The Puerto Rico Electrical Power Authority has proposed construction of a pipeline to convey natural gas from the municipio of Peñuelas to the Aguirre thermoelectric power plant in the municipio of Salinas in southern Puerto Rico. To ensure that the geologic conditions along the possible routes do not represent a threat to the physical integrity of the natural gas pipeline, and thus comply with State and Federal regulations, the Puerto Rico Electrical Power Authority requested the U.S. Geological Survey to provide a synthesis of published literature of the geology of the coastal plain in the Peñuelas to Salinas area.
The study area is located in part of the Southern Coastal Plain of Puerto Rico. In the area that extends from the municipio of Peñuelas eastward to the Laguna de las Salinas at Ponce, a distance of about 5 miles, the study area is underlain by middle Tertiary carbonate units. Eastward from the Laguna de las Salinas to the pipeline terminus at the Aguirre power plant in Salinas, a distance of about 30 miles, the terrain is underlain by fan-delta deposits of Quaternary age. The carbonate units and the fan-delta deposits are underlain by early Tertiary and older-age volcaniclastics with subordinate sedimentary rocks and lavas. The Great Southern Puerto Rico Fault Zone is the principal geologic structural feature in southern Puerto Rico. At present, the Great Southern Puerto Rico Fault Zone is considered largely quiescent, although it apparently is associated with minor earthquakes. There is no evidence of terrestrial, late Quaternary faulting within the Peñuelas to Salinas area. Seismic activity in this area mostly originates from extension zones of more distal shallow sources such as Mona Canyon to the northwest and the Anegada Trough northeast of the island of Puerto Rico. The magnitude of completeness of earthquakes in the study area ranges from 2.0 to 2.5. The seismic density for the southern coast including the study area is about 0.128 earthquakes per square mile, which is close to the average for southwestern Puerto Rico.
The estimated maximum peak ground acceleration most likely to occur in the study area, due to shallow depth seismicity with 2 percent probability of exceedance in 50 years, is 9 feet per second squared, as obtained by modeling results. The estimated peak ground acceleration with 2 percent probability of exceedance in 50 years, due to deep seismicity is 7 feet per second squared. In Ponce, the probability of exceedance per year is higher than 0.1 for the peak ground acceleration values less than 1 that result from shallow depth seismicity sources such as the Mona Passage extension zone.
The potential for liquefaction due to seismic activity may exist in areas near the coastline that have loosely to poorly consolidated sedimentary deposits and a water table close to or at the land surface. Slope failure susceptibility within the study area, due to rainfall and seismic activity, may be limited to the area that extends westward from Laguna de las Salinas to Peñuelas. In this area, foothills with slopes exceeding 10 degrees are close to the coastline and are underlain by clayey limestone and marls. In the remaining part of the study area, eastward from Laguna de las Salinas to Salinas, the land is either nearly flat or has a slope of less than 10 degrees; consequently, the susceptibility to landsliding (slope failure) caused by seismic activity and rainfall is considered to be minimal or nonexistent.
Based on modeling results from a previous study, the estimated maximum inland extent of tsunami-induced flooding is 2,600 feet in the Laguna de las Salinas and Boca Chica, located in Ponce and Juana Díaz, respectively. Flooding about 3,000 and 2,800 feet from the coastline are estimated for areas near Punta Cabullón and Jobos areas, respectively. According to the modeling results, the estimated maximum runup of the tsunami-induced flooding ranges from 9 to 14 feet for the Boca Chica and Punta Cabullón areas, respectively.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071259","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority","usgsCitation":"Rodríguez-Martínez, J., 2007, Stratigraphy, structure, and geologic and coastal hazards in the Penuelas to Salinas area, southern Puerto Rico: A compendium of published literature: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1259, v, 27 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071259.","productDescription":"v, 27 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192053,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":402173,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_81853.htm"},{"id":10311,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1259/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Puerto Rico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -66.8208,\n 17.9417\n ],\n [\n -66.2072,\n 17.9417\n ],\n [\n -66.2072,\n 18.125\n ],\n [\n -66.8208,\n 18.125\n ],\n [\n -66.8208,\n 17.9417\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a5419","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rodríguez-Martínez, Jesús","contributorId":48149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodríguez-Martínez","given":"Jesús","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":80491,"text":"sir20075142 - 2007 - Water quality in the upper Anacostia River, Maryland: Continuous and discrete monitoring with simulations to estimate concentrations and yields, 2003-05","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-30T21:40:27.08282","indexId":"sir20075142","displayToPublicDate":"2007-10-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5142","title":"Water quality in the upper Anacostia River, Maryland: Continuous and discrete monitoring with simulations to estimate concentrations and yields, 2003-05","docAbstract":"From 2003 through 2005, continuous and discrete waterquality data were collected at two stations on the Anacostia River in Maryland: Northeast Branch at Riverdale, Maryland (U.S. Geological Survey Station 01649500) and Northwest Branch near Hyattsville, Maryland (Station 01651000). Both stations are above the heads of tide for the river, and measurements approximately represent contributions of chemicals from the nontidal watersheds in the Anacostia River. This study was a cooperative effort between the U.S. Geological Survey, the Prince George’s County Department of Environmental Resources, the Maryland Department of the Environment, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and George Mason University. Samples were collected for suspended sediment, nutrients, and trace metals; data were used to calculate loads of selected chemical parameters, and to evaluate the sources and transport processes of contaminants. Enrichment factors were calculated for some trace metals and used to interpret patterns of occurrence over different flow regimes. Some metals, such as cadmium, lead, and zinc, were slightly enriched as compared to global averages for shales; overall, median values of enrichment factors for all metals were approximately 15 to 35.
Stepwise linear regression models were developed on log-transformed concentrations to estimate the concentrations of suspended sediment, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus from continuous data of discharge and turbidity. The use of multiple explanatory variables improved the predictions over traditional rating curves that use only streamflow as the explanatory variable, because other variables such as turbidity measure the hysteretic effects of fine-grained suspended sediment over storm hydrographs. Estimates of the concentrations of suspended sediment from continuous discharge and turbidity showed coefficients of determination for the predictions (multiple R2) of 0.95 and biases of less than 4 percent. Models to estimate the concentrations of total phosphorus and total nitrogen had lower values of multiple R2 than suspended sediment, but the estimated bias for all the models was similar. The models for total nitrogen and total phosphorus tended to under-predict high concentrations and to over-predict low concentrations as compared to measured values.
Annual yields (loads per square area in kilograms per year per square kilometer) were estimated for suspended sediment, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus using the U.S. Geological Survey models ESTIMATOR and LOADEST. The model LOADEST used hourly time steps and allowed the use of turbidity, which is strongly correlated to concentrations of suspended sediment, as a predictor variable. Annual yields for total nitrogen and total phosphorus were slightly higher but similar to previous estimates for other watersheds of the Chesapeake Bay, but annual yields for suspended sediment were higher by an order of magnitude for the two Anacostia River stations. Annual yields of suspended sediment at the two Anacostia River stations ranged from 131,000 to 248,000 kilograms per year per square kilometer for 2004 and 2005. LOADEST estimates were similar to those determined with ESTIMATOR, but had reduced errors associated with the estimates.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20075142","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Prince George's County Department of Environmental Resources, the Maryland Department of the Environment, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and George Mason University","usgsCitation":"Miller, C.V., Gutierrez-Magness, A.L., Feit Majedi, B.L., and Foster, G.D., 2007, Water quality in the upper Anacostia River, Maryland: Continuous and discrete monitoring with simulations to estimate concentrations and yields, 2003-05: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5142, vii, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075142.","productDescription":"vii, 43 p.","temporalStart":"2003-01-01","temporalEnd":"2005-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":41514,"text":"Maryland-Delaware-District of Columbia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194730,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10315,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5142/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":463454,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_81856.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","otherGeospatial":"upper Anacostia River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -77.5,38 ], [ -77.5,39.5 ], [ -76,39.5 ], [ -76,38 ], [ -77.5,38 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd3c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Cherie V. 0000-0001-7765-5919 cvmiller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7765-5919","contributorId":863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Cherie","email":"cvmiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":292746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gutierrez-Magness, Angelica L.","contributorId":36995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gutierrez-Magness","given":"Angelica","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Feit Majedi, Brenda L.","contributorId":99243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feit Majedi","given":"Brenda","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Foster, Gregory D.","contributorId":18020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":80498,"text":"ofr20071298 - 2007 - Population size and trends for nesting ospreys in northwestern Mexico: Region-wide surveys, 1977, 1992/1993 and 2006","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":80498,"text":"ofr20071298 - 2007 - Population size and trends for nesting ospreys in northwestern Mexico: Region-wide surveys, 1977, 1992/1993 and 2006","indexId":"ofr20071298","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"title":"Population size and trends for nesting ospreys in northwestern Mexico: Region-wide surveys, 1977, 1992/1993 and 2006"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70047696,"text":"70047696 - 2008 - Region-wide trends of nesting ospreys in northwestern Mexico: a three-decade perspective","indexId":"70047696","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"title":"Region-wide trends of nesting ospreys in northwestern Mexico: a three-decade perspective"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":70047696,"text":"70047696 - 2008 - Region-wide trends of nesting ospreys in northwestern Mexico: a three-decade perspective","indexId":"70047696","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"title":"Region-wide trends of nesting ospreys in northwestern Mexico: a three-decade perspective"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-14T08:59:49","indexId":"ofr20071298","displayToPublicDate":"2007-10-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1298","title":"Population size and trends for nesting ospreys in northwestern Mexico: Region-wide surveys, 1977, 1992/1993 and 2006","docAbstract":"We used a double-sampling technique (air plus ground survey) in 2006, with partial double coverage, to estimate the present size of the osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting population in northwestern Mexico. With the exception of Natividad, Cedros, and San Benito Islands along the Pacific Coast of Baja California, all three excluded from our coverage in 2006 due to fog, this survey was a repeat of previous surveys conducted by us with the same protocol in 1977 and 1992/1993 (Baja California surveyed in 1992, Sonora and Sinaloa 1993), allowing for estimates of regional population trends. Population estimates at the 'time of aerial survey' include those nesting, but missed from the air. The population estimate for our coverage area in 2006 was 1,343 nesting pairs, or an 81% increase since 1977, but only a 3% increase since 1992/1993. The population on the Gulf side of Baja California generally remained stable during the three surveys (255, 236 and 252 pairs, respectively). The overall Midriff Islands population remained similar from 1992/1993 (308 pairs) to 2006 (289 pairs), but with notable population changes on the largest two islands (Isla Angel de la Guarda: 45 to 105 pairs [+ 60 pairs]; Isla Tiburon: 164 to 109 pairs [- 55 pairs, or -34%]). The estimated osprey population on the Sonora mainland decreased in a manner similar to adjacent Isla Tiburon, i.e., by 26%, from 214 pairs in 1993 to 158 pairs in 2006. In contrast, the population in Sinaloa, which had increased by 150% between 1977 and 1993, grew again by 58% between 1993 and 2006, from 180 to 285 pairs. Our survey confirmed previously described patterns of rapid population changes at a local level, coupled with apparent shifts in spatial distribution. The large ground nesting population that until recently nested on two islands in San Ignacio Lagoon was no longer present on the islands in 2006, but an equivalent number of pairs were found to the north and south of the lagoon, nesting in small towns and along adjoining power-lines, with no overall change in population size for that general area (198 pairs in 1992; 199 in 2006). Use of artificial nesting structures was 4.3% in 1977 and 6.2% in 1992/1993, but jumped to 26.4% in 2006. Use of power poles poses a risk of electrocution to ospreys as well as causes power outages and fires; modification of power poles to safely accommodate osprey nests has been successful in many countries.
","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071298","usgsCitation":"Henny, C.J., Anderson, D.W., Vera, A.C., and Carton, J.E., 2007, Population size and trends for nesting ospreys in northwestern Mexico: Region-wide surveys, 1977, 1992/1993 and 2006: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1298, iv, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071298.","productDescription":"iv, 15 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":192200,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10322,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1298/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118,23 ], [ -118,33 ], [ -106,33 ], [ -106,23 ], [ -118,23 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db684303","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Henny, Charles J. 0000-0001-7474-350X hennyc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7474-350X","contributorId":3461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henny","given":"Charles","email":"hennyc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":292765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, Daniel W.","contributorId":74345,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anderson","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":7214,"text":"University of California, Davis","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":292767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vera, Aradit Castellanos","contributorId":98824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vera","given":"Aradit","email":"","middleInitial":"Castellanos","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Carton, Jean-Luc E.","contributorId":66361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carton","given":"Jean-Luc","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":80483,"text":"ofr20071306 - 2007 - Gravity Data from Newark Valley, White Pine County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:38","indexId":"ofr20071306","displayToPublicDate":"2007-10-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1306","title":"Gravity Data from Newark Valley, White Pine County, Nevada","docAbstract":"The Newark Valley area, eastern Nevada is one of thirteen major ground-water basins investigated by the BARCAS (Basin and Range Carbonate Aquifer Study) Project. Gravity data are being used to help characterize the geophysical framework of the region. Although gravity coverage was extensive over parts of the BARCAS study area, data were sparse for a number of the valleys, including the northern part of Newark Valley. We addressed this lack of data by establishing seventy new gravity stations in and around Newark Valley. All available gravity data were then evaluated to determine their reliability, prior to calculating an isostatic residual gravity map to be used for subsequent analyses. A gravity inversion method was used to calculate depths to pre-Cenozoic basement rock and estimates of maximum alluvial/volcanic fill. The enhanced gravity coverage and the incorporation of lithologic information from several deep oil and gas wells yields a view of subsurface shape of the basin and will provide information useful for the development of hydrogeologic models for the region.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071306","usgsCitation":"Mankinen, E.A., and McKee, E.H., 2007, Gravity Data from Newark Valley, White Pine County, Nevada (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1306, iii, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071306.","productDescription":"iii, 18 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":314,"text":"Geophysics Unit of Menlo Park, CA (GUMP)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192293,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10308,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1306/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -116,39.3 ], [ -116,40.2 ], [ -115.3,40.2 ], [ -115.3,39.3 ], [ -116,39.3 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abde4b07f02db673f00","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mankinen, Edward A. 0000-0001-7496-2681 emank@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7496-2681","contributorId":1054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mankinen","given":"Edward","email":"emank@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":292705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKee, Edwin H. mckee@usgs.gov","contributorId":3728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"Edwin","email":"mckee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":292706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":80486,"text":"ds231 - 2007 - USGS Digital Spectral Library splib06a","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":80486,"text":"ds231 - 2007 - USGS Digital Spectral Library splib06a","indexId":"ds231","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"title":"USGS Digital Spectral Library splib06a"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70180400,"text":"ds1035 - 2017 - USGS Spectral Library Version 7","indexId":"ds1035","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"title":"USGS Spectral Library Version 7"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":70180400,"text":"ds1035 - 2017 - USGS Spectral Library Version 7","indexId":"ds1035","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"title":"USGS Spectral Library Version 7"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-10T13:45:28","indexId":"ds231","displayToPublicDate":"2007-10-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"231","title":"USGS Digital Spectral Library splib06a","docAbstract":"Introduction\r\n\r\nWe have assembled a digital reflectance spectral library that covers the wavelength range from the ultraviolet to far infrared along with sample documentation. The library includes samples of minerals, rocks, soils, physically constructed as well as mathematically computed mixtures, plants, vegetation communities, microorganisms, and man-made materials. The samples and spectra collected were assembled for the purpose of using spectral features for the remote detection of these and similar materials.\r\n\r\nAnalysis of spectroscopic data from laboratory, aircraft, and spacecraft instrumentation requires a knowledge base. The spectral library discussed here forms a knowledge base for the spectroscopy of minerals and related materials of importance to a variety of research programs being conducted at the U.S. Geological Survey. Much of this library grew out of the need for spectra to support imaging spectroscopy studies of the Earth and planets. Imaging spectrometers, such as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Airborne Visible/Infra Red Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) or the NASA Cassini Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) which is currently orbiting Saturn, have narrow bandwidths in many contiguous spectral channels that permit accurate definition of absorption features in spectra from a variety of materials. Identification of materials from such data requires a comprehensive spectral library of minerals, vegetation, man-made materials, and other subjects in the scene.\r\n\r\nOur research involves the use of the spectral library to identify the components in a spectrum of an unknown. Therefore, the quality of the library must be very good. However, the quality required in a spectral library to successfully perform an investigation depends on the scientific questions to be answered and the type of algorithms to be used. For example, to map a mineral using imaging spectroscopy and the mapping algorithm of Clark and others (1990a, 2003b), one simply needs a diagnostic absorption band. The mapping system uses continuum-removed reference spectral features fitted to features in observed spectra. Spectral features for such algorithms can be obtained from a spectrum of a sample containing large amounts of contaminants, including those that add other spectral features, as long as the shape of the diagnostic feature of interest is not modified. If, however, the data are needed for radiative transfer models to derive mineral abundances from reflectance spectra, then completely uncontaminated spectra are required. This library contains spectra that span a range of quality, with purity indicators to flag spectra for (or against) particular uses.\r\n\r\nAcquiring spectral measurements and performing sample characterizations for this library has taken about 15 person-years of effort. Software to manage the library and provide scientific analysis capability is provided (Clark, 1980, 1993). A personal computer (PC) reader for the library is also available (Livo and others, 1993). The program reads specpr binary files (Clark, 1980, 1993) and plots spectra. Another program that reads the specpr format is written in IDL (Kokaly, 2005).\r\n\r\nIn our view, an ideal spectral library consists of samples covering a very wide range of materials, has large wavelength range with very high precision, and has enough sample analyses and documentation to establish the quality of the spectra. Time and available resources limit what can be achieved.\r\n\r\nIdeally, for each mineral, the sample analysis would include X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron microprobe (EM) or X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and petrographic microscopic analyses. For some minerals, such as iron oxides, additional analyses such as Mossbauer would be helpful. We have found that to make the basic spectral measurements, provide XRD, EM or XRF analyses, and microscopic analyses, document the results, and complete an entry of one spectral library sample, all takes about ","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds231","usgsCitation":"Clark, R.N., Swayze, G.A., Wise, R., Livo, K., Hoefen, T.M., Kokaly, R., and Sutley, S.J., 2007, USGS Digital Spectral Library splib06a: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 231, Available online, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds231.","productDescription":"Available online","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194844,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10309,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://speclab.cr.usgs.gov/spectral.lib06/ds231/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ce4b07f02db626a2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, Roger N. 0000-0002-7021-1220 rclark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7021-1220","contributorId":515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Roger","email":"rclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":292715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swayze, Gregg A. 0000-0002-1814-7823 gswayze@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1814-7823","contributorId":518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swayze","given":"Gregg","email":"gswayze@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":292716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wise, Richard A.","contributorId":84857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wise","given":"Richard A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Livo, K. Eric 0000-0001-7331-8130","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7331-8130","contributorId":26338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Livo","given":"K. Eric","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hoefen, Todd M. 0000-0002-3083-5987 thoefen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3083-5987","contributorId":403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoefen","given":"Todd","email":"thoefen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":292714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kokaly, Raymond F. 0000-0003-0276-7101","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0276-7101","contributorId":81442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kokaly","given":"Raymond F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sutley, Stephen J.","contributorId":60296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutley","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":80479,"text":"sir20075141 - 2007 - Hydrologic, Hydraulic, and Flood Analyses of the Blackberry Creek Watershed, Kendall County, Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:19","indexId":"sir20075141","displayToPublicDate":"2007-10-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5141","title":"Hydrologic, Hydraulic, and Flood Analyses of the Blackberry Creek Watershed, Kendall County, Illinois","docAbstract":"Results of the hydrologic model, flood-frequency, hydraulic model, and flood-hazard analysis of the Blackberry Creek watershed in Kendall County, Illinois, indicate that the 100-year and 500-year flood plains cover approximately 3,699 and 3,762 acres of land, respectively. On the basis of land-cover data for 2003, most of the land in the flood plains was cropland and residential land. Although many acres of residential land were included in the flood plain, this land was mostly lawns, with 25 homes within the 100-year flood plain, and 41 homes within the 500-year flood plain in the 2003 aerial photograph.\r\n\r\nThis report describes the data collection activities to refine the hydrologic and hydraulic models used in an earlier study of the Kane County part of the Blackberry Creek watershed and to extend the flood-frequency analysis through water year 2003. The results of the flood-hazard analysis are presented in graphical and tabular form.\r\n\r\nThe hydrologic model, Hydrological Simulation Program - FORTRAN (HSPF), was used to simulate continuous water movement through various land-use patterns in the watershed. Flood-frequency analysis was applied to an annual maximum series to determine flood quantiles in subbasins for flood-hazard analysis. The Hydrologic Engineering Center- River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) hydraulic model was used to determine the 100-year and 500-year flood elevations, and the 100-year floodway. The hydraulic model was calibrated and verified using observations during three storms at two crest-stage gages and the U.S. Geological Survey streamflowgaging station near Yorkville. Digital maps of the 100-year and 500-year flood plains and the 100-year floodway for each tributary and the main stem of Blackberry Creek were compiled.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20075141","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the United City of Yorkville, Kendall County, the Village of Montgomery, Illinois Department of Natural Resources-Office of Water Resources, and Federal Emergency Management Agency","usgsCitation":"Murphy, E., Straub, T., Soong, D., and Hamblen, C.S., 2007, Hydrologic, Hydraulic, and Flood Analyses of the Blackberry Creek Watershed, Kendall County, Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5141, vi, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075141.","productDescription":"vi, 47 p.","costCenters":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":191958,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10307,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5141/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d5e4b07f02db5dd9fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murphy, Elizabeth A.","contributorId":69660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"Elizabeth A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Straub, Timothy D. 0000-0002-5896-0851 tdstraub@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5896-0851","contributorId":2273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Straub","given":"Timothy D.","email":"tdstraub@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":292695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Soong, David T.","contributorId":87487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soong","given":"David T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hamblen, Christopher S.","contributorId":9726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamblen","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":80477,"text":"sir20075081 - 2007 - Analyses of Water-Level Differentials and Variations in Recharge between the Surficial and Upper Floridan Aquifers in East-Central and Northeast Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:36","indexId":"sir20075081","displayToPublicDate":"2007-10-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5081","title":"Analyses of Water-Level Differentials and Variations in Recharge between the Surficial and Upper Floridan Aquifers in East-Central and Northeast Florida","docAbstract":"Continuous (daily) water-level data collected at 29 monitoring-well cluster sites were analyzed to document variations in recharge between the surficial (SAS) and Floridan (FAS) aquifer systems in east-central and northeast Florida. According to Darcy's law, changes in the water-level differentials (differentials) between these systems are proportional to changes in the vertical flux of water between them. Variations in FAS recharge rates are of interest to water-resource managers because changes in these rates affect sensitive water resources subject to minimum flow and water-level restrictions, such as the amount of water discharged from springs and changes in lake and wetland water levels.\r\n\r\nMean daily differentials between 2000-2004 ranged from less than 1 foot at a site in east-central Florida to more than 114 feet at a site in northeast Florida. Sites with greater mean differentials exhibited lower percentage-based ranges in fluctuations than did sites with lower mean differentials. When averaged for all sites, differentials (and thus Upper Floridan aquifer (UFA) recharge rates) decreased by about 18 percent per site between 2000-2004. This pattern can be associated with reductions in ground-water withdrawals from the UFA that occurred after 2000 as the peninsula emerged from a 3-year drought. Monthly differentials exhibited a well-defined seasonal pattern in which UFA recharge rates were greatest during the dry spring months (8 percent above the 5-year daily mean in May) and least during the wetter summer/early fall months (4 percent below the 5-year daily mean in October). In contrast, differentials exceeded the 5-year daily mean in all but 2 months of 2000, indicative of relatively high ground-water withdrawals throughout the year. On average, the UFA received about 6 percent more recharge at the project sites in 2000 than between 2000-2004.\r\n\r\nNo statistically significant correlations were detected between monthly differentials and precipitation at 27 of the 29 sites between 2000-2004. For longer periods of record, double-mass plots of differentials and precipitation indicate the UFA recharge rate increased by about 34 percent at a site in west Orange County between the periods of 1974-1983 and 1983-2004. Given the absence of a trend in rainfall, the increase can likely be attributed to ground-water development. At a site in south Lake County, double-mass plots indicate that dredging of the Palatlakaha River and other nearby drainage improvements may have reduced recharge rates to the UFA by about 30 percent from the period between 1960-1965 to 1965-1970.\r\n\r\nWater-level differentials were positively correlated with land-surface altitude. The correlation was particularly strong for the 11 sites located in physiographically-defined ridge areas (coefficient of determination (R2) = 0.89). Weaker yet statistically significant negative correlations were detected between differentials and the model-calibrated leakance and thickness of the intermediate confining unit (ICU).\r\n\r\nRecharge to the UFA decreased by about 14 percent at the Charlotte Street monitoring-well site in Seminole County between 2000-2004. The decrease can be attributed to a reduction in nearby pumpage, from 57 to 49 million gallons per day over the 5-year period, with a subsequent recovery in UFA water levels that exceeded those in the SAS.\r\n\r\nDifferentials at Charlotte were influenced by system memory of both precipitation and pumpage. While not statistically correlated with monthly precipitation, monthly differentials were well correlated with the 9-month moving average of precipitation. Similarly, differentials were best correlated with the 2-month moving average of pumpage. The polynomial function that quantifies the correlation between differentials and the 2-month moving average of pumpage indicates that, in terms of UFA recharge rates, the system was closer to a steady-state condition in 2000 when pumpage rates were high, than from 2001-2004 when p","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20075081","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with St. Johns River Water Management District","usgsCitation":"Murray, L.C., 2007, Analyses of Water-Level Differentials and Variations in Recharge between the Surficial and Upper Floridan Aquifers in East-Central and Northeast Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5081, viii, 58 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075081.","productDescription":"viii, 58 p.","costCenters":[{"id":275,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122356,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2007_5081.jpg"},{"id":10305,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5081/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -83,27 ], [ -83,31 ], [ -80,31 ], [ -80,27 ], [ -83,27 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db68382d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murray, Louis C. Jr.","contributorId":19980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"Louis","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":80478,"text":"sir20075170 - 2007 - Comparison of peak-flow estimation methods for small drainage basins in Maine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-14T13:46:40.75839","indexId":"sir20075170","displayToPublicDate":"2007-10-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5170","title":"Comparison of peak-flow estimation methods for small drainage basins in Maine","docAbstract":"Understanding the accuracy of commonly used methods for estimating peak streamflows is important because the designs of bridges, culverts, and other river structures are based on these flows. Different methods for estimating peak streamflows were analyzed for small drainage basins in Maine. For the smallest basins, with drainage areas of 0.2 to 1.0 square mile, nine peak streamflows from actual rainfall events at four crest-stage gaging stations were modeled by the Rational Method and the Natural Resource Conservation Service TR-20 method and compared to observed peak flows. The Rational Method had a root mean square error (RMSE) of -69.7 to 230 percent (which means that approximately two thirds of the modeled flows were within -69.7 to 230 percent of the observed flows). The TR-20 method had an RMSE of -98.0 to 5,010 percent. Both the Rational Method and TR-20 underestimated the observed flows in most cases.\r\n\r\nFor small basins, with drainage areas of 1.0 to 10 square miles, modeled peak flows were compared to observed statistical peak flows with return periods of 2, 50, and 100 years for 17 streams in Maine and adjoining parts of New Hampshire. Peak flows were modeled by the Rational Method, the Natural Resources Conservation Service TR-20 method, U.S. Geological Survey regression equations, and the Probabilistic Rational Method.\r\n\r\nThe regression equations were the most accurate method of computing peak flows in Maine for streams with drainage areas of 1.0 to 10 square miles with an RMSE of -34.3 to 52.2 percent for 50-year peak flows. The Probabilistic Rational Method was the next most accurate method (-38.5 to 62.6 percent). The Rational Method (-56.1 to 128 percent) and particularly the TR-20 method (-76.4 to 323 percent) had much larger errors. Both the TR-20 and regression methods had similar numbers of underpredictions and overpredictions. The Rational Method overpredicted most peak flows and the Probabilistic Rational Method tended to overpredict peak flows from the smaller (less than 5 square miles) drainage basins and underpredict peak flows from larger drainage basins. The results of this study are consistent with the most comprehensive analysis of observed and modeled peak streamflows in the United States, which analyzed statistical peak flows from 70 drainage basins in the Midwest and the Northwest.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20075170","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Maine Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Hodgkins, G.A., Hebson, C., Lombard, P., and Mann, A., 2007, Comparison of peak-flow estimation methods for small drainage basins in Maine: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5170, vi, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075170.","productDescription":"vi, 33 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192084,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10306,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleoecology and ecosystem restoration: Case studies from Chesapeake Bay and the Florida Everglades","docAbstract":"Climate extremes that cause droughts, floods, or large temperature fluctuations can complicate ecosystem restoration efforts focused on local and regional human disturbance. Restoration targets are often based primarily on monitoring data and modeling simulations, which provide information on species' short-term response to disturbance and environmental variables. Consequently, the targets may be unsustainable under the spectrum of natural variability inherent in the system or under future climate change. Increasingly, ecologists and restoration planners recognize the value of the long temporal perspective provided by paleoecological data. Advances in paleoclimatology, including better climate proxy methods and temporal resolution, contribute to our understanding of ecosystem response to anthropogenic and climatic forcing at all time scales. We highlight paleoecological research in the Chesapeake Bay and the Florida Everglades and summarize the resulting contributions to restoration planning. Integration of paleoecological, historic, monitoring, and modeling efforts will lead to the development of sustainable, adaptive management strategies for ecosystem restoration.
Diatoms from estuarine and marsh sediments can be used to evaluate a number of geological processes. Information on salinity, elevation, and substrate derived from modern assemblages have been used to determine local and regional Holocene sea level history, identify seismic and tsunami events, and aid in the recognition of regional variations in precipitation. In order to apply diatoms to these questions, it is necessary to have a detailed knowledge of the ecology of marine, brackish, and freshwater taxa, as well as an understanding of the taphonomic processes that determine the final diatom assemblage. The potential for studies of pre-Holocene estuarine depositional systems is largely limited by the availability of study sites.
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The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) proposes six strategic directions for managing ecosystems along with modernization of observation networks of land, water, and biological resources.
","language":"English","publisher":"AAAS","doi":"10.1126/science.1147228","usgsCitation":"Myers, M., Ayers, M.A., Baron, J., Beauchemin, P., Goldhaber, M.B., Hutchinson, D.R., LaBaugh, J.W., Sayre, R.G., Schwarzbach, S.E., Schweig, E.S., Thormodsgard, J.M., van Riper, C., and Wilde, W., 2007, USGS goals for the coming decade: Science, v. 318, no. 5848, p. 200-201, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1147228.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"200","endPage":"201","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":309831,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"318","issue":"5848","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"561cd9ace4b0cdb063e584aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Myers, M.D.","contributorId":82539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Myers","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ayers, M. A.","contributorId":41417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayers","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":577216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Beauchemin, P.R.","contributorId":68728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beauchemin","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Goldhaber, Martin B. 0000-0002-1785-4243 mgold@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1785-4243","contributorId":1339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldhaber","given":"Martin","email":"mgold@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":577218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hutchinson, Deborah R. 0000-0002-2544-5466 dhutchinson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2544-5466","contributorId":521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"Deborah","email":"dhutchinson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":577219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"LaBaugh, James W. 0000-0002-4112-2536 jlabaugh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4112-2536","contributorId":1311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaBaugh","given":"James","email":"jlabaugh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":577220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Sayre, Roger G. rsayre@usgs.gov","contributorId":2882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sayre","given":"Roger","email":"rsayre@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Schwarzbach, Steven E. steven_schwarzbach@usgs.gov","contributorId":1025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwarzbach","given":"Steven","email":"steven_schwarzbach@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":577222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Schweig, Eugene S. 0000-0003-3669-9741 schweig@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3669-9741","contributorId":1271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schweig","given":"Eugene","email":"schweig@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":577223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Thormodsgard, June M. thor@usgs.gov","contributorId":3035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thormodsgard","given":"June","email":"thor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":577224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"van Riper, Charles III 0000-0003-1084-5843 charles_van_riper@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1084-5843","contributorId":169488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Riper","given":"Charles","suffix":"III","email":"charles_van_riper@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":577225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Wilde, W.","contributorId":149177,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilde","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}} ,{"id":70156756,"text":"70156756 - 2007 - Spatial and temporal patterns of net primary productivity in the duration of 1981-2000 in Guangdong, China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-27T12:58:06","indexId":"70156756","displayToPublicDate":"2007-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":630,"text":"Acta Ecologica Sinica","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial and temporal patterns of net primary productivity in the duration of 1981-2000 in Guangdong, China","docAbstract":"The knowledge of net primary production (NPP) dynamics at regional scale will help to understand terrestrial carbon cycling, especially with respect to land use and global climate change. Guangdong province has high plant growth potential because of plenty of light, heat, and water resources in this region. Forest coverage increased significantly from less than 30% in the early l980s to approximately 60% in 2000 owing to the launching of the \"Greening Guangdong in 10 years\", a provincial afforestation and reforestation project started in 1985. Meanwhile, economy growth has been fast in Guangdong province during the past 20 years. Long-term spatial and temporal NPP dynamics in Guangdong province are not well-known. To fill this knowledge gap, the spatial and temporal patterns of annual NPP from 1981 to 2000, derived from the global production efficiency model (GLO-PEM), were analyzed in this study. NPP patterns were compared at three spatial scales (i. e. , province, region, and city) and among three major forest types (i. e. , broadleaf, coniferous, and mixed). The results showed that for the entire province annual NPP varied between (1360 ±431) and (1626 ± 471) g/(m^2•a), with a mean value of (1480 ±407)g/(m^2•a). NPP increased to the maximum value (1534 ±121 g/(m^2•a)) in late 1980s (1986~1990) while decreased in early 1990s (1991~1995), and then recovered slightly in late 1990s (1996~2000). NPP differed distinctly across geographic regions, with the highest in the southwest coastal region, followed by the southeast coastal region, and the lowest in the inner land region. The differences were probably caused by vegetation composition, heat and water resources, and the distribution of the cropland. NPP dynamics of 21 cities were divided into three types. NPP kept stable in 12 cities including Shaoguan, Qingyuan, and Meizhou etc. NPP increased in Chaozhou, Shanwei, Zhanjiang and Jieyang, and decreased significantly (p<0.05) in 5 cities (i. e. , Foshan, Zhongshan, Shenzhen, Dongguan and Zhuhai). The decrease of NPP in these 5 cites can partly be explained by land cover and land use changes (e. g. , urbanization) driven by the economy development in the Pearl River Delta. NPP varied among the three major forest types. The mixed forest had the highest NPP, followed by the broadleaf forest and the conifer forest. Long-term mean NPP were (1364 ± 390) g/(m^2•a), (1391 ± 372) g/(m^2•a), and (1704 ± 450) g/(m^2•a) in the conifer, the broadleaf, and the mixed forest, respectively.
","language":"English","publisher":"China Association for Science and Technology","usgsCitation":"Liu, H., Tang, X., Zhou, G., and Liu, S., 2007, Spatial and temporal patterns of net primary productivity in the duration of 1981-2000 in Guangdong, China: Acta Ecologica Sinica, v. 27, no. 10, p. 4065-4074.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"4065","endPage":"4074","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307625,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55e034c3e4b0f42e3d040e48","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Liu, Hai-Gui","contributorId":147110,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Liu","given":"Hai-Gui","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tang, Xu-Li","contributorId":83820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tang","given":"Xu-Li","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zhou, Guo-Yi","contributorId":51181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhou","given":"Guo-Yi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Liu, Shu-Guang sliu@usgs.gov","contributorId":984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Shu-Guang","email":"sliu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":570381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":80469,"text":"sir20075174B - 2007 - Chronology of postglacial eruptive activity and calculation of eruption probabilities for Medicine Lake volcano, northern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-09T20:15:02.9388","indexId":"sir20075174B","displayToPublicDate":"2007-09-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5174","chapter":"B","title":"Chronology of postglacial eruptive activity and calculation of eruption probabilities for Medicine Lake volcano, northern California","docAbstract":"Medicine Lake volcano has had 4 eruptive episodes in its postglacial history (since 13,000 years ago) comprising 16 eruptions. Time intervals between events within the episodes are relatively short, whereas time intervals between the episodes are much longer. An updated radiocarbon chronology for these eruptions is presented that uses paleomagnetic data to constrain the choice of calibrated ages. This chronology is used with exponential, Weibull, and mixed-exponential probability distributions to model the data for time intervals between eruptions. The mixed exponential distribution is the best match to the data and provides estimates for the conditional probability of a future eruption given the time since the last eruption. The probability of an eruption at Medicine Lake volcano in the next year from today is 0.00028.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20075174B","usgsCitation":"Nathenson, M., Donnelly-Nolan, J.M., Champion, D.E., and Lowenstern, J.B., 2007, Chronology of postglacial eruptive activity and calculation of eruption probabilities for Medicine Lake volcano, northern California: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5174, iii, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075174B.","productDescription":"iii, 10 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192077,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":411579,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_81836.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":10296,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5174/b/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Medicine Lake volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.8239,\n 41.875\n ],\n [\n -121.8239,\n 41.125\n ],\n [\n -121.25,\n 41.125\n ],\n [\n -121.25,\n 41.875\n ],\n [\n -121.8239,\n 41.875\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dde4b07f02db5e1e82","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nathenson, Manuel 0000-0002-5216-984X mnathnsn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5216-984X","contributorId":1358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nathenson","given":"Manuel","email":"mnathnsn@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":292660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Donnelly-Nolan, Julie M. 0000-0001-8714-9606 jdnolan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8714-9606","contributorId":3271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donnelly-Nolan","given":"Julie","email":"jdnolan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":292663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Champion, Duane E. 0000-0001-7854-9034 dchamp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7854-9034","contributorId":2912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Champion","given":"Duane","email":"dchamp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":292662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lowenstern, Jacob B. 0000-0003-0464-7779 jlwnstrn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0464-7779","contributorId":2755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowenstern","given":"Jacob","email":"jlwnstrn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":292661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":80473,"text":"sir20075074 - 2007 - Concentrations and Loads of Nutrients and Suspended Sediments in Englesby Brook and Little Otter Creek, Lake Champlain Basin, Vermont, 2000-2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:19","indexId":"sir20075074","displayToPublicDate":"2007-09-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5074","title":"Concentrations and Loads of Nutrients and Suspended Sediments in Englesby Brook and Little Otter Creek, Lake Champlain Basin, Vermont, 2000-2005","docAbstract":"The effectiveness of best-management practices (BMPs) in improving water quality in Lake Champlain tributaries was evaluated from 2000 through 2005 on the basis of analysis of data collected on concentrations of total phosphorus and suspended sediment in Englesby Brook, an urban stream in Burlington, and Little Otter Creek, an agricultural stream in Ferrisburg. Data also were collected on concentrations of total nitrogen in the Englesby Brook watershed. In the winter of 2001-2002, one of three planned structural BMPs was installed in the urban watershed. At approximately the same time, a set of barnyard BMPs was installed in the agricultural watershed; however, the other planned BMPs, which included streambank fencing and nutrient management, were not implemented within the study period.\r\n\r\nAt Englesby Brook, concentrations of phosphorus ranged from 0.024 to 0.3 milligrams per liter (mg/L) during base-flow and from 0.032 to 11.8 mg/L during high-flow conditions. Concentrations of suspended sediment ranged from 3 to 189 mg/L during base-flow and from 5 to 6,880 mg/L during high-flow conditions. An assessment of the effectiveness of an urban BMP was made by comparing concentrations and loads of phosphorus and suspended sediment before and after a golf-course irrigation pond in the Englesby Brook watershed was retrofitted with the objective of reducing sediment transport. Results from a modified paired watershed study design showed that the BMP reduced concentrations of phosphorus and suspended sediment during high-flow events - when average streamflow was greater than 3 cubic feet per second. While construction of the BMP did not reduce storm loads of phosphorus or suspended sediment, an evaluation of changes in slope of double-mass curves showing cumulative monthly streamflow plotted against cumulative monthly loads indicated a possible reduction in cumulative loads of phosphorus and suspended sediment after BMP construction.\r\n\r\nResults from the Little Otter Creek assessment of agricultural BMPs showed that concentrations of phosphorus ranged from 0.016 to 0.141 mg/L during base-flow and from 0.019 to 0.565 mg/L during high-flow conditions at the upstream monitoring station. Concentrations of suspended sediment ranged from 2 to 13 mg/L during base-flow and from 1 to 473 mg/L during high-flow conditions at the upstream monitoring station. Concentrations of phosphorus ranged from 0.018 to 0.233 mg/L during base-flow and from 0.019 to 1.95 mg/L during high-flow conditions at the downstream monitoring station. Concentrations of suspended sediment ranged from 10 to 132 mg/L during base-flow and from 8 to 1,190 mg/L during high-flow conditions at the downstream monitoring station.\r\n\r\nAnnual loads of phosphorus at the downstream monitoring station were significantly larger than loads at the upstream monitoring station, and annual loads of suspended sediment at the downstream monitoring station were larger than loads at the upstream monitoring station for 4 out of 6 years. On a monthly basis, loads of phosphorus and suspended sediment at the downstream monitoring station were significantly larger than loads at the upstream monitoring station. Pairs of concentrations of phosphorus and monthly loads of phosphorus and suspended sediment from the upstream and downstream monitoring stations were evaluated using the paired watershed study design. The only significant reduction between the calibration and treatment periods was for monthly loads of phosphorus; all other evaluations showed no change between periods.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20075074","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation, City of Burlington, and Lake Champlain Basin Program","usgsCitation":"Medalie, L., 2007, Concentrations and Loads of Nutrients and Suspended Sediments in Englesby Brook and Little Otter Creek, Lake Champlain Basin, Vermont, 2000-2005: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5074, viii, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075074.","productDescription":"viii, 51 p.","temporalStart":"2000-01-01","temporalEnd":"2005-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":468,"text":"New Hampshire-Vermont Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125742,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2007_5074.jpg"},{"id":10301,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5074/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db636068","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Medalie, Laura 0000-0002-2440-2149 lmedalie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2440-2149","contributorId":3657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Medalie","given":"Laura","email":"lmedalie@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":292675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":80455,"text":"sir20075187 - 2007 - Suspended-Sediment Loads and Yields in the North Santiam River Basin, Oregon, Water Years 1999-2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:19","indexId":"sir20075187","displayToPublicDate":"2007-09-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5187","title":"Suspended-Sediment Loads and Yields in the North Santiam River Basin, Oregon, Water Years 1999-2004","docAbstract":"The North Santiam River provides drinking water to the residents and businesses of the city of Salem, Oregon, and many surrounding communities. Since 1998, water-quality data, including turbidity, were collected continuously at monitoring stations throughout the basin as part of the North Santiam River Basin Turbidity and Suspended Sediment Study. In addition, sediment samples have been collected over a range of turbidity and streamflow values. Regression models were developed between the instream turbidity and suspended-sediment concentration from the samples collected from each monitoring station. The models were then used to estimate the daily and annual suspended-sediment loads and yields. For water years 1999-2004, suspended-sediment loads and yields were estimated for each station. Annual suspended-sediment loads and yields were highest during water years 1999 and 2000. A drought during water year 2001 resulted in the lowest suspended-sediment loads and yields for all monitoring stations. High-turbidity events that were unrelated or disproportional to increased streamflow occurred at several of the monitoring stations during the period of study. These events highlight the advantage of estimating suspended-sediment loads and yields from instream turbidity rather than from streamflow alone.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20075187","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Salem","usgsCitation":"Bragg, H., Sobieszczyk, S., Uhrich, M.A., and Piatt, D.R., 2007, Suspended-Sediment Loads and Yields in the North Santiam River Basin, Oregon, Water Years 1999-2004: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5187, vi, 27 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075187.","productDescription":"vi, 27 p.","temporalStart":"1998-10-01","temporalEnd":"2004-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192139,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10280,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5187/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -123.25,44.416666666666664 ], [ -123.25,45 ], [ -121.66666666666667,45 ], [ -121.66666666666667,44.416666666666664 ], [ -123.25,44.416666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db687fd5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bragg, Heather M. hmbragg@usgs.gov","contributorId":428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bragg","given":"Heather M.","email":"hmbragg@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":292613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sobieszczyk, Steven 0000-0002-0834-8437 ssobie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0834-8437","contributorId":885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sobieszczyk","given":"Steven","email":"ssobie@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":292614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Uhrich, Mark A. 0000-0002-5202-8086 mauhrich@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5202-8086","contributorId":1149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Uhrich","given":"Mark","email":"mauhrich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":292616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Piatt, David R. 0000-0002-6442-5505 dpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6442-5505","contributorId":1148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"David","email":"dpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":292615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":80460,"text":"sir20075161 - 2007 - Flood of June 22-24, 2006, in North-Central Ohio, With Emphasis on the Cuyahoga River Near Independence","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:22","indexId":"sir20075161","displayToPublicDate":"2007-09-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5161","title":"Flood of June 22-24, 2006, in North-Central Ohio, With Emphasis on the Cuyahoga River Near Independence","docAbstract":"Heavy rains caused severe flooding on June 22-24, 2006, and damaged approximately 4,580 homes and 48 businesses in Cuyahoga County. Damage estimates in Cuyahoga County for the two days of flooding exceed $47 million; statewide damage estimates exceed $150 million. Six counties (Cuyahoga, Erie, Huron, Lucas, Sandusky, and Stark) in northeast Ohio were declared Federal disaster areas. One death, in Lorain County, was attributed to the flooding.\r\n\r\nThe peak streamflow of 25,400 cubic feet per second and corresponding peak gage height of 23.29 feet were the highest recorded at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) streamflow-gaging station Cuyahoga River at Independence (04208000) since the gaging station began operation in 1922, exceeding the previous peak streamflow of 24,800 cubic feet per second that occurred on January 22, 1959. An indirect calculation of the peak streamflow was made by use of a step-backwater model because all roads leading to the gaging station were inundated during the flood and field crews could not reach the station to make a direct measurement. Because of a statistically significant and persistent positive trend in the annual-peak-streamflow time series for the Cuyahoga River at Independence, a method was developed and applied to detrend the annual-peak-streamflow time series prior to the traditional log-Pearson Type III flood-frequency analysis. Based on this analysis, the recurrence interval of the computed peak streamflow was estimated to be slightly less than 100 years. Peak-gage-height data, peak-streamflow data, and recurrence-interval estimates for the June 22-24, 2006, flood are tabulated for the Cuyahoga River at Independence and 10 other USGS gaging stations in north-central Ohio.\r\n\r\nBecause flooding along the Cuyahoga River near Independence and Valley View was particularly severe, a study was done to document the peak water-surface profile during the flood from approximately 2 miles downstream from the USGS streamflow-gaging station at Independence to approximately 2 miles upstream from the gaging station. High-water marks were identified and flagged in the field. Third-order-accuracy surveys were used to determine elevations of the high-water marks, and the data were tabulated and plotted.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20075161","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Federal Emergency Management Agency","usgsCitation":"Sherwood, J.M., Ebner, A.D., Koltun, G., and Astifan, B.M., 2007, Flood of June 22-24, 2006, in North-Central Ohio, With Emphasis on the Cuyahoga River Near Independence: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5161, iv, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075161.","productDescription":"iv, 18 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2006-06-22","temporalEnd":"2006-06-24","costCenters":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190746,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10287,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5161/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e7495","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sherwood, James M.","contributorId":106878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherwood","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ebner, Andrew D. aebner@usgs.gov","contributorId":1849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ebner","given":"Andrew","email":"aebner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":292628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Koltun, G. F. 0000-0003-0255-2960","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0255-2960","contributorId":49817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koltun","given":"G. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Astifan, Brian M.","contributorId":86857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Astifan","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":80453,"text":"sir20065309 - 2007 - Effect of storms on barrier island dynamics, Core Banks, Cape Lookout National Seashore, North Carolina, 1960-2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-22T19:31:19.677416","indexId":"sir20065309","displayToPublicDate":"2007-09-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5309","title":"Effect of storms on barrier island dynamics, Core Banks, Cape Lookout National Seashore, North Carolina, 1960-2001","docAbstract":"The effect of storms on long-term dynamics of barrier islands was evaluated on Core Banks, a series of barrier islands that extend from Cape Lookout to Okracoke Inlet in the Cape Lookout National Seashore, North Carolina. Shoreline and elevation changes were determined by comparing 77 profiles and associated reference markers established by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) on Core Banks from June 1960 to July 1962 to a follow-up survey by Godfrey and Godfrey (G&G) in 1971 and a survey by the Department of Geology at East Carolina University (ECU) in 2001, in which 57 of the original 77 profiles were located.
\nEvaluation of the baseline data associated with the USACE study supplies an important record of barrier island response to two specific storm events—Hurricane Donna in September 1960 and the Ash Wednesday extra-tropical cyclone in March 1962. The 1962 USACE survey was followed by 9 years characterized by no major storms; this low-energy period was captured by the G&G survey in 1971. The G&G survey was followed by 22 years characterized by occasional small to moderate storms. Starting in 1993, however, and continuing through 1999, the North Carolina coast experienced a major increase in storm activity, with seven major hurricanes impacting Core Banks.
\nBoth the USACE 1960–1962 and G&G 1962–1971 surveys produced short-term data sets that reflected very different sets of weather conditions. The ECU 2001 survey data were then compared with the USACE 1960 survey data to develop a long-term (41 years) data set for shoreline erosion on Core Banks. Those resulting long-term data were compared with the long-term (52 years) data sets by the North Carolina Division of Coastal Management (NCDCM) from 1940–1992 and 1946–1998; a strong positive correlation and very similar rates of average annual erosion resulted. However, the ECU and NCDCM long-term data sets did not correlate with either of the USACE and G&G short-term survey data and had very different average annual erosion rates.
\nThe average annual long-term rate of shoreline erosion for all of Core Banks and for both the ECU 1960–2001 and the NCDCM 1946–1998 surveys was -5 feet per year (ft/yr). These long-term rates of shoreline recession are in strong contrast with the short-term, storm-dominated rates of shoreline erosion for all of Core Banks developed by the USACE 1960–1961 and USACE 1961–1962 surveys, which have average annual erosion rates of -40 ft/yr and -26 ft/yr, respectively, and range from -226 feet (ft) to +153 ft. The combined short-term, storm-dominated shoreline erosion rate for the USACE surveys (1960–1962) was -36 ft/yr. In contrast, the average annual short-term, non-stormy period G&G 1962–1971 survey demonstrated shoreline accretion for all of Core Banks with an average annual rate of +12 ft/yr. In general, North Core Banks has higher erosion and accretion rates than South Core Banks.
\nIn the 1961 survey, the USACE installed 231 reference markers (RM-0 is closest to the ocean and RM-2 is farthest from the ocean) along the 77 profiles, as well as 33 reference markers labeled RM-4, RM-6, and RM-8 in the wider portions of the islands. The G&G survey recovered a total of 141 reference markers (61 percent), and the ECU survey recovered a total of 83 reference markers (36 percent) of the RM-0, RM-1, and RM-2 markers. The average ground elevation measured by the USACE in 1961 was RM-0 = +5.8 ft, RM-1 = +5.2 ft, and RM-2 = +4.8 ft. The G&G 1970 survey measured average ground elevations of RM-0 = +6.7 ft, RM-1 = +6.4 ft, and RM-2 = +6.1 ft, and the average ground elevation measured by ECU in 2001 was RM-0 = +10.1 ft, RM-1 = +9.1 ft, and RM-2 = +8.5 ft. The latter numbers represent approximately an overall 72-percent increase in island elevation from 1961 to 2001. Based on aerial photographic time-slice analyses, it is hypothesized that this increase in island elevation occurred during the post-1962 period with storm overwash systematically raising the island elevation through time, which in turn led to decreased numbers of overwash events. The latter processes and responses in turn led to a substantial increase in vegetative growth on the barrier island, as well as submerged aquatic vegetation on the back-barrier sand shoals.
\nIntegration of the USACE, G&G, ECU, and NCDCM shoreline erosion data for Core Banks shows several important points about shoreline recession. (1) The ECU and NCDCM data sets demonstrate that there is an ongoing net, long-term, but small-scale shoreline recession associated with Core Banks; (2) the USACE short-term data sets demonstrate that processes associated with individual storm events or sets of events produce extremely large-scale changes that include both erosion and accretion; (3) the short-term, non-stormy period data set of G&G demonstrates that if given enough time between storm events, barriers can rebuild to their pre-storm period conditions; and (4) the post-storm response generally tends to approach the pre-storm location, but rarely reaches it before the next storm or stormy period sets in. The result is the net long-term change documented by both the ECU 1960–2001 and NCDCM 1946–1998 Core Banks data sets that resulted in erosion rates ranging from 0 to -30 ft/yr with net annual average recession rates of -5 ft/yr.
\nAnalysis and comparison of these data sets supply important information for understanding the dynamics and responses of barrier island systems through time. In addition, the results of the present study on Core Banks supply essential process-response information that can be used to design and implement management plans for the Cape Lookout and Cape Hatteras National Seashores and for other seashores in the U.S. National Park Service system.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20065309","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service and East Carolina University","usgsCitation":"Riggs, S., and Ames, D.V., 2007, Effect of storms on barrier island dynamics, Core Banks, Cape Lookout National Seashore, North Carolina, 1960-2001: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5309, x, 73 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065309.","productDescription":"x, 73 p.","numberOfPages":"85","temporalStart":"1960-01-01","temporalEnd":"2001-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":680,"text":"Woods Hole Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":428013,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_81818.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":293757,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5309/pdf/sir2006-5309.pdf"},{"id":10278,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5309/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":192095,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20065309.PNG"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Barrier Island, Core Banks, Cape Lookout National Seashore","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -76.5744,34.5787 ], [ -76.5744,35.2783 ], [ -75.4881,35.2783 ], [ -75.4881,34.5787 ], [ -76.5744,34.5787 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625795","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Riggs, Stanley R.","contributorId":25983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riggs","given":"Stanley R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ames, Dorothea V.","contributorId":51394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ames","given":"Dorothea","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":80462,"text":"sir20075166 - 2007 - Evaluation of ground-water and boron sources by use of boron stable-isotope ratios, tritium, and selected water-chemistry constituents near Beverly Shores, northwestern Indiana, 2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-18T11:50:54","indexId":"sir20075166","displayToPublicDate":"2007-09-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5166","displayTitle":"Evaluation of Ground-Water and Boron Sources by Use of Boron Stable-Isotope Ratios, Tritium, and Selected Water-Chemistry Constituents near Beverly Shores, Northwestern Indiana, 2004","title":"Evaluation of ground-water and boron sources by use of boron stable-isotope ratios, tritium, and selected water-chemistry constituents near Beverly Shores, northwestern Indiana, 2004","docAbstract":"Concentrations of boron greater than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) 900 μg/L removal action level (RAL) standard were detected in water sampled by the USEPA in 2004 from three domestic wells near Beverly Shores, Indiana. The RAL regulates only human-affected concentrations of a constituent. A lack of well logs and screened depth information precluded identification of whether water from sampled wells, and their boron sources, were from human-affected or natural sources in the surficial aquifer, or associated with a previously defined natural, confined aquifer source of boron from the subtill or basal sand aquifers. A geochemically-based classification of the source of boron in ground water could potentially determine the similarity of boron to known sources or mixtures between known sources, or classify whether the relative age of the ground water predated the potential sources of contamination. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the USEPA, investigated the use of a geochemical method that applied boron stable isotopes, and concentrations of boron, tritium, and other constituents to distinguish between natural and human-affected sources of boron in ground water and thereby determine if the RAL was applicable to the situation.
Boron stable-isotope ratios and concentrations of boron in 17 ground-water samples and tritium concentrations in 9 ground-water samples collected in 2004 were used to identify geochemical differences between potential sources of boron in ground water near Beverly Shores, Indiana. Boron and δ11B analyses for this investigation were made on unacidified samples to assure consistency of the result with unacidified analyses of δ11B values from other investigations. Potential sources of boron included surficial-aquifer water affected by coal-combustion products (CCP) or domestic-wastewater, upward discharge of ground water from confined aquifers, and unaffected water from the surficial aquifer that was distant from human-affected boron sources.
Boron concentrations in potential ground-water sources of boron were largest (15,700 to 24,400 μg/L) in samples of CCP-affected surficial aquifer water from four wells at a CCP landfill and smallest (27 to 63 μg/L) in three wells in the surficial aquifer that were distant from human-affected boron sources. Boron concentrations in water from the basal sand aquifer ranged from 656 μg/L to 1,800 μg/L. Boron concentrations in water from three domestic-wastewater-affected surficial aquifer wells ranged from 84 to 387 μg/L. Among the representative ground-water samples, boron concentrations from all four samples of CCP-affected surficial aquifer water and four of five samples of water from the basal sand aquifer had concentrations greater than the RAL. A comparison of boron concentrations in acid-preserved and unacidified samples indicated that boron concentrations reported for this investigation may be from about 11 to 16 percent less than would be reported in a standard analysis of an acidified sample.
The stable isotope boron-11 was most enriched in comparison to boron-10 in ground water from a confined aquifer, the basal sand aquifer (δ11B, 24.6 to 34.0 per mil, five samples); it was most depleted in CCP-affected water from the surficial aquifer (δ11B, 0.1 to 6.6 per mil, four samples). Domestic-wastewater-affected water from the surficial aquifer (δ11B, 8.7 to 11.7 per mil, four samples) was enriched in boron-11, in comparison to individual samples of a borax detergent additive and a detergent with perborate bleach; it was intermediate in composition between basal sand aquifer water and CCP-affected water from the surficial aquifer. The similarity between a ground-water sample from the surficial aquifer and a hypothetical mixture of unaffected surficial aquifer and basal sand aquifer waters indicates the potential for long-term upward discharge of ground water into the surficial aquifer from one or more confined aquifers. Estimated δ11B values for acidified samples were depleted by 1.9 to 2.8 per mil in comparison to unacidified samples from the four wells sampled; those differences were small in comparison to the differences between δ11B values of representative sources of boron in ground water.
Tritium concentrations ranged from 7.0 to 10.3 tritium units in six samples from the surficial aquifer and were less than 0.8 tritium units in three samples from the basal sand aquifer. Water from wells in the surficial aquifer represents predominantly modern, post-1972 recharge and sources of boron and other constituents. Water from the basal sand aquifer is associated with pre-1952 recharge from sources not affected by local boron inputs.
Ground water from six wells (five domestic wells and one public-supply well) where the ground-water source was unknown had boron concentrations, boron isotope ratios, and tritium concentrations similar to water from the basal sand aquifer. Boron concentrations greater than the RAL were found in water from four of these six wells. The boron isotope and tritium data from these four wells indicate a natural source of boron in ground water; therefore, the RAL does not apply to boron concentrations in water from these wells. Water samples from two domestic wells where the ground-water source was unknown had boron concentrations less than the RAL and boron isotope ratios and tritium concentrations that were similar to domestic-wastewater-affected water from the surficial aquifer. The boron isotope ratio for a sample from one domestic well was similar to that of CCP-affected water from the surficial aquifer and detergent compositions; the boron concentration of that sample was less than the RAL. The classifications of differences among representative sources of boron in ground water and water samples from wells where the ground-water source was unknown generally agreed with distinctions based on strontium-87/strontium-86 ratios and concentrations of strontium, chloride, nitrate, and ammonia. This application of boron concentrations, boron isotope ratios, and tritium concentrations to classify differences in relation to potential sources of boron in ground water was able to distinguish between boron from natural sources and from human-affected sources that are subject to regulation.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20075166","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Buszka, P.M., Fitzpatrick, J.A., Watson, L.R., and Kay, R.T., 2007, Evaluation of ground-water and boron sources by use of boron stable-isotope ratios, tritium, and selected water-chemistry constituents near Beverly Shores, northwestern Indiana, 2004: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5166, x, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075166.","productDescription":"x, 46 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2004-01-01","temporalEnd":"2004-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192134,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20075166.GIF"},{"id":10289,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5166/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":362129,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5166/pdf/sir2007-5166_web.pdf","text":"Report","size":"11.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2007–5166"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -87.5,41.083333333333336 ], [ -87.5,41.833333333333336 ], [ -86.5,41.833333333333336 ], [ -86.5,41.083333333333336 ], [ -87.5,41.083333333333336 ] ] ] } } ] }","tableOfContents":"A marine geophysical investigation was conducted in 2006 to help characterize the bottom and subbottom materials and extent of bedrock in selected areas of Bridgeport Harbor, Connecticut. The data will be used by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in the design of confined aquatic disposal (CAD) cells within the harbor to facilitate dredging of the harbor. Three water-based geophysical methods were used to evaluate the geometry and composition of subsurface materials: (1) continuous seismic profiling (CSP) methods provide the depth to water bottom, and when sufficient signal penetration can be achieved, delineate the depth to bedrock and subbottom materials; (2) continuous resistivity profiling (CRP) methods were used to define the electrical properties of the shallow subbottom, and to possibly determine the distribution of conductive materials, such as clay, and resistive materials, such as sand and bedrock; (3) and magnetometer data were used to identify conductive anomalies of anthropogenic sources, such as cables and metallic debris. All data points were located using global positioning systems (GPS), and the GPS data were used for real-time navigation. The results of the CRP, CSP, and magnetometer data are consistent with the conceptual site model of a bedrock channel incised beneath the present day harbor. The channel appears to follow a north-northwest to south-southeast trend and is parallel to the Pequannock River. The seismic record and boring data indicate that under the channel, the depth to bedrock is as much as 42.7 meters (m) below mean low-low water (MLLW) in the dredged part of the harbor. The bedrock channel becomes shallower towards the shore, where bedrock outcrops have been mapped at land surface. CSP and CRP data were able to provide a discontinuous, but reasonable, trace from the channel toward the west under the proposed southwestern CAD cell. The data indicate a high amount of relief on the bedrock surface, as well as along the water bottom. Under the southwestern CAD cell, the sediments are only marginally thick enough for a CAD cell, at about 8 to 15 m in depth. Some of the profiles show small diffractions in the unconsolidated sediments, but no large-scale boulders or boulder fields were identified. No bedrock reflectors were imaged under the southeastern CAD cell, where core logs indicate the rock is as much as 30 m below MLLW. The chirp frequency, tuned transducer, and boomer-plate CSP surveys were adversely affected by a highly reflective water bottom causing strong multiples in the seismic record and very limited depths of penetration. These multiples are attributed to entrapped gas (methane) in the sediments or to very hard bottom conditions. In a limited number of places, the bedrock surface was observed in the CSP record, creating a discontinuous and sporadic image of the bedrock surface. These interpretations generally matched core data at FP-03-10 and FB-06-1. Use of two analog CSP systems, the boomer plate and tuned transducer, did not overcome the reflections off the water bottom and did not improve the depth of penetration. In general, the CRP profiles were used to corroborate the results of the CSP profiles. Relatively resistive zones associated with the locations of seismic reflections were interpreted as bedrock. The shape of the bedrock surface generally was similar in the CRP and CSP profiles. Evaluation of the CRP profiles indicated that the inversions were adversely affected where the depth and (or) ionic concentration of the water column varied. Consequently, the CRP profiles were broken into short intervals that extended just over the area of interest, where the depth to water bottom was fairly constant. Over these short profiles, efforts were made to evaluate the resistivity of the very shallow sediments to determine if there were any large contrasts in the resistivity of the sediments that might indicate differences in the shallow subbottom materials.
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This network measures monthly and seasonal variation in a landscape with diverse topography. Precipitation data from 125 climate stations on or near the NTS were used to spatially interpolate precipitation for each month during the period of 1960 through 2006 at high spatial resolution (30 m). The data were collected at climate stations using manual and/or automated techniques. The spatial interpolation method, applied to monthly accumulations of precipitation, is based on a distance-weighted multivariate regression between the amount of precipitation and the station location and elevation. This report summarizes the temporal and spatial characteristics of the available precipitation records for the period 1960 to 2006, examines the temporal and spatial variability of precipitation during the period of record, and discusses some extremes in seasonal precipitation on the NTS.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071269","usgsCitation":"Blainey, J.B., Webb, R., and Magirl, C.S., 2007, Modeling the Spatial and Temporal Variation of Monthly and Seasonal Precipitation on the Nevada Test Site and Vicinity, 1960-2006: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1269, vi, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071269.","productDescription":"vi, 40 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195480,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10272,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1269/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699882","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blainey, Joan B.","contributorId":54284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blainey","given":"Joan","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Webb, Robert H. rhwebb@usgs.gov","contributorId":1573,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Webb","given":"Robert H.","email":"rhwebb@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":12625,"text":"School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":292592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Magirl, Christopher S. 0000-0002-9922-6549 magirl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9922-6549","contributorId":1822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magirl","given":"Christopher","email":"magirl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":292593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":80396,"text":"ofr20071218 - 2007 - Preliminary Isostatic Gravity Map of Joshua Tree National Park and Vicinity, Southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:41","indexId":"ofr20071218","displayToPublicDate":"2007-09-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1218","title":"Preliminary Isostatic Gravity Map of Joshua Tree National Park and Vicinity, Southern California","docAbstract":"This isostatic residual gravity map is part of an effort to map the three-dimensional distribution of rocks in Joshua Tree National Park, southern California.\r\n\r\nThis map will serve as a basis for modeling the shape of basins beneath the Park and in adjacent valleys and also for determining the location and geometry of faults within the area. Local spatial variations in the Earth's gravity field, after accounting for variations caused by elevation, terrain, and deep crustal structure, reflect the distribution of densities in the mid- to upper crust. Densities often can be related to rock type, and abrupt spatial changes in density commonly mark lithologic or structural boundaries.\r\nHigh-density basement rocks exposed within the Eastern Transverse Ranges include crystalline rocks that range in age from Proterozoic to Mesozoic and these rocks are generally present in the mountainous areas of the quadrangle. Alluvial sediments, usually located in the valleys, and Tertiary sedimentary rocks are characterized by low densities. However, with increasing depth of burial and age, the densities of these rocks may become indistinguishable from those of basement rocks. Tertiary volcanic rocks are characterized by a wide range of densities, but, on average, are less dense than the pre-Cenozoic basement rocks. Basalt within the Park is as dense as crystalline basement, but is generally thin (less than 100 m thick; e.g., Powell, 2003).\r\n\r\nIsostatic residual gravity values within the map area range from about 44 mGal over Coachella Valley to about 8 mGal between the Mecca Hills and the Orocopia Mountains. Steep linear gravity gradients are coincident with the traces of several Quaternary strike-slip faults, most notably along the San Andreas Fault bounding the east side of Coachella Valley and east-west-striking, left-lateral faults, such as the Pinto Mountain, Blue Cut, and Chiriaco Faults (Fig. 1). Gravity gradients also define concealed basin-bounding faults, such as those beneath the Chuckwalla Valley (e.g. Rotstein and others, 1976). These gradients result from juxtaposing dense basement rocks against thick Cenozoic sedimentary rocks.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071218","usgsCitation":"Langenheim, V., Biehler, S., McPhee, D., McCabe, C., Watt, J., Anderson, M., Chuchel, B., and Stoffer, P., 2007, Preliminary Isostatic Gravity Map of Joshua Tree National Park and Vicinity, Southern California (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1218, Map: 65 x 35 inches; Data Files, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071218.","productDescription":"Map: 65 x 35 inches; Data Files","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":314,"text":"Geophysics Unit of Menlo Park, CA (GUMP)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":110743,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_81724.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"81724"},{"id":190530,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10220,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1218/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"1","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -116.5,33.5 ], [ -116.5,34.25 ], [ -115,34.25 ], [ -115,33.5 ], [ -116.5,33.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e522","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langenheim, V.E. 0000-0003-2170-5213","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2170-5213","contributorId":54956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langenheim","given":"V.E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":292445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Biehler, Shawn","contributorId":69168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biehler","given":"Shawn","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McPhee, D.K.","contributorId":96775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McPhee","given":"D.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McCabe, C.A.","contributorId":88037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabe","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Watt, J. 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