{"pageNumber":"930","pageRowStart":"23225","pageSize":"25","recordCount":46893,"records":[{"id":70028822,"text":"70028822 - 2006 - The carbon balance of North American wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T13:57:14","indexId":"70028822","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The carbon balance of North American wetlands","docAbstract":"<p>We examine the carbon balance of North American wetlands by reviewing and synthesizing the published literature and soil databases. North American wetlands contain about 220 Pg C, most of which is in peat. They are a small to moderate carbon sink of about 49 Tg C yr-1, although the uncertainty around this estimate is greater than 100%, with the largest unknown being the role of carbon sequestration by sedimentation in freshwater mineral-soil wetlands. We estimate that North American wetlands emit 9 Tg methane (CH 4) yr-1; however, the uncertainty of this estimate is also greater than 100%. With the exception of estuarine wetlands, CH4 emissions from wetlands may largely offset any positive benefits of carbon sequestration in soils and plants in terms of climate forcing. Historically, the destruction of wetlands through land-use changes has had the largest effects on the carbon fluxes and consequent radiative forcing of North American wetlands. The primary effects have been a reduction in their ability to sequester carbon (a small to moderate increase in radiative forcing), oxidation of their soil carbon reserves upon drainage (a small increase in radiative forcing), and reduction in CH4 emissions (a small to large decrease in radiative forcing). It is uncertain how global changes will affect the carbon pools and fluxes of North American wetlands. We will not be able to predict accurately the role of wetlands as potential positive or negative feedbacks to anthropogenic global change without knowing the integrative effects of changes in temperature, precipitation, atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, and atmospheric deposition of nitrogen and sulfur on the carbon balance of North American wetlands.&nbsp;</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wetlands","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1672/0277-5212(2006)26[889:TCBONA]2.0.CO;2","issn":"02775212","usgsCitation":"Bridgham, S., Megonigal, J., Keller, J., Bliss, N., and Trettin, C., 2006, The carbon balance of North American wetlands: Wetlands, v. 26, no. 4, p. 889-916, https://doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2006)26[889:TCBONA]2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"889","endPage":"916","numberOfPages":"28","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236550,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209823,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2006)26[889:TCBONA]2.0.CO;2"}],"volume":"26","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baa04e4b08c986b322689","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bridgham, S.D.","contributorId":40775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bridgham","given":"S.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Megonigal, J.P.","contributorId":22545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Megonigal","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Keller, J.K.","contributorId":17032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bliss, N.B. 0000-0003-2409-5211","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2409-5211","contributorId":104094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bliss","given":"N.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Trettin, C.","contributorId":18162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trettin","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70028819,"text":"70028819 - 2006 - The 1923 Kanto earthquake reevaluated using a newly augmented geodetic data set","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:56","indexId":"70028819","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The 1923 Kanto earthquake reevaluated using a newly augmented geodetic data set","docAbstract":"This study revisits the mechanism of the 1923 Ms = 7.9 Kanto earthquake in Japan. We derive a new source model and use it to assess quantitative and qualitative aspects of the accommodation of plate motion in the Kanto region. We use a new geodetic data set that consists of displacements from leveling and angle changes from triangulation measurements obtained in surveys between 1883 and 1927. Two unique aspects of our analysis are the inclusion of a large number of second-order triangulation measurements and the application of a correction to remove interseismic deformation. The geometry of the fault planes is adopted from a recent seismic reflection study of the Kanto region. We evaluate the minimum complexity necessary in the model to fit the data optimally. Our final uniform-slip elastic dislocation model consists of two adjacent ???20?? dipping low-angle planes accommodating reverse dextral slip of 6.0 in on the larger, eastern plane and 9.5 m on the smaller, western plane with azimuths of 163?? and 121??, respectively. The earthquake was located in the Sagami trough, where the Philippine Sea plate subducts under Honshu. Compared to the highly oblique angle of plate convergence, the coseismic slip on the large fault plane has a more orthogonal orientation to the strike of the plate boundary, suggesting that slip partitioning plays a role in accommodation of plate motion. What other structure is involved in the partitioning is unclear. Uplift records of marine coastal terraces in Sagami Bay document 7500 years of earthquake activity and predict average recurrence intervals of 400 years for events with vertical displacement profiles similar to those of the 1923 earthquake. This means that the average slip deficit per recurrence interval is ???50% of the relative plate convergence. These findings of plate motion partitioning and slip deficit lead us to suggest that instead of a simple recurrence model with characteristic earthquakes, additional mechanisms are necessary to describe the accommodation of deformation in the Kanto region. So far, obvious candidates for these alternative mechanisms have not been discovered. Copyright 2006 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2005JB003628","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Nyst, M., Nishimura, T., Pollitz, F., and Thatcher, W., 2006, The 1923 Kanto earthquake reevaluated using a newly augmented geodetic data set: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 111, no. 11, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB003628.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477444,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jb003628","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":209797,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JB003628"},{"id":236514,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"111","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-11-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba619e4b08c986b320ebf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nyst, M.","contributorId":66453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nyst","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nishimura, T.","contributorId":94834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nishimura","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pollitz, F. F.","contributorId":108280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pollitz","given":"F. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thatcher, W.","contributorId":32669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thatcher","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70028816,"text":"70028816 - 2006 - Three decades of urbanization: Estimating the impact of land-cover change on stream salamander populations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-11T16:04:36","indexId":"70028816","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1015,"text":"Biological Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Three decades of urbanization: Estimating the impact of land-cover change on stream salamander populations","docAbstract":"<p><span>Urbanization has become the dominant form of landscape disturbance in parts of the United States. Small streams in the Piedmont region of the eastern United States support high densities of salamanders and are often the first habitats to be affected by landscape-altering factors such as urbanization. We used US Geological Survey land cover data from 1972 to 2000 and a relation between stream salamanders and land cover, established from recent research, to estimate the impact of contemporary land-cover change on the abundance of stream salamanders near Davidson, North Carolina, a Piedmont locale that has experienced rapid urbanization during this time. Our analysis indicates that southern two-lined salamander (</span><i>Eurycea cirrigera</i><span>) populations have decreased from 32% to 44% while northern dusky salamanders (</span><i>Desmognathus fuscus</i><span>) have decreased from 21% to 30% over the last three decades. Our results suggest that the widespread conversion of forest to urban land in small catchments has likely resulted in a substantial decline of populations of stream salamanders and could have serious effects on stream ecosystems.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.biocon.2006.07.005","issn":"00063207","usgsCitation":"Price, S., Dorcas, M., Gallant, A.L., Klaver, R., and Willson, J., 2006, Three decades of urbanization: Estimating the impact of land-cover change on stream salamander populations: Biological Conservation, v. 133, no. 4, p. 436-441, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2006.07.005.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"436","endPage":"441","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236444,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209744,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2006.07.005"}],"volume":"133","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb308e4b08c986b325b3a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Price, S.J.","contributorId":38756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Price","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dorcas, M.E.","contributorId":34310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorcas","given":"M.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gallant, Alisa L. 0000-0002-3029-6637","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3029-6637","contributorId":23508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gallant","given":"Alisa","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Klaver, R. W. 0000-0002-3263-9701","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3263-9701","contributorId":50267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klaver","given":"R. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Willson, J.D.","contributorId":64434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willson","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70028813,"text":"70028813 - 2006 - Airport geomagnetic surveys in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:57","indexId":"70028813","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2802,"text":"NATO Security through Science Series C: Environmental Security","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Airport geomagnetic surveys in the United States","docAbstract":"The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the United States military have requirements for design, location, and construction of compass calibration pads (compass roses), these having been developed through collaboration with US Geological Survey (USGS) personnel. These requirements are detailed in the FAA Advisory Circular AC 150/5300-13, Appendix 4, and in various military documents, such as Handbook 1021/1, but the major requirement is that the range of declination measured within 75 meters of the center of a compass rose be less than or equal to 30 minutes of arc. The USGS Geomagnetism Group has developed specific methods for conducting a magnetic survey so that existing compass roses can be judged in terms of the needed standards and also that new sites can be evaluated for their suitability as potentially new compass roses. First, a preliminary survey is performed with a total-field magnetometer, with differences over the site area of less than 75nT being sufficient to warrant additional, more detailed surveying. Next, a number of survey points are established over the compass rose area and nearby, where declination is to be measured with an instrument capable of measuring declination to within 1 minute of arc, such as a Gurley transit magnetometer, DI Flux theodolite magnetometer, or Wild T-0. The data are corrected for diurnal and irregular effects of the magnetic field and declination is determined for each survey point, as well as declination range and average of the entire compass rose site. Altogether, a typical survey takes about four days to complete. ?? 2006 Springer.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"NATO Security through Science Series C: Environmental Security","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/978-1-4020-5025-1_19","issn":"18714668","isbn":"1402050232; 9781402050237","usgsCitation":"Berarducci, A., 2006, Airport geomagnetic surveys in the United States: NATO Security through Science Series C: Environmental Security, p. 247-258, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5025-1_19.","startPage":"247","endPage":"258","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209717,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5025-1_19"},{"id":236409,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e92be4b0c8380cd48133","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berarducci, A.","contributorId":11393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berarducci","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70028804,"text":"70028804 - 2006 - Three-dimensional compressional wavespeed model, earthquake relocations, and focal mechanisms for the Parkfield, California, region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:58","indexId":"70028804","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Three-dimensional compressional wavespeed model, earthquake relocations, and focal mechanisms for the Parkfield, California, region","docAbstract":"We present a new three-dimensional (3D) compressional vvavespeed (V p) model for the Parkfield region, taking advantage of the recent seismicity associated with the 2003 San Simeon and 2004 Parkfield earthquake sequences to provide increased model resolution compared to the work of Eberhart-Phillips and Michael (1993) (EPM93). Taking the EPM93 3D model as our starting model, we invert the arrival-time data from about 2100 earthquakes and 250 shots recorded on both permanent network and temporary stations in a region 130 km northeast-southwest by 120 km northwest-southeast. We include catalog picks and cross-correlation and catalog differential times in the inversion, using the double-difference tomography method of Zhang and Thurber (2003). The principal Vp features reported by EPM93 and Michelini and McEvilly (1991) are recovered, but with locally improved resolution along the San Andreas Fault (SAF) and near the active-source profiles. We image the previously identified strong wavespeed contrast (faster on the southwest side) across most of the length of the SAF, and we also improve the image of a high Vp body on the northeast side of the fault reported by EPM93. This narrow body is at about 5- to 12-km depth and extends approximately from the locked section of the SAP to the town of Parkfield. The footwall of the thrust fault responsible for the 1983 Coalinga earthquake is imaged as a northeast-dipping high wavespeed body. In between, relatively low wavespeeds (<5 km/sec) extend to as much as 10-km depth. We use this model to derive absolute locations for about 16,000 earthquakes from 1966 to 2005 and high-precision double-difference locations for 9,000 earthquakes from 1984 to 2005, and also to determine focal mechanisms for 446 earthquakes. These earthquake locations and mechanisms show that the seismogenic fault is a simple planar structure. The aftershock sequence of the 2004 mainshock concentrates into the same structures defined by the pre-2004 seismicity, confirming earlier observations (Waldhauser et al., 2004) that the seismicity pattern at Parkfield is long lived and persists through multiple cycles of mainshocks.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0120050825","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Thurber, C., Zhang, H., Waldhauser, F., Hardebeck, J., Michael, A., and Eberhart-Phillips, D., 2006, Three-dimensional compressional wavespeed model, earthquake relocations, and focal mechanisms for the Parkfield, California, region: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 96, no. 4 B, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120050825.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209610,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120050825"},{"id":236264,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"96","issue":"4 B","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb323e4b08c986b325bd7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thurber, C.","contributorId":107046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurber","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zhang, H.","contributorId":50311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Waldhauser, F.","contributorId":31897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waldhauser","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hardebeck, J.","contributorId":99738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hardebeck","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Michael, A.","contributorId":56817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michael","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Eberhart-Phillips, D.","contributorId":80428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberhart-Phillips","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70028802,"text":"70028802 - 2006 - Effects of human recreation on the incubation behavior of American Oystercatchers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:44","indexId":"70028802","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3784,"text":"Wilson Journal of Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of human recreation on the incubation behavior of American Oystercatchers","docAbstract":"Human recreational disturbance and its effects on wildlife demographics and behavior is an increasingly important area of research. We monitored the nesting success of American Oystercatchers (Haematopus palliatus) in coastal North Carolina in 2002 and 2003. We also used video monitoring at nests to measure the response of incubating birds to human recreation. We counted the number of trips per hour made by adult birds to and from the nest, and we calculated the percent time that adults spent incubating. We asked whether human recreational activities (truck, all-terrain vehicle [ATV], and pedestrian traffic) were correlated with parental behavioral patterns. Eleven a priori models of nest survival and behavioral covariates were evaluated using Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) to see whether incubation behavior influenced nest survival. Factors associated with birds leaving their nests (n = 548) included ATV traffic (25%), truck traffic (17%), pedestrian traffic (4%), aggression with neighboring oystercatchers or paired birds exchanging incubation duties (26%), airplane traffic (1%) and unknown factors (29%). ATV traffic was positively associated with the rate of trips to and away from the nest (??1 = 0.749, P < 0.001) and negatively correlated with percent time spent incubating (??1 = -0.037, P = 0.025). Other forms of human recreation apparently had little effect on incubation behaviors. Nest survival models incorporating the frequency of trips by adults to and from the nest, and the percentage of time adults spent incubating, were somewhat supported in the AIC analyses. A low frequency of trips to and from the nest and, counter to expectations, low percent time spent incubating were associated with higher daily nest survival rates. These data suggest that changes in incubation behavior might be one mechanism by which human recreation affects the reproductive success of American Oystercatchers.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wilson Journal of Ornithology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1676/05-084.1","issn":"15594491","usgsCitation":"McGowan, C., and Simons, T., 2006, Effects of human recreation on the incubation behavior of American Oystercatchers: Wilson Journal of Ornithology, v. 118, no. 4, p. 485-493, https://doi.org/10.1676/05-084.1.","startPage":"485","endPage":"493","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477411,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/240823","text":"External Repository"},{"id":210001,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1676/05-084.1"},{"id":236787,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"118","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a071ae4b0c8380cd51566","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGowan, C.P.","contributorId":19760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGowan","given":"C.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Simons, T.R.","contributorId":56334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simons","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70028792,"text":"70028792 - 2006 - Comprehensive genetic analyses reveal evolutionary distinction of a mouse (<i>Zapus hudsonius preblei</i>) proposed for delisting from the US Endangered Species Act","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-06T10:42:38","indexId":"70028792","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2774,"text":"Molecular Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comprehensive genetic analyses reveal evolutionary distinction of a mouse (<i>Zapus hudsonius preblei</i>) proposed for delisting from the US Endangered Species Act","docAbstract":"Zapus hudsonius preblei, listed as threatened under the US Endangered Species Act (ESA), is one of 12 recognized subspecies of meadow jumping mice found in North America. Recent morphometric and phylogenetic comparisons among Z. h. preblei and neighbouring conspecifics questioned the taxonomic status of selected subspecies, resulting in a proposal to delist the Z. h. preblei from the ESA. We present additional analyses of the phylogeographic structure within Z. hudsonius that calls into question previously published data (and conclusions) and confirms the original taxonomic designations. A survey of 21 microsatellite DNA loci and 1380 base pairs from two mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) regions (control region and cytochrome b) revealed that each Z. hudsonius subspecies is genetically distinct. These data do not support the null hypothesis of a homogeneous gene pool among the five subspecies found within the southwestern portion of the species' range. The magnitude of the observed differentiation was considerable and supported by significant findings for nearly every statistical comparison made, regardless of the genome or the taxa under consideration. Structuring of nuclear multilocus genotypes and subspecies-specific mtDNA haplotypes corresponded directly with the disjunct distributions of the subspecies investigated. Given the level of correspondence between the observed genetic population structure and previously proposed taxonomic classification of subspecies (based on the geographic separation and surveys of morphological variation), we conclude that the nominal subspecies surveyed in this study do not warrant synonymy, as has been proposed for Z. h. preblei, Z. h. campestris, and Z. h. intermedius. ?? 2006 The Authors.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03080.x","issn":"09621083","usgsCitation":"King, T.L., Switzer, J.F., Morrison, C., Eackles, M.S., Young, C., Lubinski, B., and Cryan, P.M., 2006, Comprehensive genetic analyses reveal evolutionary distinction of a mouse (<i>Zapus hudsonius preblei</i>) proposed for delisting from the US Endangered Species Act: Molecular Ecology, v. 15, no. 14, p. 4331-4359, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03080.x.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"4331","endPage":"4359","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236648,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209901,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03080.x"}],"volume":"15","issue":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-11-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f943e4b0c8380cd4d527","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, Tim L. tlking@usgs.gov","contributorId":3520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Tim","email":"tlking@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":419774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Switzer, John F.","contributorId":48855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Switzer","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morrison, Cheryl L. cmorrison@usgs.gov","contributorId":3355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrison","given":"Cheryl L.","email":"cmorrison@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":419772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Eackles, Michael S. meackles@usgs.gov","contributorId":4371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eackles","given":"Michael","email":"meackles@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":419773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Young, Colleen","contributorId":179103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"Colleen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":419771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lubinski, Barbara A.","contributorId":79789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lubinski","given":"Barbara A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Cryan, Paul M. 0000-0002-2915-8894 cryanp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2915-8894","contributorId":2356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cryan","given":"Paul","email":"cryanp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":547,"text":"Rocky Mountain Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":419770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70028787,"text":"70028787 - 2006 - Applications of GIS and database technologies to manage a Karst Feature Database","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:00","indexId":"70028787","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2201,"text":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Applications of GIS and database technologies to manage a Karst Feature Database","docAbstract":"This paper describes the management of a Karst Feature Database (KFD) in Minnesota. Two sets of applications in both GIS and Database Management System (DBMS) have been developed for the KFD of Minnesota. These applications were used to manage and to enhance the usability of the KFD. Structured Query Language (SQL) was used to manipulate transactions of the database and to facilitate the functionality of the user interfaces. The Database Administrator (DBA) authorized users with different access permissions to enhance the security of the database. Database consistency and recovery are accomplished by creating data logs and maintaining backups on a regular basis. The working database provides guidelines and management tools for future studies of karst features in Minnesota. The methodology of designing this DBMS is applicable to develop GIS-based databases to analyze and manage geomorphic and hydrologic datasets at both regional and local scales. The short-term goal of this research is to develop a regional KFD for the Upper Mississippi Valley Karst and the long-term goal is to expand this database to manage and study karst features at national and global scales.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"10906924","usgsCitation":"Gao, Y., Tipping, R., and Alexander, E., 2006, Applications of GIS and database technologies to manage a Karst Feature Database: Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, v. 68, no. 3, p. 144-152.","startPage":"144","endPage":"152","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236583,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"68","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ecc3e4b0c8380cd49486","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gao, Y.","contributorId":82437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gao","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tipping, R.G.","contributorId":67272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tipping","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Alexander, E.C. Jr.","contributorId":94062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alexander","given":"E.C.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70028762,"text":"70028762 - 2006 - Variables influencing the presence of subyearling fall Chinook salmon in shoreline habitats of the Hanford Reach, Columbia River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-23T16:06:57","indexId":"70028762","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variables influencing the presence of subyearling fall Chinook salmon in shoreline habitats of the Hanford Reach, Columbia River","docAbstract":"<p>Little information currently exists on habitat use by subyearling fall Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha rearing in large, main-stem habitats. We collected habitat use information on subyearlings in the Hanford Reach of the Columbia River during May 1994 and April-May 1995 using point abundance electrofishing. We analyzed measures of physical habitat using logistic regression to predict fish presence and absence in shoreline habitats. The difference between water temperature at the point of sampling and in the main river channel was the most important variable for predicting the presence and absence of subyearlings. Mean water velocities of 45 cm/s or less and habitats with low lateral bank slopes were also associated with a greater likelihood of subyearling presence. Intermediate-sized gravel and cobble substrates were significant predictors of fish presence, but small (&lt;32-mm) and boulder-sized (&gt;256-mm) substrates were not. Our rearing model was accurate at predicting fish presence and absence using jackknifing (80% correct) and classification of observations from an independent data set (76% correct). The habitat requirements of fall Chinook salmon in the Hanford Reach are similar to those reported for juvenile Chinook salmon in smaller systems but are met in functionally different ways in a large river.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/M04-161.1","issn":"02755947","usgsCitation":"Tiffan, K., Clark, L., Garland, R., and Rondorf, D., 2006, Variables influencing the presence of subyearling fall Chinook salmon in shoreline habitats of the Hanford Reach, Columbia River: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 26, no. 2, p. 351-360, https://doi.org/10.1577/M04-161.1.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"351","endPage":"360","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488438,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/2506806","text":"External Repository"},{"id":236755,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Hanford Reach","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -119.83337402343749,\n              46.640008243515915\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.81689453125,\n              46.61171462536894\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.61639404296874,\n              46.6286925708375\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.49005126953124,\n              46.6965511173143\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.3609619140625,\n              46.511625395437925\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.27581787109374,\n              46.40756396630067\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.26208496093751,\n              46.240651955001695\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.07257080078124,\n              46.164614496897094\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.02862548828125,\n              46.231153027822046\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.22088623046875,\n              46.32417161725694\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.2236328125,\n              46.50217348354072\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.39117431640625,\n              46.68336307047754\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.50103759765625,\n              46.751153008636884\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.68780517578125,\n              46.6795944656402\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.80865478515625,\n              46.65132155014943\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.83337402343749,\n              46.640008243515915\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"26","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc14be4b08c986b32a4f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tiffan, K.F.","contributorId":19327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tiffan","given":"K.F.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":419648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, L.O.","contributorId":85745,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"L.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Garland, R.D.","contributorId":60806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garland","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rondorf, D.W.","contributorId":80789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rondorf","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":419650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70028761,"text":"70028761 - 2006 - Random versus fixed-site sampling when monitoring relative abundance of fishes in headwater streams of the upper Colorado River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:44","indexId":"70028761","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Random versus fixed-site sampling when monitoring relative abundance of fishes in headwater streams of the upper Colorado River basin","docAbstract":"Native fishes of the upper Colorado River basin (UCRB) have declined in distribution and abundance due to habitat degradation and interactions with normative fishes. Consequently, monitoring populations of both native and nonnative fishes is important for conservation of native species. We used data collected from Muddy Creek, Wyoming (2003-2004), to compare sample size estimates using a random and a fixed-site sampling design to monitor changes in catch per unit effort (CPUE) of native bluehead suckers Catostomus discobolus, flannelmouth suckers C. latipinnis, roundtail chub Gila robusta, and speckled dace Rhinichthys osculus, as well as nonnative creek chub Semotilus atromaculatus and white suckers C. commersonii. When one-pass backpack electrofishing was used, detection of 10% or 25% changes in CPUE (fish/100 m) at 60% statistical power required 50-1,000 randomly sampled reaches among species regardless of sampling design. However, use of a fixed-site sampling design with 25-50 reaches greatly enhanced the ability to detect changes in CPUE. The addition of seining did not appreciably reduce required effort. When detection of 25-50% changes in CPUE of native and nonnative fishes is acceptable, we recommend establishment of 25-50 fixed reaches sampled by one-pass electrofishing in Muddy Creek. Because Muddy Creek has habitat and fish assemblages characteristic of other headwater streams in the UCRB, our results are likely to apply to many other streams in the basin. ?? Copyright by the American Fisheries Society 2006.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/M05-153.1","issn":"02755947","usgsCitation":"Quist, M., Gerow, K., Bower, M., and Hubert, W., 2006, Random versus fixed-site sampling when monitoring relative abundance of fishes in headwater streams of the upper Colorado River basin: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 26, no. 4, p. 1011-1019, https://doi.org/10.1577/M05-153.1.","startPage":"1011","endPage":"1019","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209976,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/M05-153.1"},{"id":236754,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9498e4b0c8380cd814d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Quist, M.C. 0000-0001-8268-1839","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8268-1839","contributorId":62805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quist","given":"M.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gerow, K.G.","contributorId":17003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerow","given":"K.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bower, M.R.","contributorId":14094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bower","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hubert, W.A.","contributorId":12822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubert","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70028749,"text":"70028749 - 2006 - Damped regional-scale stress inversions: Methodology and examples for southern California and the Coalinga aftershock sequence","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:00","indexId":"70028749","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Damped regional-scale stress inversions: Methodology and examples for southern California and the Coalinga aftershock sequence","docAbstract":"We present a new focal mechanism stress inversion technique to produce regional-scale models of stress orientation containing the minimum complexity necessary to fit the data. Current practice is to divide a region into small subareas and to independently fit a stress tensor to the focal mechanisms of each subarea. This procedure may lead to apparent spatial variability that is actually an artifact of overfitting noisy data or nonuniquely fitting data that does not completely constrain the stress tensor. To remove these artifacts while retaining any stress variations that are strongly required by the data, we devise a damped inversion method to simultaneously invert for stress in all subareas while minimizing the difference in stress between adjacent subareas. This method is conceptually similar to other geophysical inverse techniques that incorporate damping, such as seismic tomography. In checkerboard tests, the damped inversion removes the stress rotation artifacts exhibited by an undamped inversion, while resolving sharper true stress rotations than a simple smoothed model or a moving-window inversion. We show an example of a spatially damped stress field for southern California. The methodology can also be used to study temporal stress changes, and an example for the Coalinga, California, aftershock sequence is shown. We recommend use of the damped inversion technique for any study examining spatial or temporal variations in the stress field.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2005JB004144","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Hardebeck, J., and Michael, A., 2006, Damped regional-scale stress inversions: Methodology and examples for southern California and the Coalinga aftershock sequence: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 111, no. 11, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB004144.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236545,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209819,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JB004144"}],"volume":"111","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-11-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fd60e4b0c8380cd4e7e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hardebeck, J.L.","contributorId":98862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hardebeck","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Michael, A.J. 0000-0002-2403-5019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2403-5019","contributorId":52192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michael","given":"A.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70028743,"text":"70028743 - 2006 - Imaging the transition from Aleutian subduction to Yakutat collision in central Alaska, with local earthquakes and active source data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-20T17:00:22","indexId":"70028743","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Imaging the transition from Aleutian subduction to Yakutat collision in central Alaska, with local earthquakes and active source data","docAbstract":"<p>In southern and central Alaska the subduction and active volcanism of the Aleutian subduction zone give way to a broad plate boundary zone with mountain building and strike-slip faulting, where the Yakutat terrane joins the subducting Pacific plate. The interplay of these tectonic elements can be best understood by considering the entire region in three dimensions. We image three-dimensional seismic velocity using abundant local earthquakes, supplemented by active source data. Crustal low-velocity correlates with basins. The Denali fault zone is a dominant feature with a change in crustal thickness across the fault. A relatively high-velocity subducted slab and a low-velocity mantle wedge are observed, and high Vp/Vs beneath the active volcanic systems, which indicates focusing of partial melt. North of Cook Inlet, the subducted Yakutat slab is characterized by a thick low-velocity, high-Vp/Vs, crust. High-velocity material above the Yakutat slab may represent a residual older slab, which inhibits vertical flow of Yakutat subduction fluids. Alternate lateral flow allows Yakutat subduction fluids to contribute to Cook Inlet volcanism and the Wrangell volcanic field. The apparent northeast edge of the subducted Yakutat slab is southwest of the Wrangell volcanics, which have adakitic composition consistent with melting of this Yakutat slab edge. In the mantle, the Yakutat slab is subducting with the Pacific plate, while at shallower depths the Yakutat slab overthrusts the shallow Pacific plate along the Transition fault. This region of crustal doubling within the shallow slab is associated with extremely strong plate coupling and the primary asperity of the Mw 9.2 great 1964 earthquake. Copyright 2006 by the American Geophysical Union.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2005JB004240","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Eberhart-Phillips, D., Christensen, D., Brocher, T., Hansen, R., Ruppert, N., Haeussler, P.J., and Abers, G., 2006, Imaging the transition from Aleutian subduction to Yakutat collision in central Alaska, with local earthquakes and active source data: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 111, no. 11, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB004240.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236475,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209767,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JB004240"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","volume":"111","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-11-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a388ce4b0c8380cd615f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eberhart-Phillips, D.","contributorId":80428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberhart-Phillips","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christensen, D.H.","contributorId":68088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christensen","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brocher, T.M. 0000-0002-9740-839X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9740-839X","contributorId":69994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brocher","given":"T.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hansen, R.","contributorId":56370,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ruppert, N.A.","contributorId":33510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruppert","given":"N.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Haeussler, Peter J. 0000-0002-1503-6247 pheuslr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1503-6247","contributorId":503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeussler","given":"Peter","email":"pheuslr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":419577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Abers, G.A.","contributorId":17813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abers","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70028740,"text":"70028740 - 2006 - Response of microbial community composition and function to soil climate change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:55","indexId":"70028740","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2729,"text":"Microbial Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Response of microbial community composition and function to soil climate change","docAbstract":"Soil microbial communities mediate critical ecosystem carbon and nutrient cycles. How microbial communities will respond to changes in vegetation and climate, however, are not well understood. We reciprocally transplanted soil cores from under oak canopies and adjacent open grasslands in a California oak-grassland ecosystem to determine how microbial communities respond to changes in the soil environment and the potential consequences for the cycling of carbon. Every 3 months for up to 2 years, we monitored microbial community composition using phospholipid fatty acid analysis (PLFA), microbial biomass, respiration rates, microbial enzyme activities, and the activity of microbial groups by quantifying 13C uptake from a universal substrate (pyruvate) into PLFA biomarkers. Soil in the open grassland experienced higher maximum temperatures and lower soil water content than soil under the oak canopies. Soil microbial communities in soil under oak canopies were more sensitive to environmental change than those in adjacent soil from the open grassland. Oak canopy soil communities changed rapidly when cores were transplanted into the open grassland soil environment, but grassland soil communities did not change when transplanted into the oak canopy environment. Similarly, microbial biomass, enzyme activities, and microbial respiration decreased when microbial communities were transplanted from the oak canopy soils to the grassland environment, but not when the grassland communities were transplanted to the oak canopy environment. These data support the hypothesis that microbial community composition and function is altered when microbes are exposed to new extremes in environmental conditions; that is, environmental conditions outside of their \"life history\" envelopes. ?? 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Microbial Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00248-006-9103-3","issn":"00953628","usgsCitation":"Waldrop, M., and Firestone, M., 2006, Response of microbial community composition and function to soil climate change: Microbial Ecology, v. 52, no. 4, p. 716-724, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-006-9103-3.","startPage":"716","endPage":"724","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209740,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00248-006-9103-3"},{"id":236437,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-10-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaa57e4b0c8380cd8629f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waldrop, M. P. 0000-0003-1829-7140","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1829-7140","contributorId":105104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waldrop","given":"M. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Firestone, M.K.","contributorId":10593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Firestone","given":"M.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70028738,"text":"70028738 - 2006 - Parameterization and simulation of near bed orbital velocities under irregular waves in shallow water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-23T15:38:18","indexId":"70028738","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1262,"text":"Coastal Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Parameterization and simulation of near bed orbital velocities under irregular waves in shallow water","docAbstract":"A set of empirical formulations is derived that describe important wave properties in shallow water as functions of commonly used parameters such as wave height, wave period, local water depth and local bed slope. These wave properties include time varying near-bed orbital velocities and statistical properties such as the distribution of wave height and wave period. Empirical expressions of characteristic wave parameters are derived on the basis of extensive analysis of field data using recently developed evolutionary algorithms. The field data covered a wide range of wave conditions, though there were few conditions with wave periods greater than 15 s. Comparison with field measurements showed good agreement both on a time scale of a single wave period as well as time averaged velocity moments.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Coastal Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2006.06.002","issn":"03783839","usgsCitation":"Elfrink, B., Hanes, D., and Ruessink, B., 2006, Parameterization and simulation of near bed orbital velocities under irregular waves in shallow water: Coastal Engineering, v. 53, no. 11, p. 915-927, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2006.06.002.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"915","endPage":"927","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236404,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209712,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2006.06.002"}],"volume":"53","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a74d0e4b0c8380cd77848","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elfrink, B.","contributorId":98186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elfrink","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hanes, D.M.","contributorId":22479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanes","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ruessink, B.G.","contributorId":38029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruessink","given":"B.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70028732,"text":"70028732 - 2006 - Association between wetland disturbance and biological attributes in floodplain wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:57","indexId":"70028732","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Association between wetland disturbance and biological attributes in floodplain wetlands","docAbstract":"We quantified the influence of agricultural activities on environmental and biological conditions of floodplain wetlands in the upper Missouri River basin. Seasonally-flooded wetlands were characterized as low impact (non-disturbed) or high impact (disturbed) based on local land use. Biological data collected from these wetlands were used to develop a wetland condition index (WCI). Fourteen additional wetlands were sampled to evaluate the general condition of seasonally-flooded floodplain wetlands. Structural and functional attributes of macrophyte, algae, and macroinvertebrate communities were tested as candidate metrics for assessing biotic responses. The WCI we developed used six biological metrics to discriminate between disturbed and non-disturbed wetlands: 1) biomass of Culicidae larvae, 2) abundance of Chironomidae larvae, 3) macroinvertebrate diversity, 4) total number of plant species, 5) the proportion of exotic plant species, and 6) total number of sensitive diatom species. Disturbed wetlands had less taxa richness and species diversity and more exotic and nuisance (e.g., mosquitoes) species. Environmental differences between low and high impact wetlands included measures of total potassium, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, alkalinity, conductance, and sediment phosphorus concentration. Canonical analyses showed that WCI scores were weakly correlated (P = 0.057) with environmental variables in randomly selected wetlands. In addition, mean WCI score for random wetlands was higher than that for high impact wetlands, implying that floodplain wetlands were less impacted by the types of agricultural activities affecting high impact sites. Inter-year sampling of some wetlands revealed that WCI metrics were correlated in 2000 and 2001, implying that biological metrics provided useful indicators of disturbance in floodplain wetlands. ?? 2006, The Society of Wetland Scientists.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wetlands","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1672/0277-5212(2006)26[497:ABWDAB]2.0.CO;2","issn":"02775212","usgsCitation":"Chipps, S., Hubbard, D., Werlin, K., Haugerud, N., Powell, K., Thompson, J., and Johnson, T., 2006, Association between wetland disturbance and biological attributes in floodplain wetlands: Wetlands, v. 26, no. 2, p. 497-508, https://doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2006)26[497:ABWDAB]2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"497","endPage":"508","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209665,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2006)26[497:ABWDAB]2.0.CO;2"},{"id":236335,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ee8ee4b0c8380cd49e0f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chipps, S. R. 0000-0001-6511-7582","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6511-7582","contributorId":40369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chipps","given":"S. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hubbard, D.E.","contributorId":87099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubbard","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Werlin, K.B.","contributorId":94840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Werlin","given":"K.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Haugerud, N.J.","contributorId":60830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haugerud","given":"N.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Powell, K.A.","contributorId":30017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Thompson, John","contributorId":37937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"John","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":419508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Johnson, T.","contributorId":45392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70028728,"text":"70028728 - 2006 - Titan: Preliminary results on surface properties and photometry from VIMS observations of the early flybys","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:57","indexId":"70028728","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3083,"text":"Planetary and Space Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Titan: Preliminary results on surface properties and photometry from VIMS observations of the early flybys","docAbstract":"Cassini observations of the surface of Titan offer unprecedented views of its surface through atmospheric windows in the 1-5 ??m region. Images obtained in windows for which the haze opacity is low can be used to derive quantitative photometric parameters such as albedo and albedo distribution, and physical properties such as roughness and particle characteristics. Images from the early Titan flybys, particularly T0, Ta, and T5 have been analyzed to create albedo maps in the 2.01 and 2.73 ??m windows. We find the average normal reflectance at these two wavelengths to be 0.15??0.02 and 0.035??0.003, respectively. Titan's surface is bifurcated into two albedo regimes, particularly at 2.01 ??m. Analysis of these two regimes to understand the physical character of the surface was accomplished with a macroscopic roughness model. We find that the two types of surface have substantially different roughness, with the low-albedo surface exhibiting mean slope angles of ???18??, and the high-albedo terrain having a much more substantial roughness with a mean slope angle of ???34??. A single-scattering phase function approximated by a one-term Henyey-Greenstein equation was also fit to each unit. Titan's surface is back-scattering (g???0.3-0.4), and does not exhibit substantially different backscattering behavior between the two terrains. Our results suggest that two distinct geophysical domains exist on Titan: a bright region cut by deep drainage channels and a relatively smooth surface. The two terrains are covered by a film or a coating of particles perhaps precipitated from the satellite's haze layer and transported by eolian processes. Our results are preliminary: more accurate values for the surface albedo and physical parameters will be derived as more data is gathered by the Cassini spacecraft and as a more complete radiative transfer model is developed from both Cassini orbiter and Huygens Lander measurements. ?? 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Planetary and Space Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.pss.2006.06.015","issn":"00320633","usgsCitation":"Buratti, B.J., Sotin, C., Brown, R.H., Hicks, M., Clark, R.N., Mosher, J.A., McCord, T.B., Jaumann, R., Baines, K.H., Nicholson, P.D., Momary, T., Simonelli, D., and Sicardy, B., 2006, Titan: Preliminary results on surface properties and photometry from VIMS observations of the early flybys: Planetary and Space Science, v. 54, no. 15, p. 1498-1509, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2006.06.015.","startPage":"1498","endPage":"1509","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209607,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2006.06.015"},{"id":236261,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb41fe4b08c986b3261c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buratti, B. J.","contributorId":69280,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buratti","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sotin, Christophe","contributorId":53924,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sotin","given":"Christophe","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brown, R. H.","contributorId":19931,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brown","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hicks, M.D.","contributorId":7045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hicks","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Clark, R. N.","contributorId":6568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mosher, J. A.","contributorId":34605,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mosher","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"McCord, T. B.","contributorId":69695,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McCord","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Jaumann, R.","contributorId":81232,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jaumann","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Baines, K. H.","contributorId":37868,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baines","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Nicholson, P. D.","contributorId":54330,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nicholson","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Momary, T.","contributorId":17415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Momary","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Simonelli, D.P.","contributorId":42373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simonelli","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Sicardy, B.","contributorId":57622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sicardy","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}}
,{"id":70028726,"text":"70028726 - 2006 - Photometric properties of Titan's surface from Cassini VIMS: Relevance to titan's hemispherical albedo dichotomy and surface stability","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:44","indexId":"70028726","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3083,"text":"Planetary and Space Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Photometric properties of Titan's surface from Cassini VIMS: Relevance to titan's hemispherical albedo dichotomy and surface stability","docAbstract":"The Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) instrument on the Cassini Saturn Orbiter returned spectral imaging data as the spacecraft undertook six close encounters with Titan beginning 7 July, 2004. Three of these flybys each produced overlapping coverage of two distinct regions of Titan's surface. Twenty-four points were selected on approximately opposite hemispheres to serve as photometric controls. Six points were selected in each of four reflectance classes. On one hemisphere each control point was observed at three distinct phase angles. From the derived phase coefficients, preliminary normal reflectances were derived for each reflectance class. The normal reflectance of Titan's surface units at 2.0178 ??m ranged from 0.079 to 0.185 for the most absorbing to the most reflective units assuming no contribution from absorbing haze. When a modest haze contribution of ??=0.1 is considered these numbers increase to 0.089-0.215. We find that the lowest three reflectance classes have comparable normal reflectance on either hemisphere. However, for the highest brightness class the normal reflectance is higher on the hemisphere encompassing longitude 14-65?? compared to the same high brightness class for the hemisphere encompassing 122-156?? longitude. We conclude that an albedo dichotomy observed in continental sized units on Titan is due not only to one unit having more areal coverage of reflective material than the other but the material on the brighter unit is intrinsically more reflective than the most reflective material on the other unit. This suggests that surface renewal processes are more widespread on Titan's more reflective units than on its less reflective units. We note that one of our photometric control points has increased in reflectance by 12% relative to the surrounding terrain from July of 2004 to April and May of 2005. Possible causes of this effect include atmospheric processes such as ground fog or orographic clouds; the suggestion of active volcanism cannot be ruled out. Several interesting circular features which resembled impact craters were identified on Titan's surface at the time of the initial Titan flyby in July of 2004. We traced photometric profiles through two of these candidate craters and attempted to fit these profiles to the photometric properties expected from model depressions. We find that the best-fit attempt to model these features as craters requires that they be unrealistically deep, approximately 70 km deep. We conclude that despite their appearance, these circular features are not craters, however, the possibility that they are palimpsests cannot be ruled out. We used two methods to test for the presence of vast expanses of liquids on Titan's surface that had been suggested to resemble oceans. Specular reflection of sunlight would be indicative of widespread liquids on the surface; we found no evidence of this. A large liquid body should also show uniformity in photometric profile; we found the profiles to be highly variable. The lack of specular reflection and the high photometric variability in the profiles across candidate oceans is inconsistent with the presence of vast expanses of flat-lying liquids on Titan's surface. While liquid accumulation may be present as small, sub-pixel-sized bodies, or in areas of the surface which still remain to be observed by VIMS, the presence of large ocean-sized accumulations of liquids can be ruled out. The Cassini orbital tour offers the opportunity for VIMS to image the same parts of Titan's surface repeatedly at many different illumination and observation geometries. This creates the possibility of understanding the properties of Titan's atmosphere and haze by iteratively adapting models to create a best fit to the surface reflectance properties. ?? 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Planetary and Space Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.pss.2006.06.014","issn":"00320633","usgsCitation":"Nelson, R., Brown, R.H., Hapke, B., Smythe, W.D., Kamp, L., Boryta, M., Leader, F., Baines, K.H., Bellucci, G., Bibring, J., Buratti, B.J., Capaccioni, F., Cerroni, P., Clark, R.N., Combes, M., Coradini, A., Cruikshank, D.P., Drossart, P., Formisano, V., Jaumann, R., Langevin, Y., Matson, D.L., McCord, T.B., Mennella, V., Nicholson, P.D., Sicardy, B., and Sotin, C., 2006, Photometric properties of Titan's surface from Cassini VIMS: Relevance to titan's hemispherical albedo dichotomy and surface stability: Planetary and Space Science, v. 54, no. 15, p. 1540-1551, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2006.06.014.","startPage":"1540","endPage":"1551","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209998,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2006.06.014"},{"id":236784,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7a2ce4b0c8380cd78d92","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, R.M.","contributorId":38316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, R. H.","contributorId":19931,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brown","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hapke, B.W.","contributorId":7899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hapke","given":"B.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smythe, W. D.","contributorId":90878,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smythe","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kamp, L.","contributorId":32312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kamp","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Boryta, M.D.","contributorId":21337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boryta","given":"M.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Leader, F.","contributorId":37942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leader","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Baines, K. 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P.","contributorId":51434,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cruikshank","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Drossart, P.","contributorId":29574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drossart","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Formisano, V.","contributorId":44694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Formisano","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Jaumann, R.","contributorId":81232,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jaumann","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Langevin, Y.","contributorId":24900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langevin","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Matson, D. L.","contributorId":59940,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Matson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"McCord, T. B.","contributorId":69695,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McCord","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23},{"text":"Mennella, V.","contributorId":88522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mennella","given":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":24},{"text":"Nicholson, P. D.","contributorId":54330,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nicholson","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":25},{"text":"Sicardy, B.","contributorId":57622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sicardy","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":26},{"text":"Sotin, Christophe","contributorId":53924,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sotin","given":"Christophe","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":27}]}}
,{"id":70028722,"text":"70028722 - 2006 - Incorporating diverse data and realistic complexity into demographic estimation procedures for sea otters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-22T11:02:36","indexId":"70028722","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Incorporating diverse data and realistic complexity into demographic estimation procedures for sea otters","docAbstract":"<p>Reliable information on historical and current population dynamics is central to understanding patterns of growth and decline in animal populations. We developed a maximum likelihood-based analysis to estimate spatial and temporal trends in age/sex-specific survival rates for the threatened southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis), using annual population censuses and the age structure of salvaged carcass collections. We evaluated a wide range of possible spatial and temporal effects and used model averaging to incorporate model uncertainty into the resulting estimates of key vital rates and their variances. We compared these results to current demographic parameters estimated in a telemetry-based study conducted between 2001 and 2004. These results show that survival has decreased substantially from the early 1990s to the present and is generally lowest in the north-central portion of the population's range. The greatest temporal decrease in survival was for adult females, and variation in the survival of this age/sex class is primarily responsible for regulating population growth and driving population trends. Our results can be used to focus future research on southern sea otters by highlighting the life history stages and mortality factors most relevant to conservation. More broadly, we have illustrated how the powerful and relatively straightforward tools of information-theoretic-based model fitting can be used to sort through and parameterize quite complex demographic modeling frameworks. ?? 2006 by the Ecological Society of America.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Applications","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[2293:IDDARC]2.0.CO;2","issn":"10510761","usgsCitation":"Tinker, M.T., Doak, D.F., Estes, J.A., Hatfield, B.B., Staedler, M., and Gross, A., 2006, Incorporating diverse data and realistic complexity into demographic estimation procedures for sea otters: Ecological Applications, v. 16, no. 6, p. 2293-2312, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[2293:IDDARC]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"2293","endPage":"2312","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236683,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209925,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[2293:IDDARC]2.0.CO;2"}],"volume":"16","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a39e9e4b0c8380cd61a9e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tinker, M. 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,{"id":70028710,"text":"70028710 - 2006 - Cross-calibration of A.M. constellation sensors for long term monitoring of land surface processes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-18T15:32:10.299664","indexId":"70028710","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Cross-calibration of A.M. constellation sensors for long term monitoring of land surface processes","docAbstract":"Data from multiple sensors must be used together to gain a more complete understanding of land surface processes at a variety of scales. Although higher-level products derived from different sensors (e.g., vegetation cover, albedo, surface temperature) can be validated independently, the degree to which these sensors and their products can be compared to one another is vastly improved if their relative spectro-radiometric responses are known. Most often, sensors are directly calibrated to diffuse solar irradiation or vicariously to ground targets. However, space-based targets are not traceable to metrological standards, and vicarious calibrations are expensive and provide a poor sampling of a sensor's full dynamic range. Cross-calibration of two sensors can augment these methods if certain conditions can be met: (1) the spectral responses are similar, (2) the observations are reasonably concurrent (similar atmospheric & solar illumination conditions), (3) errors due to misregistrations of inhomogeneous surfaces can be minimized (including scale differences), and (4) the viewing geometry is similar (or, some reasonable knowledge of surface bi-directional reflectance distribution functions is available). This study extends on a previous study of Terra/MODIS and Landsat/ETM+ cross calibration by including the Terra/ASTER and EO-1/ALI sensors, exploring the impacts of cross-calibrating sensors when conditions described above are met to some degree but not perfectly. Measures for spectral response differences and methods for cross calibrating such sensors are provided in this study. These instruments are cross calibrated using the Railroad Valley playa in Nevada. Best fit linear coefficients (slope and offset) are provided for ALI-to-MODIS and ETM+-to-MODIS cross calibrations, and root-mean-squared errors (RMSEs) and correlation coefficients are provided to quantify the uncertainty in these relationships. Due to problems with direct calibration of ASTER data, linear fits were developed between ASTER and ETM+ to assess the impacts of spectral bandpass differences between the two systems. In theory, the linear fits and uncertainties can be used to compare radiance and reflectance products derived from each instrument.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral Remote Sensing Technology, Techniques, and Applications","conferenceDate":"November 13-16, 2006","conferenceLocation":"Goa, India","language":"English","doi":"10.1117/12.694127","usgsCitation":"Meyer, D., and Chander, G., 2006, Cross-calibration of A.M. constellation sensors for long term monitoring of land surface processes, <i>in</i> Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, v. 6405, Goa, India, November 13-16, 2006, 64050Z, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.694127.","productDescription":"64050Z","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236542,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6405","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcc0e4b0c8380cd4e3f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meyer, D.","contributorId":31131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chander, G.","contributorId":51449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chander","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70028708,"text":"70028708 - 2006 - Determination of coalbed methane potential and gas adsorption capacity in Western Kentucky coals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:55","indexId":"70028708","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Determination of coalbed methane potential and gas adsorption capacity in Western Kentucky coals","docAbstract":"The Illinois Basin has not been developed for Coalbed Methane (CBM) production. It is imperative to determine both gas content and other parameters for the Kentucky portion of the Illinois Basin if exploration is to progress and production is to occur in this area. This research is part of a larger project being conducted by the Kentucky Geological Survey to evaluate the CBM production of Pennsylvanian-age western Kentucky coals in Ohio, Webster, and Union counties using methane adsorption isotherms, direct gas desorption measurements, and chemical analyses of coal and gas. This research will investigate relationships between CBM potential and petrographic, surface area, pore size, and gas adsorption isotherm analyses of the coals. Maceral and reflectance analyses are being conducted at the Center for Applied Energy Research. At the Indiana Geological Survey, the surface area and pore size of the coals will be analyzed using a Micrometrics ASAP 2020, and the CO2 isotherm analyses will be conducted using a volumetric adsorption apparatus in a water temperature bath. The aforementioned analyses will be used to determine site specific correlations for the Kentucky part of the Illinois Basin. The data collected will be compared with previous work in the Illinois Basin and will be correlated with data and structural features in the basin. Gas composition and carbon and hydrogen isotopic data suggest mostly thermogenic origin of coalbed gas in coals from Webster and Union Counties, Kentucky, in contrast to the dominantly biogenic character of coalbed gas in Ohio County, Kentucky.","largerWorkTitle":"23rd Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, PCC - Coal-Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development","conferenceTitle":"23rd Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, PCC - Coal-Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development","conferenceDate":"25 September 2006 through 28 September 2006","conferenceLocation":"Pittsburgh, PA","language":"English","isbn":"1890977233; 9781890977238","usgsCitation":"Mardon, S., Takacs, K., Hower, J., Eble, C., and Mastalerz, M., 2006, Determination of coalbed methane potential and gas adsorption capacity in Western Kentucky coals, <i>in</i> 23rd Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, PCC - Coal-Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development, Pittsburgh, PA, 25 September 2006 through 28 September 2006.","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236510,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ff9ee4b0c8380cd4f2b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mardon, S.M.","contributorId":12662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mardon","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Takacs, K.G.","contributorId":50708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takacs","given":"K.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hower, J.C.","contributorId":100541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hower","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Eble, C.F.","contributorId":35346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eble","given":"C.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mastalerz, Maria","contributorId":78065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastalerz","given":"Maria","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70028688,"text":"70028688 - 2006 - Automatic alignment of vector data and orthoimagery for the national map","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:44","indexId":"70028688","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Automatic alignment of vector data and orthoimagery for the national map","docAbstract":"A general problem in combining road vector data with orthoimagery from different sources is that they rarely align. There are a variety of causes to this problem, but the most common one is that the latest products are collected with higher accuracy and improved processing techniques. In previous work, we developed techniques to automatically correct the alignment of vector data with orthoimagery using a technique called conflation. However, in applying our technique to real-world datasets provided by USGS, we discovered that these techniques failed in some areas. In this paper, we describe some refinements to our original approach that provide consistently better results in aligning the vector data with the orthoimagery.","largerWorkTitle":"ACM International Conference Proceeding Series","conferenceTitle":"7th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research, Dg.o 2006","conferenceDate":"21 May 2006 through 24 May 2006","conferenceLocation":"San Diego, CA","language":"English","doi":"10.1145/1146598.1146680","usgsCitation":"Knoblock, C., Shahabi, C., Chen, C., and Usery, E., 2006, Automatic alignment of vector data and orthoimagery for the national map, <i>in</i> ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, v. 151, San Diego, CA, 21 May 2006 through 24 May 2006, p. 303-304, https://doi.org/10.1145/1146598.1146680.","startPage":"303","endPage":"304","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236783,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209997,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1146598.1146680"}],"volume":"151","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-05-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eef8e4b0c8380cd4a094","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knoblock, C.A.","contributorId":105107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knoblock","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shahabi, C.","contributorId":51521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shahabi","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chen, C.-C.","contributorId":22559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"C.-C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Usery, E.L.","contributorId":45355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Usery","given":"E.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70028685,"text":"70028685 - 2006 - Striping artifact reduction in lunar orbiter mosaic images","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:44","indexId":"70028685","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Striping artifact reduction in lunar orbiter mosaic images","docAbstract":"Photographic images of the moon from the 1960s Lunar Orbiter missions are being processed into maps for visual use. The analog nature of the images has produced numerous artifacts, the chief of which causes a vertical striping pattern in mosaic images formed from a series of filmstrips. Previous methods of stripe removal tended to introduce ringing and aliasing problems in the image data. This paper describes a recently developed alternative approach that succeeds at greatly reducing the striping artifacts while avoiding the creation of ringing and aliasing artifacts. The algorithm uses a one dimensional frequency domain step to deal with the periodic component of the striping artifact and a spatial domain step to handle the aperiodic residue. Several variations of the algorithm have been explored. Results, strengths, and remaining challenges are presented. ?? 2006 IEEE.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the IEEE Southwest Symposium on Image Analysis and Interpretation","conferenceTitle":"7th IEEE Southwest Symposium on Image Analysis and Interpretation","conferenceDate":"26 March 2006 through 28 March 2006","conferenceLocation":"Denver, CO","language":"English","isbn":"1424400694; 9781424400690","usgsCitation":"Mlsna, P., and Becker, T., 2006, Striping artifact reduction in lunar orbiter mosaic images, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the IEEE Southwest Symposium on Image Analysis and Interpretation, v. 2006, Denver, CO, 26 March 2006 through 28 March 2006, p. 95-99.","startPage":"95","endPage":"99","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236752,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2006","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9b77e4b08c986b31cee8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mlsna, P.A.","contributorId":53147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mlsna","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Becker, T.","contributorId":78125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becker","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70028684,"text":"70028684 - 2006 - Description of the L1C signal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:44","indexId":"70028684","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Description of the L1C signal","docAbstract":"Detailed design of the modernized LI civil signal (L1C) signal has been completed, and the resulting draft Interface Specification IS-GPS-800 was released in Spring 2006. The novel characteristics of the optimized L1C signal design provide advanced capabilities while offering to receiver designers considerable flexibility in how to use these capabilities. L1C provides a number of advanced features, including: 75% of power in a pilot component for enhanced signal tracking, advanced Weilbased spreading codes, an overlay code on the pilot that provides data message synchronization, support for improved reading of clock and ephemeris by combining message symbols across messages, advanced forward error control coding, and data symbol interleaving to combat fading. The resulting design offers receiver designers the opportunity to obtain unmatched performance in many ways. This paper describes the design of L1C. A summary of LIC's background and history is provided. The signal description then proceeds with the overall signal structure consisting of a pilot component and a carrier component. The new L1C spreading code family is described, along with the logic used for generating these spreading codes. Overlay codes on the pilot channel are also described, as is the logic used for generating the overlay codes. Spreading modulation characteristics are summarized. The data message structure is also presented, showing the format for providing time, ephemeris, and system data to users, along with features that enable receivers to perform code combining. Encoding of rapidly changing time bits is described, as are the Low Density Parity Check codes used for forward error control of slowly changing time bits, clock, ephemeris, and system data. The structure of the interleaver is also presented. A summary of L 1C's unique features and their benefits is provided, along with a discussion of the plan for L1C implementation.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Institute of Navigation - 19th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division, ION GNSS 2006","conferenceTitle":"Institute of Navigation - 19th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division, ION GNSS 2006","conferenceDate":"26 September 2006 through 29 September 2006","conferenceLocation":"Fort Worth, TX","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Betz, J., Blanco, M., Cahn, C., Dafesh, P., Hegarty, C., Hudnut, K., Kasemsri, V., Keegan, R., Kovach, K., Lenahan, L., Ma, H., Rushanan, J., Sklar, D., Stansell, T., Wang, C., and Yi, S., 2006, Description of the L1C signal, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the Institute of Navigation - 19th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division, ION GNSS 2006, v. 4, Fort Worth, TX, 26 September 2006 through 29 September 2006, p. 2080-2091.","startPage":"2080","endPage":"2091","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236751,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ff03e4b0c8380cd4f005","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Betz, J.W.","contributorId":7484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Betz","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blanco, M.A.","contributorId":62396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blanco","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cahn, C.R.","contributorId":86556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cahn","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dafesh, P.A.","contributorId":98937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dafesh","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hegarty, C.J.","contributorId":26501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hegarty","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hudnut, K.W.","contributorId":25179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudnut","given":"K.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kasemsri, V.","contributorId":92479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kasemsri","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Keegan, R.","contributorId":49170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keegan","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Kovach, K.","contributorId":69348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kovach","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Lenahan, L.S.","contributorId":107916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lenahan","given":"L.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Ma, H.H.","contributorId":47959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ma","given":"H.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Rushanan, J.J.","contributorId":26129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rushanan","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Sklar, D.","contributorId":73804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sklar","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Stansell, T.A.","contributorId":38761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stansell","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Wang, C.C.","contributorId":22956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Yi, S.K.","contributorId":35108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yi","given":"S.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16}]}}
,{"id":70028683,"text":"70028683 - 2006 - A new 1649-1884 catalog of destructive earthquakes near Tokyo and implications for the long-term seismic process","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:44","indexId":"70028683","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A new 1649-1884 catalog of destructive earthquakes near Tokyo and implications for the long-term seismic process","docAbstract":"In order to assess the long-term character of seismicity near Tokyo, we construct an intensity-based catalog of damaging earthquakes that struck the greater Tokyo area between 1649 and 1884. Models for 15 historical earthquakes are developed using calibrated intensity attenuation relations that quantitatively convey uncertainties in event location and magnitude, as well as their covariance. The historical catalog is most likely complete for earthquakes M ??? 6.7; the largest earthquake in the catalog is the 1703 M ??? 8.2 Genroku event. Seismicity rates from 80 years of instrumental records, which include the 1923 M = 7.9 Kanto shock, as well as interevent times estimated from the past ???7000 years of paleoseismic data, are combined with the historical catalog to define a frequency-magnitude distribution for 4.5 ??? M ??? 8.2, which is well described by a truncated Gutenberg-Richter relation with a b value of 0.96 and a maximum magnitude of 8.4. Large uncertainties associated with the intensity-based catalog are propagated by a Monte Carlo simulation to estimations of the scalar moment rate. The resulting best estimate of moment rate during 1649-2003 is 1.35 ?? 1026 dyn cm yr-1 with considerable uncertainty at the 1??, level: (-0.11, + 0.20) ?? 1026 dyn cm yr-1. Comparison with geodetic models of the interseismic deformation indicates that the geodetic moment accumulation and likely moment release rate are roughly balanced over the catalog period. This balance suggests that the extended catalog is representative of long-term seismic processes near Tokyo and so can be used to assess earthquake probabilities. The resulting Poisson (or time-averaged) 30-year probability for M ??? 7.9 earthquakes is 7-11%.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2005JB004059","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Grunewald, E., and Stein, R., 2006, A new 1649-1884 catalog of destructive earthquakes near Tokyo and implications for the long-term seismic process: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 111, no. 12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB004059.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477484,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jb004059","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":209950,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JB004059"},{"id":236716,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"111","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-12-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e497e4b0c8380cd4674c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grunewald, E.D.","contributorId":66465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grunewald","given":"E.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stein, R.S.","contributorId":8875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stein","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70028682,"text":"70028682 - 2006 - Spatio-temporal availability of soft mast in clearcuts in the Southern Appalachians","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:44","indexId":"70028682","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1687,"text":"Forest Ecology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatio-temporal availability of soft mast in clearcuts in the Southern Appalachians","docAbstract":"Soft mast is an important resource for many wild populations in the Southern Appalachians, yet the way clear-cutting affects availability of soft mast though time is not fully understood. We tested a theoretical model of temporal availability of soft mast in clearcuts using empirical data on percent cover and berry production of Gaylussacia, Vaccinium, and Rubus spp. plants in 100 stands that were clearcut (0-122 years old) in the Southern Appalachian Mountains. We modeled the relationship between soft mast availability and stand age, evaluated the effects of topography and forest type on soft mast, developed statistical models for predicting the spatio-temporal distribution of soft mast, and tested the hypothesis that percent cover of berry plants and berry production provided similar information about soft mast availability. We found temporal dynamics explained berry production better than it predicted percent plant cover, whereas topographic variables influenced percent plant cover more than they influenced berry production. Berry production and percent plant cover were highest in ???2-9-year-old stands. Percent plant cover was lowest in 10-69-year-old stands and intermediate in 70+-year-old stands. Three of our spatio-temporal models performed well during model testing and they were not biased by the training data, indicating the inferences about spatio-temporal availability of soft mast extended beyond our sample data. The methods we used to estimate the distribution of soft mast may be useful for modeling distributions of other resources. ?? 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Forest Ecology and Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2006.09.035","issn":"03781127","usgsCitation":"Reynolds-Hogland, M.J., Mitchell, M., and Powell, R.A., 2006, Spatio-temporal availability of soft mast in clearcuts in the Southern Appalachians: Forest Ecology and Management, v. 237, no. 1-3, p. 103-114, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2006.09.035.","startPage":"103","endPage":"114","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209949,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2006.09.035"},{"id":236715,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"237","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b94c7e4b08c986b31ac43","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reynolds-Hogland, M. J.","contributorId":57647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds-Hogland","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mitchell, M.S.","contributorId":26724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mitchell","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Powell, R. A.","contributorId":41789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
]}