report contains the geochemical analyses of the samples in tabular and digital spreadsheet format, providing the analytical results for 55 major and trace elements.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081119","usgsCitation":"Van Gosen, B.S., 2008, Geochemistry of Rock Samples Collected from the Iron Hill Carbonatite Complex, Gunnison County, Colorado (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1119, Report: 27 p.; 2 Excel Sheets: Sample Site Information and Analytical Results, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081119.","productDescription":"Report: 27 p.; 2 Excel Sheets: Sample Site Information and Analytical Results","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2006-01-01","temporalEnd":"2006-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195338,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10951,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1119/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b20e4b07f02db6abe5c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Gosen, Bradley S. 0000-0003-4214-3811 bvangose@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4214-3811","contributorId":1174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Gosen","given":"Bradley","email":"bvangose@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70236413,"text":"70236413 - 2008 - Magmatic and tectonic evolution of the Caetano caldera, north-central Nevada: A tilted, mid-Tertiary eruptive center and source of the Caetano Tuff","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-14T15:44:12.880181","indexId":"70236413","displayToPublicDate":"2008-02-01T10:47:13","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1820,"text":"Geosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Magmatic and tectonic evolution of the Caetano caldera, north-central Nevada: A tilted, mid-Tertiary eruptive center and source of the Caetano Tuff","docAbstract":"<p>The Caetano Tuff is a late Eocene, rhyolite ash-flow tuff that crops out within an ∼90-km-long, east-west–trending belt in north-central Nevada, previously interpreted as an elongate graben or “volcano-tectonic trough.” New field, petrographic, geochemical, and geochronologic data show that: (1) the east half of the “trough” is actually the Caetano caldera, formed by eruption of the Caetano Tuff at 33.8 Ma and later structurally dismembered during Miocene extension; (2) the west half of the trough includes both the distinctly younger and unrelated Fish Creek Mountains caldera (ca. 24.7 Ma) and a west-trending paleovalley partly filled with outflow Caetano Tuff; and (3) the Caetano Tuff as previously defined actually consists of three distinct units, two units of the 33.8 Ma Caetano Tuff and an older (34.2 Ma) tuff, exposed north of the Caetano caldera, herein named the tuff of Cove Mine.</p><p>Miocene extensional faulting and tilting has exposed the Caetano caldera over a paleodepth range of &gt;5 km, from the caldera floor through post-caldera sedimentary rocks, providing exceptional constraints on an evolutionary model of the caldera that are rarely available for other calderas. The Caetano caldera filled with more than 4 km of intracaldera Caetano Tuff, while outflow tuff flowed west and south of the caldera, primarily down Eocene paleovalleys. Caldera fill consists of two units of Caetano Tuff. The lower compound cooling unit is as much as 3600 m thick and is separated by a complete cooling break from a 500–1000-m-thick upper unit that consists of multiple, thin, ash flows interbedded with sedimentary deposits. Multiple granite porphyries, including the 25-km<sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>Carico Lake pluton, intruded and domed the center of the caldera within 0.1 Ma of caldera formation; one of these porphyries is associated with pervasive argillic and advanced argillic alteration of the western half of the caldera. All exposed caldera-related rocks are rhyolites or granites (71–77.5 wt% SiO<sub>2</sub>). Caldera collapse was significantly greater than the thickness of caldera fill and created a topographic depression that served as a depocenter until at least 25 Ma, filling with nearly 1 km of sediments and distally derived, ash-flow tuffs.</p><p>The caldera is presently exposed in a series of 40–50°, east-tilted blocks bounded by north-striking, west-dipping normal faults that formed after 16 Ma. Slip on these faults accommodated ∼100% E-W extension, making the restored Caetano caldera ∼20 km east-west by 10–18 km north-south. The estimated volume of intracaldera Caetano Tuff is, therefore, ∼840 km<sup>3</sup>, and the minimum estimated total eruptive volume is ∼1100 km<sup>3</sup>. Although the Caetano magmatic system was probably too young to supply heat for nearby Carlin-type gold deposits in the Cortez district, earlier nearby magmatic activity may have contributed to formation of these deposits. Reconstruction of the late Eocene, pre-Caetano caldera geologic setting, immediately prior to caldera formation, indicates that the Cortez Hills and Horse Canyon Carlin-type deposits formed at ≤1 km depths.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/GES00116.1","usgsCitation":"John, D.A., Henry, C., and Colgan, J.P., 2008, Magmatic and tectonic evolution of the Caetano caldera, north-central Nevada: A tilted, mid-Tertiary eruptive center and source of the Caetano Tuff: Geosphere, v. 4, no. 1, p. 75-106, https://doi.org/10.1130/GES00116.1.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"75","endPage":"106","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476620,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130/ges00116.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":406237,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Caetano caldera","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -118,\n              39.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              39.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              40.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -118,\n              40.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -118,\n              39.75\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"John, David A. 0000-0001-7977-9106 djohn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7977-9106","contributorId":1748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"John","given":"David","email":"djohn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":850929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Henry, Christopher D.","contributorId":36556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henry","given":"Christopher D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":850930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Colgan, Joseph P. 0000-0001-6671-1436 jcolgan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6671-1436","contributorId":1649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colgan","given":"Joseph","email":"jcolgan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":850931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70047426,"text":"pp175035 - 2008 - Trace element and Pb isotope composition of plagioclase from dome samples from the 2004-2005 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-31T10:48:01","indexId":"pp175035","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T15:42:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1750-35","displayTitle":"Trace element and Pb isotope composition of plagioclase from dome samples from the 2004-2005 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington: Chapter 35 in <i>A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006</i>","title":"Trace element and Pb isotope composition of plagioclase from dome samples from the 2004-2005 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington","docAbstract":"We report the results of in-situ laser ablation ICP–MS \nanalyses of anorthite content, trace-element (Li, Ti, Sr, Ba, La, \nPr, Ce, Nd, Eu, Pb) concentrations, and Pb-isotope compositions \nin plagioclase from eight dome-dacite samples collected from \nthe 2004-5 eruption of Mount St. Helens and, for comparison, \nfrom three dome samples from 1981-85. For 2004-5 samples, \nplagioclase phenocrysts range in composition from An<sub>30</sub> to \nAn<sub>80</sub>, with the majority An<sub>42</sub>-An<sub>65</sub>. With the exception of Li, the \nrange of trace-element abundances in plagioclase phenocrysts is \nlargely constant in material erupted between October 2004 and \nApril 2005 and is broadly consistent with the 1983-85 dome \nsamples. Anomalously high Li contents in the early stage of the \neruption are thought to reflect addition of Li to the upper part \nof the magma chamber immediately before eruption (within \n~1 year) by transfer of an alkali-enriched, exsolved vapor from \ndeep within the magma chamber. Other trace elements show \nsignificant correlations (at >99 percent confidence limits) with \nanorthite content in plagioclase phenocrysts--Ba, light rareearth elements (LREE), and Pb show positive correlations, \nwhereas Ti and Sr correlate negatively. Variations in plagioclase-melt partitioning as a function of anorthite content cannot \nexplain trace-element variations--in particular predicting \ntrends for Ti and Sr opposite to those observed. A simple model \ninvolving closed-system fractional crystallization of plagioclase \n+ hypersthene + amphibole + oxides largely reproduces the \nobserved trends. The model requires no gain or loss of plagioclase and is consistent with the lack of europium anomalies \nin bulk dacite samples. Analytical traverses within individual \nplagioclase phenocrysts support this model but also point to a \ndiversity of melt compositions present within the magma storage zone in which plagioclase crystallized.\nPlagioclase crystals from gabbronorite inclusions in three \ndacite samples have markedly different trace-element and Pbisotope compositions from those of plagioclase phenocrysts, \ndespite having a similar range of anorthite contents. Inclusions show some systematic differences from each other but \ntypically have higher Ti, Ba, LREE, and Pb and lower Sr and \nhave lower <sup>208</sup>Pb/<sup>206</sup>Pb and <sup>207</sup>Pb/<sup>206</sup>Pb ratios than coexisting \nplagioclase phenocrysts. The compositions of plagioclase from \ninclusions cannot be related to phenocryst compositions by \nany reasonable petrologic model. From this we suggest that \nthey are unlikely to represent magmatic cumulates or restite \ninclusions but instead are samples of mafic Tertiary basement \nfrom beneath the volcano.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006 (Professional Paper 1750)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp175035","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 35 in <i>A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006</i>.  For more information, see: <a href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/\" target=\"_blank\">Professional Paper 1750</a>","usgsCitation":"Kent, A., Rowe, M.C., Thornber, C.R., and Pallister, J.S., 2008, Trace element and Pb isotope composition of plagioclase from dome samples from the 2004-2005 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1750-35, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp175035.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"809","endPage":"826","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":276074,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/chapters/pp2008-1750_chapter35.pdf"},{"id":276072,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/"},{"id":276075,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp175035.png"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.238678,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.161175 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5200c96be4b009d47a4c23fe","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sherrod, David R. 0000-0001-9460-0434 dsherrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9460-0434","contributorId":527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"David","email":"dsherrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509542,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, William E. 0000-0001-8156-979X wescott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8156-979X","contributorId":1725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"William","email":"wescott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509544,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stauffer, Peter H. pstauffe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"Peter","email":"pstauffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":509543,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Kent, Adam J. R.","contributorId":99842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kent","given":"Adam J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rowe, Michael C.","contributorId":79191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowe","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thornber, Carl R. cthornber@usgs.gov","contributorId":2016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thornber","given":"Carl","email":"cthornber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":482013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pallister, John S. 0000-0002-2041-2147 jpallist@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2041-2147","contributorId":2024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pallister","given":"John","email":"jpallist@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":482014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70047231,"text":"70047231 - 2008 - Lead isotopes and trace metals in dust at Yucca Mountain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-08-26T16:03:32","indexId":"70047231","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T15:38:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Lead isotopes and trace metals in dust at Yucca Mountain","docAbstract":"Lead (Pb)-isotope compositions and trace-metal concentrations were determined for samples of dust collected from underground and surface locations at and near the proposed radioactive waste repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. Rare earth element concentrations in the dust samples from the underground tunnels are similar to those in wholerock samples of the repository host rocks (Miocene Tiva Canyon Tuff and Topopah Spring Tuff), supporting interpretation that the subsurface dust is mainly composed of rock comminuted during tunnel construction. Other trace metals (arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, manganese, nickel, lead, antimony, thallium, and zinc) are variably enriched in the subsurface dust samples relative to the average concentrations in the host rocks. Average concentrations of arsenic and lead in dust samples, high concentrations of which can cause corrosion of waste canisters, have enrichment factors from 1.2 to 1.6 and are insignificant relative to the range of concentrations for these metals observed in the host rock samples. Most dust samples from surface sites also are enriched in many of these trace metals relative to average repository host rocks. At least some of these enrichments may be artifacts of sampling. Plotted on a <sup>208</sup>Pb/<sup>206</sup>Pb-<sub>207</sub>Pb/206Pb graph, Pb-isotope compositions of dust samples from underground sites form a mixing line extending from host-rock Pb-isotope compositions towards compositions of many of the dust samples from surface sites; however, combined Pb concentration and isotope data indicate the presence of a Pbenriched component in the subsurface dust that is not derived from host rock or surface dust and may derive from anthropogenic materials introduced into the underground environment.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"International High-Level Radioactive Waste Management 2008","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"usgsCitation":"Kwak, L., Neymark, L.A., and Peterman, Z., 2008, Lead isotopes and trace metals in dust at Yucca Mountain, <i>in</i> International High-Level Radioactive Waste Management 2008, p. 95-100.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"95","endPage":"100","numberOfPages":"6","ipdsId":"IP-006236","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":277017,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":277016,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://lsn.nei.org/NEIEXTL0718.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Yucca Mountain","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -116.468278,36.837716 ], [ -116.468278,36.837816 ], [ -116.4681781,36.837816 ], [ -116.4681781,36.837716 ], [ -116.468278,36.837716 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"521c78eae4b01458f784296b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kwak, Loretta lkwak@usgs.gov","contributorId":628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kwak","given":"Loretta","email":"lkwak@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":481463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Neymark, Leonid A. lneymark@usgs.gov","contributorId":532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neymark","given":"Leonid","email":"lneymark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":481461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Peterman, Zell E. 0000-0002-5694-8082 peterman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5694-8082","contributorId":620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterman","given":"Zell E.","email":"peterman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":481462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70047423,"text":"pp175033 - 2008 - Evolving magma storage conditions beneath Mount St. Helens inferred from chemical variations in melt inclusions from the 1980-1986 and current (2004-2006) eruptions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-03T08:55:54","indexId":"pp175033","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T14:49:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1750-33","displayTitle":"Evolving magma storage conditions beneath Mount St. Helens inferred from chemical variations in melt inclusions from the 1980-1986 and current (2004-2006) eruptions: Chapter 33 in A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006","title":"Evolving magma storage conditions beneath Mount St. Helens inferred from chemical variations in melt inclusions from the 1980-1986 and current (2004-2006) eruptions","docAbstract":"Major element, trace element, and volatile concentrations in 187 glassy melt inclusions and 25 groundmass glasses from the 1980-86 eruption of Mount St. Helens are presented, together with 103 analyses of touching FE-Ti oxide pairs from the same samples.  These data are used to evaluate the temporal evolution of the magmatic plumbing system beneath the volcano during 1980-86 and so provide a framework in which to interpret analyses of melt inclusions from the current (2004-2006) eruption.\n\nMajor and trace element concentrations of all melt inclusions lie at the high SiO<sub>2</sub> end of the data array defined by eruptive products of the late Quaternary age from Mount St. Helens.  For several major and trace elements, the glasses define a trend that is oblique to the whole-rock trend, indicating that different mineral assemblages were responsible for the two trends.  The whole-rock trend can be ascribed to differentiation of hydrous basaltic parents in a deep-seated magma reservoir, probably at depths great enough to stabilize garnet.  In contrast, the glass trends were generated by closed-system crystallization of the phenocryst and microlite mineral assemblages at low pressures.\n\nThe dissolved H<sub>2</sub>O content of the melt inclusions from 1980-86, as measured by the ion microprobe, ranges from 0 to 6.7 wt. percent, with the highest values obtained from the plinian phase of May 18, 1980.  Water contents decrease with increasing SiO<sub>2</sub>, consistent with decompression-driven crystallization.  Preliminary data for dissolved CO<sub>2</sub> in melt inclusions from the May 18 plinian phase from August 7, 1980, indicate that X<sub>H<sub>2</sub>O</sub> in a vapor phase was approximately constant at 0.80, irrespective of H<sub>2</sub>O content, suggestive of closed-system degassing with a high bubble fraction or gas streaming through the subvolcanic system.  Temperature and f\n<sub>O<sub>2</sub></sub>\n estimates \nfor touching Fe-Ti oxides show evidence for heating during \ncrystallization owing to release of latent heat. Consequently, \nmagmas with the highest microlite crystallinities record the \nhighest temperatures. Magmas also become progressively \nreduced during ascent and degassing, probably as a result of \nredox equilibria between exsolving S-bearing gases and magmas. The lowest temperature oxides have f\n<sub>O<sub>2</sub></sub>\n&asymp; NNO, similar \nto high-temperature fumarole gases from the volcano. The \ntemperature and f\n<sub>O<sub>2</sub></sub>\n of the magma tapped by the plinian phase \nof May 18, 1980, are 870-875&deg;C and NNO+0.8, respectively.\nThe dissolved volatile contents of the melt inclusions \nhave been used to calculate sealing pressures; that is, the \npressure at which chemical exchange between inclusion and \nmatrix melt ceased. These are greatest for the May 18 plinian \nmagma (120 to 320 MPa); lower pressures are recorded by \nsamples of the preplinian cryptodome and by all post-May 18 \nmagmas. Magma crystallinity, calculated from melt-inclusion \nRb contents, is negatively correlated with sealing pressure, \nconsistent with decompression crystallization. Elevated \ncontents of Li in melt inclusions from the cryptodome and \npost-May 18 samples are consistent with transfer of Li in a \nmagmatic vapor phase from deeper parts of the magma system to magma stored at shallower levels. The Li enrichment \nattains its maximum extent at ~150 MPa, which is ascribed to \nseparation of a single vapor phase into H<sub>2</sub>\nO-rich gas and dense \nLi-rich brine at the top of the magma column.\nThere are striking correlations between melt-inclusion \nchemistry and monitoring data for the 1980-86 eruption. Dissolved SO<sub>2</sub>\n contents of melt inclusions from any given event, \nmultiplied by the mass of magma erupted during that event, correlate with the measured flux of SO<sub>2</sub>\n at the surface, suggesting that magma degassing and melt-inclusion sealing are \nclosely related in time and space.\nTextural and chemical evidence indicates that melt inclusions became effectively sealed (physically or kinetically) \nshortly before eruption. Thus by converting pressure to depth \nusing a density model and edifice-loading algorithm for the \nvolcano, changing depths of magma extraction with time can \nbe tracked and compared to the seismic record. The plinian \neruption of May 18, 1980, involved magma stored 5-11 km \nbelow sea level; this is inferred to be the subvolcanic magma \nchamber. The preceding eruptions, including the May 18, \n1980, blast, involved magma withdrawal from the cryptodome \nand conduit down to 5 km below sea level. Subsequent 1980 \neruptions tapped magma down to depths of &le;10 km below \nsea level. Tapping of magma stored deeper than 2 km below \nsea level stopped abruptly at the end of 1980, coincident \nwith the onset of extensive shallow seismicity and a change \nfrom explosive to effusive eruption style from 1981 to 1986. \nOverall, the 1980-86 eruption is consistent with the evisceration of a thin, vertically extensive body of magma extending \nfrom 5 to at least 11 km below sea level and connected to the \nsurface by a thin conduit. In the absence of sustained high \nmagma-supply rates from depth, decompression crystallization of magma ascending through the system leads eventually \nto plugging of the conduit.\nThe current eruption of Mount St. Helens shares some \nsimilarities with the 1981-86 dome-building phase of the \nprevious eruption, in that there is extensive shallow seismicity \nand extrusion of highly crystalline material in the form of a \nsequence of flows and spines. Melt inclusions from the current eruption have low H<sub>2</sub>\nO contents, consistent with magma \nextraction from shallow depths. Highly enriched Li in melt \ninclusions suggests that vapor transport of Li is a characteristic \nfeature of Mount St. Helens. Melt inclusions from the current \neruption have subtly different trace-element chemistry from \nall but one of the 1980-86 melt inclusions, with steeper rareearth-element (REE) patterns and low U, Th, and high-fieldstrength elements (HFSE), indicating addition of a new melt \ncomponent to the magma system. It is anticipated that increasing involvement of the new melt component will be evident as \nthe current eruption proceeds.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006 (Professional Paper 1750)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp175033","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 33 in <i>A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006</i>.  For more information, see: <a href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/\" target=\"_blank\">Professional Paper 1750</a>","usgsCitation":"Blundy, J., Cashman, K., and Berlo, K., 2008, Evolving magma storage conditions beneath Mount St. Helens inferred from chemical variations in melt inclusions from the 1980-1986 and current (2004-2006) eruptions: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1750-33, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp175033.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"755","endPage":"790","numberOfPages":"36","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":276065,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp175033.png"},{"id":276063,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/"},{"id":276064,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/chapters/pp2008-1750_chapter33.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.238678,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.161175 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5200c960e4b009d47a4c236a","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sherrod, David R. 0000-0001-9460-0434 dsherrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9460-0434","contributorId":527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"David","email":"dsherrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509536,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, William E. 0000-0001-8156-979X wescott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8156-979X","contributorId":1725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"William","email":"wescott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509538,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stauffer, Peter H. pstauffe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"Peter","email":"pstauffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":509537,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Blundy, Jon","contributorId":89050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blundy","given":"Jon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cashman, Katharine V.","contributorId":40097,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cashman","given":"Katharine V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Berlo, Kim","contributorId":55324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berlo","given":"Kim","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70047417,"text":"pp175030 - 2008 - Petrology of the 2004-2006 Mount St. Helens lava dome -- implications for magmatic plumbing and eruption triggering","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-03T08:50:56","indexId":"pp175030","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T13:28:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1750-30","displayTitle":"Petrology of the 2004-2006 Mount St. Helens lava dome -- implications for magmatic plumbing and eruption triggering: Chapter 30 in A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006","title":"Petrology of the 2004-2006 Mount St. Helens lava dome -- implications for magmatic plumbing and eruption triggering","docAbstract":"Eighteen years after dome-forming eruptions ended in \n1986, and with little warning, Mount St. Helens began to \nerupt again in October 2004. During the ensuing two years, \nthe volcano extruded more than 80×10<sup>6</sup>\n m<sup>3</sup>\n of gas-poor, \ncrystal-rich dacite lava. The 2004-6 dacite is remarkably \nuniform in bulk-rock composition and, at 65 percent SiO<sub>2</sub>\n, \namong the richest in silica and most depleted in incompatible \nelements of the magmas erupted at Mount St. Helens during the past 500 years. Since shortly after the first spine of \nlava appeared, samples have been collected using a steel box \ndredge (“Jaws”) suspended 20-35 m below a helicopter and, \noccasionally, by hand sampling. As of the spring of 2006, 25 \nage-controlled samples have been collected from the seven \nspines of the new lava dome. Samples were obtained from \nboth the interiors of spines and from their carapaces, which \nare composed of fault gouge and cataclasite 1-2 m thick. The \ndacite lava is crystal rich, with 40-50 percent phenocrysts. \nThe groundmass is extensively crystallized to a cotectic \nassemblage of quartz, tridymite, and Na- and K-rich feldspar \nmicrolites, raising the total crystal content to more than 80 \npercent on a vesicle-free basis in all but the earliest erupted samples. Early samples and those collected from near the \nspine margin are more glassy and vesicular that those collected later and from the interior of the spines. Oxide thermobarometer determinations for the earliest erupted samples \nwe collected cluster at temperatures of approximately 850&deg;C \nand at an oxygen fugacity one log unit above the nickel-nickel \noxide (NNO) buffer curve. In contrast, samples from relatively glass-poor samples erupted in late 2004 and early 2005 \nhave zoned oxides with apparent temperatures that range to \ngreater than 950&deg;C. The higher temperatures in these microlite-rich rocks are attributed to latent heat evolved during \nextensive and rapid groundmass crystallization. Low volatile \ncontents of matrix glasses and presence of tridymite and \nquartz in the high-silica rhyolite matrix glass indicate extensive shallow (<1 km) crystallization of the matrix, driven by \ndegassing of water and solidifying the magma below the level \nof the vent. The mode of eruption of the dacite as a series of \nfault-gouge-mantled spines is explained by this process of \nextensive subvent degassing and solidification.\nAlthough the dacite from this eruption is more silica \nrich than 1980-86 dome rocks, most major and trace element \nconcentrations of the 1980-86 and 2004-6 magma batches are \nsimilar, and magmatic gas emissions have been low and have \nhad similar ratios to those of the 1980s, raising the possibility \nthat the magma might be residual from the 1980–86 reservoir. \nHowever, titanium and chromium are enriched slightly relative \nto the most recent 1980-86 and Goat Rocks (A.D. 1800-1857) \neruptive cycles, and heavy rare-earth-element abundances are \nslightly depleted relative to those erupted during the past 500 \nyears at Mount St. Helens. These data suggest either addition \nof new gas-poor dacite magma or tapping of a region of the \npreexisting reservoir that was not erupted previously.\nA relatively low pressure of last phenocryst growth \nsuggests that the magma was derived from near the apex of \nthe Mount St. Helens magma reservoir at a depth of about 5 km. Viewed in the context of seismic, deformation, and \ngas-emission data, the petrologic and geochemical data can \nbe explained by ascent of a geochemically distinct batch \nof magma into the apex of the reservoir during the period \n1987-97, followed by upward movement of magma into a new \nconduit beginning in late September 2004.\nThe question of new versus residual magma has implications for the long-term eruptive behavior of Mount St. Helens, \nbecause arrival of a new batch of dacitic magma from the deep \ncrust could herald the beginning of a new long-term cycle of \neruptive activity. It is also important to our understanding of \nwhat triggered the eruption and its future course. Two hypotheses for triggering are considered: (1) top-down fracturing \nrelated to the shallow groundwater system and (2) an increase \nin reservoir pressure brought about by recent magmatic replenishment. With respect to the future course of the eruption, \nsimilarities between textures and character of eruption of the \n2004-6 dome and the long-duration (greater than 100 years) \npre-1980 summit dome, along with the low eruptive rate of the \ncurrent eruption, suggest that the eruption could continue sluggishly or intermittently for years to come.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006 (Professional Paper 1750)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp175030","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 30 in <i>A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006</i>.  For more information, see: <a href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/\" target=\"_blank\">Professional Paper 1750</a>","usgsCitation":"Pallister, J.S., Thornber, C.R., Cashman, K., Clynne, M.A., Lowers, H., Mandeville, C., Brownfield, I.K., and Meeker, G.P., 2008, Petrology of the 2004-2006 Mount St. Helens lava dome -- implications for magmatic plumbing and eruption triggering: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1750-30, 56 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp175030.","productDescription":"56 p.","startPage":"647","endPage":"702","numberOfPages":"56","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":276045,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp175030.png"},{"id":276043,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/"},{"id":276044,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/chapters/pp2008-1750_chapter30.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.238678,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.161175 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5200c965e4b009d47a4c23a7","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sherrod, David R. 0000-0001-9460-0434 dsherrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9460-0434","contributorId":527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"David","email":"dsherrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509527,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, William E. 0000-0001-8156-979X wescott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8156-979X","contributorId":1725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"William","email":"wescott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509529,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stauffer, Peter H. pstauffe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"Peter","email":"pstauffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":509528,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Pallister, John S. 0000-0002-2041-2147 jpallist@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2041-2147","contributorId":2024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pallister","given":"John","email":"jpallist@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thornber, Carl R. cthornber@usgs.gov","contributorId":2016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thornber","given":"Carl","email":"cthornber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":481989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cashman, Katharine V.","contributorId":40097,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cashman","given":"Katharine V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Clynne, Michael A. 0000-0002-4220-2968 mclynne@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4220-2968","contributorId":2032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clynne","given":"Michael","email":"mclynne@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lowers, Heather 0000-0001-5360-9264 hlowers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5360-9264","contributorId":710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowers","given":"Heather","email":"hlowers@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":481987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mandeville, Charlie 0000-0002-8485-3689 cmandeville@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8485-3689","contributorId":753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mandeville","given":"Charlie","email":"cmandeville@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Brownfield, Isabelle K.","contributorId":97108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brownfield","given":"Isabelle","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Meeker, Gregory P.","contributorId":62974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meeker","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70200676,"text":"70200676 - 2008 - Lightning‐driven electric fields measured in the lower ionosphere: Implications for transient luminous events","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-29T11:09:50","indexId":"70200676","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T11:09:41","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2313,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research A: Space Physics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lightning‐driven electric fields measured in the lower ionosphere: Implications for transient luminous events","docAbstract":"<p><span>Transient luminous events above thunderstorms such as sprites, halos, and elves require large electric fields in the lower ionosphere. Yet very few in situ measurements in this region have been successfully accomplished, since it is typically too low in altitude for rockets and satellites and too high for balloons. In this article, we present some rare examples of lightning‐driven electric field changes obtained at 75–130 km altitude during a sounding rocket flight from Wallops Island, Virginia, in 1995. We summarize these electric field changes and present a few detailed case studies. Our measurements are compared directly to a 2D numerical model of lightning‐driven electromagnetic fields in the middle and upper atmosphere. We find that the in situ electric field changes are smaller than predicted by the model, and the amplitudes of these fields are insufficient for elve production when extrapolated to a 100 kA peak current stroke. This disagreement could be due to lightning‐induced ionospheric conductivity enhancement, or it might be evidence of flaws in the electromagnetic pulse mechanism for elves.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/2008JA013567","usgsCitation":"Thomas, J.N., Barnum, B.H., Lay, E., Holzworth, R.H., Cho, M., and Kelley, M., 2008, Lightning‐driven electric fields measured in the lower ionosphere: Implications for transient luminous events: Journal of Geophysical Research A: Space Physics, v. 113, no. A12, p. 1-8, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JA013567.","productDescription":"Article A12306; 8 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"8","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476627,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2008ja013567","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":358875,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"113","issue":"A12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10d475e4b034bf6a7fa238","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, Jeremy N.","contributorId":105996,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"Jeremy","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barnum, Benjamin H.","contributorId":210178,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barnum","given":"Benjamin","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lay, Erin","contributorId":210179,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lay","given":"Erin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Holzworth, Robert H.","contributorId":210180,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Holzworth","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cho, Mengu","contributorId":210181,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cho","given":"Mengu","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kelley, Michael C.","contributorId":210182,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kelley","given":"Michael C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70047338,"text":"pp17501 - 2008 - Overview of the 2004 to 2006, and continuing, eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-31T10:52:31","indexId":"pp17501","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T09:59:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1750-1","displayTitle":"Overview of the 2004 to 2006, and continuing, eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington: Chapter 1 in <i>A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006</i>","title":"Overview of the 2004 to 2006, and continuing, eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington","docAbstract":"Rapid onset of unrest at Mount St. Helens on September 23, 2004, initiated an uninterrupted lava-dome-building eruption that continues to the time of writing this overview (spring 2006) for a volume of papers focused on this eruption. About three weeks of intense seismic unrest and localized surface uplift, punctuated by four brief explosions, constituted a ventclearing phase, during which there was a frenzy of media attention and considerable uncertainty regarding the likely course of the eruption. The third week exhibited lessened seismicity and only minor venting of steam and ash, but rapid growth of the uplift, or welt, south of the 1980-86 lava dome proceeded as magma continued to push upward. Crystalrich dacite (~65 weight percent SiO<sub>2</sub>) lava first appeared at the surface on October 11, 2004, beginning the growth of a complex lava dome of uniform chemical composition accompanied by persistent but low levels of seismicity, rare explosions, low gas emissions, and frequent rockfalls. Petrologic studies suggest that the dome lava is chiefly of 1980s vintage, but with an admixed portion of new dacite. Alternatively, it may derive from a part of the magma chamber not tapped by 1980s eruptions. Regardless, detailed investigations of crystal chemistry, melt inclusions, and isotopes reveal a complex magmatic history. Largely episodic extrusion between 1980 and 1986 produced a relatively symmetrical lava dome composed of stubby lobes. In contrast, continuous extrusion at mean rates of about 5 m<sup>3</sup>/s in autumn 2004 to <1 m<sup>3</sup>/s in early 2006 has produced an east-west ridge of three mounds with total volume about equal to that of the old dome. During much of late 2004 to summer 2005, a succession of spines, two recumbent and one steeply sloping and each mantled by striated gouge, grew to nearly 500 m in length in the southeastern sector of the 1980 crater and later disintegrated into two mounds. Since then, growth has been concentrated in the southwestern sector, producing a relatively symmetrical mound with steep gougecovered slabs on its east flank. Throughout the eruption, the position of the extrusive vent has remained more or less fixed. Lack of geodetic evidence for either volume increase or pressure increase in the deep magmatic system since about 1990 and geodetic modeling that can account for only 20 to 30 percent of the 2004-to-present dome volume puzzles geodesists. Better constraints on parameters such as magma-chamber volume, crustal properties, and magma compressibility are needed to improve the models. Development of the welt and the new dome bisected horseshoe-shaped Crater Glacier, which formerly wrapped around three sides of the 1980s dome, and fractured, compressed, and thickened the glacier’s surviving east and west arms. Doubling of ice thickness resulted in increased flow rate and advance of termini, although rapid infiltration of water into the highly porous glacier bed prevented substantial basal sliding. Overall, dome growth and disintegration has removed surprisingly little ice. The outcome of the ongoing eruption remains uncertain, but Mount St. Helens’ varied eruptive history suggests multiple possibilities. One dynamical model and several petrologic investigations regard the current eruption as an extension of 1980s dome building that may persist continuously or episodically for years to come.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006 (Professional Paper 1750)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp17501","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 1 in <i>A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006</i>.  For more information, see: <a href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/\" target=\"_blank\">Professional Paper 1750</a>","usgsCitation":"Scott, W.E., Sherrod, D.R., and Gardner, C.A., 2008, Overview of the 2004 to 2006, and continuing, eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1750-1, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp17501.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"3","endPage":"22","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":275666,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp17501.jpg"},{"id":275664,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/"},{"id":275665,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/chapters/pp2008-1750_chapter01.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.238678,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.161175 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51fbca7ae4b04b00e3d89074","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sherrod, David R. 0000-0001-9460-0434 dsherrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9460-0434","contributorId":527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"David","email":"dsherrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509440,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, William E. 0000-0001-8156-979X wescott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8156-979X","contributorId":1725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"William","email":"wescott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509442,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stauffer, Peter H. pstauffe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"Peter","email":"pstauffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":509441,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Scott, William E. 0000-0001-8156-979X wescott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8156-979X","contributorId":1725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"William","email":"wescott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sherrod, David R. 0000-0001-9460-0434 dsherrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9460-0434","contributorId":527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"David","email":"dsherrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gardner, Cynthia A. 0000-0002-6214-6182 cgardner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6214-6182","contributorId":1959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"Cynthia","email":"cgardner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70179562,"text":"70179562 - 2008 - When desert tortoises are rare: Testing a new protocol for assessing status","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-04T13:48:51","indexId":"70179562","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1153,"text":"California Fish and Game","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"When desert tortoises are rare: Testing a new protocol for assessing status","docAbstract":"<p>We developed and tested a new protocol for sampling populations of the desert tortoise, Gopherus agassizii, a state- and federally listed species, in areas where population densities are very low, historical data are sparse, and anthropogenic uses may threaten the well-being of tortoise populations and habitat. We conducted a 3-year (2002–2004) survey in Jawbone-Butterbredt Area of Critical Environmental Concern and Red Rock Canyon State Park in the western Mojave Desert of California where the status was previously unknown. We stratified the study area and used 751, 1-ha plots to evaluate 187.7 km2 of habitat, a 4% sample. Tortoise sign was found on 31 of the 751 plots (4.1%) in two limited areas: ~14 km2 on the Kiavah Apron and ~40 km2 in the Red Rock Canyon watershed.</p>","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Keith, K., Berry, K.H., and Weigand, J.F., 2008, When desert tortoises are rare: Testing a new protocol for assessing status: California Fish and Game, v. 94, no. 2, p. 75-97.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"75","endPage":"97","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332891,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":332890,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=47396"}],"volume":"94","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"586e1831e4b0f5ce109fcb25","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keith, Kevin","contributorId":178000,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Keith","given":"Kevin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berry, Kristin H. 0000-0003-1591-8394 kristin_berry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1591-8394","contributorId":437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berry","given":"Kristin","email":"kristin_berry@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":657747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Weigand, James F.","contributorId":145871,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Weigand","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":16275,"text":"BLM, Sacramento, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":657748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70193201,"text":"70193201 - 2008 - The desperate dozen: Fishes on the brink","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-15T15:17:13","indexId":"70193201","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"The desperate dozen: Fishes on the brink","docAbstract":"<p>IT IS NO SECRET THAT OUR NATIVE AQUATIC ANIMALS ARE IN DECLINE. There are currently 582 species of animals on the Federal list of endangered and threatened species, 268 of these (46%) are found in freshwater habitats. Of the amazing assemblage of 675 fishes found in southeastern waters, more than a quarter are considered imperiled. While all of the Earth’s ecosystems are in trouble, freshwater habitats are recognized to be at severe risk because of their scarcity and the high demands placed on them by humans. The combined effects of agriculture, damming, dredging, construction, logging, overharvest, and pollution are destroying this critical resource for animals, plants, and even ourselves. This major conservation crisis calls for immediate action to conserve and protect the remaining populations and their habitats. The Southeastern Fishes Council (SFC), a nonprofit scientific organization dedicated to the study and conservation of freshwater and coastal fishes of the southeastern United States, is one of the many organizations attempting to reverse the decline of our southeast aquatic habitats and their rich biodiversity. </p><p>One of the most important steps in conservation is prioritization. The SFC sought to determine where conservation actions would have the largest impact on preventing loss of our freshwater diversity. We decided to focus our efforts on the Desperate Dozen, the 12 fish species we identified as most likely to become extinct in the Southeast. We chose this list in order to reverse their precipitous decline and assist in putting them on the path to recovery. These twelve species are not currently economically important to humans, and their extinction could easily go unnoticed by all but conservation biologists and ichthyologists. Even so, their conservation matters. These species are the canaries in the coal mine, alerting us to the problem that something is very, very wrong in our backyards. Fishes that were once widespread in larger rivers, such as the diamond darter, are now suffering from the same water quality issues that cause harm to humans. Fishes that were once used for commercial gain, such as the Alabama sturgeon, are now too rare for harvest. We have ignored our freshwater to the point where we no longer remember that rivers used to be more common than reservoirs in the Southeast, and our diversity was a resource worth protecting. </p><p>It is SFC’s goal to use this list to raise awareness of the plight of our freshwater habitats in the Southeast, which include rivers, creeks, wetlands, springs, and caves. The current crisis requires education, communication, and coordination among our neighbors. We have to learn how to prevent harm to our watersheds and develop new collaborations between private and public entities to promote wise development. By highlighting these twelve species, ranging from the spring pygmy sunfish to the Alabama sturgeon, we hope to encourage these partnerships to address the needs of our freshwater animals and hopefully prevent them from slipping quietly into extinction. </p><p>SFC created a list of the most imperiled southeastern fishes by considering species with the highest risk of extinction. Criteria used, in order of importance, was distribution (a single population ranked highest), low abundance, and severity of threats. After the ranking based on level of imperilment, species were arranged in phylogenetic order so that all would receive equal attention. Experts on each species provided brief accounts on the Desperate Dozen, which include background, distribution, abundance, threats, and proposed conservation actions. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) was not consulted in SFC’s identification of the Desperate Dozen fishes, as we intentionally chose to work as an independent scientific panel under the criteria stated above.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Southeastern Fishes Council","usgsCitation":"Welsh, S., 2008, The desperate dozen: Fishes on the brink, 21 p.","productDescription":"21 p.","ipdsId":"IP-010766","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":348926,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":348925,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.sefishescouncil.org/SFCDesDoz.php"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a610f8ee4b06e28e9c257e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Welsh, Stuart A. 0000-0003-0362-054X swelsh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0362-054X","contributorId":152088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welsh","given":"Stuart A.","email":"swelsh@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":718160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70176803,"text":"70176803 - 2008 - Molt and aging criteria for four North American grassland passerines","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-06T11:31:43","indexId":"70176803","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":10,"text":"Biological Technical Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"BTP-R6011-2008","title":"Molt and aging criteria for four North American grassland passerines","docAbstract":"<p>Prairie and grassland habitats in central and western North America have declined substantially since settlement by Europeans (Knopf 1994) and many of the birds and other organisms that inhabit North American grasslands have experienced steep declines (Peterjohn and Sauer 1999; Johnson and Igl 1997; Sauer, Hines, and Fallon 2007). The species addressed here, Sprague’s Pipit (Anthus spragueii), Grasshopper (Ammodramus savannarum) and Baird’s (A. bairdii) sparrows, and Chestnut-collared Longspurs (Calcarius ornatus), are grassland birds that are of special conservation concern throughout their ranges due to declining populations and the loss of the specific grassland habitats required on both their breeding and wintering ranges (Knopf 1994, Davis and Sealy 1998, Davis 2003, Davis 2004, Jones and Dieni 2007). </p><p>Population-trend data on grassland birds, while clearly showing declines, provides no information on the causes of population declines. Without demographic information (i.e., productivity and survivorship), there are no means to determine when in their life cycle the problems that are creating these declines are occurring, or to determine to what extent population trends are driven by factors that affect birth rates, death rates, or both (DeSante 1995). For migratory birds, population declines may be driven by factors on breeding grounds, during migration, and/or on wintering grounds. Lack of data on productivity and survivorship thus impedes the formulation of effective management and conservation strategies to reverse population declines (DeSante 1992). Furthermore, if deficiencies in survivorship are revealed, management strategies may need to address habitats on both breeding and non-breeding grounds, as well as along migratory pathways. One technique that helps inform management strategies is the biochemical analysis of isotopes and genetic markers, from the sampling of individual feathers from live birds (Smith et al. 2003, Pérez and Hobson 2006; Appendix). </p><p>Determining demographic parameters and effectively sampling feathers to reveal connectivity between breeding and wintering grounds requires detailed knowledge of molt patterns and age determination criteria for the target species, in the hand. For example, productivity, survivorship, and territory acquisition may all be age-dependent, with first-year birds showing different patterns and responses than older birds. In many cases it may be possible to sample both a feather grown on the breeding grounds and one grown on the wintering grounds from a single individual, but knowledge of age-specific molt patterns, as well as an ability to recognize different feather generations, is needed to accomplish such a task. While some information on molt and aging criteria exists for grassland passerine species (Pyle 1997a), these species have been rarely captured during mark-recapture studies (Jones et al. 2007) and this information thus needs refining. There is a need for additional resources to assist field workers in determining molt patterns and age in captured individuals. </p><p>Our objective is to describe molt and aging criteria for four grassland passerine species with the aid of digital photographs taken in the field. We hope that this document will be useful for researchers studying grassland species through capture and banding of live individuals on either the breeding or the wintering grounds. We present a general section on molt and aging techniques, followed by specific accounts for the four species treated: Sprague’s Pipits, Grasshopper and Baird sparrows, and Chestnut-collared Longspur. We also provide a brief protocol on collecting feather samples (Appendix). </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Pyle, P., Jones, S.L., and Ruth, J.M., 2008, Molt and aging criteria for four North American grassland passerines: Biological Technical Publication BTP-R6011-2008, vii, 19 p.","productDescription":"vii, 19 p.","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":329373,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":329372,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://nctc.fws.gov/resources/knowledge-resources/pdf/grasslandpasserines08.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7c08ae4b0bc0bec09c7e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pyle, Peter","contributorId":175192,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pyle","given":"Peter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":650377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, Stephanie L.","contributorId":41012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Stephanie","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":650378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ruth, Janet M. 0000-0003-1576-5957 janet_ruth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1576-5957","contributorId":1408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruth","given":"Janet","email":"janet_ruth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":650379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70193186,"text":"70193186 - 2008 - Microhabitat use by brook trout inhabiting small tributaries and a large river main stem: Implications for stream habitat restoration in the central Appalachians","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-01T10:24:31","indexId":"70193186","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3896,"text":"Proceedings of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Microhabitat use by brook trout inhabiting small tributaries and a large river main stem: Implications for stream habitat restoration in the central Appalachians","docAbstract":"<p><span>Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) habitat restoration is needed across a range of stream sizes; however, studies quantifying brook trout habitat preferences in streams of differing sizes are rare. We used radio-telemetry to quantify adult brook trout microhabitat use in a central Appalachian watershed, the upper Shavers Fork of the Cheat River in eastern West Virginia. Our objectives were to: 1) quantify non-random microhabitat use by adult brook trout in the Shavers Fork main stem (drainage area = 32 km2) and an adjacent tributary, Rocky Run (drainage area = 7 km2); and 2) construct stream-specific habitat suitability curves (HSCs) for four important microhabitat variables (depth, average current velocity, maximum current velocity within one meter, and distance to cover). Brook trout used a subset of available microhabitats in both the main stem and Rocky Run: trout tended to occupy microhabitats that were deeper, higher velocity, and closer to cover than expected by chance alone. Although specific microhabitat values differed between the main stem and tributary populations, the overall patterns in brook trout microhabitat use were consistent regardless of stream size. Habitat suitability curves were constructed based on brook trout microhabitat use and will be used to design and monitor the effectiveness of future habitat restoration efforts in the Shavers Fork watershed. Our results suggest that habitat enhancement projects that increase the availability of deep, high velocity microhabitats adjacent to cover would benefit brook trout in both small tributaries and larger river main stems.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies","usgsCitation":"Hansbarger, J.L., Petty, J.T., and Mazik, P.M., 2008, Microhabitat use by brook trout inhabiting small tributaries and a large river main stem: Implications for stream habitat restoration in the central Appalachians: Proceedings of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, v. 62, p. 142-148.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"142","endPage":"148","ipdsId":"IP-008641","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":349616,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":347786,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.seafwa.org/publications/proceedings/?id=61197"}],"volume":"62","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a610f8ee4b06e28e9c257e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hansbarger, Jeff L.","contributorId":166750,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hansbarger","given":"Jeff","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":24498,"text":"West Virginia Division of Natural Resources, Point Pleasant, WV","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":724248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Petty, J. Todd","contributorId":166749,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Petty","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Todd","affiliations":[{"id":24497,"text":"West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":724249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mazik, Patricia M. 0000-0002-8046-5929 pmazik@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8046-5929","contributorId":2318,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mazik","given":"Patricia","email":"pmazik@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":718141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70033475,"text":"70033475 - 2008 - Diffuse flow hydrothermal manganese mineralization along the active Mariana and southern Izu-Bonin arc system, western Pacific","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:32","indexId":"70033475","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diffuse flow hydrothermal manganese mineralization along the active Mariana and southern Izu-Bonin arc system, western Pacific","docAbstract":"Abundant ferromanganese oxides were collected along 1200 km of the active Izu-Bonin-Mariana arc system. Chemical compositions and mineralogy show that samples were collected from two deposit types: Fe-Mn crusts of mixed hydrogenetic/hydrothermal origin and hydrothermal Mn oxide deposits; this paper addresses only the second type. Mn oxides cement volcaniclastic and biogenic sandstone and breccia layers (Mn sandstone) and form discrete dense stratabound layers along bedding planes and within beds (stratabound Mn). The Mn oxide was deposited within coarse-grained sediments from diffuse flow systems where precipitation occurred below the seafloor. Deposits were exposed at the seabed by faulting, mass wasting, and erosion. Scanning electron microscopy and microprobe analyses indicate the presence of both amorphous and crystalline 10 ?? and 7 ?? manganate minerals, the fundamental chemical difference being high water contents in the amorphous Mn oxides. Alternation of amorphous and crystalline laminae occurs in many samples, which likely resulted from initial rapid precipitation of amorphous Mn oxides from waxing pulses of hydrothermal fluids followed by precipitation of slow forming crystallites during waning stages. The chemical composition is characteristic of a hydrothermal origin including strong fractionation between Fe (mean 0.9 wt %) and Mn (mean 48 wt %) for the stratabound Mn, generally low trace metal contents, and very low rare earth element and platinum group element contents. However, Mo, Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni, and Co occur in high concentrations in some samples and may be good indicator elements for proximity to the heat source or to massive sulfide deposits. For the Mn sandstones, Fe (mean-8.4%) and Mn (12.4%) are not significantly fractionated because of high Fe contents in the volcaniclastic material. However, the proportion of hydrothermal Fe (nondetrital Fe) to total Fe is remarkably constant (49-58%) for all the sample groups, regardless of the degree of Mn mineralization. Factor analyses indicate various mixtures of two dominant components: hydrothermal Mn oxide for the stratabound Mn and detrital aluminosilicate for the Mn-cemented sandstone; and two minor components, hydrothermal Fe oxyhydroxide and biocarbonate/biosilica. Our conceptual model shows that Mn mineralization was produced by hydrothermal convection cells within arc volcanoes and sedimentary prisms that occur along, the flanks and within calderas. The main source of hydrothermal fluid was seawater that penetrated through fractures, faults, and permeable volcanic edifices. The fluids were heated by magma, enriched in metals by leaching of basement rocks and sediments, and mixed with magmatic fluids and gases. Dikes and sills may have been another source of heat that drove small-scale circulation within sedimentary prisms. Copyright 2008 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2007JB005432","issn":"01480","usgsCitation":"Hein, J., Schulz, M.S., Dunham, R., Stern, R.J., and Bloomer, S., 2008, Diffuse flow hydrothermal manganese mineralization along the active Mariana and southern Izu-Bonin arc system, western Pacific: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 113, no. 8, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JB005432.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476705,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2007jb005432","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":214453,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JB005432"},{"id":242181,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"113","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-06-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a010de4b0c8380cd4fa92","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hein, J.R. 0000-0002-5321-899X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-899X","contributorId":61429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hein","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schulz, M. S.","contributorId":7299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulz","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dunham, R.E.","contributorId":8297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunham","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stern, R. J.","contributorId":8616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stern","given":"R.","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bloomer, S.H.","contributorId":82545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bloomer","given":"S.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70033287,"text":"70033287 - 2008 - Crystallaria cincotta, a new species of darter (Teleostei: Percidae) from the Elk River of the Ohio River drainage, West Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:24","indexId":"70033287","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3814,"text":"Zootaxa","onlineIssn":"1175-5334","printIssn":"1175-5326","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crystallaria cincotta, a new species of darter (Teleostei: Percidae) from the Elk River of the Ohio River drainage, West Virginia","docAbstract":"A new species of percid, Crystallaria cincotta, is described from the Cumberland, Elk, Green, and Muskingum river drainages of the Ohio River basin, USA. It differs from populations of Crystallaria asprella of the Gulf Coast, lower Mississippi River, middle Mississippi River, upper Mississippi River, and Wabash River drainages by having a reduced number of cheek scale rows restricted to the post-orbital region, a falcate margin on the pelvic fins, a preorbital blotch distinctly separate from the anterior orbital rim, and a wide mouth gape. The Elk River population is also divergent genetically from populations of the Gulf Coast, lower Mississippi River, and upper Mississippi River drainages. Crystallaria cincotta, discovered in the Elk River of the Ohio River drainage in 1980, is a rare species with the only extant population represented by 12 individuals collected from 1980-2005 from the lower 36 km section of the Elk River, West Virginia. Copyright ?? 2008 Magnolia Press.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Zootaxa","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"11755326","usgsCitation":"Welsh, S., and Wood, R., 2008, Crystallaria cincotta, a new species of darter (Teleostei: Percidae) from the Elk River of the Ohio River drainage, West Virginia: Zootaxa, no. 1680, p. 62-68.","startPage":"62","endPage":"68","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":241236,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"1680","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcfee4b0c8380cd4e57c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Welsh, S.A. 0000-0003-0362-054X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0362-054X","contributorId":10191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welsh","given":"S.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wood, R.M.","contributorId":80907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70033285,"text":"70033285 - 2008 - Using demography and movement behavior to predict range expansion of the southern sea otter.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-21T17:36:36","indexId":"70033285","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using demography and movement behavior to predict range expansion of the southern sea otter.","docAbstract":"<p>In addition to forecasting population growth, basic demographic data combined with movement data provide a means for predicting rates of range expansion. Quantitative models of range expansion have rarely been applied to large vertebrates, although such tools could be useful for restoration and management of many threatened but recovering populations. Using the southern sea otter (<i>Enhydra lutris nereis</i>) as a case study, we utilized integro-difference equations in combination with a stage-structured projection matrix that incorporated spatial variation in dispersal and demography to make forecasts of population recovery and range recolonization. In addition to these basic predictions, we emphasize how to make these modeling predictions useful in a management context through the inclusion of parameter uncertainty and sensitivity analysis. Our models resulted in hind-cast (1989–2003) predictions of net population growth and range expansion that closely matched observed patterns. We next made projections of future range expansion and population growth, incorporating uncertainty in all model parameters, and explored the sensitivity of model predictions to variation in spatially explicit survival and dispersal rates. The predicted rate of southward range expansion (median = 5.2 km/yr) was sensitive to both dispersal and survival rates; elasticity analysis indicated that changes in adult survival would have the greatest potential effect on the rate of range expansion, while perturbation analysis showed that variation in subadult dispersal contributed most to variance in model predictions. Variation in survival and dispersal of females at the south end of the range contributed most of the variance in predicted southward range expansion. Our approach provides guidance for the acquisition of further data and a means of forecasting the consequence of specific management actions. Similar methods could aid in the management of other recovering populations.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"ESA","doi":"10.1890/07-0735.1","usgsCitation":"Tinker, M.T., Doak, D., and Estes, J.A., 2008, Using demography and movement behavior to predict range expansion of the southern sea otter.: Ecological Applications, v. 18, no. 7, p. 1781-1794, https://doi.org/10.1890/07-0735.1.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1781","endPage":"1794","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":241201,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc043e4b08c986b32a013","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tinker, M. T. 0000-0002-3314-839X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3314-839X","contributorId":54152,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tinker","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Doak, D.F.","contributorId":39729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doak","given":"D.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Estes, J. A.","contributorId":53319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
]}