{"pageNumber":"94","pageRowStart":"2325","pageSize":"25","recordCount":11004,"records":[{"id":70197657,"text":"70197657 - 2018 - A fossiliferous spherule-rich bed at the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary in Mississippi, USA: Implications for the K–Pg mass extinction event in the Mississippi Embayment and Eastern Gulf Coastal Plain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-15T13:16:34","indexId":"70197657","displayToPublicDate":"1978-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2018","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1344,"text":"Cretaceous Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A fossiliferous spherule-rich bed at the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary in Mississippi, USA: Implications for the K–Pg mass extinction event in the Mississippi Embayment and Eastern Gulf Coastal Plain","docAbstract":"We describe an outcrop of the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary exposed due to construction near New Albany, Union County, Mississippi. It consists of the Owl Creek Formation and overlying Clayton Formation. The Owl Creek Formation is rich in the ammonites Discoscaphites iris and Eubaculites carinatus, which, along with biostratigraphically important dinoflagellate cysts and calcareous nannofossils, indicate deposition occurred within the last 1 million years, most likely last 500 kyrs, of the Cretaceous. The base of the overlying Clayton Formation marks the K–Pg boundary, and consists of a 15-30 cm thick muddy, poorly sorted quartz sand containing abundant spherules representing ejecta derived from the Chicxulub impact event. Impact spherules range in size from 0.5 mm to 1 mm in diameter and are hollow and well preserved, with details such as smaller vesicular spherules enclosed within. The spherules are altered to clay minerals such as smectite and are typical of those found at K–Pg boundary sites in the Gulf of Mexico and beyond. Spherules are scattered throughout the bed, and surface counts suggest an average of 4 spherules per cm2. Macrofossils within the spherule bed represent a rich fauna of ammonites, benthic molluscs (bivalves and gastropods), echinoids, as well as crabs and sharks. Macrofossil preservation ranges from whole to fragmentary, with most fossils preserved as internal moulds. The infill of the fossils is lithologically identical to the matrix of the spherule bed, including impact ejecta preserved within phagmocones and body chambers of ammonites, and differs from the underlying Owl Creek Formation. This suggests that the animals were either alive or loosely scattered on the sea floor at the time of deposition. Grain size changes indicate multiple events were responsible for deposition, and together with taphonomic evidence are consistent with dynamic high energy post-impact processes. Later sea level change during the Paleocene is responsible for a sharp contact at the top of the spherule bed. Geochemical evidence from the Owl Creek and Clayton Formations at this locality indicate numerous local palaeoenvironmental changes affected the Mississippi Embayment at the time of the K–Pg boundary and mass extinction event.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.cretres.2018.06.002","usgsCitation":"Witts, J.D., Landman, N.H., Garb, M.P., Boas, C., Larina, E., Rovelli, R., Edwards, L.E., Sherrell, R., and Cochran, J.K., 2018, A fossiliferous spherule-rich bed at the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary in Mississippi, USA: Implications for the K–Pg mass extinction event in the Mississippi Embayment and Eastern Gulf Coastal Plain: Cretaceous Research, v. 91, p. 147-167, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2018.06.002.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"147","endPage":"167","ipdsId":"IP-095442","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":469211,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.31223/osf.io/qgaj5","text":"External Repository"},{"id":355082,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Mississippi","county":"Union County","volume":"91","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b46e607e4b060350a15d23e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Witts, James D.","contributorId":205677,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Witts","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37140,"text":"Division of Paleontology (Invertebrates), American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":738095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Landman, Neil H.","contributorId":205678,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Landman","given":"Neil","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":37140,"text":"Division of Paleontology (Invertebrates), American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":738096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Garb, Matthew P.","contributorId":205679,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Garb","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":37141,"text":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":738097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Boas, Caitlin","contributorId":205680,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boas","given":"Caitlin","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":37141,"text":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":738098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Larina, Ekaterina","contributorId":156370,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Larina","given":"Ekaterina","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13249,"text":"University of Southern California","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":738099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rovelli, Remy","contributorId":205681,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rovelli","given":"Remy","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":37142,"text":"Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":738100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Edwards, Lucy E. 0000-0003-4075-3317 leedward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4075-3317","contributorId":2647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Lucy","email":"leedward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":738094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Sherrell, Robert","contributorId":205682,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sherrell","given":"Robert","affiliations":[{"id":37143,"text":"Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08901, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":738101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Cochran, J. Kirk","contributorId":205683,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cochran","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":37144,"text":"School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":738102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70187004,"text":"sir20175013 - 2017 - The HayWired Earthquake Scenario","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70187003,"text":"sir20175013v1 - 2017 - The HayWired earthquake scenario—Earthquake hazards","indexId":"sir20175013v1","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"chapter":"A–H","displayTitle":"The HayWired Earthquake Scenario—Earthquake Hazards","title":"The HayWired earthquake scenario—Earthquake hazards"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70187004,"text":"sir20175013 - 2017 - The HayWired Earthquake Scenario","indexId":"sir20175013","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"title":"The HayWired Earthquake Scenario"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":70195667,"text":"sir20175013v2 - 2021 - The HayWired earthquake scenario—Engineering implications","indexId":"sir20175013v2","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"chapter":"I–Q","displayTitle":"The HayWired Earthquake Scenario—Engineering Implications","title":"The HayWired earthquake scenario—Engineering implications"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70187004,"text":"sir20175013 - 2017 - The HayWired Earthquake Scenario","indexId":"sir20175013","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"title":"The HayWired Earthquake Scenario"},"id":2},{"subject":{"id":70206048,"text":"sir20175013V3 - 2019 - The HayWired earthquake scenario—Societal consequences","indexId":"sir20175013V3","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"chapter":"R–W","displayTitle":"The HayWired Earthquake Scenario—Societal Consequences","title":"The HayWired earthquake scenario—Societal consequences"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70187004,"text":"sir20175013 - 2017 - The HayWired Earthquake Scenario","indexId":"sir20175013","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"title":"The HayWired Earthquake Scenario"},"id":3}],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-22T20:42:59.787763","indexId":"sir20175013","displayToPublicDate":"2018-04-17T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2017-5013","title":"The HayWired Earthquake Scenario","docAbstract":"<h1>Foreword</h1><p>The 1906 Great San Francisco earthquake (magnitude 7.8) and the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake (magnitude 6.9) each motivated residents of the San Francisco Bay region to build countermeasures to earthquakes into the fabric of the region. Since Loma Prieta, bay-region communities, governments, and utilities have invested tens of billions of dollars in seismic upgrades and retrofits and replacements of older buildings and infrastructure. Innovation and state-of-the-art engineering, informed by science, including novel seismic-hazard assessments, have been applied to the challenge of increasing seismic resilience throughout the bay region. However, as long as people live and work in seismically vulnerable buildings or rely on seismically vulnerable transportation and utilities, more work remains to be done.</p><p>With that in mind, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and its partners developed the HayWired scenario as a tool to enable further actions that can change the outcome when the next major earthquake strikes. By illuminating the likely impacts to the present-day built environment, well-constructed scenarios can and have spurred officials and citizens to take steps that change the outcomes the scenario describes, whether used to guide more realistic response and recovery exercises or to launch mitigation measures that will reduce future risk.</p><p>The HayWired scenario is the latest in a series of like-minded efforts to bring a special focus onto the impacts that could occur when the Hayward Fault again ruptures through the east side of the San Francisco Bay region as it last did in 1868. Cities in the east bay along the Richmond, Oakland, and Fremont corridor would be hit hardest by earthquake ground shaking, surface fault rupture, aftershocks, and fault afterslip, but the impacts would reach throughout the bay region and far beyond.&nbsp;The HayWired&nbsp;scenario name reflects our increased reliance on the Internet and telecommunications and also alludes to the interconnectedness of infrastructure, society, and our economy. How would this earthquake scenario, striking close to Silicon Valley, impact our interconnected world in ways and at a scale we have not experienced in any previous domestic earthquake?</p><p>The area of present-day Contra Costa, Alameda, and Santa Clara Counties contended with a magnitude-6.8 earthquake in 1868 on the Hayward Fault. Although sparsely populated then, about 30 people were killed and extensive property damage resulted. The question of what an earthquake like that would do today has been examined before and is now revisited in the HayWired scenario. Scientists have documented a series of prehistoric earthquakes on the Hayward Fault and are confident that the threat of a future earthquake, like that modeled in the HayWired scenario, is real and could happen at any time. The team assembled to build this scenario has brought innovative new approaches to examining the natural hazards, impacts, and consequences of such an event. Such an earthquake would also be accompanied by widespread liquefaction and landslides, which are treated in greater detail than ever before. The team also considers how the now-prototype ShakeAlert earthquake early warning system could provide useful public alerts and automatic actions.</p><p>Scientific Investigations Report 2017–5013 and accompanying data releases are the products of an effort led by the USGS, but this body of work was created through the combined efforts of a large team including partners who have come together to form the HayWired Coalition (see chapter A). Use of the HayWired scenario has already begun. More than a full year of intensive partner engagement, beginning in April 2017, is being directed toward producing the most in-depth look ever at the impacts and consequences of a large earthquake on the Hayward Fault. With the HayWired scenario, our hope is to encourage and support the active ongoing engagement of the entire community of the San Francisco Bay region by providing the scientific, engineering, and economic and social science inputs for use in exercises and planning well into the future.</p><p>As HayWired volumes are published, they will be made available at <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20175013\" target=\"blank\" data-mce-href=\"https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20175013\">https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20175013</a>.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20175013","usgsCitation":"Detweiler, S.T., and Wein, A.M., eds., 2017, The HayWired earthquake scenario: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2017–5013, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20175013.","productDescription":"3 Volumes","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":438111,"rank":11,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9HKJU90","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Voice and data telecommunications restoration curves for 15 counties affected by the April 18, 2018, M7.0 HayWired earthquake scenario mainshock"},{"id":438110,"rank":11,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9LMGHRV","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Fire following the Mw 7.0 HayWired earthquake scenario"},{"id":438109,"rank":11,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P94Z8BOZ","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Estimated geospatial and tabular damages and vulnerable population distributions resulting from exposure to multiple hazards by the M7.0 HayWired scenario on April 18, 2018, for 17 counties in the San Francisco Bay region, California"},{"id":438108,"rank":11,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9CLW518","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Economic subareas of interest data for areas containing concentrated damage resulting from the April 18, 2018, HayWired earthquake scenario in the San Francisco Bay region, California"},{"id":438107,"rank":11,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P94HDTD8","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Results of individual and collocated lifeline exposure to hazards (and associated hazard and multi-hazard exposure surface data) resulting from the HayWired scenario earthquake sequence for counties and cities in the San Francisco Bay area, California"},{"id":438106,"rank":11,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9UWWM0W","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Selected products of the scenario HayWired earthquake sequence Hazus analyses for 17 counties in the San Francisco Bay region, California"},{"id":353492,"rank":5,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20183016","text":"Fact Sheet 2018-3016","description":"FS 2018-3016","linkHelpText":"– The HayWired Earthquake Scenario—We Can Outsmart Disaster"},{"id":399529,"rank":10,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_109753.htm"},{"id":399528,"rank":9,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_109190.htm"},{"id":399527,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_107137.htm"},{"id":397249,"rank":7,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://geonarrative.usgs.gov/liquefactionandsealevelrise/","text":"Liquefaction and Sea-Level Rise","linkHelpText":"–  A USGS storymap presenting the impacts of sea-level rise on liquefaction severity around the San Francisco Bay Area, California for the M7.0 ‘HayWired’ earthquake scenario along the Hayward Fault"},{"id":392896,"rank":6,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20213054","text":"Fact Sheet 2021-3054","linkHelpText":"– The HayWired Earthquake Scenario—Societal Consequences"},{"id":368403,"rank":4,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20175013V3","text":"Scientific Investigations Report 2017-5013 Volume 3","description":"SIR 2017-5013 V3","linkHelpText":"– The HayWired Earthquake Scenario—Societal Consequences"},{"id":353491,"rank":3,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20175013v2","text":"Scientific Investigations Report 2017-5013 Volume 2","description":"SIR 2017-5013 V2","linkHelpText":"– The HayWired Earthquake Scenario—Engineering Implications"},{"id":340064,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2017/5013/coverthb1.jpg"},{"id":353442,"rank":2,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20175013v1","text":"Scientific Investigations Report 2017-5013 Volume 1","description":"SIR 2017-5013 V1","linkHelpText":"– The HayWired Earthquake Scenario—Earthquake Hazards"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Hayward Fault","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123,\n              37\n            ],\n            [\n              -121,\n              37\n            ],\n            [\n              -121,\n              38.65\n            ],\n            [\n              -123,\n              38.65\n            ],\n            [\n              -123,\n              37\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/contactus/menlo/\" target=\"_blank\" data-mce-href=\"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/contactus/menlo/\">Contact Information</a>, Menlo Park, Calif.&nbsp;<br>Office—Earthquake Science Center&nbsp;<br>U.S. Geological Survey&nbsp;<br>345 Middlefield Road, MS 977&nbsp;<br>Menlo Park, CA 94025&nbsp;<br><a href=\"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" data-mce-href=\"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/\">https://earthquake.usgs.gov/</a></p>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"publishedDate":"2017-04-24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-04-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ff0e98e4b006455f2d61a0","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Detweiler, Shane T. 0000-0001-5699-011X shane@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5699-011X","contributorId":680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Detweiler","given":"Shane","email":"shane@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":692253,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wein, Anne M. 0000-0002-5516-3697 awein@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5516-3697","contributorId":192951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wein","given":"Anne","email":"awein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":692254,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70190023,"text":"sim3382 - 2017 - Geologic map of the upper Arkansas River valley region, north-central Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-26T16:07:23","indexId":"sim3382","displayToPublicDate":"2018-04-11T14:00:00","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3382","title":"Geologic map of the upper Arkansas River valley region, north-central Colorado","docAbstract":"<p>This 1:50,000-scale U.S. Geological Survey geologic map represents a compilation of the most recent geologic studies of the upper Arkansas River valley between Leadville and Salida, Colorado. The valley is structurally controlled by an extensional fault system that forms part of the prominent northern Rio Grande rift, an intra-continental region of crustal extension. This report also incorporates new detailed geologic mapping of previously poorly understood areas within the map area and reinterprets previously studied areas. The mapped region extends into the Proterozoic metamorphic and intrusive rocks in the Sawatch Range west of the valley and the Mosquito Range to the east. Paleozoic rocks are preserved along the crest of the Mosquito Range, but most of them have been eroded from the Sawatch Range. Numerous new isotopic ages better constrain the timing of both Proterozoic intrusive events, Late Cretaceous to early Tertiary intrusive events, and Eocene and Miocene volcanic episodes, including widespread ignimbrite eruptions. The uranium-lead ages document extensive about 1,440-million years (Ma) granitic plutonism mostly north of Buena Vista that produced batholiths that intruded an older suite of about 1,760-Ma metamorphic rocks and about 1,700-Ma plutonic rocks. As a result of extension during the Neogene and possibly latest Paleogene, the graben underlying the valley is filled with thick basin-fill deposits (Dry Union Formation and older sediments), which occupy two sub-basins separated by a bedrock high near the town of Granite. The Dry Union Formation has undergone deep erosion since the late Miocene or early Pliocene. During the Pleistocene, ongoing stream incision by the Arkansas River and its major tributaries has been interrupted by periodic aggradation. From Leadville south to Salida as many as seven mapped alluvial depositional units, that range in age from early to late Pleistocene, record periodic aggradational events along these streams that are commonly associated with deposition of glacial outwash or bouldery glacial-flood deposits. Many previously unrecognized Neogene and Quaternary faults, some of the latter with possible Holocene displacement, have been identified on lidar (light detection and ranging) imagery which covers 59 percent of the map area. This imagery has also permitted more accurate remapping of glacial, fluvial, and mass-movement deposits and aided in the determination of their relative ages. Recently published <sup>10</sup>beryllium cosmogenic surface-exposure ages, coupled with our new geologic mapping, have revealed the timing and rates of late Pleistocene deglaciation. Glacial dams that impounded the Arkansas River at Clear Creek and possibly at Pine Creek failed at least three times during the middle and late Pleistocene, resulting in catastrophic floods and deposition of enormous boulders and bouldery alluvium downstream; at least two failures occurred during the late Pleistocene during the Pinedale glaciation.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3382","usgsCitation":"Kellogg, K.S., Shroba, R.R., Ruleman, C.A., Bohannon, R.G., McIntosh, W. C., Premo, W.R., Cosca, M.A., Moscati, R.J., and Brandt, T.R., 2017, Geologic map of the upper Arkansas River valley region, north-central Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3382, pamphlet 70 p., 2 sheets, scale 1:50,000, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3382.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 70 p.; 4 Sheets; Data Release; Read Me","numberOfPages":"80","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-078599","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":348012,"rank":8,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F75B00XQ","text":"USGS Data Release","description":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Data release for the geologic map of the upper Arkansas River valley region, north-central Colorado"},{"id":351653,"rank":9,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3382/versionHist.txt","size":"4.0 kB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"description":"SIM 3382 Version History"},{"id":348008,"rank":7,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3382/sim3382_ReadMe.txt","text":"Read Me","size":"12.0 KB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"description":"SIM 3382 Read Me"},{"id":348002,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3382/sim3382_sheet1_hillshade.pdf","text":"Sheet 1, with hillshade—","size":"102 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIM 3382 Sheet 1 with hillshade","linkHelpText":"Geologic map with shaded relief"},{"id":347996,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3382/sim3382_sheet1_georeferenced.pdf","text":"Sheet 1, georeferenced—","size":"335 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIM 3382 Sheet 1 georeferenced","linkHelpText":"Georeferenced geologic map"},{"id":348005,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3382/sim3382_sheet2.pdf","text":"Sheet 2—","size":"1.16 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIM 3382 Sheet 2","linkHelpText":" Correlation and description of map units"},{"id":348004,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3382/sim3382_sheet1_no_hillshade.pdf","text":"Sheet 1, without hillshade—","size":"50.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIM 3382 Sheet 1 without hillshade","linkHelpText":"Geologic map without shaded relief"},{"id":347995,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3382/sim3382.pdf","text":"Report","size":"17.0 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIM 3382 Report"},{"id":347994,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3382/coverthb2.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Upper Arkansas River Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -106.5,\n              38.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.9,\n              38.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.9,\n              39.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.5,\n              39.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.5,\n              38.5\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p>Director, <a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/gecsc/\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/gecsc/\">Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>Box 25046, MS-980<br>Denver, CO 80225-0046</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Geologic History</li><li>Neotectonics and Seismic Hazards</li><li>Hydrologic and Mass-Movement Hazards</li><li>Mineral Deposits</li><li>Description of Map Units</li><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>References Cited</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"publishedDate":"2017-11-17","revisedDate":"2018-02-15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-11-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a60fb0ee4b06e28e9c22b76","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kellogg, Karl S.","contributorId":89896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kellogg","given":"Karl S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":718982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shroba, Ralph R. 0000-0002-2664-1813 rshroba@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2664-1813","contributorId":1266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shroba","given":"Ralph","email":"rshroba@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":707223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ruleman, Chester A.","contributorId":41533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruleman","given":"Chester A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":718983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bohannon, Robert G. rbohannon@usgs.gov","contributorId":2255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohannon","given":"Robert","email":"rbohannon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":718984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McIntosh, William C.","contributorId":191163,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McIntosh","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":718985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Premo, Wayne R. 0000-0001-9904-4801 wpremo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9904-4801","contributorId":1697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Premo","given":"Wayne","email":"wpremo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":707226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Cosca, Michael A. 0000-0002-0600-7663 mcosca@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0600-7663","contributorId":1000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cosca","given":"Michael","email":"mcosca@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":707227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Moscati, Richard J. 0000-0002-0818-4401 rmoscati@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0818-4401","contributorId":2462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moscati","given":"Richard","email":"rmoscati@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":707229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Brandt, Theodore R. 0000-0002-7862-9082 tbrandt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7862-9082","contributorId":1267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brandt","given":"Theodore","email":"tbrandt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":707228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70194990,"text":"70194990 - 2017 - Assessing the impacts of future climate conditions on the effectiveness of winter cover crops in reducing nitrate loads into the Chesapeake Bay Watershed using SWAT model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-05T10:17:23","indexId":"70194990","displayToPublicDate":"2018-02-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3627,"text":"Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing the impacts of future climate conditions on the effectiveness of winter cover crops in reducing nitrate loads into the Chesapeake Bay Watershed using SWAT model","docAbstract":"Winter cover crops (WCCs) have been widely implemented in the Coastal Plain of the Chesapeake Bay watershed (CBW) due to their high effectiveness at reducing nitrate loads.  However, future climate conditions (FCCs) are expected to exacerbate water quality degradation in the CBW by increasing nitrate loads from agriculture.  Accordingly, the question remains whether WCCs are sufficient to mitigate increased nutrient loads caused by FCCs.  In this study, we assessed the impacts of FCCs on WCC nitrate reduction efficiency on the Coastal Plain of the CBW using Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model.  Three FCC scenarios (2085 – 2098) were prepared using General Circulation Models (GCMs), considering three Intergovernmnental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) greenhouse gas emission scenarios.  We also developed six representative WCC implementation scenarios based on the most commonly used planting dates and species of WCCs in this region.  Simulation results showed that WCC biomass increased by ~ 58 % under FCC scenarios, due to climate conditions conducive to the WCC growth.  Prior to implementing WCCs, annual nitrate loads increased by ~ 43 % under FCC scenarios compared to the baseline scenario (2001 – 2014).  When WCCs were planted, annual nitrate loads were substantially reduced by ~ 48 % and WCC nitrate reduction efficiency water ~ 5 % higher under FCC scenarios relative to the baseline.  The increase rate of WCC nitrate reduction efficiency varied by FCC scenarios and WCC planting methods.  As CO2 concentration was higher and winters were warmer under FCC scenarios, WCCs had greater biomass and therefore showed higher nitrate reduction efficiency.  In response to FCC scenarios, the performance of less effective WCC practices (e.g., barley, wheat, and late planting) under the baseline indicated ~ 14 % higher increase rate of nitrate reduction efficiency compared to ones with better effectiveness under the baseline (e.g., rye and early planting), due to warmer  temperatures.  According to simulation results, WCCs were effective to mitigate nitrate loads accelerated by FCCs and therefore the role of WCCs in mitigating nitrate loads is even more important in the given FCCs.","language":"English","publisher":"ASABE","doi":"10.13031/trans.12390","usgsCitation":"Lee, S., Sadeghi, A.M., Yeo, I., McCarty, G.W., and Hively, W., 2017, Assessing the impacts of future climate conditions on the effectiveness of winter cover crops in reducing nitrate loads into the Chesapeake Bay Watershed using SWAT model: Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, v. 60, no. 6, p. 1939-1955, https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.12390.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1939","endPage":"1955","ipdsId":"IP-090236","costCenters":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":502649,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"text":"External Repository"},{"id":350954,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Chesapeake Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -77.574462890625,\n              37.055177106660814\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.827880859375,\n              37.055177106660814\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.827880859375,\n              39.816975090490004\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.574462890625,\n              39.816975090490004\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.574462890625,\n              37.055177106660814\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"60","issue":"6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a7586d8e4b00f54eb1d81e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, Sangchul","contributorId":201237,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lee","given":"Sangchul","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sadeghi, Ali M.","contributorId":131147,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sadeghi","given":"Ali","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":7262,"text":"USDA-ARS, Hydrology and Remote Sensing Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":726409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Yeo, In-Young","contributorId":131145,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yeo","given":"In-Young","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7261,"text":"Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":726408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McCarty, Gregory W.","contributorId":192367,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McCarty","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hively, W. Dean whively@usgs.gov","contributorId":4919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hively","given":"W. Dean","email":"whively@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":726406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70194999,"text":"70194999 - 2017 - Host susceptibility to snake fungal disease is highly dispersed across phylogenetic and functional trait space","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-02T13:46:24","indexId":"70194999","displayToPublicDate":"2018-02-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5010,"text":"Science Advances","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Host susceptibility to snake fungal disease is highly dispersed across phylogenetic and functional trait space","docAbstract":"Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) reduce host population sizes, cause extinction, disassemble communities, and have indirect negative effects on human well-being. Fungal EIDs have reduced population abundances in amphibians and bats across many species over large areas. The recent emergence of snake fungal disease (SFD) may have caused declines in some snake populations in the Eastern United States (EUS), which is home to a phylogenetically and ecologically diverse assembly of 98 taxa. SFD has been documented in only 23 naturally occuring species, although this is likely an underestimate of the number of susceptible taxa. Using several novel methods, including artificial neural networks, we combine phylogenetic and trait-based community estimates from all taxa in this region to show that SFD hosts are both phylogenetically and ecologically randomly dispersed. This might indicate that other species of snakes in the EUS could be currently infected or susceptible to SFD. Our models also indicate that information about key traits that enhance susceptiblity is lacking. Surveillance should consider that all snake species and habitats likely harbor this pathogen.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.1701387","usgsCitation":"Burbrink, F.T., Lorch, J.M., and Lips, K.R., 2017, Host susceptibility to snake fungal disease is highly dispersed across phylogenetic and functional trait space: Science Advances, v. 3, no. 12, e1701387; 9 p., https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1701387.","productDescription":"e1701387; 9 p.","ipdsId":"IP-081412","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":461317,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1701387","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":350945,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"12","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":15,"text":"Madison PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a7586d8e4b00f54eb1d81e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burbrink, Frank T.","contributorId":201581,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burbrink","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":36210,"text":"The American Museum of Natural History","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":726507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lorch, Jeffrey M. 0000-0003-2239-1252 jlorch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2239-1252","contributorId":5565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorch","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jlorch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":726506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lips, Karen R.","contributorId":26258,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lips","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70194815,"text":"ofr20171142 - 2017 - Geologic map of the Washington West 30’ × 60’ quadrangle, Maryland, Virginia, and Washington D.C.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-04T16:56:38","indexId":"ofr20171142","displayToPublicDate":"2018-01-02T15:45:00","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2017-1142","title":"Geologic map of the Washington West 30’ × 60’ quadrangle, Maryland, Virginia, and Washington D.C.","docAbstract":"<p>The Washington West 30’ × 60’ quadrangle covers an area of approximately 4,884 square kilometers (1,343 square miles) in and west of the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area. The eastern part of the area is highly urbanized, and more rural areas to the west are rapidly being developed. The area lies entirely within the Chesapeake Bay drainage basin and mostly within the Potomac River watershed. It contains part of the Nation's main north-south transportation corridor east of the Blue Ridge Mountains, consisting of Interstate Highway 95, U.S. Highway 1, and railroads, as well as parts of the Capital Beltway and Interstate Highway 66. Extensive Federal land holdings in addition to those in Washington, D.C., include the Marine Corps Development and Education Command at Quantico, Fort Belvoir, Vint Hill Farms Station, the Naval Ordnance Station at Indian Head, the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historic Park, Great Falls Park, and Manassas National Battlefield Park. The quadrangle contains most of Washington, D.C.; part or all of Arlington, Culpeper, Fairfax, Fauquier, Loudoun, Prince William, Rappahannock, and Stafford Counties in northern Virginia; and parts of Charles, Montgomery, and Prince Georges Counties in Maryland.</p><p>The Washington West quadrangle spans four geologic provinces. From west to east these provinces are the Blue Ridge province, the early Mesozoic Culpeper basin, the Piedmont province, and the Coastal Plain province. There is some overlap in ages of rocks in the Blue Ridge and Piedmont provinces. The Blue Ridge province, which occupies the western part of the quadrangle, contains metamorphic and igneous rocks of Mesoproterozoic to Early Cambrian age. Mesoproterozoic (Grenville-age) rocks are mostly granitic gneisses, although older metaigneous rocks are found as xenoliths. Small areas of Neoproterozoic metasedimentary rocks nonconformably overlie Mesoproterozoic rocks. Neoproterozoic granitic rocks of the Robertson River Igneous Suite intruded the Mesoproterozoic rocks. The Mesoproterozoic rocks are nonconformably overlain by Neoproterozoic metasedimentary rocks of the Fauquier and Lynchburg Groups, which in turn are overlain by metabasalt of the Catoctin Formation. The Catoctin Formation is overlain by Lower Cambrian clastic metasedimentary rocks of the Chilhowee Group. The Piedmont province is exposed in the east-central part of the map area, between overlapping sedimentary units of the Culpeper basin on the west and those of the Coastal Plain province on the east. In this area, the Piedmont province contains Neoproterozoic and lower Paleozoic metamorphosed sedimentary, volcanic, and plutonic rocks. Allochthonous mélange complexes on the western side of the Piedmont are bordered on the east by metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks of the Chopawamsic Formation, which has been interpreted as part of volcanic arc. The mélange complexes are unconformably overlain by metasedimentary rocks of the Popes Head Formation. The Silurian and Ordovician Quantico Formation is the youngest metasedimentary unit in this part of the Piedmont. Igneous rocks include the Garrisonville Mafic Complex, transported ultramafic and mafic inclusions in mélanges, monzogranite of the Dale City pluton, and Ordovician tonalitic and granitic plutons. Jurassic diabase dikes are the youngest intrusions. The fault boundary between rocks of the Blue Ridge and Piedmont provinces is concealed beneath the Culpeper basin in this area but is exposed farther south. Early Mesozoic rocks of the Culpeper basin unconformably overlie those of the Piedmont and Blue Ridge provinces in the central part of the quadrangle. The north-northeast-trending extensional basin contains Upper Triassic to Lower Jurassic nonmarine sedimentary rocks. Lower Jurassic sedimentary strata are interbedded with basalt flows, and both Upper Triassic and Lower Jurassic strata are intruded by diabase of Early Jurassic age. The Bull Run Mountain fault, a major Mesozoic normal fault characterized by down-to-the-east displacement, separates rocks of the Culpeper basin from those of the Blue Ridge province on the west. On the east, the contact between rocks of the Culpeper basin and those of the Piedmont province is an unconformity, which has been locally disrupted by normal faults. Sediments of the Coastal Plain province unconformably overlie rocks of the Piedmont province along the Fall Zone and occupy the eastern part of the quadrangle. Lower Cretaceous deposits of the Potomac Formation consist of fluvial-deltaic gravels, sands, silts, and clays. Discontinuous fluvial and estuarine terrace deposits of Pleistocene and middle- to late-Tertiary age flank the modern Potomac River valley unconformable capping these Cretaceous strata and the crystalline basement where the Cretaceous has been removed by erosion. East of the Potomac River, the Potomac Formation is onlapped and unconformably overlain by a westward thinning wedge of marine sedimentary deposits of Late Cretaceous and early- and late-Tertiary age. Basement rooted Coastal Plain faults of Tertiary to Quaternary age occur along the Fall Zone and this part of the inner Coastal Plain. These Coastal Plain faults have geomorphic expression that appear to influence river drainage patterns.</p><p>The geologic map of the Washington West quadrangle is intended to serve as a foundation for applying geologic information to problems involving land use decisions, groundwater availability and quality, earth resources such as natural aggregate for construction, assessment of natural hazards, and engineering and environmental studies for waste disposal sites and construction projects. This 1:100,000-scale map is mainly based on more detailed geologic mapping at a scale of 1:24,000.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20171142","usgsCitation":"Lyttle, P.T., Aleinikoff, J.N., Burton, W.C., Crider, E.A., Jr.,  Drake, A.A., Jr., Froelich, A.J., Horton, J.W., Jr., Kasselas, Gregorios, Mixon, R.B., McCartan, Lucy, Nelson, A.E., Newell, W.L., Pavlides, Louis, Powars, D.S., Southworth, C.S., and Weems, R.E., 2017, Geologic map of the Washington West 30’ × 60’ quadrangle, Maryland, Virginia, and Washington D.C.: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2017–1142, 1 sheet, scale 1:100,000, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20171142.","productDescription":"Map: 55.30 x 60.78 inches; Database; Database Metadata; Spatial Data","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-052801","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":350265,"rank":6,"type":{"id":9,"text":"Database"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2017/1142/ofr20171142_washington-west-geologic-map-database.zip","text":"Database","size":"102 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"linkHelpText":"- Washington West Geologic Map Database"},{"id":350266,"rank":7,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2017/1142/ofr20171142_washingtonwestVADCMD-ArcGIS-10.0.mxd","size":"438 KB mxd","linkHelpText":"- Washington West: Maryland, Virginia, and Washington, D.C. (ArcGIS 10.0)"},{"id":350263,"rank":4,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2017/1142/ofr20171142_washington-west-base-map.zip","text":"Base Map","size":"50.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"linkHelpText":"- Washington West Base Map Files"},{"id":350262,"rank":3,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2017/1142/ofr20171142_washington-west-geologic-shapefiles.zip","text":"Shapefiles","size":"9.08 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"linkHelpText":"- Washington West Geologic Shapefiles"},{"id":350260,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2017/1142/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":350261,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2017/1142/ofr20171142.pdf","text":"Report","size":"35.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2017-1142"},{"id":350264,"rank":5,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2017/1142/ofr20171142_washington-west-geologic-database-metadata.zip","text":"Database Metadata","linkHelpText":"- Washington West Geologic Database Metadata"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Washington, D.C.","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -78,\n              38.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -77,\n              38.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -77,\n              39\n            ],\n            [\n              -78,\n              39\n            ],\n            [\n              -78,\n              38.5\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"http://geology.er.usgs.gov/egpsc/\" data-mce-href=\"http://geology.er.usgs.gov/egpsc/\">Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center</a><br> U.S. Geological Survey<br> 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive<br> 926A National Center<br> Reston, VA 20192</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Description of Map Units</li><li>Correlation of Map Units</li><li>Explanation of Map Symbols</li><li>References Cited</li></ul>","publishedDate":"2018-01-02","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2018-01-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a60fae0e4b06e28e9c228b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lyttle, Peter T. plyttle@usgs.gov","contributorId":293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyttle","given":"Peter","email":"plyttle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":725358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aleinikoff, John N. 0000-0003-3494-6841 jaleinikoff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3494-6841","contributorId":1478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aleinikoff","given":"John","email":"jaleinikoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":725359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burton, William C. 0000-0001-7519-5787 bburton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7519-5787","contributorId":1293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"William","email":"bburton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":725360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Crider, E. 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,{"id":70195670,"text":"70195670 - 2017 - Amplification of earthquake ground motions in Washington, DC, and implications for hazard assessments in central and eastern North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-27T10:04:20","indexId":"70195670","displayToPublicDate":"2018-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Amplification of earthquake ground motions in Washington, DC, and implications for hazard assessments in central and eastern North America","docAbstract":"<p><span>The extent of damage in Washington, DC, from the 2011&nbsp;</span><i>M</i><sub><i>w</i></sub><span><span>&nbsp;</span>5.8 Mineral, VA, earthquake was surprising for an epicenter 130&nbsp;km away; U.S. Geological Survey “Did-You-Feel-It” reports suggest that Atlantic Coastal Plain and other unconsolidated sediments amplified ground motions in the city. We measure this amplification relative to bedrock sites using earthquake signals recorded on a temporary seismometer array. The spectral ratios show strong amplification in the 0.7 to 4&nbsp;Hz frequency range for sites on sediments. This range overlaps with resonant frequencies of buildings in the city as inferred from their heights, suggesting amplification at frequencies to which many buildings are vulnerable to damage. Our results emphasize that local amplification can raise moderate ground motions to damaging levels in stable continental regions, where low attenuation extends shaking levels over wide areas and unconsolidated deposits on crystalline metamorphic or igneous bedrock can result in strong contrasts in near-surface material properties.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1002/2017GL075517","usgsCitation":"Pratt, T.L., Horton, J.W., Munoz, J., Hough, S.E., Chapman, M.C., and Olgun, C.G., 2017, Amplification of earthquake ground motions in Washington, DC, and implications for hazard assessments in central and eastern North America: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 44, no. 24, p. 12150-12160, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL075517.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"12150","endPage":"12160","ipdsId":"IP-092357","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":352058,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":352048,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2017GL075517/full"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Washington, DC","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -82,\n              36\n            ],\n            [\n              -75,\n              36\n            ],\n            [\n              -75,\n              40\n            ],\n            [\n              -82,\n              40\n            ],\n            [\n              -82,\n              36\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"44","issue":"24","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-12-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5afee788e4b0da30c1bfc2c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pratt, Thomas L. 0000-0003-3131-3141 tpratt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3131-3141","contributorId":3279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pratt","given":"Thomas","email":"tpratt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":729624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Horton, J. Wright Jr. 0000-0001-6756-6365 whorton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6756-6365","contributorId":173694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horton","given":"J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"whorton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Wright","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":729625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Munoz, Jessica","contributorId":202790,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Munoz","given":"Jessica","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":729626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hough, Susan E. 0000-0002-5980-2986 hough@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5980-2986","contributorId":587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hough","given":"Susan","email":"hough@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":729627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chapman, Martin C.","contributorId":139348,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chapman","given":"Martin","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":12694,"text":"Virginia Tech","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":729628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Olgun, C. 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,{"id":70193093,"text":"70193093 - 2017 - Linking fluvial and aeolian morphodynamics in the Grand Canyon, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-12T13:54:54","indexId":"70193093","displayToPublicDate":"2018-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Linking fluvial and aeolian morphodynamics in the Grand Canyon, USA","docAbstract":"<p>In river valleys, fluvial and upland landscapes are intrinsically linked through sediment exchange between the active channel, near-channel fluvial deposits, and higher elevation upland deposits. During floods, sediment is transferred from channels to low-elevation nearchannel deposits [Schmidt and Rubin, 1995]. Particularly in dryland river valleys, subsequent aeolian reworking of these flood deposits redistributes sediment to higher elevation upland sites, thus maintaining naturallyoccurring aeolian landscapes [Draut, 2012]. </p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"RCEM 2017 - Back to Italy: The 10th Symposium on River, Coastal and Estuarine Morphodynamics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"University of Trento - Italy","usgsCitation":"Kasprak, A., Bangen, S.G., Buscombe, D.D., Caster, J., East, A.E., Grams, P.E., and Sankey, J.B., 2017, Linking fluvial and aeolian morphodynamics in the Grand Canyon, USA, <i>in</i> RCEM 2017 - Back to Italy: The 10th Symposium on River, Coastal and Estuarine Morphodynamics, p. 204-204.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"204","endPage":"204","ipdsId":"IP-083761","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":351495,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Grand Canyon","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5afee788e4b0da30c1bfc2d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kasprak, Alan 0000-0001-8184-6128 akasprak@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8184-6128","contributorId":190848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kasprak","given":"Alan","email":"akasprak@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":717956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bangen, Sara G.","contributorId":190858,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bangen","given":"Sara","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":717957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buscombe, Daniel D. 0000-0001-6217-5584","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6217-5584","contributorId":198817,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buscombe","given":"Daniel","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":717958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Caster, Joshua 0000-0002-2858-1228 jcaster@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2858-1228","contributorId":199033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caster","given":"Joshua","email":"jcaster@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":717959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"East, Amy E. 0000-0002-9567-9460 aeast@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9567-9460","contributorId":196364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"East","given":"Amy","email":"aeast@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":717960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Grams, Paul E. 0000-0002-0873-0708 pgrams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0873-0708","contributorId":1830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grams","given":"Paul","email":"pgrams@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":717961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sankey, Joel B. 0000-0003-3150-4992 jsankey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3150-4992","contributorId":3935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sankey","given":"Joel","email":"jsankey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":717962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70220302,"text":"70220302 - 2017 - Preliminary-assessment and upgrade of a groundwater flow model of the Seacoast Bedrock Aquifer, New Hampshire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-02T15:23:50.809272","indexId":"70220302","displayToPublicDate":"2017-12-31T10:19:40","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Preliminary-assessment and upgrade of a groundwater flow model of the Seacoast Bedrock Aquifer, New Hampshire","docAbstract":"<p>In 2003 and 2004, the U.S. Geological Survey investigated the availability of groundwater resources in a 160-square mile area of coastal New Hampshire (Figure 1) using a regional groundwater flow model (Mack, 2009). At that time, population growth and increasing water demand prompted concern for the sustainability of the region’s groundwater resources in a fractured-crystalline bedrock-aquifer with little storage. The groundwater&nbsp; flow model developed for the previous study incorporated detailed water-use information for 2003-4 and simulated the effects of projected increases in water use. However, poor stream representation may reduce the effectiveness of the original model head simulations. Improvements to the model, made by incorporating the USGS’s MODLFOW-2005 Newton formulation (MODFLOW-NWT, Niswonger and others, 2011) and by more accurately representing stream characteristics, are presented in an example simulating approximate changes in water use. Groundwater heads in an area of relatively larger population change, near the center of the Seacoast’s fractured bedrock aquifer, were simulated with the upgraded model using published 2004, and approximated 2015, water use rates. This area is situated at a local topographic high point and near the junction of three towns, where drainages flow westward, toward Great Bay, and eastward, toward the Atlantic Ocean (Figure 1).</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the MODFLOW and more 2017 conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"MODFLOW and More 2017","conferenceDate":"May 21-24, 2017","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Mack, T., 2017, Preliminary-assessment and upgrade of a groundwater flow model of the Seacoast Bedrock Aquifer, New Hampshire, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the MODFLOW and more 2017 conference, May 21-24, 2017, p. 40-44.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"40","endPage":"44","ipdsId":"IP-087643","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":386128,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Hampshire","otherGeospatial":"Seacoast Bedrock Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -70.71418762207031,\n              43.04079076668198\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.71075439453125,\n              43.071395809535375\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.78628540039062,\n              43.08493742707592\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.8570098876953,\n              43.1405770781429\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.9881591796875,\n              43.033764503405315\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.98953247070311,\n              42.82663145362289\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.81443786621094,\n              42.82209892875648\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.74783325195311,\n              42.976520698105524\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.71418762207031,\n              43.03777960950732\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.71418762207031,\n              43.04079076668198\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mack, Thomas J. 0000-0002-0496-3918","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0496-3918","contributorId":218727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mack","given":"Thomas J.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":815071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70197039,"text":"70197039 - 2017 - Comparison of the precision of age estimates generated from fin rays, scales, and otoliths of Blue Sucker","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-15T10:09:26","indexId":"70197039","displayToPublicDate":"2017-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3444,"text":"Southeastern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of the precision of age estimates generated from fin rays, scales, and otoliths of Blue Sucker","docAbstract":"<div class=\"hlFld-Abstract\"><div class=\"articleAbstractBox\"><div class=\"abstractSection\"><p class=\"last\">Evaluating the precision of age estimates generated by different readers and different calcified structures is an important part of generating reliable estimations of growth, recruitment, and mortality for fish populations. Understanding the potential loss of precision associated with using structures harvested without sacrificing individuals, such as scales or fin rays, is particularly important when working with imperiled species, such as<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Cycleptus elongatus</i><span>&nbsp;</span>(Blue Sucker). We collected otoliths (lapilli), scales, and the first fin rays of the dorsal, anal, pelvic, and pectoral fins of 9 Blue Suckers. We generated age estimates from each structure by both experienced (<i>n</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 5) and novice (<i>n</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 4) readers. We found that, independent of the structure used to generate the age estimates, the mean coefficient of variation (CV) of experienced readers was approximately 29% lower than that of novice readers. Further, the mean CV of age estimates generated from pectoral-fin rays, pelvic-fin rays, and scales were statistically indistinguishable and less than those of dorsal-fin rays, anal-fin rays, and otoliths. Anal-, dorsal-, and pelvic-fin rays and scales underestimated age compared to otoliths, but age estimates from pectoral-fin rays were comparable to those from otoliths. Skill level, structure, and fish total-length influenced reader precision between subsequent reads of the same aging structure from a particular fish. Using structures that can be harvested non-lethally to estimate the age of Blue Sucker can provide reliable and reproducible results, similar to those that would be expected from using otoliths. Therefore, we recommend the use of pectoral-fin rays as a non-lethal method to obtain age estimates for Blue Suckers.</p></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Eagle Hill Institute","doi":"10.1656/058.016.0208","usgsCitation":"Acre, M., Alejandrez, C., East, J., Massure, W.A., Miyazono, S., Pease, J.E., Roesler, E.L., Williams, H., and Grabowski, T.B., 2017, Comparison of the precision of age estimates generated from fin rays, scales, and otoliths of Blue Sucker: Southeastern Naturalist, v. 16, no. 2, p. 215-224, https://doi.org/10.1656/058.016.0208.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"215","endPage":"224","ipdsId":"IP-075798","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354158,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana, Texas","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River, Sabine River","volume":"16","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5afee789e4b0da30c1bfc2d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Acre, Matthew R.","contributorId":171446,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Acre","given":"Matthew R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":735329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alejandrez, Celeste","contributorId":204874,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Alejandrez","given":"Celeste","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":735330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"East, Jessica","contributorId":204875,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"East","given":"Jessica","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":735331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Massure, Wade A.","contributorId":204876,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Massure","given":"Wade","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":735332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Miyazono, S.","contributorId":79310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miyazono","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":735333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Pease, Jessica E.","contributorId":201491,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pease","given":"Jessica","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":735334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Roesler, Elizabeth L.","contributorId":204877,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roesler","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":735335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Williams, H.M.","contributorId":66656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"H.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":735336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Grabowski, Timothy B. 0000-0001-9763-8948 tgrabowski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9763-8948","contributorId":4178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grabowski","given":"Timothy","email":"tgrabowski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":735328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70196903,"text":"70196903 - 2017 - Analysis of the age and paleomagnetic orientation of the Broadwell Mesa Basalt, Bristol Mountains, CA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-13T10:32:18","indexId":"70196903","displayToPublicDate":"2017-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Analysis of the age and paleomagnetic orientation of the Broadwell Mesa Basalt, Bristol Mountains, CA","docAbstract":"To add to the regional paleomagnetic data documenting block rotation in eastern California, we determined the age and paleomagnetic rotation of the Broadwell Mesa basalt, a basalt in the Bristol Mountains, CA as part of an effort to constrain the timing and rotation of blocks adjacent to the fault. The east-striking sinistral Broadwell Mesa fault cuts and separates the basalt into two outcrops. An 40Ar/39Ar  date from the northern outcrop yields an age of 5.46 ± 0.04 Ma. Two sites consisting of 40 paleomagnetic cores from the basalt indicate the basalt is reversely magnetized and that there has been no significant rotation (< 11º) between the two basalt outcrops.","largerWorkTitle":"ECSZ Does It: Revisiting the Eastern California Shear Zone","conferenceTitle":"2017 Desert Symposium","conferenceDate":"April 2017","conferenceLocation":"Zzyzx, CA","language":"English","publisher":"Desert Studies Center, California State University at Fullerton","usgsCitation":"Phelps, G., Hillhouse, J., Fleck, R.J., Miller, D., Buesch, D.C., Cyr, A.J., and Schmidt, K.M., 2017, Analysis of the age and paleomagnetic orientation of the Broadwell Mesa Basalt, Bristol Mountains, CA, <i>in</i> ECSZ Does It: Revisiting the Eastern California Shear Zone, Zzyzx, CA, April 2017, p. 97-102.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"97","endPage":"102","ipdsId":"IP-084405","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354100,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":354027,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.desertsymposium.org/About.html"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"ZZyzx","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -111.02783203125,\n              44.1151978766043\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.94293212890625,\n              44.1151978766043\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.94293212890625,\n              44.88895839978044\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.02783203125,\n              44.88895839978044\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.02783203125,\n              44.1151978766043\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116.27243041992188,\n              35.04798673426734\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.99777221679686,\n              35.04798673426734\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.99777221679686,\n              35.280379599547345\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.27243041992188,\n              35.280379599547345\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.27243041992188,\n              35.04798673426734\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5afee789e4b0da30c1bfc2e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Phelps, Geoffrey 0000-0003-1958-2736 gphelps@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1958-2736","contributorId":127489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phelps","given":"Geoffrey","email":"gphelps@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":734960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hillhouse, John 0000-0002-1371-4622","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1371-4622","contributorId":204776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hillhouse","given":"John","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":734966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fleck, Robert J. 0000-0002-3149-8249 fleck@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3149-8249","contributorId":1048,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleck","given":"Robert","email":"fleck@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":734963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Miller, David M. 0000-0003-3711-0441 dmiller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3711-0441","contributorId":140769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"David M.","email":"dmiller@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":734964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Buesch, David C. 0000-0002-4978-5027 dbuesch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4978-5027","contributorId":1154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buesch","given":"David","email":"dbuesch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":734965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Cyr, Andrew J. 0000-0003-2293-5395 acyr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2293-5395","contributorId":3539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cyr","given":"Andrew","email":"acyr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":734961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Schmidt, Kevin M. 0000-0003-2365-8035 kschmidt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2365-8035","contributorId":1985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"Kevin","email":"kschmidt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":734962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70191425,"text":"sir20175110 - 2017 - Baseline assessment of groundwater quality in Pike County, Pennsylvania, 2015","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-02T13:17:07","indexId":"sir20175110","displayToPublicDate":"2017-12-29T14:00:00","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2017-5110","title":"Baseline assessment of groundwater quality in Pike County, Pennsylvania, 2015","docAbstract":"<p>The Devonian-age Marcellus Shale and the Ordovician-age Utica Shale, which have the potential for natural gas development, underlie Pike County and neighboring counties in northeastern Pennsylvania. In 2015, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Pike County Conservation District, conducted a study that expanded on a previous more limited 2012 study to assess baseline shallow groundwater quality in bedrock aquifers in Pike County prior to possible extensive shale-gas development. Seventy-nine water wells ranging in depths from 80 to 610 feet were sampled during June through September 2015 to provide data on the presence of methane and other aspects of existing groundwater quality in the various bedrock geologic units throughout the county, including concentrations of inorganic constituents commonly present at low values in shallow, fresh groundwater but elevated in brines associated with fluids extracted from geologic formations during shale-gas development. All groundwater samples collected in 2015 were analyzed for bacteria, dissolved and total major ions, nutrients, selected dissolved and total inorganic trace constituents (including metals and other elements), radon-222, gross alpha- and gross beta-particle activity, dissolved gases (methane, ethane, and propane), and, if sufficient methane was present, the isotopic composition of methane. Additionally, samples from 20 wells distributed throughout the county were analyzed for selected man-made volatile organic compounds, and samples from 13&nbsp;wells where waters had detectable gross alpha activity were analyzed for radium-226 on the basis of relatively elevated gross alpha-particle activity.</p><p>Results of the 2015 study show that groundwater quality generally met most drinking-water standards for constituents and properties included in analyses, but groundwater samples from some wells had one or more constituents or properties, including arsenic, iron, manganese, pH, bacteria, sodium, chloride, sulfate, total dissolved solids, and radon-222, that did not meet (commonly termed failed or exceeded) primary or secondary maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) or Health Advisories (HA) for drinking water. Except for iron, dissolved and total concentrations of major ions and most trace constituents generally were similar. Only 1 of 79 well-water samples had any constituent that exceeded a MCL, with an arsenic concentration of about 30 micrograms per liter (µg/L) that was higher than the MCL of 10 µg/L. However, total arsenic concentrations were higher than the HA of 2 µg/L in samples from another 12 of 79 wells (about 15&nbsp;percent). Secondary maximum contaminant levels (SMCLs) were exceeded most frequently by pH and concentrations of iron and manganese. The pH was outside of the SMCL range of 6.5–8.5 in samples from 24 of 79&nbsp;wells (30 percent), ranging from 5.5 to 9.2; more samples had pH values less than 6.5 than had pH values greater than 8.5. Total iron concentrations typically were much greater than dissolved iron concentrations, indicating substantial presence of iron in particulate phase, and exceeded the SMCL of 300 µg/L more often [35 of 79 samples (44 percent)] than dissolved iron concentrations [samples from 8 of 79 wells (10 percent)]. Total manganese concentrations exceeded the SMCL of 50&nbsp;µg/L in samples from 31 of 79&nbsp;wells (39 percent) and the HA of 300&nbsp;µg/L in samples from 13 of 79 wells (about 16&nbsp;percent). A few (1–2) samples had concentrations of sodium, chloride, sulfate, or TDS higher than the SMCLs of 60, 250, 250, and 500 mg/L, respectively. However, dissolved sodium concentrations were higher than the HA of 20 mg/L in samples from 15 of 79 wells (nearly 20 percent). Total coliform bacteria were detected in samples from 25 of 79&nbsp;wells (32&nbsp;percent) but <i>Escherichia coli</i> were not detected in any sample. Radon-222 activities ranged from 11 to 5,100&nbsp;picocuries per liter (pCi/L), with a median of 1,440&nbsp;pCi/L, and exceeded the proposed and the alternate proposed drinking-water standards of 300 and 4,000 pCi/L, respectively, in samples from 60 of 79 wells (75 percent) and in samples from 2 of 79 wells (3 percent), respectively.</p><p>Groundwater samples from all wells were analyzed for dissolved methane by one contract laboratory that determined water from 19 of the 79 wells (24 percent) had concentrations of methane greater than the reporting level of 0.010 milligrams per liter (mg/L) with a maximum methane concentration of 2.5 mg/L. Methane concentrations in 18 replicate samples submitted to a second laboratory for dissolved gas and isotopic analysis generally were higher by as much as a factor of 2.7 from those determined by the first laboratory, indicating potential bias related to combined sampling and analytical methods, and therefore, caution needs to be used when comparing methane results determined by different methods. The isotopic composition of methane in 9 of 10 samples with sufficient dissolved methane (about 0.3 mg/L) for isotopic analysis is consistent with values reported for methane of microbial origin produced through carbon dioxide reduction; an isotopic shift in 1 or 2 samples may indicate subsequent methane oxidation. The low concentrations of ethane relative to methane in these samples further indicate that the methane may be of microbial origin. Groundwater samples with relatively elevated methane concentrations (near or greater than 0.3 mg/L) also had chemical compositions that differed in some respects from groundwater with relatively low methane concentrations (less than 0.3 mg/L) by having higher pH (greater than 8) and higher concentrations of sodium, lithium, boron, fluoride, arsenic, and bromide and chloride/bromide ratios indicative of mixing with a small amount of brine of probable natural occurrence.</p><p>The spatial distribution of groundwater compositions differs by topographic setting and lithology and generally shows that (1) relatively dilute, slightly acidic, oxygenated, calcium-carbonate type waters tend to occur in the uplands underlain by the undivided Poplar Gap and Packerton members of the Catskill Formation in southwestern Pike County; (2) waters of near neutral pH with the highest amounts of hardness (calcium and magnesium) generally occur in areas of intermediate altitudes underlain by other members of the Catskill Formation; and (3) waters with pH values greater than 8, low oxygen concentrations, and the highest arsenic, sodium, lithium, bromide, and methane concentrations can be present in deep wells in uplands but most frequently occur in stream valleys, especially at low altitudes (less than about 1,200 feet above North American Vertical Datum of 1988) where groundwater may be discharging regionally, such as to the Delaware River in northern and eastern Pike County. Thus, the baseline assessment of groundwater quality in Pike County prior to gas-well development shows that shallow (less than about 1,000 feet deep) groundwater generally meets primary drinking-water standards for inorganic constituents but varies spatially, with methane and some constituents present in high concentrations in brine (and connate waters from gas and oil reservoirs) present at low to moderate concentrations in some parts of Pike County.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20175110","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Pike County Conservation District","usgsCitation":"Senior, L.A., and Cravotta, C.A., III, 2017: Baseline assessment of groundwater quality in Pike County, Pennsylvania, 2015: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2017–5110, 181 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20175110.","productDescription":"Report: xii, 181 p.; Data 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Pennsylvania Water Science Center<br> U.S. Geological Survey<br> 215 Limekiln Road<br> New Cumberland, PA 17070-2424<br> <a href=\"http://pa.water.usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"http://pa.water.usgs.gov\">http://pa.water.usgs.gov</a></p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Methods of Sample Collection and Analysis</li><li>Baseline Groundwater Quality in Pike County</li><li>Relation of Water Quality to Geochemical and Hydrogeologic Setting</li><li>Summary and Conclusions</li><li>References Cited</li><li>Appendixes</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":10,"text":"Baltimore PSC"},"publishedDate":"2017-12-29","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-12-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a60fae0e4b06e28e9c228c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Senior, Lisa A. 0000-0003-2629-1996 lasenior@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2629-1996","contributorId":2150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senior","given":"Lisa","email":"lasenior@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":712203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cravotta, Charles A. III 0000-0003-3116-4684 cravotta@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3116-4684","contributorId":196993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cravotta","given":"Charles A.","suffix":"III","email":"cravotta@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":712204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70211495,"text":"70211495 - 2017 - Climate change refugia and habitat connectivity promote species persistence","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-29T00:34:36.017535","indexId":"70211495","displayToPublicDate":"2017-12-22T19:26:46","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5385,"text":"Climate Change Responses","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Climate change refugia and habitat connectivity promote species persistence","docAbstract":"<h3 class=\"c-article__sub-heading\" data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background</h3><p>Climate change refugia, areas buffered from climate change relative to their surroundings, are of increasing interest as natural resource managers seek to prioritize climate adaptation actions. However, evidence that refugia buffer the effects of anthropogenic climate change is largely missing.</p><h3 class=\"c-article__sub-heading\" data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>Focusing on the climate-sensitive Belding’s ground squirrel (<i>Urocitellus beldingi</i>), we predicted that highly connected Sierra Nevada meadows that had warmed less or shown less precipitation change over the last century would have greater population persistence, as measured by short-term occupancy, fewer extirpations&nbsp;over the&nbsp;twentieth&nbsp;century, and long-term persistence measured through genetic diversity.</p><h3 class=\"c-article__sub-heading\" data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Across California,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>U. beldingi</i><span>&nbsp;</span>were more likely to persist over the last century in meadows with high connectivity that were defined as refugial based on a suite of temperature and precipitation factors. In Yosemite National Park, highly connected refugial meadows were more likely to be occupied by<span>&nbsp;</span><i>U. beldingi</i>. More broadly, populations inhabiting Sierra Nevada meadows with colder mean winter temperatures had higher values of allelic richness at microsatellite loci, consistent with higher population persistence in temperature-buffered sites. Furthermore, both allelic richness and gene flow were higher in meadows that had higher landscape connectivity, indicating the importance of metapopulation processes. Conversely, anthropogenic refugia, sites where populations appeared to persist due to food or water supplementation, had lower connectivity, genetic diversity, and gene flow, and thus might act as ecological traps. This study provides evidence that validates the climate change refugia concept in a contemporary context and illustrates how to integrate field observations and genetic analyses to test the effectiveness of climate change refugia and connectivity.</p><h3 class=\"c-article__sub-heading\" data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>Climate change refugia will be important for conserving populations as well as genetic diversity and evolutionary potential. Our study shows that in-depth modeling paired with rigorous fieldwork can identify functioning climate change refugia for conservation.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1186/s40665-017-0036-5","usgsCitation":"Morelli, T.L., Maher, S.P., Lim, M.C., Kastely, C., Eastman, L.M., Flint, L.E., Flint, A.L., Beissinger, S.R., and Moritz, C., 2017, Climate change refugia and habitat connectivity promote species persistence: Climate Change Responses, v. 4, 8, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.1186/s40665-017-0036-5.","productDescription":"8, 12 p.","ipdsId":"IP-091107","costCenters":[{"id":5080,"text":"Northeast Climate Adaptation Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":469229,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40665-017-0036-5","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":376819,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Yosemite National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -119.94873046875,\n              37.51844023887861\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.2236328125,\n              37.51844023887861\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.2236328125,\n              38.199338565983844\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.94873046875,\n              38.199338565983844\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.94873046875,\n              37.51844023887861\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-12-22","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morelli, Toni Lyn 0000-0001-5865-5294 tmorelli@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5865-5294","contributorId":197458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morelli","given":"Toni","email":"tmorelli@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Lyn","affiliations":[{"id":5080,"text":"Northeast Climate Adaptation Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":411,"text":"National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":794322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Maher, Sean P.","contributorId":7998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maher","given":"Sean","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":794323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lim, Marisa C. W.","contributorId":236825,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lim","given":"Marisa","email":"","middleInitial":"C. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":794324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kastely, Christina","contributorId":236826,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kastely","given":"Christina","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":794325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Eastman, Lindsey M.","contributorId":236827,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eastman","given":"Lindsey","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":794362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Flint, Lorraine E. 0000-0002-7868-441X lflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7868-441X","contributorId":1184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Lorraine","email":"lflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":794363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Flint, Alan L. 0000-0002-5118-751X aflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5118-751X","contributorId":1492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Alan","email":"aflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":794364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Beissinger, Steven R.","contributorId":100534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beissinger","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":794365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Moritz, Craig","contributorId":149462,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moritz","given":"Craig","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":17742,"text":"Research School of Biology, The Australian Nat'l U, Acton, Australia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":794366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70194732,"text":"fs20173088 - 2017 - Assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources in the Cretaceous Nanushuk and Torok Formations, Alaska North Slope, and summary of resource potential of the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska, 2017","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-02T10:19:57","indexId":"fs20173088","displayToPublicDate":"2017-12-22T10:20:00","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2017-3088","title":"Assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources in the Cretaceous Nanushuk and Torok Formations, Alaska North Slope, and summary of resource potential of the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska, 2017","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Geological Survey estimated mean undiscovered, technically recoverable resources of 8.7 billion barrels of oil and 25 trillion cubic feet of natural gas (associated and nonassociated) in conventional accumulations in the Cretaceous Nanushuk and Torok Formations in the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska, adjacent State and Native lands, and State waters. The estimated undiscovered oil resources in the Nanushuk and Torok Formations are significantly higher than previous estimates, owing primarily to recent, larger than anticipated oil discoveries.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20173088","usgsCitation":"Houseknecht, D.W., Lease, R.O., Schenk, C.J., Mercier, T.J., Rouse, W.A., Jarboe, P.J., Whidden, K.J., Garrity, C.P., Lewis, K.A., Heller, S.J., Craddock, W.H., Klett, T.R., Le, P.A., Smith, R.A., Tennyson, M.E., Gaswirth, S.B., Woodall, C.A., Brownfield, M.E., Leathers-Miller, H.M., and Finn, T.M., 2017, Assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources in the Cretaceous Nanushuk and Torok Formations, Alaska North Slope, and summary of resource potential of the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska, 2017: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2017–3088, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20173088.","productDescription":"4 p.","onlineOnly":"N","ipdsId":"IP-092895","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":438122,"rank":5,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9QSJKNF","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"USGS Alaska Petroleum Systems Project: Northern Alaska Province, Nanushuk and Torok Formations Assessment Units and Assessment Input Forms"},{"id":350008,"rank":3,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/fs20103102","text":"Fact Sheet 2010–3102: ","linkHelpText":"2010 Updated Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska (NPRA)"},{"id":350003,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2017/3088/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":350004,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2017/3088/fs20173088.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.0 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2017-3088"},{"id":350009,"rank":4,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/fs20053043","text":"Fact Sheet 2005–3043: ","linkHelpText":"Oil and Gas Assessment of Central North Slope, Alaska, 2005"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -170,\n              67\n            ],\n            [\n              -145,\n              67\n            ],\n            [\n              -145,\n              71.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -170,\n              71.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -170,\n              67\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"mailto:gd-energyprogram@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:gd-energyprogram@usgs.gov\">Program Coordinator,</a><a href=\"https://energy.usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"https://energy.usgs.gov/\"> Energy Resources Program</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>12201 Sunrise Valley Drive<br>National Center, MS 913<br>Reston, VA 20192<br></p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Introduction</li><li>Recent Oil Discoveries</li><li>Geological Framework and Definition of Assessment Units</li><li>Undiscovered Resources Summary</li><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>References Cited</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"publishedDate":"2017-12-22","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-12-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a60fae1e4b06e28e9c228cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Houseknecht, David W. 0000-0002-9633-6910 dhouse@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9633-6910","contributorId":645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Houseknecht","given":"David","email":"dhouse@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":725046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lease, Richard O. 0000-0003-2582-8966 rlease@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2582-8966","contributorId":5098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lease","given":"Richard","email":"rlease@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":725047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schenk, Christopher J. 0000-0002-0248-7305 schenk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0248-7305","contributorId":826,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schenk","given":"Christopher","email":"schenk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":725048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mercier, Tracey J. 0000-0002-8232-525X tmercier@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8232-525X","contributorId":2847,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mercier","given":"Tracey","email":"tmercier@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":725049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rouse, William A. 0000-0002-0790-370X 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kwhidden@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7841-2553","contributorId":3960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whidden","given":"Katherine","email":"kwhidden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":725052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Garrity, Christopher P. 0000-0002-5565-1818 cgarrity@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5565-1818","contributorId":644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garrity","given":"Christopher","email":"cgarrity@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":5061,"text":"National Cooperative Geologic Mapping and Landslide Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science 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tennyson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5166-2421","contributorId":176582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tennyson","given":"Marilyn","email":"tennyson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":725056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Gaswirth, Stephanie B. 0000-0001-5821-6347 sgaswirth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5821-6347","contributorId":149261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaswirth","given":"Stephanie B.","email":"sgaswirth@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":725057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Woodall, Cheryl A. 0000-0002-4844-5768 cwoodall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4844-5768","contributorId":192064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodall","given":"Cheryl","email":"cwoodall@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":725058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Brownfield, Michael E. 0000-0003-3633-1138 mbrownfield@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3633-1138","contributorId":1548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brownfield","given":"Michael","email":"mbrownfield@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":725059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Leathers-Miller, Heidi M. 0000-0001-5208-9906 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,{"id":70194318,"text":"ds1074 - 2017 - Development of simulated groundwater-contributing areas to selected streams, ponds, coastal water bodies, and production wells in the Plymouth-Carver region and Cape Cod, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-29T12:19:45","indexId":"ds1074","displayToPublicDate":"2017-12-21T13:45:00","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1074","title":"Development of simulated groundwater-contributing areas to selected streams, ponds, coastal water bodies, and production wells in the Plymouth-Carver region and Cape Cod, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"<h1>Introduction</h1><p>The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in support of the Massachusetts Estuaries Project (MEP), delineated groundwater-contributing areas to various hydrologic receptors including ponds, streams, and coastal water bodies throughout southeastern Massachusetts, including portions of the Plymouth-Carver aquifer system and all of Cape Cod. These contributing areas were delineated over a 6-year period from 2003 through 2008 by using previously published regional USGS groundwater-flow models for the Plymouth-Carver region (Masterson and others, 2009), the Sagamore (western) and Monomoy (eastern) flow lenses of Cape Cod (Walter and Whealan, 2005), and lower Cape Cod (Masterson, 2004). The original USGS groundwater-contributing areas were subsequently revised in some locations by the MEP to remove modeling artifacts or to make the contributing areas more consistent with site-specific hydrologic conditions without further USGS review. This report describes the process used to create the USGS groundwater-contributing areas and provides these model results in their original format in a single, publicly accessible publication.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds1074","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the  Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Carlson, C.S., Masterson, J.P., Walter, D.A., and Barbaro, J.R., 2017, Development of simulated groundwater-contributing areas to selected streams, ponds, coastal water bodies, and production wells in the Plymouth-Carver region and Cape Cod, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 1074, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds1074.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 17 p.; Data Release","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-087594","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":350104,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7V69H2Z","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Simulated Groundwater-Contributing Areas to Selected Streams, Ponds, Coastal Water Bodies, and Production Wells, Plymouth-Carver Region and Cape Cod, Massachusetts"},{"id":350102,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/1074/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":350103,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/1074/ds1074.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.63 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"DS 1074"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod, Plymouth-Carver Region","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -71.015625,\n              41.50857729743935\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.88128662109375,\n              41.50857729743935\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.88128662109375,\n              42.167475010395336\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.015625,\n              42.167475010395336\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.015625,\n              41.50857729743935\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"mailto:nweng@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:nweng@usgs.gov\">Director</a>, <a href=\"https://newengland.water.usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"https://newengland.water.usgs.gov/\">New England Water Science Center</a><br> U.S. Geological Survey<br> 10 Bearfoot Road <br> Northborough, MA 01532</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Introduction</li><li>Background</li><li>Groundwater-Contributing Area Output</li><li>Limitations</li><li>References Cited</li><li>Appendix 1. Conversion Process from Original Electronic Format Files to Shapefiles</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":11,"text":"Pembroke PSC"},"publishedDate":"2017-12-21","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-12-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a60fae2e4b06e28e9c228e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carlson, Carl S. 0000-0001-7142-3519 cscarlso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7142-3519","contributorId":1694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"Carl","email":"cscarlso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":723264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Masterson, John P. 0000-0003-3202-4413 jpmaster@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3202-4413","contributorId":196568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masterson","given":"John","email":"jpmaster@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":723267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Walter, Donald A. 0000-0003-0879-4477 dawalter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0879-4477","contributorId":1101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walter","given":"Donald","email":"dawalter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":723265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Barbaro, Jeffrey R. 0000-0002-6107-2142 jrbarbar@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6107-2142","contributorId":1626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barbaro","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jrbarbar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":723266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70194366,"text":"sir20175148 - 2017 - Correlation between basalt flows and radiochemical and chemical constituents in selected wells in the southwestern part of the Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-22T13:29:36","indexId":"sir20175148","displayToPublicDate":"2017-12-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2017-5148","title":"Correlation between basalt flows and radiochemical and chemical constituents in selected wells in the southwestern part of the Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho","docAbstract":"<p class=\"p1\">Wastewater discharged to wells and ponds and wastes buried in shallow pits and trenches at facilities at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) have contributed contaminants to the eastern Snake River Plain (ESRP) aquifer in the southwestern part of the INL. This report describes the correlation between subsurface stratigraphy in the southwestern part of the INL with information on the presence or absence of wastewater constituents to better understand how flow pathways in the aquifer control the movement of wastewater discharged at INL facilities. Paleomagnetic inclination was used to identify subsurface basalt flows based on similar inclination measurements, polarity, and stratigraphic position. Tritium concentrations, along with other chemical information for wells where tritium concentrations were lacking, were used as an indicator of which wells were influenced by wastewater disposal.</p><p class=\"p1\">The basalt lava flows in the upper 150 feet of the ESRP aquifer where wastewater was discharged at the Idaho Nuclear Technology and Engineering Center (INTEC) consisted of the Central Facilities Area (CFA) Buried Vent flow and the AEC Butte flow. At the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) Complex, where wastewater would presumably pond on the surface of the water table, the CFA Buried Vent flow probably occurs as the primary stratigraphic unit present; however, AEC Butte flow also could be present at some of the locations. At the Radioactive Waste Management Complex (RWMC), where contamination from buried wastes would presumably move down through the unsaturated zone and pond on the surface of the water table, the CFA Buried Vent; Late Basal Brunhes; or Early Basal Brunhes basalt flows are the flow unit at or near the water table in different cores.</p><p class=\"p1\">In the wells closer to where wastewater disposal occurred at INTEC and the ATR-Complex, almost all the wells show wastewater influence in the upper part of the ESRP aquifer and wastewater is present in both the CFA Buried Vent flow and AEC Butte flow. The CFA Buried Vent flow and AEC Butte flow are also present in wells at and north of CFA and are all influenced by wastewater contamination. All wells with the AEC Butte flow present have wastewater influence and 83 percent of the wells with the more prevalent CFA Buried Vent flow have wastewater influence. South and southeast of CFA, most wells are not influenced by wastewater disposal and are completed in the Big Lost Flow and the CFA Buried Vent flow. Wells southwest of CFA are influenced by wastewater disposal and are completed in the Big Lost flow and CFA Buried Vent flow at the top of the aquifer. Basalt stratigraphy indicates that the CFA Buried Vent flow is the predominant flow in the upper part of the ESRP aquifer at and near the RWMC as it is present in all the wells in this area. The Late Basal Brunhes flow, Middle Basal Brunhes flow, Early Basal Brunhes flow, South Late Matuyama flow, and Matuyama flow are also present in various wells influenced by waste disposal.</p><p class=\"p2\">Some wells south of RWMC do not show wastewater influence, and the lack of wastewater influence could be due to low hydraulic conductivities. Several wells south and southeast of CFA also do not show wastewater influence. Low hydraulic conductivities or ESRP subsidence are possible causes for lack of wastewater south of CFA.</p><p class=\"p2\">Multilevel monitoring wells completed much deeper in the aquifer show influence of wastewater in numerous basalt flows. Well Middle 2051 (northwest of RWMC) does not show wastewater influence in its upper three basalt flows (CFA Buried Vent, Late Basal Brunhes, and Middle Basal Brunhes); however, wastewater is present in two deeper flows (the Matuyama and Jaramillo flows). Well USGS 131A (southwest of CFA) and USGS132 (south of RWMC) both show wastewater influence in all the basalt flows sampled in the upper 600 feet of the aquifer. Wells USGS 137A, 105, 108, and 103 completed along the southern boundary of the INL all show wastewater influence in several basalt flows including the G flow, Middle and Early Basal Brunhes flows, the South Late Matuyama flow and the Matuyama flow; however, the strongest wastewater influence appears to be in the South Late Matuyama flow. The concentrations of wastewater constituents in deeper parts of these wells support the concept of groundwater flow deepening in the southwestern part of the INL.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20175148","collaboration":"DOE/ID-22245<br/>Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy","usgsCitation":"Bartholomay, R.C., Hodges, M.K.V., and Champion, D.E., 2017, Correlation between basalt flows and radiochemical and chemical constituents in selected wells in the southwestern part of the Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2017–5148 (DOE/ID-22245), 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20175148.","productDescription":"Report: v, 39 p.; Appendix A Tables","numberOfPages":"50","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-086241","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":350169,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2017/5148/sir20175148.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2017-5148"},{"id":350168,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2017/5148/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":350190,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2017/5148/sir20175148_appendixa.zip","text":"Appendix A tables","size":"743 KB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"SIR 2017-5148 Appendix A Tables"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Idaho National Laboratory","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -113.25,\n              43.4\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.5,\n              43.4\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.5,\n              44\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.25,\n              44\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.25,\n              43.4\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"mailto:dc_id@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:dc_id@usgs.gov\">Director</a>, <a href=\"https://id.water.usgs.gov \" target=\"blank\" data-mce-href=\"https://id.water.usgs.gov\">Idaho Water Science Center</a><br> U.S. Geological Survey<br> 230 Collins Road<br> Boise, Idaho 83702</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract<br></li><li>Introduction<br></li><li>Sampling and Analytical Techniques for Basalt Flows<br></li><li>Sampling and Analytical Techniques for Tritium Concentrations<br></li><li>Correlation between Basalt Flows and Wastewater Constituents in the Aquifer<br></li><li>Advanced Test Reactor Complex and Idaho Nuclear Technology and Engineering Center Area<br></li><li>Summary and Conclusions<br></li><li>References Cited<br></li><li>Appendix A. Paleomagnetic Inclination Values and Basalt Flow from Coreholes in the Eastern Snake River Plain Aquifer at the Idaho National Laboratory<br></li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"publishedDate":"2017-12-21","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-12-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a60fae2e4b06e28e9c228e8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bartholomay, Roy C. 0000-0002-4809-9287 rcbarth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4809-9287","contributorId":1131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartholomay","given":"Roy","email":"rcbarth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":723527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hodges, Mary K. V. 0000-0001-8708-0354 mkhodges@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8708-0354","contributorId":3023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hodges","given":"Mary K. V.","email":"mkhodges@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":723528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Champion, Duane E. 0000-0001-7854-9034 dchamp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7854-9034","contributorId":2912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Champion","given":"Duane","email":"dchamp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":723529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70193498,"text":"70193498 - 2017 - Alaska and Yukon magnetic compilation, residual total magnetic field","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-21T10:06:37","indexId":"70193498","displayToPublicDate":"2017-12-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5589,"text":"Open File","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"7862","title":"Alaska and Yukon magnetic compilation, residual total magnetic field","docAbstract":"<p><span>This map is a compilation of aeromagnetic surveys over Yukon and eastern Alaska. Aeromagnetic surveys measure the total intensity of the earth's magnetic field. The field was measured by a magnetometer aboard an aircraft flown in parallel lines spaced at 200 m to 10000 m across the map area. The magnetic field reflects magnetic properties of bedrock and provides qualitative and quantitative information used in geological mapping. Understanding the geology will help geologists map the area, assist mineral/hydrocarbon exploration activities, and provide useful information necessary for communities, aboriginal associations, and government to make land use decisions. This survey was flown to improve our knowledge of the area. It will support ongoing geological mapping and resource assessment.</span></p>","language":"English, French","publisher":"Geological Survey of Canada","doi":"10.4095/301695","usgsCitation":"Miles, W., Saltus, R.W., Hayward, N., and Oneschuk, D., 2017, Alaska and Yukon magnetic compilation, residual total magnetic field: Open File 7862, 52.79 x 35.26 inches, https://doi.org/10.4095/301695.","productDescription":"52.79 x 35.26 inches","ipdsId":"IP-062639","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":469231,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4095/301695","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":350146,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"projection":"Lambert Conformal Conic Projection, zone 7N (NAD83)","country":"Canada, United States","state":"Alaska, Yukon","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -150,\n              68\n            ],\n            [\n              -124,\n              68\n            ],\n            [\n              -124,\n              60\n            ],\n            [\n              -150,\n              60\n            ],\n            [\n              -150,\n              68\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a60fae3e4b06e28e9c228f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miles, W.","contributorId":201441,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miles","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Saltus, Richard W. saltus@usgs.gov","contributorId":777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saltus","given":"Richard","email":"saltus@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":719259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hayward, Nathan","contributorId":201439,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hayward","given":"Nathan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Oneschuk, D.","contributorId":201440,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Oneschuk","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70181756,"text":"pp1802Q - 2017 - Selenium","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70181756,"text":"pp1802Q - 2017 - Selenium","indexId":"pp1802Q","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"chapter":"Q","title":"Selenium"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70158974,"text":"pp1802 - 2017 - Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply","indexId":"pp1802","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"title":"Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70158974,"text":"pp1802 - 2017 - Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply","indexId":"pp1802","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"title":"Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-19T14:44:11","indexId":"pp1802Q","displayToPublicDate":"2017-12-19T09:30:00","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1802","chapter":"Q","title":"Selenium","docAbstract":"<p>Selenium (Se) was discovered in 1817 in pyrite from copper mines in Sweden. It is a trace element in Earth’s crust, with an abundance of three to seven orders of magnitude less than the major rock-forming elements. Commercial use of selenium began in the United States in 1910, when it was used as a pigment for paints, ceramic glazes, and red glass. Since that time, it has had many other economic uses—notably, in the 1930s and 1940s, when it was used in rectifiers (which change alternating current to direct current), and in the 1960s, when it began to be used in the liner of photocopier drums. In the 21st century, other compounds have replaced selenium in these older products; modern uses for selenium include energy-efficient windows that limit heat transfer and thin-film photovoltaic cells that convert solar energy into electricity.</p><p>In Earth’s crust, selenium is found as selenide minerals, selenate and selenite salts, and as substitution for sulfur in sulfide minerals. It is the sulfide minerals, most commonly those in porphyry copper deposits, that provide the bulk of the selenium produced for the international commodity market. Selenium is obtained as a byproduct of copper refining and recovered from the anode slimes generated in electrolytic production of copper. Because of this, the countries that have the largest resources and (or) reserves of copper also have the largest resources and (or) reserves of selenium.</p><p>Because selenium occurs naturally in Earth’s crust, its presence in air, water, and soil results from both geologic reactions and human activity. Selenium is found concentrated naturally in soils that overlie bedrock with high selenium concentrations. Selenium mining, processing, use in industrial and agricultural applications, and disposal may all contribute selenium to the environment. A well-known case of selenium contamination from agricultural practices was discovered in 1983 in the Kesterson National Wildlife Refuge in California. There, waters draining from agricultural fields created wetlands with high concentrations of dissolved selenium in the water. The selenium was taken up by aquatic wildlife and caused massive numbers of embryonic deformities and deaths.</p><p>Regulatory agencies have since worked to safeguard ecological and human health by creating environmental exposure guidelines based upon selenium concentrations in water and in fish tissue. Any attempt to regulate selenium concentrations requires a delicate balance because selenium occurs naturally and is also a vital nutrient for the health of wildlife, domestic stock, and humans. Selenium is commonly added as a vitamin to animal feed, and in some regions of the United States and the world, it is added as an amendment to soils for uptake by agricultural crops.</p><p>The important role of selenium in economic products, energy supply, agriculture, and health will continue for well into the future. The challenge to society is to balance the benefits of selenium use with the environmental consequences of its extraction. Increased understanding of the elemental cycle of selenium in the earth may lead to new (or unconventional) sources of selenium, the discovery of new methods of extraction, and new technologies for minimizing the transfer of selenium from rock to biota, so to protect environmental and human health.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1802Q","isbn":"978-1-4113-3991-0","usgsCitation":"Stillings, L.L., 2017, Selenium, chap. Q <i>of</i> Schulz, K.J., DeYoung, J.H., Jr., Seal, R.R., II, and Bradley, D.C., eds., Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1802, p. Q1–Q55, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1802Q.","productDescription":"viii, 55 p.","numberOfPages":"68","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059321","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335230,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1802/q/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":335231,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1802/q/pp1802q.pdf","text":"Report","size":"9.55 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PP 1802 Q"}],"contact":"<p>Mineral Resources Program Coordinator<br> U.S. Geological Survey<br> 913 National Center<br> Reston, VA 20192</p><p>Email: <a href=\"mailto:minerals@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:minerals@usgs.gov\">minerals@usgs.gov</a><br> <a href=\"https://minerals.usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"https://minerals.usgs.gov\">https://minerals.usgs.gov</a></p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Geology&nbsp;</li><li>Resources and Reserves</li><li>Environmental Considerations&nbsp;</li><li>Problems and Future Research&nbsp;</li><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>References Cited</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"publishedDate":"2017-12-19","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-12-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a60fae3e4b06e28e9c228fa","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Schulz, Klaus J. 0000-0003-2967-4765 kschulz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2967-4765","contributorId":2438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulz","given":"Klaus","email":"kschulz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":668405,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeYoung, Jr. 0000-0003-1169-6026 jdeyoung@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1169-6026","contributorId":523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeYoung","suffix":"Jr.","email":"jdeyoung@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":668407,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Seal,, Robert R. II 0000-0003-0901-2529 rseal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0901-2529","contributorId":141204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seal,","given":"Robert R.","suffix":"II","email":"rseal@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":668408,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bradley, Dwight 0000-0001-9116-5289 bradleyorchard2@gmail.com","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9116-5289","contributorId":2358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Dwight","email":"bradleyorchard2@gmail.com","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":668406,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Stillings, Lisa L. 0000-0002-9011-8891 stilling@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9011-8891","contributorId":3143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stillings","given":"Lisa L.","email":"stilling@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":668403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70110750,"text":"pp1802M - 2017 - Niobium and tantalum","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70110750,"text":"pp1802M - 2017 - Niobium and tantalum","indexId":"pp1802M","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"chapter":"M","title":"Niobium and tantalum"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70158974,"text":"pp1802 - 2017 - Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply","indexId":"pp1802","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"title":"Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70158974,"text":"pp1802 - 2017 - Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply","indexId":"pp1802","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"title":"Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-19T14:32:20","indexId":"pp1802M","displayToPublicDate":"2017-12-19T09:30:00","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1802","chapter":"M","title":"Niobium and tantalum","docAbstract":"<p>Niobium and tantalum are transition metals that are almost always found together in nature because they have very similar physical and chemical properties. Their properties of hardness, conductivity, and resistance to corrosion largely determine their primary uses today. The leading use of niobium (about 75 percent) is in the production of high-strength steel alloys used in pipelines, transportation infrastructure, and structural applications. Electronic capacitors are the leading use of tantalum for high-end applications, including cell phones, computer hard drives, and such implantable medical devices as pacemakers. Niobium and tantalum are considered critical and strategic metals based on the potential risks to their supply (because current production is restricted to only a few countries) and the significant effects that a restriction in supply would have on the defense, energy, high-tech industrial, and medical sectors.</p><p>The average abundance of niobium and tantalum in bulk continental crust is relatively low—8.0 parts per million (ppm) niobium and 0.7 ppm tantalum. Their chemical characteristics, such as small ionic size and high electronic field strength, significantly reduce the potential for these elements to substitute for more common elements in rock-forming minerals and make niobium and tantalum essentially immobile in most aqueous solutions. Niobium and tantalum do not occur naturally as pure metals but are concentrated in a variety of relatively rare oxide and hydroxide minerals, as well as in a few rare silicate minerals. Niobium is primarily derived from the complex oxide minerals of the pyrochlore group ((Na,Ca,Ce)<sub>2</sub>(Nb,Ti,Ta)<sub>2</sub>(O,OH,F)<sub>7</sub>), which are found in some alkaline granite-syenite complexes (that is, igneous rocks containing sodium- or potassium-rich minerals and little or no quartz) and carbonatites (that is, igneous rocks that are more than 50 percent composed of primary carbonate minerals, by volume). Tantalum is derived mostly from the mineral tantalite ((Fe,Mn)(Ta,Nb)<sub>2</sub>O<sub>6</sub>), which is found as an accessory mineral in rare-metal granites and pegmatites that are also enriched in lithium and cesium (termed lithium-cesium-tantalum (LCT)-type pegmatites).</p><p>Brazil and Canada are the leading nations that produce niobium mineral concentrates, but Brazil is by far the leading producer, accounting for about 90 percent of production, which comes mostly from weathered material derived from carbonatites. Brazil and Canada also have the largest identified niobium resources; additional resources, although they are less well reported, occur in Angola, Australia, China, Greenland, Malawi, Russia, and South Africa. Australia and Brazil have been the leading producers of tantalum mineral concentrates, although recently Ethiopia and Mozambique have also been significant suppliers of tantalum. Artisanal mining of columbite-tantalite (also called coltan) is practiced in many countries, particularly Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Congo [Kinshasa]), Nigeria, Rwanda, and Uganda. Brazil has about 40 percent of the identified tantalum resources; other countries and regions with identified tantalum resources include, in decreasing order of resources, Australia, Asia, Russia and the Middle East, Africa, North America, and Europe. Identified niobium and tantalum resources in the United States are small, low grade, and difficult to recover and process, and are thus not commercially recoverable at current prices. Consequently, the United States meets its current and expected future needs for niobium and tantalum through imports of primary mineral concentrates and alloys and through recovery from foreign and domestic alloy scrap that contain the metals.</p><p>Environmentally, the main issues related to niobium and tantalum mining are land disruptions, the volume of waste materials and their disposal, and the radioactivity of some tailings and waste materials that contain thorium and uranium. Because of the relative biological inertness of niobium and tantalum, human and ecological health concerns are generally minimal under most natural conditions.</p><p>Demand for both niobium and tantalum is expected to increase as the world economy continues to recover from the downturn that began in 2008. Increased demand for niobium is linked to increased consumption of microalloyed steel, which is used in the manufacture of cars, buildings, ships, and refinery equipment. Demand for these steels will likely increase with continued economic development in such countries as Brazil, China, and India. In addition, increased global demand for cars, cell phones, computers, superconducting magnets, and other high-tech devices will likely spur increased demand for both niobium and tantalum. The estimated global reserves and resources of niobium and tantalum are large and appear more than sufficient to meet global demand for the foreseeable future, possibly the next 500 years. The sale of “conflict coltan” attributed to rebel forces waging a civil war in Congo (Kinshasa) has been of recent concern and has highlighted the need for a transparent and traceable global supply chain that can exclude illegal columbite-tantalite from the conventional market while discerning legitimate artisanal mine production in central Africa.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1802M","isbn":"978-1-4113-3991-0","usgsCitation":"Schulz, K.J., Piatak, N.M., and Papp, J.F., 2017, Niobium and tantalum, chap. M <i>of</i>  Schulz, K.J., DeYoung, J.H., Jr., Seal, R.R., II, and Bradley, D.C., eds., Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1802, p. M1–M34, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1802M.","productDescription":"viii, 34 p.","numberOfPages":"46","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-045581","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334595,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1802/m/coverthb1.jpg"},{"id":334596,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1802/m/pp1802m.pdf","text":"Report","size":"15.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PP 1802 M"}],"contact":"<p>Mineral Resources Program Coordinator<br> U.S. Geological Survey<br> 913 National Center<br> Reston, VA 20192</p><p>Email:<a href=\"mailto:minerals@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:minerals@usgs.gov\"> minerals@usgs.gov</a><br> <a href=\"https://minerals.usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"https://minerals.usgs.gov\">https://minerals.usgs.gov</a></p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Geology&nbsp;</li><li>Resources and Production&nbsp;</li><li>Exploration for New Deposits&nbsp;</li><li>Environmental Considerations</li><li>Problems and Future Research&nbsp;</li><li>References Cited</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"publishedDate":"2017-12-19","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-12-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a60fae5e4b06e28e9c2292a","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Schulz, Klaus J. 0000-0003-2967-4765 kschulz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2967-4765","contributorId":2438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulz","given":"Klaus","email":"kschulz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662293,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeYoung, Jr. 0000-0003-1169-6026 jdeyoung@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1169-6026","contributorId":523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeYoung","suffix":"Jr.","email":"jdeyoung@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":662295,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Seal,, Robert R. II 0000-0003-0901-2529 rseal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0901-2529","contributorId":141204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seal,","given":"Robert R.","suffix":"II","email":"rseal@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662296,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bradley, Dwight 0000-0001-9116-5289 bradleyorchard2@gmail.com","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9116-5289","contributorId":2358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Dwight","email":"bradleyorchard2@gmail.com","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662294,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Schulz, Klaus J. 0000-0003-2967-4765 kschulz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2967-4765","contributorId":2438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulz","given":"Klaus","email":"kschulz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piatak, Nadine M. 0000-0002-1973-8537 npiatak@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1973-8537","contributorId":167138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatak","given":"Nadine M.","email":"npiatak@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":662089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Papp, John F. jpapp@usgs.gov","contributorId":2895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Papp","given":"John","email":"jpapp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70180693,"text":"pp1802I - 2017 - Germanium and indium","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70180693,"text":"pp1802I - 2017 - Germanium and indium","indexId":"pp1802I","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"chapter":"I","title":"Germanium and indium"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70158974,"text":"pp1802 - 2017 - Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply","indexId":"pp1802","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"title":"Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70158974,"text":"pp1802 - 2017 - Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply","indexId":"pp1802","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"title":"Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-19T13:51:50","indexId":"pp1802I","displayToPublicDate":"2017-12-19T09:30:00","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1802","chapter":"I","title":"Germanium and indium","docAbstract":"<p>Germanium and indium are two important elements used in electronics devices, flat-panel display screens, light-emitting diodes, night vision devices, optical fiber, optical lens systems, and solar power arrays. Germanium and indium are treated together in this chapter because they have similar technological uses and because both are recovered as byproducts, mainly from copper and zinc sulfides.</p><p>The world’s total production of germanium in 2011 was estimated to be 118 metric tons. This total comprised germanium recovered from zinc concentrates, from fly ash residues from coal burning, and from recycled material. Worldwide, primary germanium was recovered in Canada from zinc concentrates shipped from the United States; in China from zinc residues and coal from multiple sources in China and elsewhere; in Finland from zinc concentrates from the Democratic Republic of the Congo; and in Russia from coal.</p><p>World production of indium metal was estimated to be about 723 metric tons in 2011; more than one-half of the total was produced in China. Other leading producers included Belgium, Canada, Japan, and the Republic of Korea. These five countries accounted for nearly 95 percent of primary indium production.</p><p>Deposit types that contain significant amounts of germanium include volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits, sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX) deposits, Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) lead-zinc deposits (including Irish-type zinc-lead deposits), Kipushi-type zinc-lead-copper replacement bodies in carbonate rocks, and coal deposits.</p><p>More than one-half of the byproduct indium in the world is produced in southern China from VMS and SEDEX deposits, and much of the remainder is produced from zinc concentrates from MVT deposits. The Laochang deposit in Yunnan Province, China, and the VMS deposits of the Murchison greenstone belt in Limpopo Province, South Africa, provide excellent examples of indium-enriched deposits. The SEDEX deposits at Bainiuchang, China (located in southeastern Yunnan Province), and the Dabaoshan SEDEX deposit (located in the Nanling region of China) contain indium-enriched sphalerite. Another major potential source of indium occurs in the polymetallic tin-tungsten belt in the Eastern Cordillera of the Andes Mountains of Bolivia. Deposits there occur as dense arrays of narrow, elongate, indium-enriched tin oxide-polymetallic sulfide veins in volcanic rocks and porphyry stocks.</p><p>Information about the behavior of germanium and indium in the environment is limited. In surface weathering environments, germanium and indium may dissolve from host minerals and form complexes with chloride, fluoride, hydroxide, organic matter, phosphate, or sulfate compounds. The tendency for germanium and indium to be dissolved and transported largely depends upon the pH and temperature of the weathering solutions. Because both elements are commonly concentrated in sulfide minerals, they can be expected to be relatively mobile in acid mine drainage where oxidative dissolution of sulfide minerals releases metals and sulfuric acid, resulting in acidic pH values that allow higher concentrations of metals to be dissolved into solution.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1802I","isbn":"978-1-4113-3991-0","usgsCitation":"Shanks, W.C.P., III, Kimball, B.E., Tolcin, A.C., and Guberman, D.E., 2017, Germanium and indium, chap. I <i>of</i> Schulz, K.J.,  DeYoung, J.H., Jr.,  Seal, R.R., II,  and Bradley, D.C., eds., Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1802, p. I1–I27, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1802I.","productDescription":"viii, 27 p.","numberOfPages":"39","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-052088","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334573,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1802/i/coverthb1.jpg"},{"id":334574,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1802/i/pp1802i.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.84 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PP 1802 I"}],"contact":"<p>Mineral Resources Program Coordinator<br> U.S. Geological Survey<br> 913 National Center<br> Reston, VA 20192</p><p>Email:<a href=\"mailto:minerals@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:minerals@usgs.gov\"> minerals@usgs.gov</a><br> <a href=\"https://minerals.usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"https://minerals.usgs.gov\">https://minerals.usgs.gov</a></p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract&nbsp;</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Geology&nbsp;</li><li>Resources and Production&nbsp;</li><li>Exploration for New Deposits</li><li>Environmental Considerations</li><li>Problems and Future Research</li><li>References Cited</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"publishedDate":"2017-12-19","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-12-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a60fae4e4b06e28e9c22907","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Schulz, Klaus J. 0000-0003-2967-4765 kschulz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2967-4765","contributorId":2438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulz","given":"Klaus","email":"kschulz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662219,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeYoung, Jr. 0000-0003-1169-6026 jdeyoung@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1169-6026","contributorId":523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeYoung","suffix":"Jr.","email":"jdeyoung@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":662221,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Seal,, Robert R. II 0000-0003-0901-2529 rseal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0901-2529","contributorId":141204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seal,","given":"Robert R.","suffix":"II","email":"rseal@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662222,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bradley, Dwight 0000-0001-9116-5289 bradleyorchard2@gmail.com","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9116-5289","contributorId":2358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Dwight","email":"bradleyorchard2@gmail.com","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662220,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Shanks, W.C. Pat III pshanks@usgs.gov","contributorId":1222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shanks","given":"W.C.","suffix":"III","email":"pshanks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Pat","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":662031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kimball, Bryn E. bekimball@usgs.gov","contributorId":4184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kimball","given":"Bryn","email":"bekimball@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":662032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tolcin, Amy C. atolcin@usgs.gov","contributorId":2893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tolcin","given":"Amy C.","email":"atolcin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":662033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Guberman, David E. dguberman@usgs.gov","contributorId":2660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guberman","given":"David","email":"dguberman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70093603,"text":"pp1802E - 2017 - Beryllium","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70093603,"text":"pp1802E - 2017 - Beryllium","indexId":"pp1802E","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"chapter":"E","title":"Beryllium"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70158974,"text":"pp1802 - 2017 - Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply","indexId":"pp1802","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"title":"Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70158974,"text":"pp1802 - 2017 - Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply","indexId":"pp1802","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"title":"Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-19T13:43:12","indexId":"pp1802E","displayToPublicDate":"2017-12-19T09:30:00","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1802","chapter":"E","title":"Beryllium","docAbstract":"<p>Beryllium is a mineral commodity that is used in a variety of industries to make products that are essential for the smooth functioning of a modern society. Two minerals, bertrandite (which is supplied domestically) and beryl (which is currently supplied solely by imports), are necessary to ensure a stable supply of high-purity beryllium metal, alloys, and metal-matrix composites and beryllium oxide ceramics. Although bertrandite is the source mineral for more than 90 percent of the beryllium produced globally, industrial beryl is critical for the production of the very high purity beryllium metal needed for some strategic applications. The current sole domestic source of beryllium is bertrandite ore from the Spor Mountain deposit in Utah; beryl is imported mainly from Brazil, China, Madagascar, Mozambique, and Portugal. High-purity beryllium metal is classified as a strategic and critical material by the Strategic Materials Protection Board of the U.S. Department of Defense because it is used in products that are vital to national security. Beryllium is maintained in the U.S. stockpile of strategic materials in the form of hot-pressed beryllium metal powder.</p><p>Because of its unique chemical properties, beryllium is indispensable for many important industrial products used in the aerospace, computer, defense, medical, nuclear, and telecommunications industries. For example, high-performance alloys of beryllium are used in many specialized, high-technology electronics applications, as they are energy efficient and can be used to fabricate miniaturized components. Beryllium-copper alloys are used as contacts and connectors, switches, relays, and shielding for everything from cell phones to thermostats, and beryllium-nickel alloys excel in producing wear-resistant and shape-retaining high-temperature springs. Beryllium metal composites, which combine the fabrication ability of aluminum with the thermal conductivity and highly elastic modulus of beryllium, are ideal for producing aircraft and satellite structural components that have a high stiffness-to-weight ratio and low surface vibration. Beryllium oxide ceramics are used in a wide range of applications, including missile guidance systems, radar applications, and cell phone transmitters, and they are critical to medical technologies, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machines, medical lasers, and portable defibrillators.</p><p>The United States is expected to remain self-sufficient with respect to most of its beryllium requirements, based on information available at the time this chapter was prepared (2013). The United States is one of only three countries that currently process beryllium ores and concentrate them into beryllium products, and these three countries supply most of the rest of the world with these products. Exploration for new deposits in the United States is limited because domestic beryllium production is dominated by a single producer that effectively controls the domestic beryllium market, which is relatively small and specialized, and the market cannot readily accommodate new competition on the raw material supply side.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1802E","isbn":"978-1-4113-3991-0","usgsCitation":"Foley, N.K., Jaskula, B.W., Piatak, N.M., and Schulte, R.F., 2017, Beryllium, chap. E <i>of</i> Schulz, K.J., DeYoung, J.H., Jr., Seal, R.R., II, and Bradley, D.C., eds., Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1802, p. E1–E32, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1802E.","productDescription":"viii, 32 p.","numberOfPages":"44","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-045146","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334565,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1802/e/pp1802e.pdf","text":"Report","size":"15.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Professional Paper 1802 E"},{"id":334564,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1802/e/coverthb1.jpg"}],"contact":"<p>Mineral Resources Program Coordinator<br> U.S. Geological Survey<br> 913 National Center<br> Reston, VA 20192</p><p>Email:<a href=\"mailto:minerals@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:minerals@usgs.gov\"> minerals@usgs.gov</a><br> <a href=\"https://minerals.usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"https://minerals.usgs.gov\">https://minerals.usgs.gov</a></p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Geology</li><li>Resources and Production</li><li>Exploration for New Deposits</li><li>Environmental Considerations</li><li>Problems and Future Research</li><li>References Cited</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"publishedDate":"2017-12-19","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-12-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a60fae6e4b06e28e9c22935","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Schulz, Klaus J. 0000-0003-2967-4765 kschulz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2967-4765","contributorId":2438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulz","given":"Klaus","email":"kschulz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662207,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeYoung, Jr. 0000-0003-1169-6026 jdeyoung@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1169-6026","contributorId":523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeYoung","suffix":"Jr.","email":"jdeyoung@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":662209,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Seal,, Robert R. II 0000-0003-0901-2529 rseal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0901-2529","contributorId":141204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seal,","given":"Robert R.","suffix":"II","email":"rseal@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662210,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bradley, Dwight 0000-0001-9116-5289 bradleyorchard2@gmail.com","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9116-5289","contributorId":2358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Dwight","email":"bradleyorchard2@gmail.com","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662208,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Foley, Nora K. 0000-0003-0124-3509 nfoley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0124-3509","contributorId":4010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foley","given":"Nora","email":"nfoley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jaskula, Brian W. bjaskula@usgs.gov","contributorId":179010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaskula","given":"Brian W.","email":"bjaskula@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":662077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Piatak, Nadine M. 0000-0002-1973-8537 npiatak@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1973-8537","contributorId":167138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatak","given":"Nadine M.","email":"npiatak@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":662079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schulte, Ruth F. rschulte@usgs.gov","contributorId":4445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulte","given":"Ruth","email":"rschulte@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70100320,"text":"pp1802T - 2017 - Titanium","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70100320,"text":"pp1802T - 2017 - Titanium","indexId":"pp1802T","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"chapter":"T","title":"Titanium"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70158974,"text":"pp1802 - 2017 - Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply","indexId":"pp1802","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"title":"Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70158974,"text":"pp1802 - 2017 - Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply","indexId":"pp1802","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"title":"Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-19T14:50:38","indexId":"pp1802T","displayToPublicDate":"2017-12-19T09:30:00","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1802","chapter":"T","title":"Titanium","docAbstract":"<p>Titanium is a mineral commodity that is essential to the smooth functioning of modern industrial economies. Most of the titanium produced is refined into titanium dioxide, which has a high refractive index and is thus able to impart a durable white color to paint, paper, plastic, rubber, and wallboard. Because of their high strength-to-weight ratio and corrosion resistance, titanium metal and titanium metal alloys are used in the aerospace industry as well as for welding rod coatings, biological implants, and consumer goods.</p><p>Ilmenite and rutile are currently the principal titanium-bearing ore minerals, although other minerals, including anatase, perovskite, and titanomagnetite, could have economic importance in the future. Ilmenite is currently being mined from two large magmatic deposits hosted in rocks of Proterozoic-age anorthosite plutonic suites. Most rutile and nearly one-half of the ilmenite produced are from heavy-mineral alluvial, fluvial, and eolian deposits. Titanium-bearing minerals occur in diverse geologic settings, but many of the known deposits are currently subeconomic for titanium because of complications related to the mineralogy or because of the presence of trace contaminants that can compromise the pigment production process.</p><p>Global production of titanium minerals is currently dominated by Australia, Canada, Norway, and South Africa; additional amounts are produced in Brazil, India, Madagascar, Mozambique, Sierra Leone, and Sri Lanka. The United States accounts for about 4 percent of the total world production of titanium minerals and is heavily dependent on imports of titanium mineral concentrates to meet its domestic needs.</p><p>Titanium occurs only in silicate or oxide minerals and never in sulfide minerals. Environmental considerations for titanium mining are related to waste rock disposal and the impact of trace constituents on water quality. Because titanium is generally inert in the environment, human health risks from titanium and titanium mining are minimal; however, the processes required to extract titanium from titanium feedstock can produce industrial waste.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1802T","isbn":"978-1-4113-3991-0","usgsCitation":"Woodruff, L.G., Bedinger, G.M., and Piatak, N.M., 2017, Titanium, chap. T <i>of</i> Schulz, K.J., DeYoung, J.H., Jr., Seal, R.R., II, and Bradley, D.C., eds., Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1802, p. T1–T23, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1802T.","productDescription":"viii, 23 p.","numberOfPages":"36","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-045879","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334850,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1802/t/coverthb1.jpg"},{"id":334851,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1802/t/pp1802t.pdf","text":"Report","size":"10.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PP 1802 T"}],"contact":"<p>Mineral Resources Program Coordinator<br> U.S. Geological Survey<br> 913 National Center<br> Reston, VA 20192</p><p>Email: <a href=\"minerals@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"minerals@usgs.gov\">minerals@usgs.gov</a><br> <a href=\"https://minerals.usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"https://minerals.usgs.gov\">https://minerals.usgs.gov</a></p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract&nbsp;</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Geology&nbsp;</li><li>Resources and Production&nbsp;</li><li>Exploration for New Deposits</li><li>Environmental Considerations</li><li>Problems and Future Research</li><li>References Cited</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"publishedDate":"2017-12-19","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-12-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a60fae5e4b06e28e9c2292f","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Schulz, Klaus J. 0000-0003-2967-4765 kschulz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2967-4765","contributorId":2438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulz","given":"Klaus","email":"kschulz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662719,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeYoung, Jr. 0000-0003-1169-6026 jdeyoung@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1169-6026","contributorId":523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeYoung","suffix":"Jr.","email":"jdeyoung@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":662721,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Seal,, Robert R. II 0000-0003-0901-2529 rseal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0901-2529","contributorId":141204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seal,","given":"Robert R.","suffix":"II","email":"rseal@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662722,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bradley, Dwight 0000-0001-9116-5289 bradleyorchard2@gmail.com","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9116-5289","contributorId":2358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Dwight","email":"bradleyorchard2@gmail.com","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662720,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Woodruff, Laurel G. 0000-0002-2514-9923 woodruff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2514-9923","contributorId":2224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodruff","given":"Laurel","email":"woodruff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bedinger, George M. gbedinger@usgs.gov","contributorId":4567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bedinger","given":"George","email":"gbedinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Piatak, Nadine M. 0000-0002-1973-8537 npiatak@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1973-8537","contributorId":167138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatak","given":"Nadine M.","email":"npiatak@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":662024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70176622,"text":"pp1802C - 2017 - Antimony","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70176622,"text":"pp1802C - 2017 - Antimony","indexId":"pp1802C","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"Antimony"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70158974,"text":"pp1802 - 2017 - Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply","indexId":"pp1802","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"title":"Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70158974,"text":"pp1802 - 2017 - Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply","indexId":"pp1802","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"title":"Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-13T16:10:08","indexId":"pp1802C","displayToPublicDate":"2017-12-19T09:30:00","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1802","chapter":"C","title":"Antimony","docAbstract":"<p>Antimony is an important mineral commodity used widely in modern industrialized societies. The element imparts strength, hardness, and corrosion resistance to alloys that are used in many areas of industry, including in lead-acid storage batteries. Antimony’s leading use is as a fire retardant in safety equipment and in household goods, such as mattresses. The U.S. Government has considered antimony to be a critical mineral mainly because of its use in military applications. The great majority of the world’s antimony comes from China, and much of the remainder is shipped to China for smelting. Antimony resources are unevenly distributed around the world. China has the bulk of the world’s identified resources; other countries that have identified antimony resources include Bolivia, Canada, Mexico, Russia, South Africa, Tajikistan, and Turkey. Resources in the United States are located mainly in Alaska, Idaho, Montana, and Nevada. The most significant antimony mineral deposits occur in geologic environments with a thick sequence of siliciclastic sedimentary rocks in areas with significant fault and fracture systems. The most common antimony ore mineral is stibnite (Sb2 S3 ), but more than 100 other minerals also contain antimony. The presence of antimony in surface waters and groundwaters results primarily from rock weathering, soil runoff, and anthropogenic sources. Global emissions of antimony to the atmosphere average 6,100 metric tons per year. Empirical data suggest that the acid-generating potential of antimony mine waste is low.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1802C","isbn":"978-1-4113-3991-0","usgsCitation":"Seal, R.R., II, Schulz, K.J., and DeYoung, J.H., Jr., <i>with contributions from</i> David M. Sutphin, Lawrence J. Drew, James F. Carlin, Jr., and Byron R. Berger, 2017, Antimony, chap. C <i>of </i>Schulz, K.J., DeYoung, J.H., Jr., Seal, R.R., II, and Bradley, D.C.,  eds., Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1802, p. C1–C17, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1802C.","productDescription":"vii, 17 p.","numberOfPages":"30","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-078901","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":352475,"rank":3,"type":{"id":12,"text":"Errata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1802/pp1802_erratum-march132018.txt","text":"Erratum","size":"1 KB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}},{"id":339520,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1802/c/coverthb1.jpg"},{"id":339513,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1802/c/pp1802c.pdf","text":"Report","size":"7.05 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PP 1802 C"}],"contact":"<p>Mineral Resources Program Coordinator<br> U.S. Geological Survey<br> 913 National Center<br> Reston, VA 20192</p><p>Email: minerals@usgs.gov<br> <a href=\"https://minerals.usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"https://minerals.usgs.gov\">https://minerals.usgs.gov</a></p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Geology</li><li>Resources and Production</li><li>Exploration for New Deposits</li><li>Environmental Considerations</li><li>Problems and Future Research</li><li>References Cited</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"publishedDate":"2017-12-19","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-12-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a60fae4e4b06e28e9c2290f","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Schulz, Klaus J. 0000-0003-2967-4765 kschulz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2967-4765","contributorId":2438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulz","given":"Klaus","email":"kschulz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":690535,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeYoung, Jr. 0000-0003-1169-6026 jdeyoung@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1169-6026","contributorId":174833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeYoung","suffix":"Jr.","email":"jdeyoung@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":690536,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Seal,, Robert R. 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II 0000-0003-0901-2529 rseal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0901-2529","contributorId":190729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seal","given":"Robert R.","suffix":"II","email":"rseal@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":690513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schulz, Klaus J. 0000-0003-2967-4765 kschulz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2967-4765","contributorId":2438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulz","given":"Klaus","email":"kschulz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":690514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DeYoung,, John H. 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Jr. jcarlin@usgs.gov","contributorId":190731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlin","given":"James F.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"jcarlin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Berger, Byron R. bberger@usgs.gov","contributorId":1490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berger","given":"Byron","email":"bberger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":690519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70048912,"text":"pp1802J - 2017 - Graphite","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70048912,"text":"pp1802J - 2017 - Graphite","indexId":"pp1802J","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"chapter":"J","title":"Graphite"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70158974,"text":"pp1802 - 2017 - Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply","indexId":"pp1802","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"title":"Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70158974,"text":"pp1802 - 2017 - Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply","indexId":"pp1802","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"title":"Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-19T13:54:15","indexId":"pp1802J","displayToPublicDate":"2017-12-19T09:30:00","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1802","chapter":"J","title":"Graphite","docAbstract":"<p>Graphite is a form of pure carbon that normally occurs as black crystal flakes and masses. It has important properties, such as chemical inertness, thermal stability, high electrical conductivity, and lubricity (slipperiness) that make it suitable for many industrial applications, including electronics, lubricants, metallurgy, and steelmaking. For some of these uses, no suitable substitutes are available. Steelmaking and refractory applications in metallurgy use the largest amount of produced graphite; however, emerging technology uses in large-scale fuel cell, battery, and lightweight high-strength composite applications could substantially increase world demand for graphite.</p><p>Graphite ores are classified as “amorphous” (microcrystalline), and “crystalline” (“flake” or “lump or chip”) based on the ore’s crystallinity, grain-size, and morphology. All graphite deposits mined today formed from metamorphism of carbonaceous sedimentary rocks, and the ore type is determined by the geologic setting. Thermally metamorphosed coal is the usual source of amorphous graphite. Disseminated crystalline flake graphite is mined from carbonaceous metamorphic rocks, and lump or chip graphite is mined from veins in high-grade metamorphic regions. Because graphite is chemically inert and nontoxic, the main environmental concerns associated with graphite mining are inhalation of fine-grained dusts, including silicate and sulfide mineral particles, and hydrocarbon vapors produced during the mining and processing of ore. Synthetic graphite is manufactured from hydrocarbon sources using high-temperature heat treatment, and it is more expensive to produce than natural graphite.</p><p>Production of natural graphite is dominated by China, India, and Brazil, which export graphite worldwide. China provides approximately 67 percent of worldwide output of natural graphite, and, as the dominant exporter, has the ability to set world prices. China has significant graphite reserves, and China’s graphite production is expected to increase, although rising labor costs and some mine production problems are developing. China is expected to continue to be the dominant exporter for the near future. Mexico and Canada export graphite mainly to the United States, which has not had domestic production of natural graphite since the 1950s. Most graphite deposits in the United States are too small, low-grade, or remote to be of commercial value in the near future, and the likelihood of discovering larger, higher-grade, or favorably located domestic deposits is unlikely. The United States is a major producer of synthetic graphite.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1802J","usgsCitation":"Robinson, G.R., Jr., Hammarstrom, J.M., and Olson, D.W., 2017, Graphite, chap. J <i> of</i> Schulz, K.J., DeYoung, J.H., Jr., Seal, R.R., II, and Bradley, D.C., eds., Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1802, p. J1–J24, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1802J.","productDescription":"viii, 24 p.","numberOfPages":"36","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-044217","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334578,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1802/j/pp1802j.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.30 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PP 1802 J"},{"id":334577,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1802/j/coverthb1.jpg"}],"contact":"<p>Mineral Resources Program Coordinator<br> U.S. Geological Survey<br> 913 National Center<br> Reston, VA 20192</p><p>Email:<a href=\"mailto:minerals@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:minerals@usgs.gov\"> minerals@usgs.gov</a><br> <a href=\"https://minerals.usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"https://minerals.usgs.gov\">https://minerals.usgs.gov</a></p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract&nbsp;</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Geology&nbsp;</li><li>Resources and Production</li><li>Exploration for New Deposits</li><li>Environmental Considerations</li><li>Problems and Future Research</li><li>References Cited</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"publishedDate":"2017-12-19","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-12-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a60fae6e4b06e28e9c22937","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Schulz, Klaus J. 0000-0003-2967-4765 kschulz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2967-4765","contributorId":2438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulz","given":"Klaus","email":"kschulz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662225,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeYoung, Jr. 0000-0003-1169-6026 jdeyoung@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1169-6026","contributorId":523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeYoung","suffix":"Jr.","email":"jdeyoung@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":662227,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Seal,, Robert R. II 0000-0003-0901-2529 rseal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0901-2529","contributorId":141204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seal,","given":"Robert R.","suffix":"II","email":"rseal@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662228,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bradley, Dwight 0000-0001-9116-5289 bradleyorchard2@gmail.com","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9116-5289","contributorId":2358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Dwight","email":"bradleyorchard2@gmail.com","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662226,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, Gilpin R. Jr. 0000-0002-9676-9564 grobinso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9676-9564","contributorId":172765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"Gilpin","suffix":"Jr.","email":"grobinso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":662072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hammarstrom, Jane M. 0000-0003-2742-3460 jhammars@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2742-3460","contributorId":1226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammarstrom","given":"Jane","email":"jhammars@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Olson, Donald W. dolson@usgs.gov","contributorId":526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Donald","email":"dolson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70103366,"text":"pp1802H - 2017 - Gallium","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70103366,"text":"pp1802H - 2017 - Gallium","indexId":"pp1802H","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"chapter":"H","title":"Gallium"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70158974,"text":"pp1802 - 2017 - Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply","indexId":"pp1802","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"title":"Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70158974,"text":"pp1802 - 2017 - Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply","indexId":"pp1802","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"title":"Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-19T13:49:47","indexId":"pp1802H","displayToPublicDate":"2017-12-19T09:30:00","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1802","chapter":"H","title":"Gallium","docAbstract":"<p>Gallium is a soft, silvery metallic element with an atomic number of 31 and the chemical symbol Ga. Gallium is used in a wide variety of products that have microelectronic components containing either gallium arsenide (GaAs) or gallium nitride (GaN). GaAs is able to change electricity directly into laser light and is used in the manufacture of optoelectronic devices (laser diodes, light-emitting diodes [LEDs], photo detectors, and solar cells), which are important for aerospace and telecommunications applications and industrial and medical equipment. GaAs is also used in the production of highly specialized integrated circuits, semiconductors, and transistors; these are necessary for defense applications and high-performance computers. For example, cell phones with advanced personal computer-like functionality (smartphones) use GaAs-rich semiconductor components. GaN is used principally in the manufacture of LEDs and laser diodes, power electronics, and radio-frequency electronics. Because GaN power transistors operate at higher voltages and with a higher power density than GaAs devices, the uses for advanced GaN-based products are expected to increase in the future. Gallium technologies also have large power-handling capabilities and are used for cable television transmission, commercial wireless infrastructure, power electronics, and satellites. Gallium is also used for such familiar applications as screen backlighting for computer notebooks, flat-screen televisions, and desktop computer monitors.</p><p>Gallium is dispersed in small amounts in many minerals and rocks where it substitutes for elements of similar size and charge, such as aluminum and zinc. For example, gallium is found in small amounts (about 50 parts per million) in such aluminum-bearing minerals as diaspore-boehmite and gibbsite, which form bauxite deposits, and in the zinc-sulfide mineral sphalerite, which is found in many mineral deposits. At the present time, gallium metal is derived mainly as a byproduct of the processing of bauxite ore for aluminum; lesser amounts of gallium metal are produced from the processing of sphalerite ore from three types of deposits (sediment-hosted, Mississippi Valley-type, and volcanogenic massive sulfide) for zinc. The United States is expected to meet its current and expected future needs for gallium through imports of primary, recycled, and refined gallium, as well as through domestic production of recycled and refined gallium. The U.S. Geological Survey estimates that world resources of gallium in bauxite exceed 1 billion kilograms, and a considerable quantity of gallium could be present in world zinc reserves.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1802H","isbn":"978-1-4113-3991-0","usgsCitation":"Foley, N.K., Jaskula, B.W., Kimball, B.E., and Schulte, R.F., 2017, Gallium, chap. H <i>of</i> Schulz, K.J., DeYoung, J.H., Jr.,  Seal, R.R., II, and  Bradley, D.C., eds., Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1802, p. H1–H35, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1802H.","productDescription":"viii, 35 p.","numberOfPages":"48","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-045147","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334570,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1802/h/coverthb1.jpg"},{"id":334571,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1802/h/pp1802h.pdf","text":"Report","size":"21.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PP 1802 H"}],"contact":"<p>Mineral Resources Program Coordinator<br> U.S. Geological Survey<br> 913 National Center<br> Reston, VA 20192</p><p>Email:<a href=\"mailto:minerals@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:minerals@usgs.gov\"> minerals@usgs.gov</a><br> <a href=\"https://minerals.usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"https://minerals.usgs.gov\">https://minerals.usgs.gov</a></p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Geology</li><li>Resources and Production</li><li>Exploration for New Deposits</li><li>Environmental Considerations&nbsp;</li><li>Problems and Future Research</li><li>References Cited</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"publishedDate":"2017-12-19","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-12-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a60fae5e4b06e28e9c2292c","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Schulz, Klaus J. 0000-0003-2967-4765 kschulz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2967-4765","contributorId":2438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulz","given":"Klaus","email":"kschulz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662215,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeYoung, Jr. 0000-0003-1169-6026 jdeyoung@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1169-6026","contributorId":523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeYoung","suffix":"Jr.","email":"jdeyoung@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":662217,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Seal,, Robert R. II 0000-0003-0901-2529 rseal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0901-2529","contributorId":141204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seal,","given":"Robert R.","suffix":"II","email":"rseal@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662218,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bradley, Dwight 0000-0001-9116-5289 bradleyorchard2@gmail.com","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9116-5289","contributorId":2358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Dwight","email":"bradleyorchard2@gmail.com","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662216,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Foley, Nora K. 0000-0003-0124-3509 nfoley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0124-3509","contributorId":4010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foley","given":"Nora","email":"nfoley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jaskula, Brian W. bjaskula@usgs.gov","contributorId":179010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaskula","given":"Brian W.","email":"bjaskula@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":662084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kimball, Bryn E. bekimball@usgs.gov","contributorId":4184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kimball","given":"Bryn","email":"bekimball@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":662083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schulte, Ruth F. rschulte@usgs.gov","contributorId":4445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulte","given":"Ruth","email":"rschulte@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
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