{"pageNumber":"939","pageRowStart":"23450","pageSize":"25","recordCount":46734,"records":[{"id":70006930,"text":"70006930 - 2005 - Nomenclature of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes for Oncorhynchus mykiss","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-29T15:07:34.714599","indexId":"70006930","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Nomenclature of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes for Oncorhynchus mykiss","title":"Nomenclature of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes for Oncorhynchus mykiss","docAbstract":"

Congruence of genetic data is critical for comparative and collaborative studies on natural fish populations. A comprehensive list of reported mitochrondrial DNA haplotypes for Oncorhynchus mykiss generated using the S‐Phe/P2 primer set is presented as a resource for future investigations of this species.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","publisherLocation":"Philadelphia, PA","doi":"10.1577/T05-008.1","usgsCitation":"Graziano, S.L., Brown, K.H., and Nielsen, J.L., 2005, Nomenclature of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes for Oncorhynchus mykiss: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 134, no. 5, p. 1271-1273, https://doi.org/10.1577/T05-008.1.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1271","endPage":"1273","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258242,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"134","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-01-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6734e4b0c8380cd73208","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Graziano, Sara L.","contributorId":22189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graziano","given":"Sara","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, K. H.","contributorId":39576,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brown","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nielsen, Jennifer L.","contributorId":43722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielsen","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":355487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70029148,"text":"70029148 - 2005 - Ecology of Florida black bears in the Okefenokee-Osceola ecosystem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-13T16:25:32","indexId":"70029148","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3773,"text":"Wildlife Monographs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ecology of Florida black bears in the Okefenokee-Osceola ecosystem","docAbstract":"

The population status of the Florida black bear (Ursus americanus floridanus) is problematic within many portions of its range and its potential listing as a federally threatened species has been the subject of legal debate. We studied Florida black bears in 2 areas in the Okefenokee-Osceola ecosystem in southeast Georgia (i.e.,Okefenokee) and north Florida (i.e., Osceola) from 1995 to 1999 to evaluate relationships between population characteristics, habitat conditions, and human activities. Bears in Okefenokee were hunted and those in Osceola were not. We captured 205 different black bears (124M:81F) 345 times from June 1995 to September  1998. We obtained 13,573 radiolocations from 87 (16M:71F) individual bears during the study.

\n

In Okefenokee, black gum (Nyssa sylvatica) and saw palmetto (Serenoa repens) fruits were the most important foods for bears based on scat analysis. In Osceola, corn from white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) feeders was the most stable food source but saw palmetto was heavily used when available. Corn from deer feeders was not available in Okefenokee. Adult bears in Osceola were 29% heavier than those in Okefenokee (t82= 3.55, P <0.001).

\n

The mean annual home-range size for Osceola females (x̄=30.3 km2 ± 4.0 [SE], n =53) varied little seasonally or annually and was almost half that of Okefenokee females (55.9 km2± 6.9, n = 69; Z = –2.47, P = 0.014). In contrast, radiocollared females in Okefenokee expanded their home ranges during years of poor black gum production. That expansion was most apparent between autumn 1998 and 1999, when mean home-range size for Okefenokee females increased from 14.5 km2 to 78.4 km2, respectively, and included a larger proportion of upland areas open to sport hunting.  As a result, 5 females were harvested in the Okefenokee study area during the 1999 bear hunting season compared with only 7 harvested from 1996 to 1998.

\n

Home ranges of adult female bears were located in areas with disproportionately high loblolly bay (Gordonia lasianthus) and gum-bay-cypress (Taxodium spp.) vegetation associations in Okefenokee and gum-bay-cypress associations in Osceola. The pine vegetation association ranked lower than most other associations within the home ranges of bears in both study areas even though much of the summer and autumn diets of bears included food items found almost exclusively in pine.

\n

Sixteen mortalities of radiocollared bears were documented in Okefenokee; hunting accounted for 11 (68.8%) of these deaths. The annual survival rate of radiocollared males in Okefenokee was 0.71 (95% CI = 0.53–0.88) whereas survival of females in Okefenokee was higher (Z =18.87, P <0.001) at 0.89 (95% CI = 0.83–0.95). The survival rate for females in Osceola was 0.97 (95% CI = 0.92–1.00). Overall, 67 bears (51M:16F) were killed by hunters in the Okefenokee study area from 1995 to 1999. Based on all radiocollared bears in Okefenokee, many of which resided within areas closed to hunting, we estimated an annual harvest rate of 0.22 (95% CI = 0.03–0.37) for males and 0.07 (95% CI = 0.01–0.12) for females. When we excluded those bears that were not in areas open to hunting, however, the annual harvest rate rose to 0.37 (95% CI = 0.07–0.58) for males and 0.39 (95% CI = 0.09–0.58) for females.

\n

Following a black gum shortage in autumn 1995, only 1 of 15 radiocollared females in Okefenokee produced cubs in winter 1996. That low reproductive rate was in contrast to winter 1997, which followed heavy black gum production, when 21 of 22 radiocollared females produced cubs. Reproductive output was more consistent in the Osceola study area, with 46 cubs being produced from 8, 5, and 9 litters in 1997, 1998, and 1999, respectively.

\n

To estimate population size, we maintained 88 and 94 barbed-wire hair traps during 1999 in the Okefenokee and Osceola study areas, respectively. Using DNA collected at the hair traps, mark–recapture models produced estimates of 71 bears (95% CI = 59–91) in Okefenokee and 44 bears (95% CI = 40–57) in the Osceola study area during 1999. The estimated densities in the Okefenokee and Osceola study areas were 0.12 and 0.14 bears/km2, respectively.  Alternative density estimates based on the amount of time bears spent within study area boundaries were similar (0.11 and 0.14 bears/km2 on Okefenokee and Osceola, respectively).

\n

We used a population model to estimate the effect of harvest in the Okefenokee bear population. Excluding harvest, bears at Osceola experienced higher average annual population growth (λ = 1.184 ± 0.002) than those at Okefenokee (1.064 ± 0.002; t18= 3.93, P = 0.001), most likely due to protection from hunting and higher recruitment. Including the effects of emigration and immigration, we estimated an average annual sustainable harvest at Okefenokee of approximately 9 bears (12.6%), which was slightly less than the average 1995–1999 annual harvest of 9.4. That level of hunting in Okefenokee is sustainable but likely represents the highest exploitation rate in the region. Our mark–recapture data from Osceola suggest a high dispersal rate by subadult bears, and our population modeling data support this hypothesis; we documented bears in Okefenokee that originated from Osceola but not the reverse. We speculate that bears from the interior of the Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge (ONWR), and to some extent northern Florida, served as a source to the population sink caused by hunting mortality in Okefenokee and in the surrounding Georgia counties.

\n

Corn from deer feeders was the most probable reason for smaller home-range sizes and greater body masses and reproductive output at Osceola.  Changes in management to eliminate or reduce baiting for deer with corn would negatively affect the Osceola bear population. On Okefenokee, sporadic black gum and palmetto production influenced harvest rates and cub production and, thus, governed bear population dynamics.

\n

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) concluded in 1998 that listing the Florida black bear as threatened under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 was not warranted. That decision was largely based on the stability and protection afforded to a few subpopulations within the range of the subspecies, which includes the Okefenokee-Osceola subpopulation; our results support that conclusion. However, we suggest that metapopulation processes among the various subpopulations be given greater consideration, with the ultimate goal of managing the sub-species as a unit rather than as an assemblage of independent components. Our study illustrates the importance of travel corridors for maintaining metapopulation processes.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","issn":"00840173","usgsCitation":"Dobey, S., Masters, D., Scheick, B., Clark, J.D., Pelton, M., and Sunquist, M., 2005, Ecology of Florida black bears in the Okefenokee-Osceola ecosystem: Wildlife Monographs, no. 158, p. 1-41.","productDescription":"41 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"41","numberOfPages":"41","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":237398,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":320041,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/wmon.2005.158.issue-1/issuetoc"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida, Georgia","county":"Baker county, Charlton county, Clinch county, Columbia county, Ware county ","otherGeospatial":"Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge, Osceola National Forest","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.42767333984375,\n 31.017632855634172\n ],\n [\n -82.38372802734375,\n 30.994091500316163\n ],\n [\n -82.36724853515625,\n 30.963479049959364\n ],\n [\n -82.33428955078125,\n 30.91636380602182\n ],\n [\n -82.320556640625,\n 30.85507928696857\n ],\n [\n -82.320556640625,\n 30.791396195188927\n ],\n [\n -82.33154296875,\n 30.70641975748972\n ],\n [\n -82.36724853515625,\n 30.64736425824319\n ],\n [\n -82.47161865234375,\n 30.62373195163005\n ],\n [\n -82.6171875,\n 30.621368403494955\n ],\n [\n -82.6611328125,\n 30.659178246433786\n ],\n [\n -82.71881103515625,\n 30.70641975748972\n ],\n [\n -82.7764892578125,\n 30.763079047459023\n ],\n [\n -82.7764892578125,\n 30.892797477508154\n ],\n [\n -82.7435302734375,\n 30.963479049959364\n ],\n [\n -82.66387939453125,\n 31.005862904624205\n ],\n [\n -82.5457763671875,\n 31.04587480670449\n ],\n [\n -82.42767333984375,\n 31.017632855634172\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.47161865234375,\n 30.58827267102698\n ],\n [\n -82.430419921875,\n 30.536242254734933\n ],\n [\n -82.3699951171875,\n 30.472348632640834\n ],\n [\n -82.39471435546875,\n 30.413150465068878\n ],\n [\n -82.44964599609374,\n 30.36813582872057\n ],\n [\n -82.57598876953125,\n 30.32547125932808\n ],\n [\n -82.6776123046875,\n 30.29701788337205\n ],\n [\n -82.80120849609374,\n 30.294646395871705\n ],\n [\n -82.8973388671875,\n 30.313616689930676\n ],\n [\n -82.91656494140625,\n 30.38709188778112\n ],\n [\n -82.90557861328125,\n 30.488917676126846\n ],\n [\n -82.880859375,\n 30.57408532473883\n ],\n [\n -82.84515380859375,\n 30.59772974841203\n ],\n [\n -82.74627685546874,\n 30.607185902822575\n ],\n [\n -82.47161865234375,\n 30.58827267102698\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","issue":"158","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a056de4b0c8380cd50dcb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dobey, S.","contributorId":14628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dobey","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Masters, D.V.","contributorId":19765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masters","given":"D.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Scheick, B.K.","contributorId":25347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scheick","given":"B.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Clark, J. D.","contributorId":85911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pelton, M.R.","contributorId":35672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pelton","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sunquist, M.E.","contributorId":81304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sunquist","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70170365,"text":"70170365 - 2005 - Bait stations, hard mast, and black bear population growth in Great Smoky Mountains National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-15T14:32:38","indexId":"70170365","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-10T02:30:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bait stations, hard mast, and black bear population growth in Great Smoky Mountains National Park","docAbstract":"

Bait-station surveys are used by wildlife managers as an index to American black bear (Ursus americanus) population abundance, but the relationship is not well established. Hard mast surveys are similarly used to assess annual black bear food availability which may affect mortality and natality rates. We used data collected in Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP) from 1989 to 2003 to determine whether changes in the bait-station index (ΔBSI) were associated with estimated rates of bear population growth (λ) and whether hard mast production was related to bear visitation to baits. We also evaluated whether hard mast production from previous years was related to λ. Estimates of λ were based on analysis of capture-recapture data with the Pradel temporal symmetry estimator. Using the Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC), our analysis revealed no direct relationship between ΔBSI and λ. A simulation analysis indicated that our data were adequate to detect a relationship had one existed. Model fit was marginally improved when we added total oak mast production of the previous year as an interaction term suggesting that the BSI was confounded with environmental variables. Consequently the utility of the bait-station survey as a population monitoring technique is questionable at the spatial and temporal scales we studied. Mast survey data, however, were valuable covariates of λ. Population growth for a given year was negatively related to oak mast production 4 and 5 years prior. That finding supported our hypothesis that mast failures can trigger reproductive synchrony, which may not be evident from the trapped sample until years later.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2193/0022-541X(2005)69[1633:BSHMAB]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Clark, J.D., van Manen, F.T., and Pelton, M.R., 2005, Bait stations, hard mast, and black bear population growth in Great Smoky Mountains National Park: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 69, no. 4, p. 1633-1640, https://doi.org/10.2193/0022-541X(2005)69[1633:BSHMAB]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1633","endPage":"1640","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320173,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina, Tennessee","otherGeospatial":"Great Smoky Mountains National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.17886352539062,\n 35.81001773806242\n ],\n [\n -83.15139770507811,\n 35.807790334456776\n ],\n [\n -83.10745239257812,\n 35.78662688467009\n ],\n [\n -83.067626953125,\n 35.74316846139925\n ],\n [\n -83.03329467773438,\n 35.69634053686432\n ],\n [\n -83.01956176757811,\n 35.65060102359122\n ],\n [\n -83.0291748046875,\n 35.60148556537354\n ],\n [\n -83.06488037109375,\n 35.55457449014312\n ],\n [\n -83.0950927734375,\n 35.529991058953534\n ],\n [\n -83.18435668945312,\n 35.49198366469642\n ],\n [\n -83.37661743164062,\n 35.44612729642443\n ],\n [\n -83.45489501953125,\n 35.42374884923695\n ],\n [\n -83.53591918945312,\n 35.4159149234562\n ],\n [\n -83.68148803710936,\n 35.40360292969232\n ],\n [\n -83.80783081054688,\n 35.41703410234845\n ],\n [\n -83.89022827148438,\n 35.43605776486772\n ],\n [\n -83.95889282226562,\n 35.47632833265731\n ],\n [\n -84.00146484374999,\n 35.50651802802079\n ],\n [\n -84.0179443359375,\n 35.5478706653327\n ],\n [\n -84.01931762695312,\n 35.60371874069731\n ],\n [\n -83.97537231445312,\n 35.65729624809628\n ],\n [\n -83.91769409179688,\n 35.68518697509636\n ],\n [\n -83.87237548828125,\n 35.7019167328534\n ],\n [\n -83.82431030273438,\n 35.69522525087309\n ],\n [\n -83.79547119140625,\n 35.66510663398735\n ],\n [\n -83.7652587890625,\n 35.655064568953875\n ],\n [\n -83.73367309570312,\n 35.67737855391475\n ],\n [\n -83.69659423828125,\n 35.711952902907186\n ],\n [\n -83.61968994140624,\n 35.721987809328716\n ],\n [\n -83.551025390625,\n 35.73425097869431\n ],\n [\n -83.48648071289061,\n 35.75431391021905\n ],\n [\n -83.40408325195312,\n 35.766572101173516\n ],\n [\n -83.36837768554688,\n 35.80110774881785\n ],\n [\n -83.30245971679688,\n 35.821153818963175\n ],\n [\n -83.21319580078125,\n 35.827834717743585\n ],\n [\n -83.17886352539062,\n 35.81001773806242\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"69","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"571756afe4b0ef3b7caa5faa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, Joseph D. 0000-0002-8547-8112 jclark1@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8547-8112","contributorId":2265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Joseph","email":"jclark1@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":626999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"van Manen, Frank T. 0000-0001-5340-8489 fvanmanen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5340-8489","contributorId":2267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Manen","given":"Frank","email":"fvanmanen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":627000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pelton, Michael R.","contributorId":168689,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pelton","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":7006,"text":"Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Tennessee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":627001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5224635,"text":"5224635 - 2005 - Effects of hunting on survival of American woodcock in the Northeast","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-26T15:12:46.986909","indexId":"5224635","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:53","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of hunting on survival of American woodcock in the Northeast","docAbstract":"

Numbers of American woodcock (Scolopax minor) males counted on the annual singing ground survey (SGS) have declined over the last 35 years at an average rate of 2.3% per year in the Eastern Region and 1.8% per year in the Central Region. Although hunting was not thought to be a cause of these declines, mortality caused by hunters can be controlled. Furthermore, there has been no research on effects of hunting mortality on woodcock populations at local and regional levels on the breeding grounds. We used radiotelemetry to determine survival rates and causes of mortality for 913 woodcock captured during fall 1997–2000 on 7 areas in Maine, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, and Vermont, USA. Three of 7 sites were closed to hunting. For all sites and all years combined, 176 woodcock died, and 130 were censored, of which 39 were censored mortalities. Predation was the major (n = 134, 76%) cause of mortality. Mammals accounted for 56% of the predation, raptors accounted for 25%, and 19% was attributed to unknown predators. On hunted sites, 36% of the total mortality (n = 102) was caused by hunting, 63% by predation, and 1 bird starved. Kaplan-Meier survival curves did not differ between hunted and non-hunted sites among years (P = 0.46). Overall, point estimates of survival did not differ (P = 0.217) between hunted (SR = 0.636, SE = 0.04) and nonhunted sites (SR = 0.661, SE = 0.08). We modeled hazard rates from hunting and natural mortality events using program MARK. Akaike's Information Criterion supported using a model with common constant hazards from both hunting and natural causes for groups of sites. Groupings of sites for hazard rates from natural causes were not influenced by whether a site was hunted or not. Models detected no effects of woodcock age and sex (P = 0.52) on survival. Proportional hazards models comparing hunted and nonhunted sites found no effects of age and sex (P = 0.45), interactions of age, sex, capture weight, and bill length (P ≥ 0.269). Our data suggest that current hunting regulations are not causing lower survival of woodcock.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2193/0022-541X(2005)69[1565:EOHOSO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"McAuley, D.G., Longcore, J.R., Clugston, D.A., Allen, R.B., Weik, A., Williams, S., Dunn, J., Palmer, B., Evans, K., Staats, W., Sepik, G.F., and Halteman, W., 2005, Effects of hunting on survival of American woodcock in the Northeast: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 69, no. 4, p. 1565-1577, https://doi.org/10.2193/0022-541X(2005)69[1565:EOHOSO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1565","endPage":"1577","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202164,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maine, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, 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Bradford","contributorId":156366,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Allen","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Bradford","affiliations":[{"id":20327,"text":"Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife, Bangor, ME 04401","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":342187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Weik, A.","contributorId":18483,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Weik","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Williams, Simon","contributorId":42329,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Williams","given":"Simon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Dunn, J.","contributorId":76434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunn","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Palmer, B.","contributorId":43081,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Palmer","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Evans, K.","contributorId":19666,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Evans","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Staats, W.","contributorId":44267,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Staats","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Sepik, Greg F.","contributorId":100055,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sepik","given":"Greg","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Halteman, W.","contributorId":65203,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Halteman","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":5224843,"text":"5224843 - 2005 - Using Christmas Bird Count data to assess population dynamics and trends of waterbirds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:08","indexId":"5224843","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:53","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":708,"text":"American Birds","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using Christmas Bird Count data to assess population dynamics and trends of waterbirds","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"6858_Butcher.pdf","usgsCitation":"Butcher, G., Niven, D., and Sauer, J., 2005, Using Christmas Bird Count data to assess population dynamics and trends of waterbirds: American Birds, v. 59, no. 105th Christmas Bird, p. 23-25.","productDescription":"23-25","startPage":"23","endPage":"25","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":17484,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.audubon.org/bird/cbc/pdf/AB_105_PopDynamics.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":195986,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","issue":"105th Christmas Bird","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a16e4b07f02db603d1a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Butcher, G.S.","contributorId":94759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butcher","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Niven, D.K.","contributorId":21247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niven","given":"D.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sauer, J.R. 0000-0002-4557-3019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":66197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5224653,"text":"5224653 - 2005 - USGS bird and land-cover data: Regional bird conservation internet mapping tool takes flight with GIS","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:11","indexId":"5224653","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:53","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":879,"text":"ArcNews Online","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"USGS bird and land-cover data: Regional bird conservation internet mapping tool takes flight with GIS","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"ArcNews Online","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Nelson, J., Fox, M., Knutson, M.G., Sauer, J., and Thogmartin, W., 2005, USGS bird and land-cover data: Regional bird conservation internet mapping tool takes flight with GIS: ArcNews Online, v. Summer.","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":17487,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.esri.com/news/arcnews/summer05articles/regional-bird.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":195925,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"Summer","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db610f14","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, J.C.","contributorId":102594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fox, M.G.","contributorId":52683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fox","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Knutson, M. G.","contributorId":55375,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Knutson","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sauer, J.R. 0000-0002-4557-3019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":66197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Thogmartin, W.E. 0000-0002-2384-4279","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2384-4279","contributorId":26392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thogmartin","given":"W.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":5224604,"text":"5224604 - 2005 - Designing occupancy studies: General advice and allocating survey effort","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-23T21:09:38.435591","indexId":"5224604","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:51","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2163,"text":"Journal of Applied Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Designing occupancy studies: General advice and allocating survey effort","docAbstract":"

1.The fraction of sampling units in a landscape where a target species is present (occupancy) is an extensively used concept in ecology. Yet in many applications the species will not always be detected in a sampling unit even when present, resulting in biased estimates of occupancy. Given that sampling units are surveyed repeatedly within a relatively short timeframe, a number of similar methods have now been developed to provide unbiased occupancy estimates. However, practical guidance on the efficient design of occupancy studies has been lacking.

2. In this paper we comment on a number of general issues related to designing occupancy studies, including the need for clear objectives that are explicitly linked to science or management, selection of sampling units, timing of repeat surveys and allocation of survey effort. Advice on the number of repeat surveys per sampling unit is considered in terms of the variance of the occupancy estimator, for three possible study designs.

3. We recommend that sampling units should be surveyed a minimum of three times when detection probability is high (> 0·5 survey−1), unless a removal design is used.

4. We found that an optimal removal design will generally be the most efficient, but we suggest it may be less robust to assumption violations than a standard design.

5. Our results suggest that for a rare species it is more efficient to survey more sampling units less intensively, while for a common species fewer sampling units should be surveyed more intensively.

6. Synthesis and applications. Reliable inferences can only result from quality data. To make the best use of logistical resources, study objectives must be clearly defined; sampling units must be selected, and repeated surveys timed appropriately; and a sufficient number of repeated surveys must be conducted. Failure to do so may compromise the integrity of the study. The guidance given here on study design issues is particularly applicable to studies of species occurrence and distribution, habitat selection and modelling, metapopulation studies and monitoring programmes.

","language":"English","publisher":"British Ecological Society","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2664.2005.01098.x","usgsCitation":"MacKenzie, D.I., and Royle, J., 2005, Designing occupancy studies: General advice and allocating survey effort: Journal of Applied Ecology, v. 42, no. 6, p. 1105-1114, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2005.01098.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1105","endPage":"1114","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":503482,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://zotero.org/groups/5435545/items/W7L5WNYA","text":"External Repository"},{"id":201787,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-11-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667cf6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"MacKenzie, Darryl I.","contributorId":94436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacKenzie","given":"Darryl","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Royle, J. Andrew 0000-0003-3135-2167","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3135-2167","contributorId":96221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Royle","given":"J. Andrew","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5224605,"text":"5224605 - 2005 - Modeling anuran detection and site occupancy on North American Amphibian Monitoring Program (NAAMP) routes in Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-24T14:52:15.18942","indexId":"5224605","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:51","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2334,"text":"Journal of Herpetology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling anuran detection and site occupancy on North American Amphibian Monitoring Program (NAAMP) routes in Maryland","docAbstract":"

One of the most fundamental problems in monitoring animal populations is that of imperfect detection. Although imperfect detection can be modeled, studies examining patterns in occurrence often ignore detection and thus fail to properly partition variation in detection from that of occurrence. In this study, we used anuran calling survey data collected on North American Amphibian Monitoring Program routes in eastern Maryland to investigate factors that influence detection probability and site occupancy for 10 anuran species. In 2002, 17 calling survey routes in eastern Maryland were surveyed to collect environmental and species data nine or more times. To analyze these data, we developed models incorporating detection probability and site occupancy. The results suggest that, for more than half of the 10 species, detection probabilities vary most with season (i.e., day-of-year), air temperature, time, and moon illumination, whereas site occupancy may vary by the amount of palustrine forested wetland habitat. Our results suggest anuran calling surveys should document air temperature, time of night, moon illumination, observer skill, and habitat change over time, as these factors can be important to model-adjusted estimates of site occupancy. Our study represents the first formal modeling effort aimed at developing an analytic assessment framework for NAAMP calling survey data.

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\"}}]}","volume":"39","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db6999cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weir, Linda lweir@usgs.gov","contributorId":174278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weir","given":"Linda","email":"lweir@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":342052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Royle, J. Andrew 0000-0003-3135-2167","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3135-2167","contributorId":96221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Royle","given":"J. Andrew","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nanjappa, Priya","contributorId":84272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nanjappa","given":"Priya","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jung, Robin E.","contributorId":22434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jung","given":"Robin","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5224607,"text":"5224607 - 2005 - Modeling association among demographic parameters in analysis of open population capture-recapture data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-06T13:14:27","indexId":"5224607","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:51","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1039,"text":"Biometrics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling association among demographic parameters in analysis of open population capture-recapture data","docAbstract":"

We present a hierarchical extension of the Cormack–Jolly–Seber (CJS) model for open population capture–recapture data. In addition to recaptures of marked animals, we model first captures of animals and losses on capture. The parameter set includes capture probabilities, survival rates, and birth rates. The survival rates and birth rates are treated as a random sample from a bivariate distribution, thus the model explicitly incorporates correlation in these demographic rates. A key feature of the model is that the likelihood function, which includes a CJS model factor, is expressed entirely in terms of identifiable parameters; losses on capture can be factored out of the model. Since the computational complexity of classical likelihood methods is prohibitive, we use Markov chain Monte Carlo in a Bayesian analysis. We describe an efficient candidate-generation scheme for Metropolis–Hastings sampling of CJS models and extensions. The procedure is illustrated using mark-recapture data for the moth Gonodontis bidentata.

","language":"English","publisher":"International Biometric Society","doi":"10.1111/j.0006-341X.2005.030906.x","usgsCitation":"Link, W., and Barker, R., 2005, Modeling association among demographic parameters in analysis of open population capture-recapture data: Biometrics, v. 61, no. 1, p. 46-54, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0006-341X.2005.030906.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"46","endPage":"54","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197946,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"61","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-02-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60fa3d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Link, William A. wlink@usgs.gov","contributorId":3465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Link","given":"William A.","email":"wlink@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":342059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barker, Richard J.","contributorId":6987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"Richard J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5224631,"text":"5224631 - 2005 - Using the North American Breeding Bird Survey as a tool for conservation: A critique of Bart et al. (2004)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-27T11:24:38","indexId":"5224631","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:51","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using the North American Breeding Bird Survey as a tool for conservation: A critique of Bart et al. (2004)","docAbstract":"Bart et al. (2004) develop methods for predicting needed samples for estimation of long-term trends from Count survey data, and they apply these methods to the North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS). They recommend adding approximately 40% more survey routes ill the BBS to allow for estimation of long-term (i.e., 20 year) trends for a collection of species. We critique several aspects of their analysis and suggest that their focus on long-term trends and expansion of the present survey design will provide limited benefits for conservation because it fails to either enhance the credibility of the survey or better tie the survey to regional management activities. A primary innovation claimed by Bart et al. (2004) is the incorporation of bias in estimation of study planning. We question the value of this approach, as it requires reliable estimates of range of future bias. We show that estimates of bias used by Bart et al. (2004) are speculative. Failure to obtain better estimates of this bias is likely to compromise the credibility of future analyses of the survey. We also note that the generic analysis of population trends that they provide is of questionable validity and is unlikely to be relevant for regions and species of management concern.","language":"English","publisher":"The Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2193/0022-541X(2005)69[1321:UTNABB]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Sauer, J., Link, W., Nichols, J., and Royle, J., 2005, Using the North American Breeding Bird Survey as a tool for conservation: A critique of Bart et al. (2004): Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 69, no. 4, p. 1321-1326, https://doi.org/10.2193/0022-541X(2005)69[1321:UTNABB]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1321","endPage":"1326","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198190,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"69","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db684ba5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sauer, John R. jrsauer@usgs.gov","contributorId":3737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"John R.","email":"jrsauer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":342160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Link, William A. wlink@usgs.gov","contributorId":3465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Link","given":"William A.","email":"wlink@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":342158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nichols, James D. jnichols@usgs.gov","contributorId":139082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"James D.","email":"jnichols@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":342159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Royle, J. Andrew 0000-0003-3135-2167 aroyle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3135-2167","contributorId":138865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Royle","given":"J. Andrew","email":"aroyle@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":342161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5224593,"text":"5224593 - 2005 - Phylogeography of the American woodcock (Scolopax minor): Are management units based on band recovery data reflected in genetically based management units?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-08T13:25:56","indexId":"5224593","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:50","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Phylogeography of the American woodcock (Scolopax minor): Are management units based on band recovery data reflected in genetically based management units?","docAbstract":"

Information on population connectivity throughout the annual cycle has become more crucial, because populations of many migratory birds are in decline. One such species is the American Woodcock (Scolopax minor), which inhabits early-successional forests in eastern North America. Although band recoveries have proved useful for dividing populations of this game bird species into an Eastern Region and Central Region for management purposes, these data do not provide enough detail to determine the breeding population of origin of birds recovered on stopover and wintering areas. To obtain more fine-scale data, we undertook a phylogeographic study of American Woodcock populations throughout their primary breeding range in the eastern United States and Canada using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences from the hypervariable control region I (CRI) and ND6 gene. Despite high haplotype diversity, nucleotide diversity was low and there was no phylogeographic structure among American Woodcock populations across the species range, with birds from many states and provinces in both management regions sharing identical haplotypes. Results suggest recent or ongoing gene flow among populations, with asymmetric movement of birds between migration flyways. As has been demonstrated for several other avian species in North America, American Woodcock appear to have undergone a rapid population expansion following the late Pleistocene glacial retreat. Thus, a combination of historical demographic factors and recent or ongoing gene flow mask any population structure based on mtDNA that might accrue from philopatry to breeding areas observed in studies of marked birds.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1642/0004-8038(2005)122[1149:POTAWS]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Rhymer, J., McAuley, D., and Ziel, H., 2005, Phylogeography of the American woodcock (Scolopax minor): Are management units based on band recovery data reflected in genetically based management units?: The Auk, v. 122, no. 4, p. 1149-1160, https://doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2005)122[1149:POTAWS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1149","endPage":"1160","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477615,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2005)122[1149:potaws]2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":202285,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"122","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685cda","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rhymer, J.M.","contributorId":87092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rhymer","given":"J.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McAuley, D.G. 0000-0003-3674-6392","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3674-6392","contributorId":15296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McAuley","given":"D.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ziel, H.L.","contributorId":74112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ziel","given":"H.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5224501,"text":"5224501 - 2005 - Skeletal morphology of the forefoot in shrews (Mammalia: Soricidae) of the genus Cryptotis, as revealed by digital x-rays","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-24T15:44:45.544999","indexId":"5224501","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:49","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2394,"text":"Journal of Morphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Skeletal morphology of the forefoot in shrews (Mammalia: Soricidae) of the genus Cryptotis, as revealed by digital x-rays","title":"Skeletal morphology of the forefoot in shrews (Mammalia: Soricidae) of the genus Cryptotis, as revealed by digital x-rays","docAbstract":"

Variation in the forefoot skeleton of small-eared shrews (family Soricidae, genus Cryptotis) has been previously documented, but the paucity of available skeletons for most taxa makes assessment of the degrees of intraspecific and interspecific variation difficult. We used a digital X-ray system to extract images of the forefoot skeleton from 101 dried skins of eight taxa (seven species, including two subspecies of one species) of these shrews. Lengths and widths of each of the four bones of digit III were measured directly from the digital images, and we used these data to quantify variation within and among taxa. Analysis of the images and measurements showed that interspecific variation exceeds intraspecific variation. In fact, most taxa could be distinguished in multivariate and some bivariate plots. Our quantitative data helped us define a number of specific forefoot characters that we subsequently used to hypothesize evolutionary relationships among the taxa using the exhaustive search option in PAUP, a computer program for phylogenetic analysis. The resulting trees generally concur with previously published evolutionary hypotheses for small-eared shrews. Cryptotis meridensis, a taxon not previously examined in recent phylogenies, is rooted at the base of the branch leading to the C. mexicana group of species. The position of this species suggests that the mostly South American C. thomasi group shares an early ancestor with the C. mexicana group.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/jmor.10367","usgsCitation":"Woodman, N., and Morgan, J.P., 2005, Skeletal morphology of the forefoot in shrews (Mammalia: Soricidae) of the genus Cryptotis, as revealed by digital x-rays: Journal of Morphology, v. 266, p. 60-73, https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.10367.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"60","endPage":"73","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201790,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"266","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f1e4b07f02db5eea72","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woodman, Neal 0000-0003-2689-7373","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2689-7373","contributorId":221249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodman","given":"Neal","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":341898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morgan, J. P. J.","contributorId":97605,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Morgan","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5224477,"text":"5224477 - 2005 - Modeling avian abundance from replicated counts using binomial mixture models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-27T11:21:14","indexId":"5224477","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:49","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling avian abundance from replicated counts using binomial mixture models","docAbstract":"

Abundance estimation in ecology is usually accomplished by capture–recapture, removal, or distance sampling methods. These may be hard to implement at large spatial scales. In contrast, binomial mixture models enable abundance estimation without individual identification, based simply on temporally and spatially replicated counts. Here, we evaluate mixture models using data from the national breeding bird monitoring program in Switzerland, where some 250 1-km2 quadrats are surveyed using the territory mapping method three times during each breeding season. We chose eight species with contrasting distribution (wide–narrow), abundance (high–low), and detectability (easy–difficult). Abundance was modeled as a random effect with a Poisson or negative binomial distribution, with mean affected by forest cover, elevation, and route length. Detectability was a logit-linear function of survey date, survey date-by-elevation, and sampling effort (time per transect unit). Resulting covariate effects and parameter estimates were consistent with expectations. Detectability per territory (for three surveys) ranged from 0.66 to 0.94 (mean 0.84) for easy species, and from 0.16 to 0.83 (mean 0.53) for difficult species, depended on survey effort for two easy and all four difficult species, and changed seasonally for three easy and three difficult species. Abundance was positively related to route length in three high-abundance and one low-abundance (one easy and three difficult) species, and increased with forest cover in five forest species, decreased for two nonforest species, and was unaffected for a generalist species. Abundance estimates under the most parsimonious mixture models were between 1.1 and 8.9 (median 1.8) times greater than estimates based on territory mapping; hence, three surveys were insufficient to detect all territories for each species. We conclude that binomial mixture models are an important new approach for estimating abundance corrected for detectability when only repeated-count data are available. Future developments envisioned include estimation of trend, occupancy, and total regional abundance.

","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/04-1120","usgsCitation":"Kery, M., Royle, J., and Schmid, H., 2005, Modeling avian abundance from replicated counts using binomial mixture models: Ecological Applications, v. 15, no. 4, p. 1450-1461, https://doi.org/10.1890/04-1120.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1450","endPage":"1461","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202207,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db6999a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kery, Marc","contributorId":168361,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kery","given":"Marc","affiliations":[{"id":12551,"text":"Swiss Ornithological Institute, Sempach, Switzerland","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":341819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Royle, J. Andrew 0000-0003-3135-2167","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3135-2167","contributorId":96221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Royle","given":"J. Andrew","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schmid, Hans","contributorId":19648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmid","given":"Hans","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5224590,"text":"5224590 - 2005 - Estimating site occupancy and abundance using indirect detection indices","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-26T14:28:57.914806","indexId":"5224590","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:49","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating site occupancy and abundance using indirect detection indices","docAbstract":"

Knowledge of factors influencing animal distribution and abundance is essential in many areas of ecological research, management, and policy-making. Because common methods for modeling and estimating abundance (e.g., capture–recapture, distance sampling) are sometimes not practical for large areas or elusive species, indices are sometimes used as surrogate measures of abundance. We present an extension of the Royle and Nichols (2003) generalization of the MacKenzie et al. (2002) site-occupancy model that incorporates length of the sampling interval into the model for detection probability. As a result, we obtain a modeling framework that shows how useful information can be extracted from a class of index methods we call indirect detection indices (IDIs). Examples of IDIs include scent station, tracking tube, snow track, tracking plate, and hair snare surveys. Our model is maximum likelihood, and it can be used to estimate site occupancy and model factors influencing patterns of occupancy and abundance in space. Under certain circumstances, it can also be used to estimate abundance. We evaluated model properties using Monte Carlo simulations and illustrate the method with tracking tube and scent station data. We believe this model will be a useful tool for determining factors that influence animal distribution and abundance.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2193/0022-541X(2005)069[0874:ESOAAU]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Stanley, T.R., and Royle, J., 2005, Estimating site occupancy and abundance using indirect detection indices: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 69, no. 3, p. 874-883, https://doi.org/10.2193/0022-541X(2005)069[0874:ESOAAU]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"874","endPage":"883","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202097,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"69","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc887","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stanley, Thomas R. 0000-0002-8393-0005 stanleyt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8393-0005","contributorId":209928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanley","given":"Thomas","email":"stanleyt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":342008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Royle, J. Andrew 0000-0003-3135-2167","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3135-2167","contributorId":96221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Royle","given":"J. Andrew","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5224589,"text":"5224589 - 2005 - Sex ratio and early growth patterns of Roseate Tern chicks during five breeding seasons at Falkner Island, Connecticut, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-06T15:01:47.65249","indexId":"5224589","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:49","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3731,"text":"Waterbirds","onlineIssn":"19385390","printIssn":"15244695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sex ratio and early growth patterns of Roseate Tern chicks during five breeding seasons at Falkner Island, Connecticut, USA","docAbstract":"

Roseate Tern (Sterna dougallii) nests were monitored at Falkner Island, Connecticut, USA between 1998 and 2002. A total of 586 chicks were sexed and their growth measured during the first three days. These data were used to derive growth parameters and predict survival to fledging with high confidence. In contrast to a previous study in Massachusetts, we found no sex-ratio bias at hatching in any single year or in all years combined, nor was there a bias at fledging in all years combined, or in any single year. This difference is interesting because both colonies exhibit a female-biased sex ratio at breeding. After controlling for other factors, there was no difference in early growth or survival between male and female chicks, consistent with our previous studies and with the hypothesis that differences in growth and survival between males and females observed in other species are due to sexual size dimorphism.

","language":"English","publisher":"The Waterbird Society","doi":"10.1675/1524-4695(2005)028[0273:SRAEGP]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Szczys, P., Spendelow, J.A., and Nisbet, I.C., 2005, Sex ratio and early growth patterns of Roseate Tern chicks during five breeding seasons at Falkner Island, Connecticut, USA: Waterbirds, v. 28, no. 3, p. 273-279, https://doi.org/10.1675/1524-4695(2005)028[0273:SRAEGP]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"273","endPage":"279","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202050,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut","otherGeospatial":"Falkner Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -72.65432596206665,\n 41.21064804673336\n ],\n [\n -72.6534354686737,\n 41.21123724333852\n ],\n [\n -72.65302777290344,\n 41.21239140761164\n ],\n [\n -72.65314579010008,\n 41.2131339361003\n ],\n [\n -72.65352129936218,\n 41.213569764114084\n ],\n [\n -72.65387535095215,\n 41.21352133892261\n ],\n [\n -72.65400409698486,\n 41.21333570868986\n ],\n [\n -72.65398263931274,\n 41.212754601947125\n ],\n [\n -72.65419721603394,\n 41.212367194584225\n ],\n [\n -72.65477657318114,\n 41.21240754962492\n ],\n [\n -72.65495896339415,\n 41.21222998725971\n ],\n [\n -72.6544976234436,\n 41.211753794901064\n ],\n [\n -72.65490531921387,\n 41.210841755791776\n ],\n [\n -72.65476584434509,\n 41.21059961937914\n ],\n [\n -72.65432596206665,\n 41.21064804673336\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"28","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b07e4b07f02db69adc5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Szczys, Patricia","contributorId":35613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szczys","given":"Patricia","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spendelow, Jeffrey A. 0000-0001-8167-0898 jspendelow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8167-0898","contributorId":4355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spendelow","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jspendelow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":342007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nisbet, Ian C. T.","contributorId":54866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nisbet","given":"Ian","email":"","middleInitial":"C. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5224475,"text":"5224475 - 2005 - A comparison of campfire impacts and policies in seven protected areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-09T20:47:10.08564","indexId":"5224475","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:48","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparison of campfire impacts and policies in seven protected areas","docAbstract":"

Using resource-monitoring data from seven protected areas, the effectiveness of three campfire policies—campfire ban, designated campfires, and unregulated campfires—were assessed based on the number of fire sites and the amount of tree damage. Results indicate that unregulated campfire policies permitted substantial numbers of fire sites and tree damage in campsites, although fire bans did not eliminate or even substantially decrease these problems. A designated campfire policy was effective in decreasing number of fire sites, but little difference was found among policies regarding tree damage. Given the importance of campfires to visitor experiences, campfire prohibitions could be viewed as unnecessarily restrictive based on their limited success in preventing resource damage. Conclusions encourage protected-area managers to consider designated campfire policies and prohibitions on axes, hatchets, and saws to better meet resource protection and visitor experience mandates.

","language":"English","publisher":"SpringerLink","doi":"10.1007/s00267-003-0215-y","usgsCitation":"Reid, S.E., and Marion, J.L., 2005, A comparison of campfire impacts and policies in seven protected areas: Environmental Management, v. 36, no. 1, p. 48-58, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-003-0215-y.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"48","endPage":"58","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197866,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-06-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b27e4b07f02db6b0ff8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reid, S. E.","contributorId":88847,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reid","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marion, Jeffrey L. 0000-0003-2226-689X jeff_marion@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2226-689X","contributorId":3614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marion","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jeff_marion@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":341808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5224452,"text":"5224452 - 2005 - Double-observer approach to estimating egg mass abundance of vernal pool breeding amphibians","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-06T15:49:36.391444","indexId":"5224452","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:46","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3751,"text":"Wetlands Ecology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Double-observer approach to estimating egg mass abundance of vernal pool breeding amphibians","docAbstract":"

Interest in seasonally flooded pools, and the status of associated amphibian populations, has initiated programs in the northeastern United States to document and monitor these habitats. Counting egg masses is an effective way to determine the population size of pool-breeding amphibians, such as wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) and spotted salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum). However, bias is associated with counts if egg masses are missed. Counts unadjusted for the proportion missed (i.e., without adjustment for detection probability) could lead to false assessments of population trends. We used a dependent double-observer method in 2002–2003 to estimate numbers of wood frog and spotted salamander egg masses at seasonal forest pools in 13 National Wildlife Refuges, 1 National Park, 1 National Seashore, and 1 State Park in the northeastern United States. We calculated detection probabilities for egg masses and examined whether detection probabilities varied by species, observers, pools, and in relation to pool characteristics (pool area, pool maximum depth, within-pool vegetation). For the 2 years, model selection indicated that no consistent set of variables explained the variation in data sets from individual Refuges and Parks. Because our results indicated that egg mass detection probabilities vary spatially and temporally, we conclude that it is essential to use estimation procedures, such as double-observer methods with egg mass surveys, to determine population sizes and trends of these species.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s11273-004-7524-7","usgsCitation":"Campbell Grant, E.H., Jung, R.E., Nichols, J.D., and Hines, J.E., 2005, Double-observer approach to estimating egg mass abundance of vernal pool breeding amphibians: Wetlands Ecology and Management, v. 13, no. 3, p. 305-320, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11273-004-7524-7.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"305","endPage":"320","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202031,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Vermont, West 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\"}}]}","volume":"13","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a52e4b07f02db62aadd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Campbell Grant, Evan H. 0000-0003-4401-6496 ehgrant@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4401-6496","contributorId":150443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell Grant","given":"Evan","email":"ehgrant@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":341719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jung, Robin E.","contributorId":22434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jung","given":"Robin","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nichols, James D. 0000-0002-7631-2890 jnichols@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":200533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"James","email":"jnichols@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":341716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hines, James E. 0000-0001-5478-7230 jhines@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":146530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"James","email":"jhines@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":341717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5224457,"text":"5224457 - 2005 - Climate patterns as predictors of amphibians species richness and indicators of potential stress","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-05T10:45:08","indexId":"5224457","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:46","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":697,"text":"Alytes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Climate patterns as predictors of amphibians species richness and indicators of potential stress","docAbstract":"

Amphibians occupy a range of habitats throughout the world, but species richness is greatest in regions with moist, warm climates. We modeled the statistical relations of anuran and urodele species richness with mean annual climate for the conterminous United States, and compared the strength of these relations at national and regional levels. Model variables were calculated for county and subcounty mapping units, and included 40-year (1960-1999) annual mean and mean annual climate statistics, mapping unit average elevation, mapping unit land area, and estimates of anuran and urodele species richness. Climate data were derived from more than 7,500 first-order and cooperative meteorological stations and were interpolated to the mapping units using multiple linear regression models. Anuran and urodele species richness were calculated from the United States Geological Survey's Amphibian Research and Monitoring Initiative (ARMI) National Atlas for Amphibian Distributions. The national multivariate linear regression (MLR) model of anuran species richness had an adjusted coefficient of determination (R2) value of 0.64 and the national MLR model for urodele species richness had an R2 value of 0.45. Stratifying the United States by coarse-resolution ecological regions provided models for anUrans that ranged in R2 values from 0.15 to 0.78. Regional models for urodeles had R2 values. ranging from 0.27 to 0.74. In general, regional models for anurans were more strongly influenced by temperature variables, whereas precipitation variables had a larger influence on urodele models.

","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Battaglin, W., Hay, L., McCabe, G., Nanjappa, P., and Gallant, A.L., 2005, Climate patterns as predictors of amphibians species richness and indicators of potential stress: Alytes, v. 22, no. 3-4, p. 146-167.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"146","endPage":"167","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202182,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa686","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Battaglin, W.","contributorId":80388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battaglin","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hay, L.","contributorId":72103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hay","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCabe, G.","contributorId":77637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabe","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nanjappa, P.","contributorId":89247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nanjappa","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gallant, Alisa L. 0000-0002-3029-6637","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3029-6637","contributorId":23508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gallant","given":"Alisa","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":5224460,"text":"5224460 - 2005 - A simple, inexpensive video camera setup for the study of avian nest activity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-23T21:58:07.647495","indexId":"5224460","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:46","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2284,"text":"Journal of Field Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A simple, inexpensive video camera setup for the study of avian nest activity","docAbstract":"

Time-lapse video photography has become a valuable tool for collecting data on avian nest activity and depredation; however, commercially available systems are expensive (>USA $4000/unit). We designed an inexpensive system to identify causes of nest failure of American Oystercatchers (Haematopus palliatus) and assessed its utility at Cumberland Island National Seashore, Georgia. We successfully identified raccoon (Procyon lotor), bobcat (Lynx rufus), American Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos), and ghost crab (Ocypode quadrata) predation on oystercatcher nests. Other detected causes of nest failure included tidal overwash, horse trampling, abandonment, and human destruction. System failure rates were comparable with commercially available units. Our system's efficacy and low cost (<$800) provided useful data for the management and conservation of the American Oystercatcher.

","language":"English","publisher":"Association of Field Ornithologists","doi":"10.1648/0273-8570-76.3.293","usgsCitation":"Sabine, J.B., Meyers, J.M., and Schweitzer, S.H., 2005, A simple, inexpensive video camera setup for the study of avian nest activity: Journal of Field Ornithology, v. 76, no. 3, p. 293-297, https://doi.org/10.1648/0273-8570-76.3.293.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"293","endPage":"297","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203205,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Cumberland Island National Seashore","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.48353576660155,\n 30.713503990354965\n ],\n [\n -81.38946533203124,\n 30.713503990354965\n ],\n [\n -81.38946533203124,\n 30.982907320395338\n ],\n [\n -81.48353576660155,\n 30.982907320395338\n ],\n [\n -81.48353576660155,\n 30.713503990354965\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"76","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a64df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sabine, J. B.","contributorId":84047,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sabine","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meyers, J. Michael","contributorId":38658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyers","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schweitzer, Sara H.","contributorId":106614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schweitzer","given":"Sara","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5224472,"text":"5224472 - 2005 - A general class of multinomial mixture models for anuran calling survey data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-07T15:18:58.52801","indexId":"5224472","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:46","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A general class of multinomial mixture models for anuran calling survey data","docAbstract":"

We propose a general framework for modeling anuran abundance using data collected from commonly used calling surveys. The data generated from calling surveys are indices of calling intensity (vocalization of males) that do not have a precise link to actual population size and are sensitive to factors that influence anuran behavior. We formulate a model for calling-index data in terms of the maximum potential calling index that could be observed at a site (the “latent abundance class”), given its underlying breeding population, and we focus attention on estimating the distribution of this latent abundance class. A critical consideration in estimating the latent structure is imperfect detection, which causes the observed abundance index to be less than or equal to the latent abundance class. We specify a multinomial sampling model for the observed abundance index that is conditional on the latent abundance class. Estimation of the latent abundance class distribution is based on the marginal likelihood of the index data, having integrated over the latent class distribution. We apply the proposed modeling framework to data collected as part of the North American Amphibian Monitoring Program (NAAMP).

","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/04-1802","usgsCitation":"Royle, J., and Link, W.A., 2005, A general class of multinomial mixture models for anuran calling survey data: Ecology, v. 86, no. 9, p. 2505-2512, https://doi.org/10.1890/04-1802.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"2505","endPage":"2512","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202047,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aeb6c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Royle, J. Andrew 0000-0003-3135-2167","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3135-2167","contributorId":96221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Royle","given":"J. Andrew","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Link, William A. 0000-0002-9913-0256 wlink@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9913-0256","contributorId":146920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Link","given":"William","email":"wlink@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":341799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5224463,"text":"5224463 - 2005 - Fine-scale spatial variation in plant species richness and its relationship to environmental conditions in coastal marshlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-24T13:33:09","indexId":"5224463","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:46","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3086,"text":"Plant Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fine-scale spatial variation in plant species richness and its relationship to environmental conditions in coastal marshlands","docAbstract":"

Previous studies have shown that variations in environmental conditions play a major role in explaining variations in plant species richness at community and landscape scales. In this study, we considered the degree to which fine-scale spatial variations in richness could be related to fine-scale variations in abiotic and biotic factors. To examine spatial variation in richness, grids of 1 m2 plots were laid out at five sites within a coastal riverine wetland landscape. At each site, a 5 × 7 array of plots was established adjacent to the river’s edge with plots one meter apart. In addition to the estimation of species richness, environmental measurements included sediment salinity, plot microelevation, percent of plot recently disturbed, and estimated community biomass. Our analysis strategy was to combine the use of structural equation modeling (path modeling) with an assessment of spatial association. Mantel’s tests revealed significant spatial autocorrelation in species richness at four of the five sites sampled, indicating that richness in a plot correlated with the richness of nearby plots. We subsequently considered the degree to which spatial autocorrelations in richness could be explained by spatial autocorrelations in environmental conditions. Once data were corrected for environmental correlations, spatial autocorrelation in residual species richness could not be detected at any site. Based on these results, we conclude that in this coastal wetland, there appears to be a fine-scale mapping of diversity to microgradients in environmental conditions.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s11258-004-2486-7","usgsCitation":"Mancera, J., Meche, G., Cardona-Olarte, P., Castaneda-Moya, E., Chiasson, R., Geddes, N., Schile, L., Wang, H., Guntenspergen, G., and Grace, J., 2005, Fine-scale spatial variation in plant species richness and its relationship to environmental conditions in coastal marshlands: Plant Ecology, v. 178, no. 1, p. 39-50, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-004-2486-7.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"39","endPage":"50","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202324,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":17295,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://commerce.metapress.com/content/p44510055574mg6w/resource-secured/?target=fulltext.pdf&sid=rilpgffuajt4gzqrblrdtqvr&sh=www.springerlink.com","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Pearl River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.77752685546875,\n 30.135626231134587\n ],\n [\n -89.53033447265625,\n 30.135626231134587\n ],\n [\n -89.53033447265625,\n 30.44748978060767\n ],\n [\n -89.77752685546875,\n 30.44748978060767\n ],\n [\n -89.77752685546875,\n 30.135626231134587\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"178","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fbe4b07f02db5f474d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mancera, J.E.","contributorId":42332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mancera","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meche, G.C.","contributorId":29930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meche","given":"G.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cardona-Olarte, P.P.","contributorId":41941,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cardona-Olarte","given":"P.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Castaneda-Moya, E.","contributorId":7814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Castaneda-Moya","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chiasson, R.L.","contributorId":41942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chiasson","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Geddes, N.A.","contributorId":22473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geddes","given":"N.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Schile, L.M.","contributorId":68013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schile","given":"L.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Wang, H.G.","contributorId":72500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"H.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Guntenspergen, G.R. 0000-0002-8593-0244","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8593-0244","contributorId":95424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guntenspergen","given":"G.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Grace, J.B. 0000-0001-6374-4726","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-4726","contributorId":38938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace","given":"J.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":5224466,"text":"5224466 - 2005 - Dynamic design of ecological monitoring networks for non-Gaussian spatio-temporal data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-03-29T15:33:37.345919","indexId":"5224466","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:46","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1577,"text":"Environmetrics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dynamic design of ecological monitoring networks for non-Gaussian spatio-temporal data","docAbstract":"

Many ecological processes exhibit spatial structure that changes over time in a coherent, dynamical fashion. This dynamical component is often ignored in the design of spatial monitoring networks. Furthermore, ecological variables related to processes such as habitat are often non-Gaussian (e.g. Poisson or log-normal). We demonstrate that a simulation-based design approach can be used in settings where the data distribution is from a spatio-temporal exponential family. The key random component in the conditional mean function from this distribution is then a spatio-temporal dynamic process. Given the computational burden of estimating the expected utility of various designs in this setting, we utilize an extended Kalman filter approximation to facilitate implementation. The approach is motivated by, and demonstrated on, the problem of selecting sampling locations to estimate July brood counts in the prairie pothole region of the U.S.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/env.718","usgsCitation":"Wikle, C.K., and Royle, J., 2005, Dynamic design of ecological monitoring networks for non-Gaussian spatio-temporal data: Environmetrics, v. 16, no. 5, p. 507-522, https://doi.org/10.1002/env.718.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"507","endPage":"522","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201726,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-06-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a59e4b07f02db62fa5c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wikle, C. K.","contributorId":57975,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wikle","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Royle, J. Andrew 0000-0003-3135-2167","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3135-2167","contributorId":96221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Royle","given":"J. Andrew","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5224467,"text":"5224467 - 2005 - The effects of captive rearing on the behavior of newly-released whooping cranes (Grus americana)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:31","indexId":"5224467","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:46","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":827,"text":"Applied Animal Behaviour Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effects of captive rearing on the behavior of newly-released whooping cranes (Grus americana)","docAbstract":"Rearing treatments used in captivity to prepare animals for reintroduction to the wild may have a profound effect on behavior and, possibly, affect their survival after reintroduction. This study examined the behaviors of captive-reared whooping cranes (Grus americana) upon their release in Florida to determine if rearing treatments may affect the behavior of the birds and how these affect their chances of survival in the wild. Individually tagged birds were observed at the rearing facility, the U.S. Geological Survey Patuxent Wildlife Research Center in Maryland, from hatch to 20 weeks of age and at the release site in Central Florida for up to 6 weeks post release. The rearing treatments were parent reared (PR), hand reared (HR), and hand reared with exercise (HRE). Observations at the rearing facility are described in a previous paper. At the release site, each bird was observed for 5 min every morning (0700?1000 h) and late afternoon (1500?1800 h) during the 6-week study period. Our results indicated that most of the time, the n = 34 birds were foraging (46.03 ? 1.48%), followed by nonvigilant (20.89 ? 0.73%), vigilant (19.21 ? 0.72%), or performing comfort behaviors (11.61 ? 1.28%). Data were analyzed using mixed models repeated measures ANOVA. There were no significant behavioral differences between HR and HRE birds. PR birds were found in larger groups than HR birds during the first 2 weeks post release and greater than HR and HRE birds afterwards. This may be interpreted as an antipredator strategy for birds that relied on parental guidance during rearing. HR and HRE birds foraged more than PR birds during the first 2 weeks post release and PR birds were more vigilant during the first 2 weeks post release. Across rearing treatments, the percentages of time spent foraging and engaged in vigilant behaviors during rearing were positively correlated with their behavior upon release. If any of these behaviors can be demonstrated to have relevance for the survival of the whooping cranes after release then it may be possible to establish behavioral interventions to increase the frequencies of such behavior, so that they are perpetuated after release.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Applied Animal Behaviour Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.applanim.2004.12.004","collaboration":"6383_Kreger.pdf","usgsCitation":"Kreger, M., Hatfield, J., Estevez, I., Gee, G., and Clugston, D., 2005, The effects of captive rearing on the behavior of newly-released whooping cranes (Grus americana): Applied Animal Behaviour Science, v. 93, no. 1-2, p. 165-178, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2004.12.004.","productDescription":"165-178","startPage":"165","endPage":"178","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":17299,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2004.12.004","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":201727,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65e0f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kreger, M.D.","contributorId":25664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kreger","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hatfield, Jeff S.","contributorId":41372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatfield","given":"Jeff S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Estevez, I.","contributorId":98417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estevez","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gee, G.F.","contributorId":70335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gee","given":"G.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Clugston, D.A.","contributorId":19657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clugston","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":5224469,"text":"5224469 - 2005 - Estimation of stream salamander (Plethodontidae, Desmognathinae and Plethodontinae) populations in Shenandoah National Park, Virginia, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:31","indexId":"5224469","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:46","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":697,"text":"Alytes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of stream salamander (Plethodontidae, Desmognathinae and Plethodontinae) populations in Shenandoah National Park, Virginia, USA","docAbstract":"Stream salamanders in the family Plethodontidae constitute a large biomass in and near headwater streams in the eastern United States and are promising indicators of stream ecosystem health. Many studies of stream salamanders have relied on population indices based on counts rather than population estimates based on techniques such as capture-recapture and removal. Application of estimation procedures allows the calculation of detection probabilities (the proportion of total animals present that are detected during a survey) and their associated sampling error, and may be essential for determining salamander population sizes and trends. In 1999, we conducted capture-recapture and removal population estimation methods for Desmognathus salamanders at six streams in Shenandoah National Park, Virginia, USA. Removal sampling appeared more efficient and detection probabilities from removal data were higher than those from capture-recapture. During 2001-2004, we used removal estimation at eight streams in the park to assess the usefulness of this technique for long-term monitoring of stream salamanders. Removal detection probabilities ranged from 0.39 to 0.96 for Desmognathus, 0.27 to 0.89 for Eurycea and 0.27 to 0.75 for northern spring (Gyrinophilus porphyriticus) and northern red (Pseudotriton ruber) salamanders across stream transects. Detection probabilities did not differ across years for Desmognathus and Eurycea, but did differ among streams for Desmognathus. Population estimates of Desmognathus decreased between 2001-2002 and 2003-2004 which may be related to changes in stream flow conditions. Removal-based procedures may be a feasible approach for population estimation of salamanders, but field methods should be designed to meet the assumptions of the sampling procedures. New approaches to estimating stream salamander populations are discussed.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Alytes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"The Amphibian Research and Monitoring Initiative, proceedings of a Symposium held in Norman, Oklahoma, USA, 2004. Edited by C. Kenneth Dodd, Jr. 6386_Jung.pdf","usgsCitation":"Jung, R., Royle, J., Sauer, J., Addison, C., Rau, R., Shirk, J., and Whissel, J., 2005, Estimation of stream salamander (Plethodontidae, Desmognathinae and Plethodontinae) populations in Shenandoah National Park, Virginia, USA: Alytes, v. 22, no. 3-4, p. 72-84.","productDescription":"72-84","startPage":"72","endPage":"84","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201600,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fada9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jung, R.E.","contributorId":66213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jung","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Royle, J. Andrew 0000-0003-3135-2167","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3135-2167","contributorId":96221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Royle","given":"J. Andrew","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sauer, J.R. 0000-0002-4557-3019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":66197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Addison, C.","contributorId":35043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Addison","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rau, R.D.","contributorId":67631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rau","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Shirk, J.L.","contributorId":22469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shirk","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Whissel, J.C.","contributorId":36658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whissel","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":5224471,"text":"5224471 - 2005 - Plant species invasions along the latitudinal gradient in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-07T15:11:38.425189","indexId":"5224471","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:46","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Plant species invasions along the latitudinal gradient in the United States","docAbstract":"

It has been long established that the richness of vascular plant species and many animal taxa decreases with increasing latitude, a pattern that very generally follows declines in actual and potential evapotranspiration, solar radiation, temperature, and thus, total productivity. Using county-level data on vascular plants from the United States (3000 counties in the conterminous 48 states), we used the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) to evaluate competing models predicting native and nonnative plant species density (number of species per square kilometer in a county) from various combinations of biotic variables (e.g., native bird species density, vegetation carbon, normalized difference vegetation index), environmental/topographic variables (elevation, variation in elevation, the number of land cover classes in the county, radiation, mean precipitation, actual evapotranspiration, and potential evapotranspiration), and human variables (human population density, cropland, and percentage of disturbed lands in a county). We found no evidence of a latitudinal gradient for the density of native plant species and a significant, slightly positive latitudinal gradient for the density of nonnative plant species. We found stronger evidence of a significant, positive productivity gradient (vegetation carbon) for the density of native plant species and nonnative plant species. We found much stronger significant relationships when biotic, environmental/topographic, and human variables were used to predict native plant species density and nonnative plant species density. Biotic variables generally had far greater influence in multivariate models than human or environmental/topographic variables. Later, we found that the best, single, positive predictor of the density of nonnative plant species in a county was the density of native plant species in a county. While further study is needed, it may be that, while humans facilitate the initial establishment invasions of nonnative plant species, the spread and subsequent distributions of nonnative species are controlled largely by biotic and environmental factors.

","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/04-1195","usgsCitation":"Stohlgren, T.J., Barnett, D., Flather, C., Kartesz, J., and Peterjohn, B.G., 2005, Plant species invasions along the latitudinal gradient in the United States: Ecology, v. 86, no. 9, p. 2298-2309, https://doi.org/10.1890/04-1195.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"2298","endPage":"2309","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477621,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/downloads/sq87c371h","text":"External Repository"},{"id":202139,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db6850a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stohlgren, Thomas J.","contributorId":213895,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stohlgren","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":38925,"text":"Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":341794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barnett, David","contributorId":174944,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barnett","given":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Flather, Curtis","contributorId":104779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flather","given":"Curtis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kartesz, John","contributorId":11132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kartesz","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Peterjohn, Bruce G. bpeterjohn@usgs.gov","contributorId":4493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterjohn","given":"Bruce","email":"bpeterjohn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":341797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}