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The gaging stations that were selected for this analysis are on unregulated rivers, have at least 40 years of record, and have a nearby weather station with at least 70 years of precipitation record. Regression models were developed for each gaging station relating annual 25th percentile of June and September flows to selected precipitation variables. The explanatory variables are monthly precipitation (April-June, July-September) for each year of record, precipitation for the previous year, and average precipitation for the preceding 5-, 10-, 15-, 20-, 25-, and 30-year periods. Short-term precipitation (April-June or July-September monthly precipitation) variables are the most common significant variables in the regression equations for the 25th percentile of June and September streamflows. May and June monthly precipitation are the most common significant variables among the regression models of the 25th percentile of June flows. August and September monthly precipitation are the most common significant variables in the regression models of the 25th percentile of September streamflow. July precipitation also is a significant explanatory variable in regression models of September streamflow. The 25th-percentile flows in this study also are related to intermediate- and long-term precipitation variables. The intermediate-term precipitation variable (previous-year's precipitation) has a more distinct spatial pattern than the long-term precipitation variable (multiyear running averages of annual precipitation) and is more likely to be significant in the western part than in the eastern part of the study area.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20075129","usgsCitation":"Winterstein, T.A., and Lorenz, D.L., 2007, Relation between precipitation and the 25th percentile of June and September flows in streams in the Great Lakes, Ohio, and Upper Mississippi River Basins: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5129, iv, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075129.","productDescription":"iv, 22 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science 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,{"id":80296,"text":"sir20075043 - 2007 - Fate and Transport Modeling of Selected Chlorinated Organic Compounds at Operable Unit 1, U.S. Naval Air Station, Jacksonville, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:40","indexId":"sir20075043","displayToPublicDate":"2007-08-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5043","title":"Fate and Transport Modeling of Selected Chlorinated Organic Compounds at Operable Unit 1, U.S. Naval Air Station, Jacksonville, Florida","docAbstract":"The U.S. Naval Air Station occupies 3,800 acres adjacent to the St. Johns River in Jacksonville, Florida. The Station was placed on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's National Priorities List in December 1989 and is participating in the U.S. Department of Defense Installation Restoration Program, which serves to identify and remediate environmental contamination. One contaminated site, the old landfill, was designated as Operable Unit 1 (OU1) in 1989. The major source of ground-water contamination was from the disposal of waste oil and solvents into open pits, which began in the 1940s. Several remedial measures were implemented at this site to prevent the spread of contamination. Recovery trenches were installed in 1995 to collect free product. In 1998, some of the contamination was consolidated to the center of the old landfill and covered by an impermeable cap. Currently, Operable Unit 1 is being reevaluated as part of a 5-year review process to determine if the remedial actions were effective.\r\n\r\nSolute transport modeling indicated that the concentration of contaminants would have reached its maximum extent by the 1970s, after which the concentration levels would have generally declined because the pits would have ceased releasing high levels of contaminants. In the southern part of the site, monitoring well MW-19, which had some of the highest levels of contamination, showed decreases for measured and simulated concentrations of trichloroethene (TCE) and dichloroethene (DCE) from 1992 to present. Two upgradient disposal pits were simulated to have ceased releasing high levels of contamination in 1979, which consequently caused a drop in simulated concentrations.\r\n\r\nMonitoring well MW-100 had the highest levels of contamination of any well directly adjacent to a creek. Solute transport modeling substantially overestimated the concentrations of TCE, DCE, and vinyl chloride (VC) in this well. The reason for this overestimation is not clear, however, it indicates that the model will be conservative when used to predict concentration levels and the time required for the contamination to move through the system. Monitoring well MW-97 had the highest levels of contamination in the central part of the site. The levels decreased for both the measured and simulated values of TCE, DCE, and VC from 1999 to present. Simulating the source area as ceasing to release high levels of contamination in 1979 caused the drop in concentration, which began in the 1990s at this well.\r\n\r\nMonitoring well MW-89 had the highest levels of contamination in the northern part of the site. In order to match the low levels of contamination in wells MW-12 and MW-93, the pit was simulated as ceasing to release contamination in 1970; however, the installation of a trench in 1995 could have caused the source area to release additional contamination from 1995 to 1998. The effect of the additional dissolution was a spike in contamination at MW-89, beginning in about 1996 and continuing until the present time. Results from the last several sampling events indicate that the TCE and DCE levels could be decreasing, but VC shows no apparent trend. Several more years of sampling are needed to determine if these trends are continuing.\r\n\r\nBased on the solute transport modeling predictions, TCE, DCE, and VC will have migrated to the vicinity of creeks that drain ground water from the aquifer by 2010, and only relatively low levels will remain in the aquifer by 2015. Because the creeks represent the point where the contaminated ground water comes into contact with the environment, future contamination levels are a concern. The concentration of chlorinated solvents in the creek water has always been relatively low. Because the model shows that concentrations of TCE, DCE, and VC are declining in the aquifer, contamination levels in the creeks also are anticipated to decline.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20075043","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with U.S. Navy, Naval Facilities Engineering Command","usgsCitation":"Davis, J., 2007, Fate and Transport Modeling of Selected Chlorinated Organic Compounds at Operable Unit 1, U.S. Naval Air Station, Jacksonville, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5043, vi, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075043.","productDescription":"vi, 43 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":275,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190999,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10119,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5043/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -81.73333333333333,30.166666666666668 ], [ -81.73333333333333,30.25 ], [ -81.65,30.25 ], [ -81.65,30.166666666666668 ], [ -81.73333333333333,30.166666666666668 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fee4b07f02db5f739a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, J. Hal","contributorId":53832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J. Hal","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":80286,"text":"ofr20071171 - 2007 - Escherichia coli Concentrations in the Mill Creek Watershed, Cleveland, Ohio, 2001-2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:25","indexId":"ofr20071171","displayToPublicDate":"2007-08-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1171","title":"Escherichia coli Concentrations in the Mill Creek Watershed, Cleveland, Ohio, 2001-2004","docAbstract":"Mill Creek in Cleveland, Ohio, receives discharges from combined-sewer overflows (CSOs) and other sanitary-sewage inputs. These discharges affect the water quality of the creek and that of its receiving stream, the Cuyahoga River. In an effort to mitigate this problem, the Northeast Ohio Regional Sewer District implemented a project to eliminate or control (by reducing the number of overflows) all of the CSOs in the Mill Creek watershed. This study focused on monitoring the microbiological water quality of the creek before and during sewage-collection system modifications.\r\n\r\nRoutine samples were collected semimonthly from August 2001 through September 2004 at a site near a U.S. Geological Survey stream gage near the mouth of Mill Creek. In addition, event samples were collected September 19 and 22, 2003, when rainfall accumulations were 0.5 inches (in.) or greater. Concentrations of Escherichia coli (E. coli) were determined and instantaneous discharges were calculated. Streamflow and water-quality characteristics were measured at the time of sampling, and precipitation data measured at a nearby precipitation gage were obtained from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.\r\n\r\nConcentrations of E. coli were greater than Ohio's single-sample maximum for primary-contact recreation (298 colony-forming units per 100 milliliters (CFU/100 mL)) in 84 percent of the routine samples collected. In all but one routine sample E. coli concentrations in samples collected when instantaneous streamflows were greater than 20 cubic feet per second (ft3/s) were greater than Ohio's single-sample maximum. When precipitation occurred in the 24-hour period before routine sample collection, concentrations were greater than the maximum in 89 percent of the samples as compared to 73 percent when rainfall was absent during the 24 hours prior to routine sample collection.\r\n\r\nBefore modifications to the sewage-collection system in the watershed began, E. coli concentrations in Mill Creek ranged from 220 to 29,000 CFU/100 mL. After major modifications, E. coli concentrations ranged from 110 to 80,000 CFU/100 mL. The percentage of sample E. coli concentrations in the former group greater than Ohio's single-sample maximum was 88 percent, whereas 85 percent of sample concentrations was greater than the maximum after major modifications occurred. Instantaneous discharges of E. coli were calculated for each of the modification periods. No statistically significant difference was observed between the median instantaneous discharges of E. coli for the premodification and minor-modification periods (5.1 ? 106 and 3.6 ? 106 CFU per second, respectively).\r\n\r\nDuring rainfall events in September 2003, samples were collected every 15 to 30 minutes. E. coli concentrations in all of these samples (n = 34) were greater than Ohio's single-sample maximum for primary-contact recreation. On September 19, total accumulated rainfall was 1.7 in., and streamflow reached a peak of 1,040 ft3/s. Sample collection started after 0.8 in. of precipitation had fallen and continued throughout the remainder of the storm. For these samples, E. coli concentrations ranged from 32,000 to 140,000 CFU/100 mL. On September 22, total accumulated rainfall was 0.5 in., and streamflow reached a peak of 497 ft3/s. Sample collection began before the start of the rain and continued throughout the storm. E. coli concentrations ranged from 450 to 260,000 CFU/100 mL.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071171","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Northeast Ohio Regional Sewer District","usgsCitation":"Brady, A., 2007, Escherichia coli Concentrations in the Mill Creek Watershed, Cleveland, Ohio, 2001-2004: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1171, iv, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071171.","productDescription":"iv, 26 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2001-08-01","temporalEnd":"2004-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195728,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10109,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1171/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -81.66666666666667,41.36666666666667 ], [ -81.66666666666667,41.5 ], [ -81.41666666666667,41.5 ], [ -81.41666666666667,41.36666666666667 ], [ -81.66666666666667,41.36666666666667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fdeb2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brady, Amie M. G.","contributorId":29774,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brady","given":"Amie M. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":80273,"text":"sir20075070 - 2007 - Hydrogeologic investigation, water chemistry analysis, and model delineation of contributing areas for City of Tallahassee public-supply wells, Tallahassee, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-12T21:40:14.731499","indexId":"sir20075070","displayToPublicDate":"2007-08-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5070","title":"Hydrogeologic investigation, water chemistry analysis, and model delineation of contributing areas for City of Tallahassee public-supply wells, Tallahassee, Florida","docAbstract":"<p><span>Ground water from the Upper Floridan aquifer is the sole source of water supply for Tallahassee, Florida, and the surrounding area. The City of Tallahassee (the City) currently operates 28 water-supply wells; 26 wells are distributed throughout the City and 2 are located in Woodville, Florida. Most of these wells yield an ample supply of potable water; however, water from several wells has low levels of tetrachloroethylene (PCE). The City removes the PCE from the water by passing it through granular-activated carbon units before distribution. To ensure that water-supply wells presently free of contamination remain clean, it is necessary to understand the ground-water flow system in sufficient detail to protect the contributing areas.</span></p><p><span>Ground-water samples collected from four public-supply wells were analyzed for tritium (</span><sup>3</sup><span>H), chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF</span><sub>6</sub><span>). Using data for the CFC compounds, apparent ground-water ages ranged from 7 to 31 years. For SF</span><sub>6</sub><span>, the apparent ages tended to be about 5 to 10 years younger than those from CFCs. Apparent ages based on the tritium/tritiogenic helium-3 (</span><sup>3</sup><span>H/</span><sup>3</sup><span>He</span><sub>trit</sub><span>) method ranged from 26 to 33 years. The three dating methods indicate that the apparent age of ground water generally decreases from northern to southern Leon County. This southward trend of decreasing ages is consistent with increasing amounts of recharge that occur as ground water moves from north to south.</span><br><span></span></p><p><span>The ground-water age data derived by geochemical and tracer analyses were used in combination with the flow model and particle tracking to determine an effective porosity for the Hawthorn clays and Upper Floridan aquifer. The effective porosities for the Upper Floridan aquifer that resulted in best model matches were averaged to produce an effective porosity of 7 percent, and the effective porosities for the Hawthorn clays that resulted in a match were averaged to produce an effective porosity of 22 percent.</span><br><span></span></p><p><span>Probabilistic contributing areas were determined for 26 City wells using MODFLOW and MODPATH. For each probabilistic contributing area delineated, the model was run 100 times and the results were analyzed statistically. For each of the 100 runs, a different hydraulic conductivity for each of the zones was assigned to the Upper Floridan aquifer. The hydraulic conductivities were generated randomly assuming a lognormal probability distribution; the mean of the distribution was equal to the hydraulic conductivity from the calibrated model.</span><br><span></span></p><p><span>The 5-year time-dependent capture zones (TDCZs), assuming effective porosities of 0.1, 1, and 7 percent for four representative wells, were delineated. The higher probabilities of capture (greater than 40, 60, and 80 percent) were similar for all effective porosities, and the TDCZ delineated using a 7-percent porosity was slightly smaller; the lower probabilities of capture (greater than 10 and 20 percent) showed a large range of variability.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20075070","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with City of Tallahassee","usgsCitation":"Davis, J., and Katz, B.G., 2007, Hydrogeologic investigation, water chemistry analysis, and model delineation of contributing areas for City of Tallahassee public-supply wells, Tallahassee, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5070, viii, 67 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075070.","productDescription":"viii, 67 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":275,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192062,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10093,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5070/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":423458,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_81672.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","city":"Tallahassee","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -84.58350936320234,\n              30.642563666390814\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.58350936320234,\n              30.274755026160804\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.05381802164686,\n              30.274755026160804\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.05381802164686,\n              30.642563666390814\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.58350936320234,\n              30.642563666390814\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a50e4b07f02db628d67","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, J. Hal","contributorId":53832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J. Hal","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Katz, Brian G. bkatz@usgs.gov","contributorId":1093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Katz","given":"Brian","email":"bkatz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":292151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":80261,"text":"sim2982 - 2007 - Hydrogeology and Potentiometric Surface of the Dublin and Midville Aquifer Systems in Richmond County, Georgia, January 2007","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-11T12:17:51","indexId":"sim2982","displayToPublicDate":"2007-08-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2982","title":"Hydrogeology and Potentiometric Surface of the Dublin and Midville Aquifer Systems in Richmond County, Georgia, January 2007","docAbstract":"INTRODUCTION\r\n\r\nThe Dublin and Midville aquifer systems are part of the Cretaceous aquifer system that underlies most of Richmond County, Georgia (Gorday, 1985; Falls and others, 1997). The Cretaceous aquifer system is the second most productive aquifer in Georgia and is a major source of water in the region. About 220 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) of water was withdrawn from the Cretaceous aquifer system during 2000 in Georgia (Fanning, 2003). The Augusta-Richmond County Water System is the largest public water supplier in the county and withdrew 13 Mgal/d of ground water during 2000; withdrawals decreased from 2001 to 2005. The towns of Hephzibah and Blythe withdrew 0.4 and 0.03 Mgal/d, respectively. Industrial ground-water withdrawals are concentrated along the Savannah River and totaled 2.89 Mgal/d. To monitor seasonal and long-term water-level fluctuations and trends in the aquifers, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) - in cooperation with Augusta Utilities - maintains a countywide network of about 100 water-level monitoring wells in various aquifers, including a new continuous monitoring site (well 30AA33) and two existing USGS-Georgia Environmental Protection Division network sites (wells 29AA09 and 30AA04). Data compiled during this study were used to better define the hydrogeologic units and to construct an updated potentiometric-surface map for the area, which is used to better understand ground-water movement in the Cretaceous aquifer system. In addition, the potentiometric surface and related water-level data can be used for water-resource planning and to update ground-water flow models for the region (Clarke and West, 1997; Cherry, 2006).","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sim2982","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Augusta Utilities","usgsCitation":"Williams, L.J., 2007, Hydrogeology and Potentiometric Surface of the Dublin and Midville Aquifer Systems in Richmond County, Georgia, January 2007: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2982, Map Sheet: 47 x 33 inches; GIS Data Files, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim2982.","productDescription":"Map Sheet: 47 x 33 inches; GIS Data Files","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192222,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":110741,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_81667.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"81667"},{"id":10081,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2007/2982/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","county":"Richmond County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -82.36666666666666,33.21666666666667 ], [ -82.36666666666666,33.583333333333336 ], [ -81.83333333333333,33.583333333333336 ], [ -81.83333333333333,33.21666666666667 ], [ -82.36666666666666,33.21666666666667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db6860c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, Lester J. lesterw@usgs.gov","contributorId":2395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Lester","email":"lesterw@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":292124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":80257,"text":"sir20075134 - 2007 - Simulated effects of projected 2010 withdrawals on ground-water flow and water levels in the New Jersey coastal plain – A task of the New Jersey Water Supply Plan, 2006 revision","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-15T11:44:03.273292","indexId":"sir20075134","displayToPublicDate":"2007-08-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5134","title":"Simulated effects of projected 2010 withdrawals on ground-water flow and water levels in the New Jersey coastal plain – A task of the New Jersey Water Supply Plan, 2006 revision","docAbstract":"A ground-water flow model previously developed as part of a Regional Aquifer System Analysis (RASA) of the New Jersey Coastal Plain was used to simulate ground-water flow in eight major confined aquifers to help evaluate ground-water resources in support of the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection's revision of the New Jersey State Water Supply Plan. This model was calibrated to 1998 steady-state and transient conditions. Withdrawals at wells in operation in 1998 were varied in three scenarios to evaluate their effects on flow directions, water levels, and water budgets in the confined aquifers. The scenarios used to predict changes in pumpage from 1998 to 2010 were based on (1) a continuation of 1990-99 trends in water use, (2) public-supply withdrawals estimated from county population projections, and (3) restricted withdrawals in Water-Supply Critical Areas. Total withdrawals in these three scenarios were approximately 366, 362, and 355 million gallons per day, respectively. The results of these simulations are used by New Jersey water-management officials to help address water-supply concerns for the State.\r\n\r\nIn the revision of the New Jersey State Water Supply Plan, the eight major confined aquifers of the New Jersey Coastal Plain and their outcrop areas are divided into 41 hydrologic budget areas (HBAs). Simulation results were used to assess the effects of changing ground-water withdrawals on water levels and the flow budgets in each budget area. Simulation results for each scenario were compared with 1998 (baseline) simulated water levels and flow budgets.\r\n\r\nThe 41 hydrologic budget areas are in areas of large ground-water withdrawals, water-level declines, and (or) saltwater-intrusion potential. Their boundaries are based on various hydrologic, geohydrologic, and withdrawal conditions, such as aquifer extent, location of the 250-milligram-per-liter isochlor, aquifer outcrop area, and ground-water divides. The budget areas include primarily the onshore, freshwater portions of the aquifers. A budget analysis was done for each of the hydrologic budget areas for each scenario. Ground-water withdrawals, leakage to streams, net leakage to overlying and underlying aquifers, lateral flow to adjacent budget areas, and the flow direction at the 250-milligram-per-liter isochlor were evaluated.\r\n\r\nAlthough three different methods were applied to predict future pumping rates, the simulated water levels for scenarios 1 and 2 were generally within 2 feet of each other in most areas in the confined aquifers, but differences of more than 2 feet occurred locally. Differences in values of flow-budget components between scenarios 1 and 2 as a percentage change from 1998 values were generally within 2 percent in most hydrologic budget areas, but values of some budget components in some hydrologic budget areas differed by more than 2 percent. Simulated water levels recovered as much as 4 feet more in northeastern Camden and northwestern Burlington Counties in the Lower Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer, and as much as 3 feet more in the same area in the Upper and Middle Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifers when pumpage restrictions were imposed in Critical Area 2 (scenario 3).\r\n\r\nIn the Wenonah-Mount-Laurel aquifer, water levels declined continually in Monmouth County (HBA 8) downdip from the outcrop (in Critical Area 1) from 1988 to 2010 in all three scenarios, although most of the water levels farther downdip from this area in Critical Area 1 are still recovering because of mandated reductions in pumpage in the 1990s. In the Englishtown aquifer system, water levels declined continually in small areas in HBA 13 in central Monmouth County (in Critical Area 1) and in western Monmouth County downdip from the outcrop from 1988 to 2010 in all three scenarios, although most of the water levels farther downdip from this area are still recovering because of the mandated reductions in pumpage.\r\n\r\nIn the Upper Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquif","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20075134","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Gordon, A.D., 2007, Simulated effects of projected 2010 withdrawals on ground-water flow and water levels in the New Jersey coastal plain – A task of the New Jersey Water Supply Plan, 2006 revision: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5134, x, 116 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075134.","productDescription":"x, 116 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192214,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10077,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5134/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":392871,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_81666.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -75.5597,\n              38.9267\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.9706,\n              38.9267\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.9706,\n              40.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.5597,\n              40.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.5597,\n              38.9267\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602b7b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gordon, Alison D. 0000-0002-9502-8633 agordon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9502-8633","contributorId":890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gordon","given":"Alison","email":"agordon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":292109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":80249,"text":"tm10C16 - 2007 - Determination of the &delta;<sup>15</sup>N of nitrate in water; RSIL lab code 2899","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-09-18T17:16:41","indexId":"tm10C16","displayToPublicDate":"2007-08-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"10-C16","title":"Determination of the &delta;<sup>15</sup>N of nitrate in water; RSIL lab code 2899","docAbstract":"The purpose of the Reston Stable Isotope Laboratory (RSIL) lab code 2899 is to determine the &delta;<sup>15</sup>N of nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>) in water. The &delta;<sup>15</sup>N of the dissolved NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> is analyzed by conversion of the NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> to nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O), which serves as the analyte for mass spectrometry. A culture of denitrifying bacteria is used in the enzymatic conversion of the NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> to N<sub>2</sub>O, which follows the pathway shown in equation 1: <p>NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> &rarr; NO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> &rarr; NO &rarr; 1/2 N<sub>2</sub>O     (1)</p> Because the bacteria <i>Pseudomonas aureofaciens</i> lack N<sub>2</sub>O reductive activity, the reaction stops at N<sub>2</sub>O, unlike the typical denitrification reaction that goes to N<sub>2</sub>. After several hours, the conversion is complete, and the N<sub>2</sub>O is extracted from the vial, separated from volatile organic vapor and water vapor by an automated -65 &deg;C isopropanol-slush trap, a Nafion drier, a CO<sub>2</sub> and water removal unit (Costech #021020 carbon dioxide absorbent with Mg(ClO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>), and trapped in a small-volume trap immersed in liquid nitrogen with a modified Finnigan MAT (now Thermo Scientific) GasBench 2 introduction system. After the N<sub>2</sub>O is released, it is further purified by gas chromatography before introduction to the isotope-ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS). The IRMS is a Thermo Scientific Delta V Plus continuous flow IRMS (CF-IRMS). It has a universal triple collector, consisting of two wide cups with a narrow cup in the middle; it is capable of simultaneously measuring mass/charge (<i>m/z</i>) of the N<sub>2</sub>O molecule 44, 45, and 46. The ion beams from these <i>m/z</i> values are as follows: <i>m/z</i> = 44 = N<sub>2</sub>O = <sup>14</sup>N<sup>14</sup>N<sup>16</sup>O; <i>m/z</i> = 45 = N<sub>2</sub>O = <sup>14</sup>N<sup>15</sup>N<sup>16</sup>O or <sup>14</sup>N<sup>14</sup>N<sup>17</sup>O; <i>m/z</i> = 46 = N<sub>2</sub>O = <sup>14</sup>N<sup>14</sup>N<sup>18</sup>O. The <sup>17</sup>O contributions to the <i>m/z</i> 44 and <i>m/z</i> 45 ion beams are accounted for before &delta;<sup>15</sup>N values are reported.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chapter 16 of Section C, Stable Isotope-Ratio Methods, Book 10, Methods of the Reston Stable Isotope Laboratory ","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/tm10C16","usgsCitation":"Coplen, T.B., Qi, H., Revesz, K., Casciotti, K., and Hannon, J.E., 2007, Determination of the &delta;<sup>15</sup>N of nitrate in water; RSIL lab code 2899 (Version 1.0 - 2007, Version 1.1 - September 2012): U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 10-C16, viii, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tm10C16.","productDescription":"viii, 35 p.","numberOfPages":"45","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":543,"text":"Reston Stable Isotope Laboratory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192128,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tm_10_C16.gif"},{"id":10069,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2006/tm10c16/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":261914,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2006/tm10c16/pdf/tm10c16.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0 - 2007, Version 1.1 - September 2012","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667577","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coplen, Tyler B. 0000-0003-4884-6008 tbcoplen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4884-6008","contributorId":508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coplen","given":"Tyler","email":"tbcoplen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":292087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Qi, Haiping 0000-0002-8339-744X haipingq@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8339-744X","contributorId":507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Qi","given":"Haiping","email":"haipingq@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":292086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Revesz, Kinga","contributorId":64285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Revesz","given":"Kinga","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Casciotti, Karen","contributorId":102153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casciotti","given":"Karen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hannon, Janet E. jehannon@usgs.gov","contributorId":3177,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hannon","given":"Janet","email":"jehannon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":292088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":80240,"text":"tm6E2 - 2007 - OPR-PPR, a computer program for assessing data importance to model predictions using linear statistics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-26T10:37:27","indexId":"tm6E2","displayToPublicDate":"2007-08-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"6-E2","title":"OPR-PPR, a computer program for assessing data importance to model predictions using linear statistics","docAbstract":"The OPR-PPR program calculates the Observation-Prediction (OPR) and Parameter-Prediction (PPR) statistics that can be used to evaluate the relative importance of various kinds of data to simulated predictions. The data considered fall into three categories: (1) existing observations, (2) potential observations, and (3) potential information about parameters. The first two are addressed by the OPR statistic; the third is addressed by the PPR statistic. The statistics are based on linear theory and measure the leverage of the data, which depends on the location, the type, and possibly the time of the data being considered. For example, in a ground-water system the type of data might be a head measurement at a particular location and time. As a measure of leverage, the statistics do not take into account the value of the measurement. As linear measures, the OPR and PPR statistics require minimal computational effort once sensitivities have been calculated. Sensitivities need to be calculated for only one set of parameter values; commonly these are the values estimated through model calibration. OPR-PPR can calculate the OPR and PPR statistics for any mathematical model that produces the necessary OPR-PPR input files. In this report, OPR-PPR capabilities are presented in the context of using the ground-water model MODFLOW-2000 and the universal inverse program UCODE_2005.\r\n\r\nThe method used to calculate the OPR and PPR statistics is based on the linear equation for prediction standard deviation. Using sensitivities and other information, OPR-PPR calculates (a) the percent increase in the prediction standard deviation that results when one or more existing observations are omitted from the calibration data set; (b) the percent decrease in the prediction standard deviation that results when one or more potential observations are added to the calibration data set; or (c) the percent decrease in the prediction standard deviation that results when potential information on one or more parameters is added.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chapter 2 of Book 6. Modeling Techniques, Section E. Model Analysis","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ","doi":"10.3133/tm6E2","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy","usgsCitation":"Tonkin, M.J., Tiedeman, C.R., Ely, D.M., and Hill, M.C., 2007, OPR-PPR, a computer program for assessing data importance to model predictions using linear statistics: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6-E2, viii, 115 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tm6E2.","productDescription":"viii, 115 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190836,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10059,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2007/tm6e2/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6adf20","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tonkin, Matthew J.","contributorId":26376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tonkin","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tiedeman, Claire R. 0000-0002-0128-3685 tiedeman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0128-3685","contributorId":196777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tiedeman","given":"Claire","email":"tiedeman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":292066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ely, D. Matthew","contributorId":100052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ely","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"Matthew","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hill, Mary C. mchill@usgs.gov","contributorId":974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Mary","email":"mchill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":292064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":80241,"text":"tm6A21 - 2007 - MODFLOW-2005, The U.S. Geological Survey Modular Ground-Water Model - Documentation of the Multiple-Refined-Areas Capability of Local Grid Refinement (LGR) and the Boundary Flow and Head (BFH) Package","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:07","indexId":"tm6A21","displayToPublicDate":"2007-08-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"6-A21","title":"MODFLOW-2005, The U.S. Geological Survey Modular Ground-Water Model - Documentation of the Multiple-Refined-Areas Capability of Local Grid Refinement (LGR) and the Boundary Flow and Head (BFH) Package","docAbstract":"This report documents the addition of the multiple-refined-areas capability to shared node Local Grid Refinement (LGR) and Boundary Flow and Head (BFH) Package of MODFLOW-2005, the U.S. Geological Survey modular, three-dimensional, finite-difference ground-water flow model. LGR now provides the capability to simulate ground-water flow by using one or more block-shaped, higher resolution local grids (child model) within a coarser grid (parent model). LGR accomplishes this by iteratively coupling separate MODFLOW-2005 models such that heads and fluxes are balanced across the shared interfacing boundaries. The ability to have multiple, nonoverlapping areas of refinement is important in situations where there is more than one area of concern within a regional model. In this circumstance, LGR can be used to simulate these distinct areas with higher resolution grids. LGR can be used in two-and three-dimensional, steady-state and transient simulations and for simulations of confined and unconfined ground-water systems. The BFH Package can be used to simulate these situations by using either the parent or child models independently.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chapter 21 of Book 6, Modeling Techniques, Section A, Ground Water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/tm6A21","collaboration":"A Product of the Ground-Water Resources Program, Prepared in Cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy","usgsCitation":"Mehl, S.W., and Hill, M.C., 2007, MODFLOW-2005, The U.S. Geological Survey Modular Ground-Water Model - Documentation of the Multiple-Refined-Areas Capability of Local Grid Refinement (LGR) and the Boundary Flow and Head (BFH) Package (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6-A21, v, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tm6A21.","productDescription":"v, 13 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123125,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tm_6_a21.gif"},{"id":10061,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2007/06A21/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db648d05","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mehl, Steffen W. swmehl@usgs.gov","contributorId":975,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mehl","given":"Steffen","email":"swmehl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":292069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, Mary C. mchill@usgs.gov","contributorId":974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Mary","email":"mchill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":292068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":80242,"text":"tm6E3 - 2007 - MMA, A Computer Code for Multi-Model Analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:19","indexId":"tm6E3","displayToPublicDate":"2007-08-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"6-E3","title":"MMA, A Computer Code for Multi-Model Analysis","docAbstract":"This report documents the Multi-Model Analysis (MMA) computer code. MMA can be used to evaluate results from alternative models of a single system using the same set of observations for all models. As long as the observations, the observation weighting, and system being represented are the same, the models can differ in nearly any way imaginable. For example, they may include different processes, different simulation software, different temporal definitions (for example, steady-state and transient models could be considered), and so on. The multiple models need to be calibrated by nonlinear regression. Calibration of the individual models needs to be completed before application of MMA.\r\n\r\nMMA can be used to rank models and calculate posterior model probabilities. These can be used to\r\n(1) determine the relative importance of the characteristics embodied in the alternative models,\r\n(2) calculate model-averaged parameter estimates and predictions, and\r\n(3) quantify the uncertainty of parameter estimates and predictions in a way that integrates the variations represented by the alternative models.\r\n\r\nThere is a lack of consensus on what model analysis methods are best, so MMA provides four default methods. Two are based on Kullback-Leibler information, and use the AIC (Akaike Information Criterion) or AICc (second-order-bias-corrected AIC) model discrimination criteria. The other two default methods are the BIC (Bayesian Information Criterion) and the KIC (Kashyap Information Criterion) model discrimination criteria. Use of the KIC criterion is equivalent to using the maximum-likelihood Bayesian model averaging (MLBMA) method. AIC, AICc, and BIC can be derived from Frequentist or Bayesian arguments. The default methods based on Kullback-Leibler information have a number of theoretical advantages, including that they tend to favor more complicated models as more data become available than do the other methods, which makes sense in many situations.\r\n\r\nMany applications of MMA will be well served by the default methods provided. To use the default methods, the only required input for MMA is a list of directories where the files for the alternate models are located.\r\n\r\nEvaluation and development of model-analysis methods are active areas of research. To facilitate exploration and innovation, MMA allows the user broad discretion to define alternatives to the default procedures. For example, MMA allows the user to (a) rank models based on model criteria defined using a wide range of provided and user-defined statistics in addition to the default AIC, AICc, BIC, and KIC criteria, (b) create their own criteria using model measures available from the code, and (c) define how each model criterion is used to calculate related posterior model probabilities.\r\n\r\nThe default model criteria rate models are based on model fit to observations, the number of observations and estimated parameters, and, for KIC, the Fisher information matrix. In addition, MMA allows the analysis to include an evaluation of estimated parameter values. This is accomplished by allowing the user to define unreasonable estimated parameter values or relative estimated parameter values. An example of the latter is that it may be expected that one parameter value will be less than another, as might be the case if two parameters represented the hydraulic conductivity of distinct materials such as fine and coarse sand. Models with parameter values that violate the user-defined conditions are excluded from further consideration by MMA.\r\n\r\nGround-water models are used as examples in this report, but MMA can be used to evaluate any set of models for which the required files have been produced.\r\n\r\nMMA needs to read files from a separate directory for each alternative model considered. The needed files are produced when using the Sensitivity-Analysis or Parameter-Estimation mode of UCODE_2005, or, possibly, the equivalent capability of another program.\r\n\r\nMMA is constructed using ","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chapter 3 of Book 6. Modeling Techniques, Section E. Model Analysis","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/tm6E3","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Department of Energy, and International Ground Water Modeling Center, Colorado School of Mines","usgsCitation":"Poeter, E.P., and Hill, M.C., 2007, MMA, A Computer Code for Multi-Model Analysis (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6-E3, x, 113 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tm6E3.","productDescription":"x, 113 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":120724,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tm_6_e3.gif"},{"id":10062,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2007/06E03/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db648c2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poeter, Eileen P.","contributorId":78805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poeter","given":"Eileen","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, Mary C. mchill@usgs.gov","contributorId":974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Mary","email":"mchill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":292070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":80233,"text":"tm10C17 - 2007 - Determination of the &delta;<sup>15</sup>N and &delta;<sup>18</sup>O of nitrate in water; RSIL lab code 2900","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-09-18T17:16:41","indexId":"tm10C17","displayToPublicDate":"2007-08-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"10-C17","title":"Determination of the &delta;<sup>15</sup>N and &delta;<sup>18</sup>O of nitrate in water; RSIL lab code 2900","docAbstract":"The purpose of the Reston Stable Isotope Laboratory (RSIL) lab code 2900 is to determine the &delta;<sup>15</sup>N and &delta;<sup>18</sup>O of nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>) in water. The &delta;<sup>15</sup>N and &delta;<sup>18</sup>O of the dissolved NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> are analyzed by converting the NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> to nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O), which serves as the analyte for mass spectrometry. A culture of denitrifying bacteria is used in the enzymatic conversion of the NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> to N<sub>2</sub>O, which follows the pathway shown in equation 1: <p>NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> &rarr; NO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> &rarr; NO &rarr; 1/2 N<sub>2</sub>O     (1)</p> Because the bacteria <i>Pseudomonas aureofaciens</i> lack N<sub>2</sub>O reductive activity, the reaction stops at N<sub>2</sub>O, unlike the typical denitrification reaction that goes to N<sub>2</sub>. After several hours, the conversion is complete, and the N<sub>2</sub>O is extracted from the vial, separated from volatile organic vapor and water vapor by an automated -65 &deg;C isopropanol-slush trap, a Nafion drier, a CO<sub>2</sub> and water removal unit (Costech #021020 carbon dioxide absorbent with Mg(ClO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>), and trapped in a small-volume trap immersed in liquid nitrogen with a modified Finnigan MAT (now Thermo Scientific) GasBench 2 introduction system. After the N<sub>2</sub>O is released, it is further purified by gas chromatography before introduction to the isotope-ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS). The IRMS is a Thermo Scientific Delta V Plus continuous flow IRMS (CF-IRMS). It has a universal triple collector, consisting of two wide cups with a narrow cup in the middle; it is capable of simultaneously measuring mass/charge (<i>m/z</i>) of the N<sub>2</sub>O molecule 44, 45, and 46. The ion beams from these <i>m/z</i> values are as follows: <i>m/z</i> = 44 = N<sub>2</sub>O = <sup>14</sup>N<sup>14</sup>N<sup>16</sup>O; <i>m/z</i> = 45 = N<sub>2</sub>O = <sup>14</sup>N<sup>15</sup>N<sup>16</sup>O or <sup>14</sup>N<sup>14</sup>N<sup>17</sup>O; <i>m/z</i> = 46 = N<sub>2</sub>O = <sup>14</sup>N<sup>14</sup>N<sup>18</sup>O. The <sup>17</sup>O contributions to the <i>m/z</i> 44 and <i>m/z</i> 45 ion beams are accounted for before &delta;<sup>15</sup>N values are reported.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chapter 17 of Section C: Stable Isotope-Ratio Methods, Book 10: Methods of the Reston Stable Isotope Laboratory","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/tm10C17","usgsCitation":"Coplen, T.B., Qi, H., Revesz, K., Casciotti, K., and Hannon, J.E., 2007, Determination of the &delta;<sup>15</sup>N and &delta;<sup>18</sup>O of nitrate in water; RSIL lab code 2900 (Version 1.0 - 2007, Version 1.1 - September 2012): U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 10-C17, viii, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tm10C17.","productDescription":"viii, 35 p.","numberOfPages":"45","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":543,"text":"Reston Stable Isotope Laboratory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190624,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tm_10_C17.gif"},{"id":10052,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2006/tm10c17/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":261915,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2006/tm10c17/pdf/tm10c17.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0 - 2007, Version 1.1 - September 2012","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667646","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coplen, Tyler B. 0000-0003-4884-6008 tbcoplen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4884-6008","contributorId":508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coplen","given":"Tyler","email":"tbcoplen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":292040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Qi, Haiping 0000-0002-8339-744X haipingq@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8339-744X","contributorId":507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Qi","given":"Haiping","email":"haipingq@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":292039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Revesz, Kinga","contributorId":64285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Revesz","given":"Kinga","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Casciotti, Karen","contributorId":102153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casciotti","given":"Karen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hannon, Janet E. jehannon@usgs.gov","contributorId":3177,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hannon","given":"Janet","email":"jehannon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":292041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":80232,"text":"tm10C12 - 2007 - Determination of the &delta;<sup>15</sup>N of nitrate in solids; RSIL lab code 2894","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-09-18T17:16:41","indexId":"tm10C12","displayToPublicDate":"2007-08-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"10-C12","title":"Determination of the &delta;<sup>15</sup>N of nitrate in solids; RSIL lab code 2894","docAbstract":"The purpose of the Reston Stable Isotope Laboratory (RSIL) lab code 2894 is to determine the &delta;<sup>15</sup>N of nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>) in solids. The nitrate fraction of the nitrogen species is dissolved by water (called leaching) and can be analyzed by the bacterial method covered in RSIL lab code 2899. After leaching, the &delta;<sup>15</sup>N of the dissolved NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> is analyzed by conversion of the NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> to nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O), which serves as the analyte for mass spectrometry. A culture of denitrifying bacteria is used in the enzymatic conversion of NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> to N<sub>2</sub>O, which follows the pathway shown in equation 1: <p>NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> &rarr; NO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> &rarr; NO &rarr; 1/2 N<sub>2</sub>O     (1)</p> Because the bacteria <i>Pseudomonas aureofaciens</i> lack N<sub>2</sub>O reductive activity, the reaction stops at N<sub>2</sub>O, unlike the typical denitrification reaction that goes to N<sub>2</sub>. After several hours, the conversion is complete, and the N<sub>2</sub>O is extracted from the vial, separated from volatile organic vapor and water vapor by an automated -65 &deg;C isopropanol-slush trap, a Nafion drier, a CO<sub>2</sub> and water removal unit (Costech #021020 carbon dioxide absorbent with Mg(ClO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>), and trapped in a small-volume trap immersed in liquid nitrogen with a modified Finnigan MAT (now Thermo Scientific) GasBench 2 introduction system. After the N<sub>2</sub>O is released, it is further purified by gas chromatography before introduction to the isotope-ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS). The IRMS is a Thermo Scientific Delta V Plus continuous flow IRMS (CF-IRMS). It has a universal triple collector, consisting of two wide cups with a narrow cup in the middle; it is capable of simultaneously measuring mass/charge (<i>m/z</i>) of the N<sub>2</sub>O molecule 44, 45, and 46. The ion beams from these <i>m/z</i> values are as follows: <i>m/z</i> = 44 = N<sub>2</sub>O = <sup>14</sup>N<sup>14</sup>N<sup>16</sup>O; <i>m/z</i> = 45 = N<sub>2</sub>O = <sup>14</sup>N<sup>15</sup>N<sup>16</sup>O or <sup>14</sup>N<sup>14</sup>N<sup>17</sup>O; <i>m/z</i> = 46 = N<sub>2</sub>O = <sup>14</sup>N<sup>14</sup>N<sup>18</sup>O. The <sup>17</sup>O contributions to the <i>m/z</i> 44 and <i>m/z</i> 45 ion beams are accounted for before &delta;<sup>15</sup>N values are reported.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chapter 12 of Section C: Stable Isotope-Ratio Methods, Book 10: Methods of the Reston Stable Isotope Laboratory","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/tm10C12","usgsCitation":"Coplen, T.B., Qi, H., Revesz, K., Casciotti, K., and Hannon, J.E., 2007, Determination of the &delta;<sup>15</sup>N of nitrate in solids; RSIL lab code 2894 (Version 1.0 - 2007, Version 1.1 - September 2012): U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 10-C12, viii, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tm10C12.","productDescription":"viii, 35 p.","numberOfPages":"45","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":543,"text":"Reston Stable Isotope Laboratory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192403,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tm_10_C12.gif"},{"id":10051,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2006/tm10c12/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":261912,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2006/tm10c12/pdf/tm10c12.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0 - 2007, Version 1.1 - September 2012","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667571","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coplen, Tyler B. 0000-0003-4884-6008 tbcoplen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4884-6008","contributorId":508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coplen","given":"Tyler","email":"tbcoplen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":292035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Qi, Haiping 0000-0002-8339-744X haipingq@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8339-744X","contributorId":507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Qi","given":"Haiping","email":"haipingq@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":292034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Revesz, Kinga","contributorId":64285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Revesz","given":"Kinga","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Casciotti, Karen","contributorId":102153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casciotti","given":"Karen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hannon, Janet E. jehannon@usgs.gov","contributorId":3177,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hannon","given":"Janet","email":"jehannon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":292036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":80231,"text":"tm10C14 - 2007 - Determination of the &delta;<sup>15</sup>N and  &delta;<sup>18</sup>O of nitrate in solids; RSIL lab code 2897","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-09-18T17:16:41","indexId":"tm10C14","displayToPublicDate":"2007-08-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"10-C14","title":"Determination of the &delta;<sup>15</sup>N and  &delta;<sup>18</sup>O of nitrate in solids; RSIL lab code 2897","docAbstract":"The purpose of the Reston Stable Isotope Laboratory (RSIL) lab code 2897 is to determine the &delta;<sup>15</sup>N and &delta;<sup>18</sup>O of nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>) in solids. The NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> fraction of the nitrogen species is dissolved by water (called leaching) and can be analyzed by the bacterial method covered in RSIL lab code 2900. After leaching, the &delta;<sup>15</sup>N and &delta;<sup>18</sup>O of the dissolved NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> is analyzed by conversion of the NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> to nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O), which serves as the analyte for mass spectrometry. A culture of denitrifying bacteria is used in the enzymatic conversion of NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> to N<sub>2</sub>O, which follows the pathway shown in equation 1: <p>NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> &rarr; NO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> &rarr; NO &rarr; 1/2 N<sub>2</sub>O     (1)</p> Because the bacteria <i>Pseudomonas aureofaciens</i> lack N<sub>2</sub>O reductive activity, the reaction stops at N<sub>2</sub>O, unlike the typical denitrification reaction that goes to N<sub>2</sub>. After several hours, the conversion is complete, and the N<sub>2</sub>O is extracted from the vial, separated from volatile organic vapor and water vapor by an automated -65 &deg;C isopropanol-slush trap, a Nafion drier, a CO<sub>2</sub> and water removal unit (Costech #021020 carbon dioxide absorbent with Mg(ClO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>), and trapped in a small-volume trap immersed in liquid nitrogen with a modified Finnigan MAT (now Thermo Scientific) GasBench 2 introduction system. After the N<sub>2</sub>O is released, it is further purified by gas chromatography before introduction to the isotope-ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS). The IRMS is a Thermo Scientific Delta V Plus continuous flow IRMS (CF-IRMS). It has a universal triple collector, consisting of two wide cups with a narrow cup in the middle; it is capable of simultaneously measuring mass/charge (<i>m/z</i>) of the N<sub>2</sub>O molecule 44, 45, and 46. The ion beams from these <i>m/z</i> values are as follows: <i>m/z</i> = 44 = N<sub>2</sub>O = <sup>14</sup>N<sup>14</sup>N<sup>16</sup>O; <i>m/z</i> = 45 = N<sub>2</sub>O = <sup>14</sup>N<sup>15</sup>N<sup>16</sup>O or <sup>14</sup>N<sup>14</sup>N<sup>17</sup>O; <i>m/z</i> = 46 = N<sub>2</sub>O = <sup>14</sup>N<sup>14</sup>N<sup>18</sup>O. The <sup>17</sup>O contributions to the <i>m/z</i> 44 and <i>m/z</i> 45 ion beams are accounted for before &delta;<sup>15</sup>N values are reported.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chapter 14 of Section C: Stable Isotope-Ratio Methods, Book 10: Methods of the Reston Stable Isotope Laboratory","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/tm10C14","usgsCitation":"Coplen, T.B., Qi, H., Revesz, K., Casciotti, K., and Hannon, J.E., 2007, Determination of the &delta;<sup>15</sup>N and  &delta;<sup>18</sup>O of nitrate in solids; RSIL lab code 2897 (Version 1.0 - 2007, Version 1.1 - September 2012): U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 10-C14, viii, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tm10C14.","productDescription":"viii, 36 p.","numberOfPages":"46","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":543,"text":"Reston Stable Isotope Laboratory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194705,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tm_10_C14.gif"},{"id":10050,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2006/tm10c14/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":261913,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2006/tm10c14/pdf/tm10c14.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0 - 2007, Version 1.1 - September 2012","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db66761a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coplen, Tyler B. 0000-0003-4884-6008 tbcoplen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4884-6008","contributorId":508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coplen","given":"Tyler","email":"tbcoplen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":292030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Qi, Haiping 0000-0002-8339-744X haipingq@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8339-744X","contributorId":507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Qi","given":"Haiping","email":"haipingq@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":292029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Revesz, Kinga","contributorId":64285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Revesz","given":"Kinga","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Casciotti, Karen","contributorId":102153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casciotti","given":"Karen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hannon, Janet E. jehannon@usgs.gov","contributorId":3177,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hannon","given":"Janet","email":"jehannon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":292031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":80221,"text":"sir20075088 - 2007 - Ground-water age and quality in the High Plains Aquifer near Seward, Nebraska, 2003-04","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-08-25T17:25:14.992719","indexId":"sir20075088","displayToPublicDate":"2007-08-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5088","displayTitle":"Ground-Water Age and Quality in the High Plains Aquifer near Seward, Nebraska, 2003-04","title":"Ground-water age and quality in the High Plains Aquifer near Seward, Nebraska, 2003-04","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the City of Seward, Nebraska, conducted a study of ground-water age and quality to improve understanding of: (1) traveltimes from recharge areas to public-supply wells, (2) the effects of geochemical reactions in the aquifer on water quality, and (3) how water quality has changed historically in response to land-use practices. Samples were collected from four supply wells in the Seward west well field and from nine monitoring wells along two approximate ground-water flow paths leading to the well field. Concentrations of three different chlorofluorocarbons (CFC-12, CFC-11, and CFC-113), sulfur hexafluoride (SF<sub>6</sub>), and ratios of tritium (<sup>3</sup>H) to helium-3 (<sup>3</sup>He) isotope derived from radioactive decay of 3H were used to determine the apparent recharge age of ground-water samples. Age interpretations were based primarily on <sup>3</sup>H/<sup>3</sup>He and CFC-12 data. Estimates of apparent ground-water age from tracer data were complicated by mixing of water of different ages in 10 of the 13 ground-water samples collected.</p><p>Apparent recharge dates of unmixed ground-water samples or mean recharge dates of young fractions of mixed water in samples collected from monitoring wells ranged from 1985 to 2002. For monitoring-well samples containing mixed water, the fraction of the sample composed of young water ranged from 26 to 77 percent of the sample. Apparent mean recharge dates of young fractions in samples collected from four supply wells in the Seward west well field ranged from about 1980 to 1990. Estimated fractions of the samples composed of young water ranged from 39 to 54 percent. It is implicit in the mixing calculations that the remainder of the sample that is not young water is composed of water that is more than 60 years old and contains no detectable quantities of modern atmospheric tracers. Estimated fractions of the mixed samples composed of \"old\" water ranged from 23 to 74 percent. Although alternative mixing models can be used to interpret the results, the mean age and mixing fractions from the primary mixing models used were fairly similar.</p><p>Relations of ground-water age and nitrate concentrations to depth were not consistent across the study area. In some well nests, more young water and nitrate were present near the bottom than in the middle of the aquifer. These results probably reflect pumping from irrigation and supply wells, which are screened primarily in the lower part of the aquifer, and draw younger water downward in the aquifer. Substantial mixing probably occurs because the aquifer is relatively thin (50 feet) and has a relatively high density of wells (about five pumping wells per square mile). The most reliable estimate of horizontal traveltimes based on differences in ground-water ages between a shallow monitoring well at the upgradient end of the northwest well transect and the deep well at the downgradient end of the well transect was 9 years to travel a distance of about 2 miles. The general similarity of ages at similar depths between different well nests is consistent with the fact that horizontal flow in the aquifer is relatively rapid.</p><p>Concentrations of nitrate (as nitrogen) in untreated ground-water samples from supply wells in the well field were larger than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Maximum Contaminant Level for drinking water of 10 mg/L (milligrams per liter), ranging from 11.3 to 13.5 mg/L. It is unlikely that nitrate concentrations in the aquifer near the Seward west well field are decreased by denitrification in the aquifer due to oxic geochemical conditions that preclude this reaction. Nitrate concentrations coupled with water recharge dates were compared to historical estimated fertilizer application in an attempt to reconstruct historical trends in ground-water nitrate concentrations and their relation to land-use practices. Nitrate concentrations in young-water fractions, after adjustment for mixing, may be decreasing over apparent recharge dates of 1980 to 2002, corresponding to a period of generally decreasing nitrogen fertilizer applications.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20075088","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Seward, Nebraska","usgsCitation":"Stanton, J.S., Landon, M.K., and Turco, M.J., 2007, Ground-water age and quality in the High Plains Aquifer near Seward, Nebraska, 2003-04: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5088, vi, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075088.","productDescription":"vi, 37 p.","costCenters":[{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190559,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":377851,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5088/pdf/SIR2007-5088.pdf"},{"id":10041,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5088/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nebraska","city":"Seward","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -97.25,40.85 ], [ -97.25,40.95 ], [ -97.08333333333333,40.95 ], [ -97.08333333333333,40.85 ], [ -97.25,40.85 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d652","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stanton, Jennifer S. 0000-0002-2520-753X jstanton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2520-753X","contributorId":830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanton","given":"Jennifer","email":"jstanton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":292007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Landon, Matthew K. 0000-0002-5766-0494 landon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-0494","contributorId":392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landon","given":"Matthew","email":"landon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":292006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Turco, Michael J. mjturco@usgs.gov","contributorId":1011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turco","given":"Michael","email":"mjturco@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":292008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":80227,"text":"sir20075036 - 2007 - The association of arsenic with redox conditions, depth, and ground-water age in the glacial aquifer system of the northern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-29T21:28:17.631695","indexId":"sir20075036","displayToPublicDate":"2007-08-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5036","title":"The association of arsenic with redox conditions, depth, and ground-water age in the glacial aquifer system of the northern United States","docAbstract":"More than 800 wells in the glacial aquifer system of the Northern United States were sampled for arsenic as part of U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) studies during 1991-2003. Elevated arsenic concentrations (greater than or equal to 10 micrograms per liter) were detected in 9 percent of samples.\r\n\r\nElevated arsenic concentrations were associated with strongly reducing conditions. Of the samples classified as iron reducing or sulfate reducing, arsenic concentrations were elevated in 19 percent. Of the methanogenic samples, arsenic concentrations were elevated in 45 percent. In contrast, concentrations of arsenic were elevated in only 1 percent of oxic samples.\r\n\r\nArsenic concentrations were also related to ground-water age. Elevated arsenic concentrations were detected in 34 percent of old waters (recharged before 1953) as compared to 4 percent of young waters (recharged since 1953). For samples classified as both old and methanogenic, elevated arsenic concentrations were detected in 62 percent of samples, as compared to 1 percent for samples classified as young and oxic.\r\n\r\nArsenic concentrations were also correlated with well depth and concentrations of several chemical constituents, including (1) constituents linked to redox processes and (2) anions or oxyanions that sorb to iron oxides.\r\n\r\nObservations from the glacial aquifer system are consistent with the idea that the predominant source of arsenic is iron oxides and the predominant mechanism for releasing arsenic to the ground water is reductive desorption or reductive dissolution. Arsenic is also released from iron oxides under oxic conditions, but on a more limited basis and at lower concentrations.\r\n\r\nLogistic regression was used to investigate the relative significance of redox, ground-water age, depth, and other water-quality constituents as indicators of elevated arsenic concentrations in the glacial aquifer system. The single variable that explained the greatest amount of variation in the data was redox. Multivariate models that included a redox variable overestimated the percentage of samples with elevated arsenic concentrations because, even though elevated arsenic concentrations were associated with strongly reducing samples, not all strongly reducing samples had elevated arsenic concentrations.\r\n\r\nArsenic concentrations and redox conditions differed among four broad areas of the glacial aquifer system. For the East, Central, and West-Central north areas, there was a trend of increasing arsenic concentrations that corresponded to an increase in reducing conditions. For the West-Central south area, arsenic concentrations in oxic samples were higher than for the other areas, possibly because of high concentrations of orthophosphate, which is linked to desorption of arsenic from iron oxides under oxic conditions.\r\n\r\nThe observed differences in arsenic concentrations among broad areas of the glacial aquifer system were generally consistent with a conceptual model developed by Smedley and Kinniburg, who studied or reviewed studies of widespread arsenic contamination in Bangladesh, India, China, Vietnam, Hungary, Argentina, northern Chile and the Southwestern United States.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20075036","usgsCitation":"Thomas, M.A., 2007, The association of arsenic with redox conditions, depth, and ground-water age in the glacial aquifer system of the northern United States: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5036, vi, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075036.","productDescription":"vi, 26 p.","costCenters":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192075,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":409824,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_81597.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":10047,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5036/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -100,\n              48.0667\n            ],\n            [\n              -100,\n              38\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.75,\n              38\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.75,\n              48.0667\n            ],\n            [\n              -100,\n              48.0667\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602b2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, Mary Ann mathomas@usgs.gov","contributorId":2536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"Mary","email":"mathomas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Ann","affiliations":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":292023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":80226,"text":"ofr20071123 - 2007 - Magnetotelluric Data, Mid Valley, Nevada Test Site, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:08","indexId":"ofr20071123","displayToPublicDate":"2007-08-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1123","title":"Magnetotelluric Data, Mid Valley, Nevada Test Site, Nevada","docAbstract":"Introduction\r\n\r\nThe United States Department of Energy (DOE) and the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) at their Nevada Site Office (NSO) are addressing ground-water contamination resulting from historical underground nuclear testing through the Environmental Management (EM) program and, in particular, the Underground Test Area (UGTA) project.\r\n\r\nOne issue of concern is the nature of the somewhat poorly constrained pre-Tertiary geology and its effects on ground-water flow. Ground-water modelers would like to know more about the hydrostratigraphy and geologic structure to support a hydrostratigraphic framework model that is under development for the Rainier Mesa/Shoshone Mountain Corrective Action Unit (CAU).\r\n\r\nDuring 2003, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the DOE and NNSA-NSO, collected and processed data at the Nevada Test Site in and near Yucca Flat (YF) to help define the character, thickness, and lateral extent of the pre-Tertiary confining units. We collected 51 magnetotelluric (MT) and audio-magnetotelluric (AMT), stations for that research. In early 2005 we extended that research with 26 additional MT data stations, located on and near Rainier Mesa and Shoshone Mountain (RM-SM). The new stations extended the area of the hydrogeologic study previously conducted in Yucca Flat. This work was done to help refine what is known about the character, thickness, and lateral extent of pre-Tertiary confining units. In particular, a major goal was to define the upper clastic confining unit (UCCU). The UCCU is comprised of late Devonian to Mississippian siliciclastic rocks assigned to the Eleana Formation and Chainman Shale. The UCCU underlies the Yucca Flat area and extends westward towards Shoshone Mountain, southward to Buckboard Mesa, and northward to Rainier Mesa. Late in 2005 we collected another 14 MT stations in Mid Valley and in northern Yucca Flat basin. That work was done to better determine the extent and thickness of the UCCU near the southeastern RM-SM CAU boundary with the southwestern YF CAU, and also in the northern YF CAU. The purpose of this report is to release the MT data at those 14 stations. No interpretation of the data is included here.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071123","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration Nevada Site Office, Office of Environmental Management","usgsCitation":"Williams, J.M., Wallin, E.L., Rodriguez, B.D., Lindsey, C.R., and Sampson, J.A., 2007, Magnetotelluric Data, Mid Valley, Nevada Test Site, Nevada (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1123, 137 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071123.","productDescription":"137 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192484,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10046,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1123/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db6493cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, Jackie M.","contributorId":11217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Jackie","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wallin, Erin L.","contributorId":70066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallin","given":"Erin","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rodriguez, Brian D. 0000-0002-2263-611X brod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2263-611X","contributorId":836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"Brian","email":"brod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":292018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lindsey, Charles R.","contributorId":102963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindsey","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sampson, Jay A.","contributorId":13939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sampson","given":"Jay","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":80223,"text":"sir20075107 - 2007 - Two-Dimensional Flood-Inundation Model of the Flint River at Albany, Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-17T09:48:16","indexId":"sir20075107","displayToPublicDate":"2007-08-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5107","title":"Two-Dimensional Flood-Inundation Model of the Flint River at Albany, Georgia","docAbstract":"Potential flow characteristics of future flooding along a 4.8-mile reach of the Flint River in Albany, Georgia, were simulated using recent digital-elevation-model data and the U.S. Geological Survey finite-element surface-water modeling system for two-dimensional flow in the horizontal plane (FESWMS-2DH). Simulated inundated areas, in 1-foot (ft) increments, were created for water-surface altitudes at the Flint River at Albany streamgage (02352500) from 192.5-ft altitude with a flow of 123,000 cubic feet per second (ft3/s) to 179.5-ft altitude with a flow of 52,500 ft3/s. The model was calibrated to match actual floods during July 1994 and March 2005 and Federal Emergency Management Administration floodplain maps. Continuity checks of selected stream profiles indicate the area near the Oakridge Drive bridge had lower velocities than other areas of the Flint River, which contributed to a rise in the flood-surface profile. The modeled inundated areas were mapped onto monochrome orthophoto imagery for use in planning for future floods. As part of a cooperative effort, the U.S. Geological Survey, the City of Albany, and Dougherty County, Georgia, conducted this study.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20075107","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Albany, Georgia, and Dougherty County, Georgia","usgsCitation":"Musser, J.W., and Dyar, T.R., 2007, Two-Dimensional Flood-Inundation Model of the Flint River at Albany, Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5107, vi, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075107.","productDescription":"vi, 44 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125735,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2007_5107.jpg"},{"id":10043,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5107/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","city":"Albany","otherGeospatial":"Flint River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -84.18333333333334,31.533333333333335 ], [ -84.18333333333334,31.616666666666667 ], [ -84.11666666666666,31.616666666666667 ], [ -84.11666666666666,31.533333333333335 ], [ -84.18333333333334,31.533333333333335 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2fe4b07f02db6165b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Musser, Jonathan W. 0000-0002-3543-0807 jwmusser@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3543-0807","contributorId":2266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Musser","given":"Jonathan","email":"jwmusser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":292011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dyar, Thomas R.","contributorId":61911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dyar","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":80216,"text":"ds249 - 2007 - Geologic map of Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-29T22:21:42.451829","indexId":"ds249","displayToPublicDate":"2007-08-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"249","title":"Geologic map of Nevada","docAbstract":"The purpose of the Geologic Map of Nevada is to provide an integrated set of digital geologic information that can be used for regional geologic and rigorous spatial analysis. Two components of this map represent new information that has not been published in this form before. The new geology layer was created by merging into a single file individual digital Nevada county geologic maps (Hess and Johnson, 1997), published at a scale of 1:250,000. A new regional interpretation was created to unify all of the different county rock units, and then appropriate edits and modifications were made to the file to reflect additional geologic information and more current geologic interpretations. All possible sources of information were not utilized in the scope of this project, but rather the goal was to create a consistent Statewide 1:250,000-scale map that would facilitate regional geologic interpretation and be a foundation for future spatial analyses of digital data. Secondly, a new database of conodont biostratigraphic data compiled and analyzed by Anita Harris is also incorporated into the map. Information about many, but not all, of these conodont samples have been published separately elsewhere over the years, but they have not been presented together in a single digital database. Other previously published data layers are used in this map to enhance the usefulness of the geologic information. These layers include mineral deposit locations, oil well locations, and cartographic layers such as county boundaries, roads, towns, cities, rivers, water bodies, township, range and section grids, quadrangle grids, and topography. A summary of these components is given below, and complete descriptions of each layer are provided in the digital metadata.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds249","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology","usgsCitation":"Crafford, A.E., 2007, Geologic map of Nevada (Version 1.1): U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 249, Pamphlet: iv, 46 p.; 1 Plate: 51 x 28 inches; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds249.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: iv, 46 p.; 1 Plate: 51 x 28 inches; Downloads Directory","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192211,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds249.PNG"},{"id":110737,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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Elizabeth Jones","contributorId":19242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crafford","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"Elizabeth Jones","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":80211,"text":"ds280 - 2007 - Strontium Isotopic Composition of Paleozoic Carbonate Rocks in the Nevada Test Site Vicinity, Clark, Lincoln, and Nye Counties, Nevada, and Inyo County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:21","indexId":"ds280","displayToPublicDate":"2007-08-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"280","title":"Strontium Isotopic Composition of Paleozoic Carbonate Rocks in the Nevada Test Site Vicinity, Clark, Lincoln, and Nye Counties, Nevada, and Inyo County, California","docAbstract":"Ground water moving through permeable Paleozoic carbonate rocks represents the most likely pathway for migration of radioactive contaminants from nuclear weapons testing at the Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada. The strontium isotopic composition (87Sr/86Sr) of ground water offers a useful means of testing hydrochemical models of regional flow involving advection and reaction. However, reaction models require knowledge of 87Sr/86Sr data for carbonate rock in the Nevada Test Site vicinity, which is scarce. To fill this data gap, samples of core or cuttings were selected from 22 boreholes at depth intervals from which water samples had been obtained previously around the Nevada Test Site at Yucca Flat, Frenchman Flat, Rainier Mesa, and Mercury Valley. Dilute acid leachates of these samples were analyzed for a suite of major- and trace-element concentrations (MgO, CaO, SiO2, Al2O3, MnO, Rb, Sr, Th, and U) as well as for 87Sr/86Sr. Also presented are unpublished analyses of 114 Paleozoic carbonate samples from outcrops, road cuts, or underground sites in the Funeral Mountains, Bare Mountain, Striped Hills, Specter Range, Spring Mountains, and ranges east of the Nevada Test Site measured in the early 1990's. These data originally were collected to evaluate the potential for economic mineral deposition at the potential high-level radioactive waste repository site at Yucca Mountain and adjacent areas (Peterman and others, 1994). Samples were analyzed for a suite of trace elements (Rb, Sr, Zr, Ba, La, and Ce) in bulk-rock powders, and 87Sr/86Sr in partial digestions of carbonate rock using dilute acid or total digestions of silicate-rich rocks. Pre-Tertiary core samples from two boreholes in the central or western part of the Nevada Test Site also were analyzed. Data are presented in tables and summarized in graphs; however, no attempt is made to interpret results with respect to ground-water flow paths in this report. Present-day 87Sr/86Sr values are compared to values for Paleozoic seawater present at the time of deposition. Many of the samples have 87Sr/86Sr compositions that remain relatively unmodified from expected seawater values. However, rocks underlying the northern Nevada Test Site as well as rocks exposed at Bare Mountain commonly have elevated 87Sr/86Sr values derived from post-depositional addition of radiogenic Sr most likely from fluids circulating through rubidium-rich Paleozoic strata or Precambrian basement rocks.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ds280","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration Nevada Site Office, Office of Environmental Management","usgsCitation":"Paces, J.B., Peterman, Z., Futo, K., Oliver, T.A., and Marshall, B.D., 2007, Strontium Isotopic Composition of Paleozoic Carbonate Rocks in the Nevada Test Site Vicinity, Clark, Lincoln, and Nye Counties, Nevada, and Inyo County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 280, vi, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds280.","productDescription":"vi, 43 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":191952,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10029,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2007/280/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"250000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117,36.083333333333336 ], [ -117,37.5 ], [ -115.16666666666667,37.5 ], [ -115.16666666666667,36.083333333333336 ], [ -117,36.083333333333336 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4b66","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paces, James B. 0000-0002-9809-8493 jbpaces@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9809-8493","contributorId":2514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paces","given":"James","email":"jbpaces@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":291986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterman, Zell E. 0000-0002-5694-8082 peterman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5694-8082","contributorId":620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterman","given":"Zell E.","email":"peterman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":291985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Futo, Kiyoto","contributorId":31265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Futo","given":"Kiyoto","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Oliver, Thomas A. 0000-0002-6455-1114 taoliver@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6455-1114","contributorId":2957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oliver","given":"Thomas","email":"taoliver@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":291987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Marshall, Brian D. 0000-0002-8093-0093 bdmarsha@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8093-0093","contributorId":520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marshall","given":"Brian","email":"bdmarsha@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":291984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":80206,"text":"sir20075128 - 2007 - Effects of ground-water withdrawal on Kaunakakai Stream environmental restoration plan, Molokai, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-11T22:57:11.079297","indexId":"sir20075128","displayToPublicDate":"2007-08-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5128","displayTitle":"Effects of ground-water withdrawal on Kaunakakai Stream environmental restoration plan, Moloka`i, Hawai`i","title":"Effects of ground-water withdrawal on Kaunakakai Stream environmental restoration plan, Molokai, Hawaii","docAbstract":"The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, in cooperation with the County of Maui Department of Public Works and Environmental Management, has proposed to construct 2.75 acres of shallow ponds and mudflats near the mouth of Kaunakakai Stream, Moloka`i, Hawai`i to restore habitat for the endangered native Hawaiian Stilt. Kaunakakai Stream is ephemeral upstream from the habitat-restoration site. Where the pond and wetland bottoms are below the water table, the ponds and wetland will be sustained by ground-water discharge during dry-weather conditions. Because ground water is the main source of water for the proposed ponds and wetland, a reduction of ground-water levels and discharge near the mouth of Kaunakakai Stream will have an effect on the availability of habitat.\r\n\r\nIn response to concerns about the possible effects of ground-water withdrawal on the habitat restoration project near the mouth of Kaunakakai Stream, the U.S. Geological Survey undertook the present investigation to estimate, using an existing numerical ground-water-flow model, the changes in ground-water level and coastal discharge caused by redistributed and additional ground-water withdrawals. Steady-state water-level and coastal-discharge changes, relative to recent base-case conditions, were estimated for each of six withdrawal scenarios. Redistributed and additional ground-water withdrawals in the six scenarios were simulated from selected sites in the area between Kualapu`u and `Ualapu`e. For the scenarios tested, model results indicate that withdrawals from existing and proposed wells cause a water-level decline of about 0.1 ft in the vicinity of the Kaunakakai habitat-restoration site. In addition, model results indicate a reduction of ground-water discharge, ranging from 98,000 to 170,000 gal/d, to the model element containing the habitat-restoration site, although the existing spatial discretization in the model is too coarse to reliably estimate the reduction of ground-water discharge to the stream. Reduction in discharge to the habitat-restoration site is likely less than the total indicated by the model element because the site covers a small fraction (about 5 percent) of the area of a model element.\r\n\r\nGround-water-level declines near the habitat-restoration site will reduce (1) the available wetted habitat area by an amount that is dependent on the bottom slope of the ponds near their edges, (2) the maximum water depth of the ponds by about 0.1 ft, and (3) the average water depth by an amount that is dependent on the bottom shape of the ponds. The salinity of ground-water discharging into the wetland area likely will increase by an unknown amount in response to increased withdrawals upgradient from the site. A numerical model capable of simulating density-dependent flow and transport is needed to evaluate the effects of withdrawal on salinity in the area.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20075128","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and County of Maui Department of Public Works and Environmental Management","usgsCitation":"Oki, D.S., 2007, Effects of ground-water withdrawal on Kaunakakai Stream environmental restoration plan, Molokai, Hawaii (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5128, vi, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075128.","productDescription":"vi, 25 p.","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423423,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_81556.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":10018,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5128/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":195386,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","otherGeospatial":"Moloka'i","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -157.27888737162894,\n              21.241718641693097\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.32462227943117,\n              21.12182228095908\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.31596972930637,\n              21.081489282071615\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.1945250079129,\n              21.083796615858354\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.05577518626995,\n              21.082644349573158\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.87499869259278,\n              21.03188916179439\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.76097044273482,\n              21.071112177440483\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.70596494551336,\n              21.12299237568955\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.70411082762942,\n              21.176035530162295\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.77997515104437,\n              21.194611951292046\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.8558394744593,\n              21.183234308424915\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.96631399837318,\n              21.229473636446258\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.0248732215388,\n              21.215793483361438\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.27888737162894,\n              21.241718641693097\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae2e4b07f02db688ced","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oki, Delwyn S. 0000-0002-6913-8804 dsoki@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6913-8804","contributorId":1901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oki","given":"Delwyn","email":"dsoki@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":291975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":80202,"text":"sir20075052 - 2007 - Simulation of Surface-Water Conditions in the Nontidal Passaic River Basin, New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:19","indexId":"sir20075052","displayToPublicDate":"2007-08-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5052","title":"Simulation of Surface-Water Conditions in the Nontidal Passaic River Basin, New Jersey","docAbstract":"The Passaic River Basin, the third largest drainage basin in New Jersey, encompasses 950 mi2 (square miles) in the highly urbanized area outside New York City, with a population of 2 million. Water quality in the basin is affected by many natural and anthropogenic factors. Nutrient loading to the Wanaque Reservoir in the northern part of the basin is of particular concern and is caused partly by the diversion of water at two downstream intakes that is transferred back upstream to refill the reservoir. The larger of these diversions, Wanaque South intake, is on the lower Pompton River near Two Bridges, New Jersey. To support the development of a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) for nutrients in the nontidal part of the basin (805 mi2), a water-quality transport model was needed. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and New Jersey EcoComplex, developed a flow-routing model to provide the hydraulic inputs to the water-quality model.\r\n\r\nThe Diffusion Analogy Flow model (DAFLOW) described herein was designed for integration with the Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program (WASP) watershed water-quality model. The flow routing model was used to simulate flow in 108 miles of the Passaic River and major tributaries. Flow data from U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging stations represent most of the model's upstream boundaries. Other model inputs include estimated flows for ungaged tributaries and unchanneled drainage along the mainstem, and reported flows for major point-source discharges and diversions. The former flows were calibrated using the drainage-area ratio method. The simulation extended over a 4+ year period representing a range in flow conditions. Simulated channel cross-sectional geometry in the DAFLOW model was calibrated using several different approaches by adjusting area and top width parameters. The model also was calibrated to observed flows for water year 2001 (low flow) at five mainstem gaging stations and one station at which flow was estimated. The model's target range was medium to low flows--the range of typical intake operations. Simulated flow mass balance, hydrographs (flood-wave speed, attenuation, and spread), flow-duration curves, and velocity and depth values were compared to observed counterparts. Mass balance and hydrograph fit were evaluated quantitatively.\r\n\r\nSimulation results generally were within the accuracy of the flow data at the measurement stations. The model was validated to observed flows for water years 2000 (average flow), 2002 (extreme low flow), and 2003 (high flow). Results for 19 of 20 comparisons indicate average mass-balance and model-fit errors of 6.6 and 15.7 percent, respectively, indicating that the model reasonably represents the time variation of streamflow in the nontidal Passaic River Basin.\r\n\r\nAn algorithm (subroutine) also was developed for DAFLOW to simulate the hydraulic mixing that occurs near the Wanaque South intake upstream from the confluence of the Pompton and Passaic Rivers. The intake draws water from multiple sources, including effluent from a nearby wastewater-treatment plant, all of which have different phosphorus loads. The algorithm determines the proportion of flow from each source and operates within a narrow flow range. The equations used in the algorithm are based on the theory of diffusion and lateral mixing in rivers. Parameters used in the equations were estimated from limited available local flow and water-quality data. As expected, simulation results for water years 2000, 2001, and 2003 indicate that most of the water drawn to the intake comes from the Pompton River; however, during many short periods of low flow and high diversion, particularly in water year 2002, entrainment of the other flow sources compensated for the insufficient flow in the Pompton River.\r\n\r\nAs additional verification of the flow model used in the water-quality model, a Branched Lagrangian Transport Model (B","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20075052","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the N.J. Department of Environmental Protection and N.J. EcoComplex","usgsCitation":"Spitz, F.J., 2007, Simulation of Surface-Water Conditions in the Nontidal Passaic River Basin, New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5052, viii, 68 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075052.","productDescription":"viii, 68 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192501,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10013,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5052/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -74.66666666666667,40.583333333333336 ], [ -74.66666666666667,41.416666666666664 ], [ -74,41.416666666666664 ], [ -74,40.583333333333336 ], [ -74.66666666666667,40.583333333333336 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f8e4b07f02db5f2f9e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spitz, Frederick J. 0000-0002-1391-2127 fspitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1391-2127","contributorId":2777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spitz","given":"Frederick","email":"fspitz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":291967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":80199,"text":"ofr20071210 - 2007 - Rapid Method for Escherichia coli in the Cuyahoga River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:18","indexId":"ofr20071210","displayToPublicDate":"2007-08-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1210","title":"Rapid Method for Escherichia coli in the Cuyahoga River","docAbstract":"This study is a continuation of a previous U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) project in cooperation with the National Park Service at Cuyahoga Valley National Park in Brecksville, Ohio. A rapid (1-hour) method for detecting Escherichia coli (E. coli) in water was tested and compared to the standard (24-hour) method for determining E. coli concentrations. Environmental data were collected to determine turbidity, rainfall, and streamflow at the time of sampling. In the previous study (2004-5), data collected were used to develop predictive models to determine recreational water quality in the river at two sites within the park. Data collected during this continued study (2006) were used to test these models. At Jaite, a centrally located site within the park, the model correctly predicted exceedances or nonexceedances of the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency maximum for recreational water quality in 80 percent of samples. At Old Portage, a site near the upstream boundary of the park, the model correctly predicted recreational water quality in 58 percent of samples. All of the data collected in 2004-6 will be used to develop more accurate models for use in future studies. Analysis and discussion of model results are scheduled to be included in an upcoming USGS Scientific Investigations Report.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071210","collaboration":"In Cooperation With Cuyahoga Valley National Park and the Lake Erie Protection Fund","usgsCitation":"Brady, A., 2007, Rapid Method for Escherichia coli in the Cuyahoga River: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1210, iv, 5 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071210.","productDescription":"iv, 5 p.","costCenters":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":191381,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10010,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1210/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b42e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brady, Amie M. G.","contributorId":29774,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brady","given":"Amie M. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70171372,"text":"70171372 - 2007 - Sensitivity of mottled sculpins (Cottus bairdi) and rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) to acute and chronic toxicity of cadmium, copper, and zinc","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-27T16:04:27","indexId":"70171372","displayToPublicDate":"2007-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sensitivity of mottled sculpins (Cottus bairdi) and rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) to acute and chronic toxicity of cadmium, copper, and zinc","docAbstract":"<p><span>Studies of fish communities of streams draining mining areas suggest that sculpins (</span><i>Cottus</i><span>&nbsp;spp.) may be more sensitive than salmonids to adverse effects of metals. We compared the toxicity of zinc, copper, and cadmium to mottled sculpin (</span><i>C. bairdi</i><span>) and rainbow trout (</span><i>Onchorhynchus mykiss</i><span>) in laboratory toxicity tests. Acute (96-h) and early life-stage chronic (21- or 28-d) toxicity tests were conducted with rainbow trout and with mottled sculpins from populations in Minnesota and Missouri, USA, in diluted well water (hardness = 100 mg/L as CaCO</span><span>3</span><span>). Acute and chronic toxicity of metals to newly hatched and swim-up stages of mottled sculpins differed between the two source populations. Differences between populations were greatest for copper, with chronic toxicity values (ChV = geometric mean of lowest-observed-effect concentration and no-observed-effect concentration) of 4.4 &mu;g/L for Missouri sculpins and 37 &mu;g/L for Minnesota sculpins. Cadmium toxicity followed a similar trend, but differences between sculpin populations were less marked, with ChVs of 1.1 &mu;g/L (Missouri) and 1.9 &mu;g/L (Minnesota). Conversely, zinc was more toxic to Minnesota sculpins (ChV = 75 &mu;g/L) than Missouri sculpins (chronic ChV = 219 &mu;g/L). Species-average acute and chronic toxicity values for mottled sculpins were similar to or lower than those for rainbow trout and indicated that mottled sculpins were among the most sensitive aquatic species to toxicity of all three metals. Our results indicate that current acute and chronic water quality criteria for cadmium, copper, and zinc adequately protect rainbow trout but may not adequately protect some populations of mottled sculpins. Proposed water quality criteria for copper based on the biotic ligand model would be protective of both sculpin populations tested.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1897/06-571R.1","usgsCitation":"Besser, J.M., Mebane, C.A., Mount, D.R., Ivey, C.D., Kunz, J.L., Greer, I.E., May, T.W., and Ingersoll, C.G., 2007, Sensitivity of mottled sculpins (Cottus bairdi) and rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) to acute and chronic toxicity of cadmium, copper, and zinc: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 26, no. 8, p. 1657-1665, https://doi.org/10.1897/06-571R.1.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1657","endPage":"1665","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476888,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1897/06-571r.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":321843,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota, Missouri","otherGeospatial":"Lester River, Clear Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -92.08328247070312,\n              47.03550255150042\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.19589233398436,\n              46.98493679163584\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.20962524414062,\n              46.93244765730184\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.2357177734375,\n              46.813218976041945\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.16156005859375,\n              46.74738913515841\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.88140869140625,\n              46.90618378014763\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.08328247070312,\n              47.03550255150042\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -91.4227294921875,\n              39.918162846609455\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.7578125,\n              39.91605629078665\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.86767578124999,\n              39.905522539728544\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.82647705078125,\n              39.631076770083666\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.35406494140625,\n              39.71352536237346\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.3897705078125,\n              39.80009595634841\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.45843505859375,\n              39.85282948915942\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.43920898437499,\n              39.89709437260048\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.4227294921875,\n              39.918162846609455\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"26","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57496fb4e4b07e28b665cca6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Besser, John M. 0000-0002-9464-2244 jbesser@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9464-2244","contributorId":2073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Besser","given":"John","email":"jbesser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":630759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mebane, Christopher A. 0000-0002-9089-0267 cmebane@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9089-0267","contributorId":110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mebane","given":"Christopher","email":"cmebane@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":630760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mount, David R.","contributorId":150725,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mount","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":18078,"text":"U. 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Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Duluth, Minnesota","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":630761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ivey, Chris D. 0000-0002-0485-7242 civey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0485-7242","contributorId":3308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivey","given":"Chris","email":"civey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":630762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kunz, James L. 0000-0002-1027-158X jkunz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1027-158X","contributorId":3309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunz","given":"James","email":"jkunz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":630763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Greer, I. 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,{"id":80165,"text":"gip54 - 2007 - Sand waves at the mouth of San Francisco Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-27T09:22:29","indexId":"gip54","displayToPublicDate":"2007-07-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":315,"text":"General Information Product","code":"GIP","onlineIssn":"2332-354X","printIssn":"2332-3531","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"54","title":"Sand waves at the mouth of San Francisco Bay, California","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Geological Survey; California State University, Monterey Bay; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; and Center for Integrative Coastal Observation, Research and Education partnered to map central San Francisco Bay and its entrance under the Golden Gate Bridge using multibeam echosounders.</p>\n<br>\n<p>View eastward, through the Golden Gate into central San Francisco Bay. Depth of sea floor color coded: red (less than 10 m deep) to purple (more than 100 m deep). Land from USGS digital orthophotographs (DOQs) overlaid on USGS digital elevation models (DEMs). Sand waves in this view average 6 m in height and 80 m from crest to crest. Golden Gate Bridge is about 2 km long. Vertical exaggeration is approximately 4x for sea floor, 2x for land.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/gip54","usgsCitation":"Gibbons, H., and Barnard, P., 2007, Sand waves at the mouth of San Francisco Bay, California (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey General Information Product 54, Postcard, https://doi.org/10.3133/gip54.","productDescription":"Postcard","costCenters":[{"id":645,"text":"Western Coastal and Marine Geology","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125710,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/gip_54.jpg"},{"id":9976,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/2007/54/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":293059,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/2007/54/GIP-54_Sand_Waves_postcard.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.522833,37.445189 ], [ -122.522833,38.144192 ], [ -122.036897,38.144192 ], [ -122.036897,37.445189 ], [ -122.522833,37.445189 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fdc74","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gibbons, Helen hgibbons@usgs.gov","contributorId":912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibbons","given":"Helen","email":"hgibbons@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":291893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barnard, Patrick L.","contributorId":54936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnard","given":"Patrick L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":80159,"text":"ofr20071034 - 2007 - Initial Everglades Depth Estimation Network (EDEN) digital elevation model research and development","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-15T15:27:15.460244","indexId":"ofr20071034","displayToPublicDate":"2007-07-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1034","title":"Initial Everglades Depth Estimation Network (EDEN) digital elevation model research and development","docAbstract":"<p>The Everglades Depth Estimation Network (EDEN) offers a consistent and documented dataset that can be used to guide large-scale field operations, to integrate hydrologic and ecological responses, and to support biological and ecological assessments that measure ecosystem responses to the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (Telis, 2006). To produce historic and near-real time maps of water depths, the EDEN requires a system-wide digital elevation model (DEM) of the ground surface. Accurate Everglades wetland ground surface elevation data were non-existent before the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) undertook the collection of highly accurate surface elevations at the regional scale. These form the foundation for EDEN DEM development. This development process is iterative as additional high accuracy elevation data (HAED) are collected, water surfacing algorithms improve, and additional ground-based ancillary data become available. Models are tested using withheld HAED and independently measured water depth data, and by using DEM data in EDEN adaptive management applications. Here the collection of HAED is briefly described before the approach to DEM development and the current EDEN DEM are detailed. Finally future research directions for continued model development, testing, and refinement are provided.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071034","usgsCitation":"Initial Everglades Depth Estimation Network (EDEN) Digital Elevation Model Research and Development; 2007; OFR; 2007-1034; Jones, John W.; Price, Susan D.","productDescription":"xi, 18 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194433,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1034/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":9970,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1034/ofr20071034.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.76 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2007-1034"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Everglades","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -80.11862740583817,\n              26.70489837770232\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.81504185065552,\n              26.70489837770232\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.81504185065552,\n              25.09416821042484\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.11862740583817,\n              25.09416821042484\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.11862740583817,\n              26.70489837770232\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","edition":"Revised and Reprinted in 2007","contact":"<p><a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/car-fl-water\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/car-fl-water\">Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>3321 College Avenue<br>Davie, FL 33314</p><p><a href=\"../contact\" data-mce-href=\"../contact\">Contact Pubs Warehouse</a></p>","publishedDate":"2007-07-31","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-07-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8f2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, John W. 0000-0001-6117-3691 jwjones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6117-3691","contributorId":2220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"John","email":"jwjones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":37786,"text":"WMA - Observing Systems Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":291875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Price, Susan D. sprice@usgs.gov","contributorId":3825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Price","given":"Susan","email":"sprice@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":291876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
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