We surveyed the Lower Missouri River downstream from Gavins Point Dam near Yankton, South Dakota, to St. Louis, Missouri, during low water conditions in 2003-06 to identify and map coarse substrate deposits and bedrock exposures that might serve as spawning areas for sturgeon and other fishes. More than 330 deposits were identified, including tributary fans, bars, and habitat-enhancement projects. The location and extent of riverside bedrock exposures immediately adjacent to the channel also were mapped. Field surveys identified 48 bedrock exposures whereas the analysis of aerial orthophotographs identified an additional 65 exposures for a total of 113. Maps illustrating the distribution of deposits and their density were developed to aid researchers studying reproductive ecology of sturgeon and other lithophilic fishes.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071192","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Laustrup, M.S., Jacobson, R.B., and Simpkins, D.G., 2007, Distribution of potential spawning habitat for sturgeon in the Lower Missouri River, 2003-06: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1192, Report: v, 26 p.; Associated Data, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071192.","productDescription":"Report: v, 26 p.; Associated Data","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2003-01-01","temporalEnd":"2006-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194866,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20071192.jpg"},{"id":331125,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1192/pdf/OFR2007-1192.pdf","size":"2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":331126,"rank":4,"type":{"id":28,"text":"Dataset"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1192/LMOR_substrate.zip","size":"53 kB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"}},{"id":9856,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1192/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -100,36 ], [ -100,44 ], [ -88,44 ], [ -88,36 ], [ -100,36 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6ee4b07f02db640358","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Laustrup, Mark S.","contributorId":31028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laustrup","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jacobson, Robert B. 0000-0002-8368-2064 rjacobson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8368-2064","contributorId":1289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobson","given":"Robert","email":"rjacobson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":291618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Simpkins, Darin G.","contributorId":10892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpkins","given":"Darin","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":80062,"text":"fs20073045 - 2007 - Boiling water at Hot Creek— The dangerous and dynamic thermal springs in California’s Long Valley Caldera","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-24T20:57:10.422058","indexId":"fs20073045","displayToPublicDate":"2007-06-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-3045","title":"Boiling water at Hot Creek— The dangerous and dynamic thermal springs in California’s Long Valley Caldera","docAbstract":"The beautiful blue pools and impressive boiling fountains along Hot Creek in east-central California have provided enjoyment to generations of visitors, but they have also been the cause of injury or death to some who disregarded warnings and fences. The springs and geysers in the stream bed and along its banks change location, temperature, and flow rates frequently and unpredictably. The hot springs and geysers of Hot Creek are visible signs of dynamic geologic processes in this volcanic region, where underground heat drives thermal spring activity.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/fs20073045","usgsCitation":"Farrar, C.D., Evans, W.C., Venezky, D.Y., Hurwitz, S., and Oliver, L.K., 2007, Boiling water at Hot Creek— The dangerous and dynamic thermal springs in California’s Long Valley Caldera (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2007-3045, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20073045.","productDescription":"4 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":367,"text":"Long Valley Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":120727,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2007_3045.jpg"},{"id":388459,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_81467.htm"},{"id":9847,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2007/3045/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Long Valley caldera","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -119.25,37.5 ], [ -119.25,37.833333333333336 ], [ -118.5,37.833333333333336 ], [ -118.5,37.5 ], [ -119.25,37.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1be4b07f02db607457","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Farrar, Christopher D. cdfarrar@usgs.gov","contributorId":1501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farrar","given":"Christopher","email":"cdfarrar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":291604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Evans, William C. 0000-0001-5942-3102 wcevans@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5942-3102","contributorId":2353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"William","email":"wcevans@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":291606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Venezky, Dina Y.","contributorId":36232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Venezky","given":"Dina","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hurwitz, Shaul 0000-0001-5142-6886 shaulh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5142-6886","contributorId":2169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hurwitz","given":"Shaul","email":"shaulh@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":291605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Oliver, Lynn K.","contributorId":72481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oliver","given":"Lynn","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":80060,"text":"sir20075072 - 2007 - Measured and Estimated Sodium-Adsorption Ratios for Tongue River and its Tributaries, Montana and Wyoming, 2004-06","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:18","indexId":"sir20075072","displayToPublicDate":"2007-06-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5072","title":"Measured and Estimated Sodium-Adsorption Ratios for Tongue River and its Tributaries, Montana and Wyoming, 2004-06","docAbstract":"The Tongue River drains an area of about 5,400 square miles and flows northward from its headwaters in the Bighorn National Forest of northeastern Wyoming to join the Yellowstone River at Miles City, Montana. Water from the Tongue River and its tributaries is extensively used for irrigation in both Wyoming and Montana. The Tongue River watershed contains vast coal deposits that are extracted at several surface mines. In some areas of the watershed, the coal beds also contain methane gas (coal-bed methane or natural gas), which has become the focus of intense exploration and development. Production of coal-bed methane requires the pumping of large volumes of ground water from the coal beds to reduce water pressure within the formation and release the stored gas. Water from the coal beds typically is high in sodium and low in calcium and magnesium, resulting in a high sodium-adsorption ratio (SAR). Disposal of ground water with high sodium concentrations into the Tongue River has the potential to increase salinity and SAR of water in the river, and potentially reduce the quality of water for irrigation purposes.\r\n\r\nThis report documents SAR values measured in water samples collected at 12 monitoring sites in the Tongue River watershed and presents regression relations between specific conductance (SC) and SAR at each site for the years 2004-06. SAR in water samples was determined from laboratory-measured concentrations of sodium, calcium, and magnesium. The results of regression analysis indicated that SC and SAR were significantly related (p-values < 0.05) at most sites. The regression relations developed for most monitoring sites in the Tongue River watershed were used with continuous SC data to estimate daily SAR during the 2004 and 2005 irrigation seasons and to estimate 2006 provisional SAR values, which were displayed on the Web in real-time.\r\n\r\nWater samples were collected and analyzed from seven sites on the main stem of the Tongue River located at: (1) Monarch, Wyoming, station 06299980, (2) State line near Decker, Montana, station 06306300, (3) Tongue River Dam near Decker, Montana, station 06307500, (4) Birney Day School Bridge near Birney, Montana, station 06307616, (5) below Brandenberg Bridge near Ashland, Montana, station 06307830, (6) above T&Y Diversion Dam near Miles City, Montana, station 06307990, and (7) Miles City, Montana, station 06308500. Water samples were collected and analyzed from five sites on tributaries located at: (1) Goose Creek near Acme, Wyoming, station 06305700, (2) Prairie Dog Creek near Acme, Wyoming, station 06306250, (3) Hanging Woman Creek near Birney, Montana, station 06307600, (4) Otter Creek at Ashland, Montana, station 06307740, and (5) Pumpkin Creek near Miles City, Montana, station 06308400. All water-quality data for samples collected at these 12 sites can be accessed at Web sites http://waterdata.usgs.gov/mt/nwis or http://waterdata.usgs.gov/wy/nwis.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20075072","usgsCitation":"Cannon, M.R., Nimick, D.A., Cleasby, T., Kinsey, S., and Lambing, J.H., 2007, Measured and Estimated Sodium-Adsorption Ratios for Tongue River and its Tributaries, Montana and Wyoming, 2004-06: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5072, vii, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075072.","productDescription":"vii, 46 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2004-01-01","temporalEnd":"2006-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":400,"text":"Montana Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":191883,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9830,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5072/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -108,44 ], [ -108,47 ], [ -105,47 ], [ -105,44 ], [ -108,44 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a27e4b07f02db610813","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cannon, M. R.","contributorId":99140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nimick, David A. dnimick@usgs.gov","contributorId":421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimick","given":"David","email":"dnimick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":573,"text":"Special Applications Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":291595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cleasby, Thomas E. 0000-0003-0694-1541","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0694-1541","contributorId":21993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cleasby","given":"Thomas E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kinsey, Stacy M. skinsey@usgs.gov","contributorId":1136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kinsey","given":"Stacy M.","email":"skinsey@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":291596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lambing, John H.","contributorId":64272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lambing","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":80061,"text":"sir20075097 - 2007 - Water-level and land-subsidence studies in the Mojave River and Morongo groundwater basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-12T13:30:57.581642","indexId":"sir20075097","displayToPublicDate":"2007-06-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5097","title":"Water-level and land-subsidence studies in the Mojave River and Morongo groundwater basins","docAbstract":"Since 1992, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Mojave Water Agency (MWA), has constructed a series of regional water-table maps for intermittent years in a continuing effort to monitor groundwater conditions in the Mojave River and Morongo groundwater basins. The previously published data, which were used to construct these maps, can be accessed on the interactive map. The associated reports describing the groundwater conditions for the Mojave River groundwater basin for 1992 (Stamos and Predmore, 1995), the Morongo groundwater basin for 1994 (Trayler and Koczot, 1995), and for both groundwater basins for 1996 (Mendez and Christensen, 1997); for 1998 (Smith and Pimentel, 2000), for 2000 (Smith, 2002), for 2002 (Smith and others, 2004), for 2004 (Stamos and others, 2004), and for 2006 (Stamos and others, 2007) can be accessed using this web site.
Spatially detailed maps of interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) methods were used to characterize land subsidence associated with groundwater-level declines during various intervals of time between 1992 and 1999 in the Mojave River and Morongo groundwater basins (Sneed and others, 2003). Concerns related to the potential for new or renewed land subsidence in the basins resulted in a cooperative study between the MWA and the USGS in 2006. InSAR data were developed to determine the location, extent, and magnitude of vertical land-surface changes in the Mojave River and Morongo groundwater basins for time intervals ranging from about 35 days to 14 months between 1999 and 2000 and between 2003 and 2004. (interactive Google map) The results from many future land-subsidence studies, which are scheduled about every 10 years, will be available on this website.
Mapping of water-level contours, water-level change and numerous InSAR images were combined in an interactive map. This interactive map may be customized to your needs and viewed at a scale that is appropriate for the data.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20075097","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Mojave Water Agency","usgsCitation":"Stamos, C., Glockhoff, C.S., McPherson, K.R., and Julich, R.J., 2007, Water-level and land-subsidence studies in the Mojave River and Morongo groundwater basins (Originally posted June 25, 2007; Revised August 19, 2009, ver. 2.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5097, HTML Document; Metadata, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075097.","productDescription":"HTML Document; Metadata","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190843,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20075097.PNG"},{"id":273111,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/cont2006.xml"},{"id":285274,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://ca.water.usgs.gov/mojave/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":406477,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_81465.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":9846,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5097/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Mojave River and Morongo groundwater basins","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.6619,\n 34.0958\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 34.0958\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 35.2333\n ],\n [\n -117.6619,\n 35.2333\n ],\n [\n -117.6619,\n 34.0958\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Originally posted June 25, 2007; Revised August 19, 2009, ver. 2.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e47a5e4b07f02db497af0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stamos, Christina L. 0000-0002-1007-9352","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1007-9352","contributorId":19593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stamos","given":"Christina L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Glockhoff, Carolyn S.","contributorId":19639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glockhoff","given":"Carolyn","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McPherson, Kelly R. 0000-0002-2340-4142 krmcpher@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2340-4142","contributorId":1376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McPherson","given":"Kelly","email":"krmcpher@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":291600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Julich, Raymond J. rjulich@usgs.gov","contributorId":1912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Julich","given":"Raymond","email":"rjulich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":291601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":80058,"text":"sir20065311 - 2007 - Investigation of Ground-Water Contamination at Solid Waste Management Unit 12, Naval Weapons Station Charleston, North Charleston, South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-17T09:34:19","indexId":"sir20065311","displayToPublicDate":"2007-06-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5311","title":"Investigation of Ground-Water Contamination at Solid Waste Management Unit 12, Naval Weapons Station Charleston, North Charleston, South Carolina","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey and the Naval Facilities Engineering Command Southeast investigated natural and engineered remediation of chlorinated volatile organic compound ground-water contamination at Solid Waste Management Unit 12 at the Naval Weapons Station Charleston, North Charleston, South Carolina. The primary contaminants of interest are tetrachloroethene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichloroethene, cis-1,2-dichloroethene, vinyl chloride, 1,1-dichloroethane, and 1,1-dichloroethene.\r\n\r\nIn general, the hydrogeology of Solid Waste Management Unit 12 consists of a surficial aquifer, composed of sand to clayey sand, overlain by dense clay that extends from about land surface to a depth of about 8 to 10 feet and substantially limits local recharge. During some months in the summer, evapotranspiration and limited local recharge result in ground-water level depressions in the forested area near wells 12MW-12S and 12MW-17S, seasonally reflecting the effects of evapotranspiration. Changes in surface-water levels following Hurricane Gaston in 2004 resulted in a substantial change in the ground-water levels at the site that, in turn, may have caused lateral shifting of the contaminant plume. Hydraulic conductivity, determined by slug tests, is higher along the axis of the plume in the downgradient part of the forests than adjacent to the plume, implying that there is some degree of lithologic control on the plume location. Hydraulic conductivity, hydraulic gradient, sulfur-hexafluoride measurements, and historical data indicate that ground-water flow rates are substantially slower in the forested area relative to upgradient areas.\r\n\r\nThe ground-water contamination, consisting of chlorinated volatile organic compounds, extends eastward in the surficial aquifer from the probable source area near a former underground storage tank. Engineered remediation approaches include a permeable reactive barrier and phytoremediation. The central part of the permeable reactive barrier along the main axis of the contaminant plume appears to be actively removing contamination; however, ground-water contamination is moving around the southern end of the permeable reactive barrier. Changes in the contaminant concentrations along the path of ground-water transport reflect a complex variety of influences. Potential influences include dechlorination, sorption and desorption, transpirative removal by trees, lateral shifting of the plume, and the presence of zones of differing concentrations possibly reflecting one or more pulse releases of contamination from the source area.\r\n\r\nNear the source area at well 12MW-10S, volatile organic compound concentrations of cis-1,2-dichlorothene, vinyl chloride, 1,1-dichloroethane, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane continued an irregular decline, while tetrachloroethene and 1,1-dichloroethene showed marked fluctuations in concentration during 2005 and 2006. Volatile organic compound concentrations at well 12MW-03S continued to show decreasing concentrations with the June 2006 concentrations being the lowest yet recorded at that well for several volatile organic compounds. Concentration and delta carbon 13 data indicate that in the upgradient part of the plume, tetrachloroethene is being degraded to trichloroethene, which is being degraded to cis-1,2-dichloroethene, and cis-1,2-dichloroethene is accumulating faster than it is being depleted.\r\n\r\nGround-water volatile organic compound concentrations also changed in some wells in the forested area in the midpart of the plume. Increasing tetrachloroethene and decreasing trichloroethene and 1,1-dichloroethene concentrations were observed at wells 12MW-05S and 12MW-29S, possibly reflecting a lateral shift in the axis of the contamination plume or an advancing contamination pulse. Substantial decreases in contamination occur in the forested area downgradient from well 12MW-05S. Probable major loss mechanisms in this area include evapotranspiration and sorption.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20065311","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Naval Facilities Engineering Command Southeast","usgsCitation":"Vroblesky, D.A., Casey, C.C., Petkewich, M.D., Lowery, M.A., Conlon, K.J., and Harrelson, L.G., 2007, Investigation of Ground-Water Contamination at Solid Waste Management Unit 12, Naval Weapons Station Charleston, North Charleston, South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5311, Report: viii, 83 p.; Plate: 26 x 20 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065311.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 83 p.; Plate: 26 x 20 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193011,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9819,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5311/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina, South Carolina","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -80.08333333333333,32.833333333333336 ], [ -80.08333333333333,33.083333333333336 ], [ -79.83333333333333,33.083333333333336 ], [ -79.83333333333333,32.833333333333336 ], [ -80.08333333333333,32.833333333333336 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48b1e4b07f02db53046c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vroblesky, Don A. vroblesk@usgs.gov","contributorId":413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vroblesky","given":"Don","email":"vroblesk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":291584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Casey, Clifton C.","contributorId":15140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casey","given":"Clifton","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Petkewich, Matthew D. 0000-0002-5749-6356 mdpetkew@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5749-6356","contributorId":982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petkewich","given":"Matthew","email":"mdpetkew@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":291585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lowery, Mark A.","contributorId":77872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowery","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Conlon, Kevin J. 0000-0003-0798-368X kjconlon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0798-368X","contributorId":2561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conlon","given":"Kevin","email":"kjconlon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":291586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Harrelson, Larry G.","contributorId":70059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrelson","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":80059,"text":"cir1303 - 2007 - A framework for assessing the sustainability of monitored natural attenuation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-26T13:50:34","indexId":"cir1303","displayToPublicDate":"2007-06-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1303","displayTitle":"A Framework for Assessing the Sustainability of Monitored Natural Attenuation","title":"A framework for assessing the sustainability of monitored natural attenuation","docAbstract":"The sustainability of monitored natural attenuation (MNA) over time depends upon (1) the presence of chemical/biochemical processes that transform wastes to innocuous byproducts, and (2) the availability of energy to drive these processes to completion. The presence or absence of contaminant-transforming chemical/biochemical processes can be determined by observing contaminant mass loss over time and space (mass balance). The energy available to drive these processes to completion can be assessed by measuring the pool of metabolizable organic carbon available in a system, and by tracing the flow of this energy to available electron acceptors (energy balance). For the special case of chlorinated ethenes in ground-water systems, for which a variety of contaminant-transforming biochemical processes exist, natural attenuation is sustainable when the pool of bioavailable organic carbon is large relative to the carbon flux needed to drive biodegradation to completion.\r\n\r\nThese principles are illustrated by assessing the sustainability of MNA at a chlorinated ethene-contaminated site in Kings Bay, Georgia. Approximately 1,000 kilograms of perchloroethene (PCE) was released to a municipal landfill in the 1978-1980 timeframe, and the resulting plume of chlorinated ethenes migrated toward a nearby housing development. A numerical model, built using the sequential electron acceptor model code (SEAM3D), was used to quantify mass and energy balance in this system. The model considered the dissolution of non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) as the source of the PCE, and was designed to trace energy flow from dissolved organic carbon to available electron acceptors in the sequence oxygen > chlorinated ethenes > ferric iron > sulfate > carbon dioxide. The model was constrained by (1) comparing simulated and measured rates of ground-water flow, (2) reproducing the observed distribution of electron-accepting processes in the aquifer, (3) comparing observed and measured concentrations of chlorinated ethenes, and (4) reproducing the observed production and subsequent dilution of dissolved chloride, a final degradation product of chloroethene biodegradation.\r\n\r\nSimulations using the constrained model indicated that an average flux of 5 milligrams per liter per day of organic carbon (CH2O) per model cell (25 square meters) is required to support the short-term sustainability of MNA. Because this flux is small relative to the pool of renewable organic carbon (about 4.7 x 107 milligrams [mg] per model cell) present in the soil zone and non-renewable carbon (about 6.9 x 108 mg per model cell) in an organic-rich sediment layer overlying the aquifer, the long-term sustainability of MNA is similarly large. This study illustrates that the short- and long-term sustainability of MNA can be assessed by:\r\n\r\n1. Estimating the time required for contaminants to dissolve/disperse/degrade under ambient hydrologic conditions (time of remediation). \r\n2. Quantifying the organic carbon flux to the system needed to consume competing electron acceptors (oxygen) and direct electron flow toward chloroethene degradation (short-term sustainability). \r\n3. Comparing the required flux of organic carbon to the pool of renewable and non-renewable organic carbon given the estimated time of remediation (long-term sustainability).\r\n\r\nThese are general principles that can be used to assess the sustainability of MNA in any hydrologic system.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir1303","isbn":"9781411317741","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program","usgsCitation":"Chapelle, F.H., Novak, J., Parker, J., Campbell, B.G., and Widdowson, M.A., 2007, A framework for assessing the sustainability of monitored natural attenuation: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1303, viii, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1303.","productDescription":"viii, 36 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190962,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9820,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/circ1303/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4955e4b0b290850ef103","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chapelle, Francis H. chapelle@usgs.gov","contributorId":1350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"Francis","email":"chapelle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":291591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Novak, John","contributorId":30700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Novak","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parker, John","contributorId":74377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parker","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Campbell, Bruce G. 0000-0003-4800-6674 bcampbel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4800-6674","contributorId":995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"Bruce","email":"bcampbel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":291590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Widdowson, Mark A.","contributorId":90379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Widdowson","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":80057,"text":"ofr20071069 - 2007 - Selected Hydrogeologic Data for the High Plains Aquifer in Southwestern Laramie County, Wyoming, 1931-2006","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-20T16:56:32","indexId":"ofr20071069","displayToPublicDate":"2007-06-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1069","title":"Selected Hydrogeologic Data for the High Plains Aquifer in Southwestern Laramie County, Wyoming, 1931-2006","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Wyoming State Engineer's Office, created a hydrogeologic database for southwestern Laramie County, Wyoming. The database contains records from 166 wells and test holes drilled during 1931-2006. Several types of information, including well construction; well or test hole locations; lithologic logs; gamma, neutron, spontaneous-potential, and single-point resistivity logs; water levels; and transmissivities and storativities estimated from aquifer tests, are available in the database. Most wells and test holes in the database have records containing information about construction, location, and lithology; 77 wells and test holes have geophysical logs; 70 wells have tabulated water-level data; and 60 wells have records of aquifer-test results.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071069","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Wyoming State Engineer's Office","usgsCitation":"Hallberg, L.L., and Mason, J., 2007, Selected Hydrogeologic Data for the High Plains Aquifer in Southwestern Laramie County, Wyoming, 1931-2006: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1069, Available online only, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071069.","productDescription":"Available online only","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192402,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9815,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1069/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -105.5,41 ], [ -105.5,41.5 ], [ -104.75,41.5 ], [ -104.75,41 ], [ -105.5,41 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fa82c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hallberg, Laura L. 0000-0001-9983-8003 lhallber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9983-8003","contributorId":1825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hallberg","given":"Laura","email":"lhallber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":291582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mason, Jon P.","contributorId":26758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mason","given":"Jon P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70245170,"text":"70245170 - 2007 - Gas generation from groundwater interaction with an iron treatment wall, Fry Canyon, Utah, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-20T12:18:00.225335","indexId":"70245170","displayToPublicDate":"2007-06-20T07:13:51","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Gas generation from groundwater interaction with an iron treatment wall, Fry Canyon, Utah, USA","docAbstract":"Nutrient, suspended sediment, and pesticide data from 1990 through 2004 in the Red River of the North Basin were compiled, summarized, and compared to historical data. Streamflow varied widely throughout the basin during the 1990-2004 study period. For 19 of 22 streamflow sites, median annual streamflow during the study period exceeded the long-term average streamflow. High streamflow can have a substantial effect on water quality. In water samples from selected surface-water sites, nitrite plus nitrate concentrations ranged from less than 0.005 to 7.7 milligrams per liter; total Kjeldahl nitrogen concentrations ranged from 0.1 to 7.5 milligrams per liter; total phosphorus concentrations ranged from less than 0.005 to 4.14 milligrams per liter; and dissolved phosphorus concentrations ranged from 0.003 to 4.13 milligrams per liter. Surface-water samples from the Pembina River basin generally had higher nitrite plus nitrate, total phosphorus, and suspended sediment concentrations compared to samples from other Red River Basin sites. Historical data from 1970 through 1990 showed relatively high nitrite plus nitrate and suspended sediment concentrations in samples from some Pembina River sites; in contrast to the 1990-2004 period, total phosphorus concentrations from the 1970-90 period generally were highest at Red River of the North sites. Nitrate concentrations in ground-water samples for the 1990-2004 period were highest in Sheridan County, North Dakota and Marshall and Otter Tail Counties in Minnesota. Concentrations of nitrate in ground water in Marshall and Otter Tail Counties corresponded to relatively high reported fertilizer applications during 2002; however, Sheridan County did not have the high fertilizer applications in 2002 compared to other North Dakota and Minnesota counties. The most frequently detected pesticides or pesticide metabolites were 2, 4-D, bentazon, de-ethylatrazine, metolachlor, picloram, and triallate in surface water and alachlor ethanesulfonic acid (ESA), atrazine, de-ethylatrazine, picloram, and triazine in ground water. None of the most frequently detected pesticides or metabolites sampled and analyzed by the U.S. Geological Survey or available in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Storage and Retrieval System (STORET) during 1990-2004 were detected frequently during 1970-90, with the exception of 2,4-D.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20075065","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency","usgsCitation":"Christensen, V., 2007, Nutrients, suspended sediment, and pesticides in water of the Red River of the North Basin, Minnesota and North Dakota, 1990-2004: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5065, vi, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075065.","productDescription":"vi, 36 p.","numberOfPages":"46","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1990-01-01","temporalEnd":"2004-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190864,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20075065.JPG"},{"id":9794,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5065/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"2000000","country":"United States","state":"Minnesota, North Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Red River of the North Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -95.4052734375, 49.001843917978526 ], [ -99.99755859375, 48.99463598353408 ], [ -99.964599609375, 48.915279853443806 ], [ -99.755859375, 48.88639177703194 ], [ -99.755859375, 48.719961222646276 ], [ -99.86572265625, 48.61112192003074 ], [ -99.755859375, 48.46563710044979 ], [ -99.68994140625, 48.356249029540706 ], [ -99.6240234375, 48.22467264956519 ], [ -99.700927734375, 48.122101028190805 ], [ -99.82177734375, 48.004625021133904 ], [ -99.99755859375, 47.98256841921402 ], [ -100.338134765625, 47.98256841921402 ], [ -100.294189453125, 47.879512933970496 ], [ -100.21728515624999, 47.82053186746053 ], [ -100.294189453125, 47.7097615426664 ], [ -100.4150390625, 47.62097541515849 ], [ -100.51391601562499, 47.53203824675999 ], [ -100.250244140625, 47.42065432071321 ], [ -100.01953125, 47.35371061951363 ], [ -99.84374999999999, 47.4355191531953 ], [ -99.766845703125, 47.60616304386874 ], [ -99.6240234375, 47.71715357016648 ], [ -99.393310546875, 47.73193447949174 ], [ -99.140625, 47.746711194756 ], [ -98.76708984374999, 47.68757916850813 ], [ -98.602294921875, 47.62097541515849 ], [ -98.4814453125, 47.47266286861342 ], [ -98.536376953125, 47.30903424774781 ], [ -98.58032226562499, 47.15236927446393 ], [ -98.45947265625, 46.965259400349275 ], [ -98.32763671875, 46.7549166192819 ], [ -98.118896484375, 46.626806395355175 ], [ -98.052978515625, 46.55886030311719 ], [ -98.19580078125, 46.430285240839964 ], [ -98.15185546874999, 46.255846818480336 ], [ -98.052978515625, 46.05036097561633 ], [ -97.943115234375, 45.91294412737392 ], [ -97.701416015625, 45.85176048817254 ], [ -97.31689453125, 45.836454050187726 ], [ -97.152099609375, 45.897654534346884 ], [ -96.96533203125, 45.897654534346884 ], [ -96.88842773437499, 45.78284835197676 ], [ -96.767578125, 45.71385093029221 ], [ -96.45996093749999, 45.67548217560647 ], [ -96.43798828125, 45.61403741135093 ], [ -96.40502929687499, 45.54483149242463 ], [ -96.15234375, 45.60635207711834 ], [ -95.92163085937499, 45.805828539928356 ], [ -95.92163085937499, 45.92822950933618 ], [ -95.92163085937499, 46.13417004624326 ], [ -95.833740234375, 46.195042108660154 ], [ -95.723876953125, 46.07323062540838 ], [ -95.49316406249999, 46.126556302418514 ], [ -95.526123046875, 46.255846818480336 ], [ -95.33935546875, 46.31658418182218 ], [ -95.284423828125, 46.52863469527167 ], [ -95.33935546875, 46.702202151643455 ], [ -95.2734375, 46.875213396722685 ], [ -95.29541015625, 47.08508535995384 ], [ -95.2734375, 47.19717795172789 ], [ -95.284423828125, 47.35371061951363 ], [ -95.25146484374999, 47.44294999517949 ], [ -95.086669921875, 47.56170075451973 ], [ -94.95483398437499, 47.60616304386874 ], [ -94.58129882812499, 47.65058757118734 ], [ -94.3505859375, 47.76148371616669 ], [ -94.19677734375, 47.857402894658236 ], [ -93.9990234375, 48.004625021133904 ], [ -94.02099609375, 48.122101028190805 ], [ -94.19677734375, 48.23199134320962 ], [ -94.33959960937499, 48.32703913063476 ], [ -94.625244140625, 48.31973404047173 ], [ -95.00976562499999, 48.34894812401375 ], [ -95.185546875, 48.34894812401375 ], [ -95.1416015625, 48.45106561953216 ], [ -95.07568359375, 48.596592251456705 ], [ -95.185546875, 48.61838518688487 ], [ -95.350341796875, 48.65468584817256 ], [ -95.372314453125, 48.741700879765396 ], [ -95.3173828125, 48.821332549646634 ], [ -95.33935546875, 48.90805939965008 ], [ -95.4052734375, 49.001843917978526 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db68a2bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Christensen, V.G.","contributorId":23583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christensen","given":"V.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":80031,"text":"ofr20071107 - 2007 - Presumptive Sources of Fecal Contamination in Four Tributaries to the New River Gorge National River, West Virginia, 2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:41","indexId":"ofr20071107","displayToPublicDate":"2007-06-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1107","title":"Presumptive Sources of Fecal Contamination in Four Tributaries to the New River Gorge National River, West Virginia, 2004","docAbstract":"Several methods were used to determine the sources of fecal contamination in water samples collected during September and October 2004 from four tributaries to the New River Gorge National River -- Arbuckle Creek, Dunloup Creek, Keeney Creek, and Wolf Creek. All four tributaries historically have had elevated levels of fecal coliform bacteria. The source-tracking methods used yielded various results, possibly because one or more methods failed. Sourcing methods used in this study included the detection of several human-specific and animal-specific biological or molecular markers, and library-dependent pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis that attempted to associate Escherichia coli bacteria obtained from water samples with animal sources by matching DNA-fragment banding patterns. Evaluation of the results of quality-control analysis indicated that pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis was unable to identify known-source bacteria isolates. Increasing the size of the known-source library did not improve the results for quality-control samples. A number of emerging methods, using markers in Enterococcus, human urine, Bacteroidetes, and host mitochondrial DNA, demonstrated some potential in associating fecal contamination with human or animal sources in a limited analysis of quality-control samples. All four of the human-specific markers were detected in water samples from Keeney Creek, a watershed with no centralized municipal wastewater-treatment facilities, thus indicating human sources of fecal contamination. The human-specific Bacteroidetes and host mitochondrial DNA markers were detected in water samples from Dunloup Creek, Wolf Creek, and to a lesser degree Arbuckle Creek. Results of analysis for wastewater compounds indicate that the September 27 sample from Arbuckle Creek contained numerous human tracer compounds likely from sewage. Dog, horse, chicken, and pig host mitochondrial DNA were detected in some of the water samples with the exception of the October 5 sample from Dunloup Creek. Cow, white-tailed deer, and Canada goose DNA were not detected in any of the samples collected from the four tributaries, despite the presence of these animals in the watersheds. Future studies with more rigorous quality-control analyses are needed to investigate the potential applicability and use of these emerging methods. Because many of the detections for the various methods could vary over time and with flow conditions, repeated sampling during both base flow and storm events would be necessary to more definitively determine the sources of fecal contamination for each watershed.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071107","collaboration":"In cooperation with the National Park Service, Department of the Interior","usgsCitation":"Mathes, M.V., O’Brien, T.L., Strickler, K.M., Hardy, J.J., Schill, W.B., Lukasik, J., Scott, T.M., Bailey, D.E., and Fenger, T.L., 2007, Presumptive Sources of Fecal Contamination in Four Tributaries to the New River Gorge National River, West Virginia, 2004: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1107, v, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071107.","productDescription":"v, 28 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2004-01-01","temporalEnd":"2004-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":643,"text":"West Virginia Water-Resources Information","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190882,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9785,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1107/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -81.25,37.63333333333333 ], [ -81.25,38.1 ], [ -80.71666666666667,38.1 ], [ -80.71666666666667,37.63333333333333 ], [ -81.25,37.63333333333333 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4c7f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mathes, Melvin V.","contributorId":77571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mathes","given":"Melvin","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Brien, Tara L.","contributorId":54301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Brien","given":"Tara","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Strickler, Kriston M.","contributorId":91186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strickler","given":"Kriston","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hardy, Joshua J.","contributorId":53045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hardy","given":"Joshua","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schill, William B. 0000-0002-9217-984X wschill@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9217-984X","contributorId":2736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schill","given":"William","email":"wschill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":291514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lukasik, Jerzy","contributorId":95567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lukasik","given":"Jerzy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Scott, Troy M.","contributorId":67600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"Troy","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Bailey, David E.","contributorId":84458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Fenger, Terry L.","contributorId":69249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fenger","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":80032,"text":"sir20075076 - 2007 - Nutrient, Habitat, and Basin-Characteristics Data and Relations with Fish and Invertebrate Communities in Indiana Streams, 1998-2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-16T14:11:07","indexId":"sir20075076","displayToPublicDate":"2007-06-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5076","title":"Nutrient, Habitat, and Basin-Characteristics Data and Relations with Fish and Invertebrate Communities in Indiana Streams, 1998-2000","docAbstract":"An analysis of existing nutrient, habitat, basin-characteristics, and biological-community (fish and invertebrate) data assessed significant relations between nutrients and biological data. Data from 1998 through 2000 for 58 sites in the Upper Wabash River Basin, Lower Wabash River Basin, and tributaries to the Great Lakes and Ohio River Basins were analyzed. Correspondence analysis was used to assess significant relations among nutrients, habitat, basin-characteristics, and biological-community data. Canonical correspondence analysis was used to identify which environmental parameters most influenced the biological communities. When all 58 sites were assessed, six biological-community attributes, metric scores, or site scores were statistically sigificant but weak. When a subset of data was analyzed for eight headwater streams in one ecoregion to minimize the naturally occurring variability associated with the 58 sites, the strength of the relations increased and 24 attributes, metric scores, or site scores were significantly related. Fish-community composition in the 58 sites was most influenced by habitat and land use but not by nutrients. The invertebrate-community composition in the 58 sites was most influenced by habitat, land use, soils, and one nutrient (total Kjeldahl nitrogen [TKN]).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20075076","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Indiana Department of Environmental Management, Division of Water, Assessment Branch","usgsCitation":"Frey, J.W., and Caskey, B.J., 2007, Nutrient, Habitat, and Basin-Characteristics Data and Relations with Fish and Invertebrate Communities in Indiana Streams, 1998-2000: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5076, vi, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075076.","productDescription":"vi, 40 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"40","numberOfPages":"50","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1998-01-01","temporalEnd":"2000-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321238,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20075076.GIF"},{"id":9786,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5076/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -89,37 ], [ -89,43 ], [ -84,43 ], [ -84,37 ], [ -89,37 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db6965a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frey, Jeffrey W. 0000-0002-3453-5009 jwfrey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3453-5009","contributorId":487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frey","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jwfrey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":27231,"text":"Indiana-Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":291523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Caskey, Brian J.","contributorId":104119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caskey","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":80030,"text":"sir20065269 - 2007 - Hydrogeology of, and simulation of ground-water flow In, the Pohatcong Valley, Warren County, New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-21T06:28:04","indexId":"sir20065269","displayToPublicDate":"2007-06-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5269","displayTitle":"Hydrogeology of, and Simulation of Ground-Water Flow In, the Pohatcong Valley, Warren County, New Jersey","title":"Hydrogeology of, and simulation of ground-water flow In, the Pohatcong Valley, Warren County, New Jersey","docAbstract":"A numerical ground-water-flow model was constructed to simulate ground-water flow in the Pohatcong Valley, including the area within the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Pohatcong Valley Ground Water Contamination Site. The area is underlain by glacial till, alluvial sediments, and weathered and competent carbonate bedrock. The northwestern and southeastern valley boundaries are regional-scale thrust faults and ridges underlain by crystalline rocks. The unconsolidated sediments and weathered bedrock form a minor surficial aquifer and the carbonate rocks form a highly transmissive fractured-rock aquifer. Ground-water flow in the carbonate rocks is primarily downvalley towards the Delaware River, but the water discharges through the surficial aquifer to Pohatcong Creek under typical conditions.\r\n\r\nThe hydraulic characteristics of the carbonate-rock aquifer are highly heterogeneous. Horizontal hydraulic conductivities span nearly five orders of magnitude, from 0.5 feet per day (ft/d) to 1,800 ft/d. The maximum transmissivity calculated is 37,000 feet squared per day. The horizontal hydraulic conductivities calculated from aquifer tests using public supply wells open to the Leithsville Formation and Allentown Dolomite are 34 ft/d (effective hydraulic conductivity) and 85 to 190 ft/d (minimum and maximum hydraulic conductivity, respectively, yielding a horizontal anisotropy ratio of 0.46). Stream base-flow data were used to estimate the net gain (or loss) for selected reaches on Brass Castle Creek, Shabbecong Creek, three smaller tributaries to Pohatcong Creek, and for five reaches on Pohatcong Creek. Estimated mean annual base flows for Brass Castle Creek, Pohatcong Creek at New Village, and Pohatcong Creek at Carpentersville (from correlations of partial- and continuous-record stations) are 2.4, 25, and 45 cubic feet per second (ft3/s) (10, 10, and 11 inches per year (in/yr)), respectively.\r\n\r\nGround-water ages estimated using sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), and tritium-helium age-dating techniques range from 0 to 27 years, with a median age of 6 years. Land-surface and ground-water water budgets were calculated, yielding an estimated rate of direct recharge tothe surficial aquifer of about 23 in/yr, and an estimated net recharge to the ground-water system within the area underlain by carbonate rock (11.4 mi2) of 29 in/yr (10 in/yr over the entire 33.3 mi2 basin).\r\n\r\nA finite-difference, numerical model was developed to simulate ground-water flow in the Pohatcong Valley. The four-layer model encompasses the entire carbonate-rock part of the valley. The carbonate-rock aquifer was modeled as horizontally anisotropic, with the direction of maximum transmissivity aligned with the longitudinal axis of the valley. All lateral boundaries are no-flow boundaries. Recharge was applied uniformly to the topmost active layer with additional recharge added near the lateral boundaries to represent infiltration of runoff from adjacent crystalline-rock areas. The model was calibrated to June 2001 water levels in wells completed in the carbonate-rock aquifer, August 2000 stream base-flow measurements, and the approximate ground-water age.\r\n\r\nThe ground-water-flow model was constructed in part to test possible site contamination remediation alternatives. Four previously determined ground-water remediation alternatives (GW1, GW2, GW3, and GW4) were simulated. For GW1, the no-action alternative, simulated pathlines originating in the tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichloroethene (TCE) source areas within the Ground-Water Contamination Site end at Pohatcong Creek near the confluence with Shabbecong Creek, although some particles went deeper in the aquifer system and ultimately discharge to Pohatcong Creek about 10 miles downvalley in Pohatcong Township. Remediation alternatives GW2, GW3, and GW4 include ground-water withdrawal, treatment, and reinjection. The design for GW2 includes wells in the TCE and PCE source areas that wit","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20065269","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Carleton, G.B., and Gordon, A.D., 2007, Hydrogeology of, and simulation of ground-water flow In, the Pohatcong Valley, Warren County, New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5269, Report: viii, 66 p.; Data release, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065269.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 66 p.; Data release","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190561,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9784,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5269/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":372459,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ES6UPO","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"MODFLOW-2000 and MODPATH4 used to simulate groundwater flow and contaminant transport in the Pohatcong Valley, Warren County, New Jersey"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","county":"Warren County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -75.2,40.5 ], [ -75.2,40.833333333333336 ], [ -74.9,40.833333333333336 ], [ -74.9,40.5 ], [ -75.2,40.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2de4b07f02db6149ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carleton, Glen B. 0000-0002-7666-4407 carleton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7666-4407","contributorId":3795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carleton","given":"Glen","email":"carleton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":291513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gordon, Alison D. 0000-0002-9502-8633 agordon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9502-8633","contributorId":890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gordon","given":"Alison","email":"agordon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":291512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":80023,"text":"ofr20071081 - 2007 - Geophysical Logs of Selected Test Wells at the Diaz Chemical Superfund Site in Holley, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:19","indexId":"ofr20071081","displayToPublicDate":"2007-06-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1081","title":"Geophysical Logs of Selected Test Wells at the Diaz Chemical Superfund Site in Holley, New York","docAbstract":"In June and July 2006, geophysical logs were collected and analyzed along with rock-core samples to define the bedrock stratigraphy and flow zones penetrated by four test wells at the Diaz Chemical Superfund site at Holley in eastern Orleans County, New York. The work was completed as a preliminary part of the investigation of contamination by organic compounds in the shale, mudstone, and sandstone bedrock. The geophysical logs included natural-gamma, caliper, borehole image, fluid properties, and flowmeter data. The orientation of fractures in the boreholes was inferred from the log data and summarized in stereo and tadpole plots; the transmissivity and hydraulic head was also determined for fracture zones that were observed to be hydraulically active through the flowmeter logs. The data are intended in part for use in the remediation of the site.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071081","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Eckhardt, D., and Anderson, J., 2007, Geophysical Logs of Selected Test Wells at the Diaz Chemical Superfund Site in Holley, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1081, iv, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071081.","productDescription":"iv, 17 p.","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193010,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9767,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1081/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -78.08333333333333,43.21666666666667 ], [ -78.08333333333333,43.233333333333334 ], [ -78,43.233333333333334 ], [ -78,43.21666666666667 ], [ -78.08333333333333,43.21666666666667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db68388f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eckhardt, David A.V.","contributorId":80233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eckhardt","given":"David A.V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, J. Alton","contributorId":56724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"J. Alton","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":80022,"text":"ds278 - 2007 - River Chemistry and Solute Flux in Yellowstone National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-20T11:46:12","indexId":"ds278","displayToPublicDate":"2007-06-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"278","title":"River Chemistry and Solute Flux in Yellowstone National Park","docAbstract":"Introduction\n\nThe Yellowstone Volcano Observatory (YVO) was established to 'To strengthen the long-term monitoring of volcanic and earthquake unrest in the Yellowstone National Park region'. Yellowstone National Park is underlain by a voluminous magmatic system overlain by the most active hydrothermal system on Earth. Tracking changes in water and gas chemistry is of great importance because anomalous fluxes might signal one of the earliest warnings of volcanic unrest.\n\nBecause of the tremendous number, chemical diversity, and large aerial coverage of Yellowstone's thermal features, it remains daunting to monitor individual features that might serve as proxies for anomalous activity in the hydrothermal system. Sampling rivers provides some advantages, because they integrate chemical fluxes over a very large area and therefore, river fluxes may reveal large-scale spatial patterns (Hurwitz et al., 2007). In addition, based on the application of the chloride-enthalpy method (Fournier, 1979), quantifying chloride flux in rivers provides an estimate of the total heat discharge from the Yellowstone volcanic system (Norton and Friedman 1985; Fournier, 1989; Friedman and Norton, in press).\n\nIntermittent sampling of the large rivers draining Yellowstone National Park began in the 1960's (Fournier et al., 1976) and continuous sampling has been carried out since water year (1 October - 30 September) 1983 excluding water years 1995 and 1996 (Norton and Friedman, 1985, 1991; Friedman and Norton, 1990, 2000, 2007). Between 1983 and 2001 only Cl concentrations and fluxes were determined. Starting in water year 2002, the concentrations and fluxes of other anions of possible magmatic origin (F-, Br-, HCO3- , and SO42-) were also determined, and several new sampling sites were established (Hurwitz et al., 2007). The ongoing sampling and analysis of river solute flux is a key component in the current monitoring program of YVO, and it is a collaboration between the U.S. Geological Survey and Yellowstone National Park.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ds278","usgsCitation":"Hurwitz, S., Eagan, S., Heasler, H., Mahony, D., Huebner, M., and Lowenstern, J.B., 2007, River Chemistry and Solute Flux in Yellowstone National Park (Version 4.0, Revised 2012): U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 278, Available online only, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds278.","productDescription":"Available online only","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":686,"text":"Yellowstone Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190973,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9766,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2007/278/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.5,44 ], [ -111.5,46 ], [ -109.5,46 ], [ -109.5,44 ], [ -111.5,44 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 4.0, Revised 2012","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a11e4b07f02db600446","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hurwitz, Shaul 0000-0001-5142-6886 shaulh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5142-6886","contributorId":2169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hurwitz","given":"Shaul","email":"shaulh@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":291487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eagan, Sean","contributorId":38237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eagan","given":"Sean","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Heasler, Henry","contributorId":62683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heasler","given":"Henry","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mahony, Dan","contributorId":89232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahony","given":"Dan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Huebner, Mark A.","contributorId":27902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huebner","given":"Mark A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lowenstern, Jacob B. 0000-0003-0464-7779 jlwnstrn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0464-7779","contributorId":2755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowenstern","given":"Jacob","email":"jlwnstrn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":291488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":80021,"text":"ofr20071161 - 2007 - Historical changes in the Mississippi-Alabama barrier islands and the roles of extreme storms, sea level, and human activities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-09T11:30:24","indexId":"ofr20071161","displayToPublicDate":"2007-06-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1161","title":"Historical changes in the Mississippi-Alabama barrier islands and the roles of extreme storms, sea level, and human activities","docAbstract":"An historical analysis of images and documents shows that the Mississippi-Alabama (MS-AL) barrier islands are undergoing rapid land loss and translocation. The barrier island chain formed and grew at a time when there was a surplus of sand in the alongshore sediment transport system, a condition that no longer prevails. The islands, except Cat, display alternating wide and marrow segments. Wide segments generally were products of low rates of inlet migration and spit elongation that resulted in well-defined ridges and swales formed by wave refraction along the inlet margins. In contrast, rapid rates of inlet migration and spit elongation under conditions of surplus sand produced low, narrow, straight barrier segments.
\nSince the mid 1800s, average rates of land loss for all the MS islands accelerated systematically while maintaining consistency from island to island. In contrast, Dauphin Island, off the Alabama coast, gained land during the early 20th century and then began to lose land at rates comparable to those of the MS barriers. There is an inverse relationship between island size and percentage of land reduction for each barrier such that Horn Island lost 24% and Ship Island lost 64% of its area since the mid 1800s. Ship Island is particularly vulnerable to storm-driven land losses because topographic and bathymetric boundary conditions focus wave energy onto the island. The three predominant morphodynamic processes associated with land loss are: (1) unequal lateral transfer of sand related to greater updrift erosion compared to downdrift deposition, (2) barrier narrowing resulting from simultaneous erosion of the Gulf and Soundside shores, and (3) barrier segmentation related to storm breaching. The western three fourths of Dauphin Island are migrating landward as a result of storms that erode the Gulf shore, overwash the island, and deposit sand in Mississippi Sound. Petit Bois, Horn, and Ship Islands have migrated westward as a result of predominant westward sediment transport by alongshore currents, and Cat Island is being reshaped as it adjusts to post-formation changes in wave and current patterns associated with deposition of the St. Bernard lobe of the Mississippi delta.
\nThe principal causes of barrier island land loss are frequent intense storms, a relative rise in sea level, and a deficit in the sediment budget. The only factor that has a historical trend that coincides with the progressive increase in rates of land loss is the progressive reduction in sand supply associated with nearly simultaneous deepening of channels dredged across the outer bars of the three tidal inlets maintained for deep-draft shipping. Neither rates of relative sea level rise nor storm parameters have long-term historical rends that match the increased rates of land loss since the mid 1800s. The historical rates of relative sea level rise in the northern Gulf of Mexico have been relatively constant and storm frequencies and intensities occur in multidecal cycles. However, the most recent land loss accelerations likely related to the increased storm activity since 1995.
\nConsidering the predicted trends for storms and sea level related to global warming, it is clear that the barrier islands will continue to lose land area at a rapid rate without a reversal in trend of at least one of the causal factors. The reduction in sand supply related to disruption of the alongshore sediment transport system is the only factor contributing to land loss that can be managed directly. This can be accomplished by placing dredged material so that the adjacent barrier island shores revive it for island nourishment and rebuilding.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071161","usgsCitation":"Morton, R., 2007, Historical changes in the Mississippi-Alabama barrier islands and the roles of extreme storms, sea level, and human activities: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1161, iv, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071161.","productDescription":"iv, 38 p.","numberOfPages":"42","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":188,"text":"Coastal and Watershed Science Team","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":275,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190842,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20071161.jpg"},{"id":9765,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1161/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":293518,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1161/OFR-2007-1161-screen.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama;Mississippi","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi-alabama Barrier Islands","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -89.25,30.0 ], [ -89.25,30.5 ], [ -88.0,30.5 ], [ -88.0,30.0 ], [ -89.25,30.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a58e4b07f02db62eb3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morton, Robert A.","contributorId":88333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morton","given":"Robert A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":80027,"text":"sir20075022 - 2007 - Assessment of Data for Use in the Development of Nutrient Criteria for Massachusetts Rivers and Streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:20","indexId":"sir20075022","displayToPublicDate":"2007-06-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5022","title":"Assessment of Data for Use in the Development of Nutrient Criteria for Massachusetts Rivers and Streams","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey synthesized, reviewed, and assessed Massachusetts water-quality data for use in the development of either numerical nutrient criteria for rivers and streams or a science-based framework for interpreting narrative criterial for nutrients. Water-quality data collected from 65 Massachusetts locations were selected to represent a wide range, but not a statistical selection, of drainage basins and high-, intermediate-, and low-nutrient ecoregions. Additional sites were selected at some locations to provide data to compare open- and closed-canopy effects on periphyton chlorophyll a concentrations. Nutrient and chlorophyll a concentrations are the primary focus of this study. Data for turbidity, color, dissolved oxygen, specific conductance, pH, and measures of aquatic-plant density also were examined. Water-quality data were analyzed by categories of year, ecoregion, drainage-basin size, Massachusetts nutrient ecoregion, presence of upstream wastewater dischargers, and canopy openness. Graphs and statistical analyses were used to evaluate data.\r\n\r\nThe U.S. Environmental Protection Agency recommends the 25th-percentile value of a water-quality constituent as the numerical nutrient criterion when using all available data for the constituent. In this study of Massachusetts waters, the 25th percentiles of median values at all sampling stations were: total phosphorus, 0.019 milligram per liter (mg/L); total nitrogen, 0.44 (mg/L); and turbidity, 1.2 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU). When the data are sorted by the two USEPA nutrient ecoregions in Massachusetts (VIII and XIV), the new values are: for Ecoregion VIII, total phosphorus, 0.009 (mg/L); total nitrogen, 0.289 (mg/L); and turbidity, 1.7 NTU; for Ecoregion XIV, total phosphorus, 0.028 (mg/L); total nitrogen, 0.583 (mg/L); and turbidity, 3.1 NTU. For the three Massachusetts lake-based nutrient ecoregions, the values are: high-nutrient ecoregion, total phosphorus, 0.030 (mg/L); total nitrogen, 0.642 (mg/L); and turbidity, 1.5 NTU; intermediate-nutrient ecoregion, total phosphorus, 0.016 (mg/L); total nitrogen, 0.419 (mg/L); and turbidity, 1.1 NTU; and low-nutrient ecoregion, total phosphorus, 0.011 (mg/L); total nitrogen, 0.289 (mg/L); and turbidity, 0.7 NTU.\r\n\r\nIn general, median nutrient concentrations were found to be higher in the three following categories of analysis than in their complementary groups: sites in USEPA nutrient Ecoregion XIV, sites downstream from major National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System-permitted wastewater dischargers, and sites in the Massachusetts high-nutrient ecoregion. The largest drainage-basin size class had higher median nitrogen (total and dissolved) concentrations than the smallest, but total median phosphorus concentrations were not significantly different. Median chlorophyll a concentrations did not vary significantly among the categories analyzed. The effects of open and closed canopies on median chlorophyll a concentrations were greater within groups defined by the categories used in this study than between the groups; open-canopy sites generally had higher median chlorophyll a concentrations than closed-canopy sites. More than 40 percent of the sampling stations were located downstream from major wastewater dischargers, and these dischargers were disproportionately located in USEPA Ecoregion XIV and the Massachusetts high-nutrient ecoregion and thus may constitute the same effect on water quality.\r\n\r\nA number of expected relations among parameters analyzed did not materialize. chlorophyll a did not correlate well with any other parameters. No strong relations among the categories and nutrient concentrations or canopy openness were apparent. The occurrence of antecedent flows exceeding mean annual discharges by 300 percent within 28 days of sample collection did not correlate with decreases in chlorophyll a concentrations that might have resulted from scouring associated with increasing velocities. No rel","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20075022","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Watershed Management","usgsCitation":"Zimmerman, M.J., and Campo, K.W., 2007, Assessment of Data for Use in the Development of Nutrient Criteria for Massachusetts Rivers and Streams: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5022, vi, 45 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075022.","productDescription":"vi, 45 p.","temporalStart":"2003-01-01","temporalEnd":"2004-01-01","costCenters":[{"id":377,"text":"Massachusetts-Rhode Island Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192231,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9771,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5022/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -74,41 ], [ -74,43 ], [ -69,43 ], [ -69,41 ], [ -74,41 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db6729cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zimmerman, Marc J. mzimmerm@usgs.gov","contributorId":3245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"Marc","email":"mzimmerm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":291504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Campo, Kimberly W. kcampo@usgs.gov","contributorId":4690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campo","given":"Kimberly","email":"kcampo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":291505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":80025,"text":"ds276 - 2007 - Rainfall and Seasonal Movement of the Weeks Creek Landslide, San Mateo County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:40","indexId":"ds276","displayToPublicDate":"2007-06-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"276","title":"Rainfall and Seasonal Movement of the Weeks Creek Landslide, San Mateo County, California","docAbstract":"Introduction\r\n\r\nMany different types of landslide occur in the Santa Cruz Mountains of San Mateo County, Calif. (Brabb and Pampeyan, 1972); most slope movement is triggered by strong earthquakes, heavy rainfall, or shoreline erosion. In this area, shallow landslides of loose soil and rock, which may transform into debris flows, commonly occur during individual storms when rainfall exceeds a threshold of intensity and duration (Cannon and Ellen, 1985; Wieczorek and Sarmiento, 1988; Wilson and Wieczorek, 1995). In contrast, deeper rotational and translational slides (Varnes, 1978) typically begin to move only after days to weeks or months of heavy rain. Once started, they can continue to move for months during and after a heavy rainfall season, for example, the Scenic Drive landslide at La Honda, Calif. (Jayko and others, 1998; Wells and others, 2005, 2006). Although the rainfall characteristics triggering rapid, shallow landslides have been documented (Wieczorek, 1987; Cannon and Ellen, 1988), the rainfall conditions leading to repeated deeper-seated slope movements are less well known.\r\n\r\nThe Weeks Creek landslide (Adam, 1975), near the western crest of the Santa Cruz Mountains north of La Honda in San Mateo County (fig. 1), consists of a large prehistoric section containing a historically active section; both sections have earthflow morphologies. The entire landslide mass, which extends about 1,000 m westward from an elevation of 220 m down to an elevation of 120 m, is about 300 to 370 m wide (Cole and others, 1994); The prehistoric section of the landslide is about 30 m deep and approximately 10 million m3 in volume (Cole and others, 1994). The smaller, historically active portion of the Weeks Creek landslide (fig. 1) is only approximately 500 m long, 200 m wide, and 13 m deep (Cole and others, 1994). Near the landslide, the Santa Cruz Mountains consist of tightly folded, Tertiary sedimentary bedrock materials of the Butano sandstone and San Lorenzo Formations (Eocene through Lower Oligocene). These sedimentary bedrock materials are locally intruded by Oligocene diabase and capped by Oligocene through Miocene basalt of the Mindego Formation (Brabb, 1980; Cole and others, 1994). Within the active landslide, as documented from multiple borings by Cole and others (1994), deeply weathered mudstone and sandstone of the San Lorenzo Formation extends to a depth of about 10 to 13 m, where the active shear zone is located. Beneath this, within the deeper prehistoric landslide, mudstone extends to a depth of about 24 to 32 m and is underlain by strong diabase bedrock. The basal rupture surface of the prehistoric landslide is located near the mudstone/diabase contact (Cole and others, 1994).\r\n\r\nThe historically active section of the Weeks Creek landslide, which is crossed by the La Honda road (California Highway 84, fig. 1), was first noticed to partially move during the great 1906 San Francisco earthquake (Lawson, 1908). It has moved repeatedly over the ensuing years but generally only during wet rainy seasons. For some of these active years, ground cracks and lateral displacements were recorded by local residents Walter Jodicke and Chris Pearson, as well as by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) personnel. In spring 2006, fresh ground cracks were noted in parts of the prehistoric, previously inactive section of the landslide. In this report, we present daily rainfall measurements from 1973 through 2006 obtained at the landslide site and summarize available observations of slope movement over that period. In addition, we present more detailed observations of rainfall, ground-water pressure, and slope movement for three water years spanning the period 1981-1984. We conclude with some preliminary observations about rainfall and slope movement at this site.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ds276","usgsCitation":"Wieczorek, G.F., Reid, M.E., Jodicke, W., Pearson, C., and Wilcox, G., 2007, Rainfall and Seasonal Movement of the Weeks Creek Landslide, San Mateo County, California (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 276, Text: iv, 69 p.; Data Files, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds276.","productDescription":"Text: iv, 69 p.; Data Files","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":647,"text":"Western Earth Surface Processes","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190671,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9769,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2007/276/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.5,37 ], [ -122.5,37.5 ], [ -122,37.5 ], [ -122,37 ], [ -122.5,37 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649808","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wieczorek, Gerald F.","contributorId":81889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wieczorek","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reid, Mark E. 0000-0002-5595-1503 mreid@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5595-1503","contributorId":1167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"Mark","email":"mreid@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":291496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jodicke, Walter","contributorId":26375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jodicke","given":"Walter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pearson, Chris","contributorId":18460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearson","given":"Chris","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wilcox, Grant","contributorId":83210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilcox","given":"Grant","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70185515,"text":"70185515 - 2007 - Selection for salt tolerance in tidal freshwater swamp species: Advances using baldcypress as a model for restoration: Chapter 14 ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-23T09:24:26","indexId":"70185515","displayToPublicDate":"2007-06-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Selection for salt tolerance in tidal freshwater swamp species: Advances using baldcypress as a model for restoration: Chapter 14 ","docAbstract":"Worldwide, the intrusion of salinity into irrigated and natural landscapes has major economic and cultural impacts and has resulted in large reductions in crop yields (Epstein et al. 1980; Flowers 2003). Losses have prompted wide-scale programs to improve the salt tolerance of many agronomic species or to identify crop species that can tolerate lands affected by low levels of salinity. Few historic research efforts have considered forest tree species in the United States, especially in nonurban areas.
Newer programs have focused on identifying salt tolerance in forest tree species but have mainly limited these efforts to compiling lists of salt tolerant species to be used in afforestation projects (Gogate et al. 1984; Shrivastava et al. 1988; Beckmann 1991; Bell 1999). Gogate et al. (1984), for instance, listed 26 potential species from Australia with silvicultural application to salt affected lands in India. More comprehensive efforts have considered species lists along with specific site requirements (Bell 1999); species tolerant to saline irrigation waters on dry land, for example, will not often be tolerant of salinity increases in wetland settings. Similar ideas have spawned field trials of native and nonnative tree species in India, Pakistan, Thailand, Australia, and the United States (Thomson 1988; Beckmann 1991; Krauss et al. 2000; Conner and Ozalp 2002; Marcar and Crawford 2004; Conner and Inabinette 2005).
Concerted attempts at salt tolerance improvement of forest tree species have been limited, owing in part to the diversity of regional issues that such programs must consider. Whereas food, fodder, and pulp yield may be the major improvement goal on salt affected lands in India (Mathur and Sharma 1984), identifying trees that can survive deicing salts (Townsend 1989), oil and gas brine discharges (Auchmoody and Walters 1988), or sea-level rise induced salinity changes (Pezeshki et al. 1987, 1990) are of greater interest to larger industrial nations. Nevertheless, salt tolerance research on a range of tree species has converged on one very important finding; among the mechanisms proposed for salt tolerance in nonhalophytes (Greenway and Munns 1980; Munns and Termaat 1986; Cheeseman 1988), ion exclusion from cellular processes, especially exclusion of Cl- , ranks high (Townsend 1989). Identifying the principal mechanism and location of ion exclusion and determining the range of additive genetic variation available among physiological, morphological, and growth attributes for individual species have been the major elements of salt tolerance improvement programs for trees (Allen et al. 1994a).
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecology of tidal freshwater forested wetlands of the southeastern United States","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"Dordrecht","doi":"10.1007/978-1-4020-5095-4_14","usgsCitation":"Krauss, K.W., Chambers, J., and Creech, D.L., 2007, Selection for salt tolerance in tidal freshwater swamp species: Advances using baldcypress as a model for restoration: Chapter 14 , chap. of Ecology of tidal freshwater forested wetlands of the southeastern United States, p. 385-410, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5095-4_14.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"385","endPage":"410","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":338150,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-66.28243,18.51476],[-65.7713,18.42668],[-65.591,18.22803],[-65.84716,17.97591],[-66.59993,17.98182],[-67.18416,17.94655],[-67.24243,18.37446],[-67.10068,18.5206],[-66.28243,18.51476]]],[[[-155.54211,19.08348],[-155.68817,18.91619],[-155.93665,19.05939],[-155.90806,19.33888],[-156.07347,19.70294],[-156.02368,19.81422],[-155.85008,19.97729],[-155.91907,20.17395],[-155.86108,20.26721],[-155.78505,20.2487],[-155.40214,20.07975],[-155.22452,19.99302],[-155.06226,19.8591],[-154.80741,19.50871],[-154.83147,19.45328],[-155.22217,19.23972],[-155.54211,19.08348]]],[[[-156.07926,20.64397],[-156.41445,20.57241],[-156.58673,20.783],[-156.70167,20.8643],[-156.71055,20.92676],[-156.61258,21.01249],[-156.25711,20.91745],[-155.99566,20.76404],[-156.07926,20.64397]]],[[[-156.75824,21.17684],[-156.78933,21.06873],[-157.32521,21.09777],[-157.25027,21.21958],[-156.75824,21.17684]]],[[[-157.65283,21.32217],[-157.70703,21.26442],[-157.7786,21.27729],[-158.12667,21.31244],[-158.2538,21.53919],[-158.29265,21.57912],[-158.0252,21.71696],[-157.94161,21.65272],[-157.65283,21.32217]]],[[[-159.34512,21.982],[-159.46372,21.88299],[-159.80051,22.06533],[-159.74877,22.1382],[-159.5962,22.23618],[-159.36569,22.21494],[-159.34512,21.982]]],[[[-94.81758,49.38905],[-94.64,48.84],[-94.32914,48.67074],[-93.63087,48.60926],[-92.61,48.45],[-91.64,48.14],[-90.83,48.27],[-89.6,48.01],[-89.27292,48.01981],[-88.37811,48.30292],[-87.43979,47.94],[-86.46199,47.55334],[-85.65236,47.22022],[-84.87608,46.90008],[-84.77924,46.6371],[-84.54375,46.53868],[-84.6049,46.4396],[-84.3367,46.40877],[-84.14212,46.51223],[-84.09185,46.27542],[-83.89077,46.11693],[-83.61613,46.11693],[-83.46955,45.99469],[-83.59285,45.81689],[-82.55092,45.34752],[-82.33776,44.44],[-82.13764,43.57109],[-82.43,42.98],[-82.9,42.43],[-83.12,42.08],[-83.142,41.97568],[-83.02981,41.8328],[-82.69009,41.67511],[-82.43928,41.67511],[-81.27775,42.20903],[-80.24745,42.3662],[-78.93936,42.86361],[-78.92,42.965],[-79.01,43.27],[-79.17167,43.46634],[-78.72028,43.62509],[-77.73789,43.62906],[-76.82003,43.62878],[-76.5,44.01846],[-76.375,44.09631],[-75.31821,44.81645],[-74.867,45.00048],[-73.34783,45.00738],[-71.50506,45.0082],[-71.405,45.255],[-71.08482,45.30524],[-70.66,45.46],[-70.305,45.915],[-69.99997,46.69307],[-69.23722,47.44778],[-68.905,47.185],[-68.23444,47.35486],[-67.79046,47.06636],[-67.79134,45.70281],[-67.13741,45.13753],[-66.96466,44.8097],[-68.03252,44.3252],[-69.06,43.98],[-70.11617,43.68405],[-70.64548,43.09024],[-70.81489,42.8653],[-70.825,42.335],[-70.495,41.805],[-70.08,41.78],[-70.185,42.145],[-69.88497,41.92283],[-69.96503,41.63717],[-70.64,41.475],[-71.12039,41.49445],[-71.86,41.32],[-72.295,41.27],[-72.87643,41.22065],[-73.71,40.9311],[-72.24126,41.11948],[-71.945,40.93],[-73.345,40.63],[-73.982,40.628],[-73.95232,40.75075],[-74.25671,40.47351],[-73.96244,40.42763],[-74.17838,39.70926],[-74.90604,38.93954],[-74.98041,39.1964],[-75.20002,39.24845],[-75.52805,39.4985],[-75.32,38.96],[-75.07183,38.78203],[-75.05673,38.40412],[-75.37747,38.01551],[-75.94023,37.21689],[-76.03127,37.2566],[-75.72205,37.93705],[-76.23287,38.31921],[-76.35,39.15],[-76.54272,38.71762],[-76.32933,38.08326],[-76.99,38.23999],[-76.30162,37.91794],[-76.25874,36.9664],[-75.9718,36.89726],[-75.86804,36.55125],[-75.72749,35.55074],[-76.36318,34.80854],[-77.39763,34.51201],[-78.05496,33.92547],[-78.55435,33.86133],[-79.06067,33.49395],[-79.20357,33.15839],[-80.30132,32.50935],[-80.86498,32.0333],[-81.33629,31.44049],[-81.49042,30.72999],[-81.31371,30.03552],[-80.98,29.18],[-80.53558,28.47213],[-80.53,28.04],[-80.05654,26.88],[-80.08801,26.20576],[-80.13156,25.81677],[-80.38103,25.20616],[-80.68,25.08],[-81.17213,25.20126],[-81.33,25.64],[-81.71,25.87],[-82.24,26.73],[-82.70515,27.49504],[-82.85526,27.88624],[-82.65,28.55],[-82.93,29.1],[-83.70959,29.93656],[-84.1,30.09],[-85.10882,29.63615],[-85.28784,29.68612],[-85.7731,30.15261],[-86.4,30.4],[-87.53036,30.27433],[-88.41782,30.3849],[-89.18049,30.31598],[-89.59383,30.15999],[-89.41373,29.89419],[-89.43,29.48864],[-89.21767,29.29108],[-89.40823,29.15961],[-89.77928,29.30714],[-90.15463,29.11743],[-90.88022,29.14854],[-91.62678,29.677],[-92.49906,29.5523],[-93.22637,29.78375],[-93.84842,29.71363],[-94.69,29.48],[-95.60026,28.73863],[-96.59404,28.30748],[-97.14,27.83],[-97.37,27.38],[-97.38,26.69],[-97.33,26.21],[-97.14,25.87],[-97.53,25.84],[-98.24,26.06],[-99.02,26.37],[-99.3,26.84],[-99.52,27.54],[-100.11,28.11],[-100.45584,28.69612],[-100.9576,29.38071],[-101.6624,29.7793],[-102.48,29.76],[-103.11,28.97],[-103.94,29.27],[-104.45697,29.57196],[-104.70575,30.12173],[-105.03737,30.64402],[-105.63159,31.08383],[-106.1429,31.39995],[-106.50759,31.75452],[-108.24,31.75485],[-108.24194,31.34222],[-109.035,31.34194],[-111.02361,31.33472],[-113.30498,32.03914],[-114.815,32.52528],[-114.72139,32.72083],[-115.99135,32.61239],[-117.12776,32.53534],[-117.29594,33.04622],[-117.944,33.62124],[-118.4106,33.74091],[-118.51989,34.02778],[-119.081,34.078],[-119.43884,34.34848],[-120.36778,34.44711],[-120.62286,34.60855],[-120.74433,35.15686],[-121.71457,36.16153],[-122.54747,37.55176],[-122.51201,37.78339],[-122.95319,38.11371],[-123.7272,38.95166],[-123.86517,39.76699],[-124.39807,40.3132],[-124.17886,41.14202],[-124.2137,41.99964],[-124.53284,42.76599],[-124.14214,43.70838],[-124.02053,44.6159],[-123.89893,45.52341],[-124.07963,46.86475],[-124.39567,47.72017],[-124.68721,48.18443],[-124.5661,48.37971],[-123.12,48.04],[-122.58736,47.096],[-122.34,47.36],[-122.5,48.18],[-122.84,49],[-120,49],[-117.03121,49],[-116.04818,49],[-113,49],[-110.05,49],[-107.05,49],[-104.04826,48.99986],[-100.65,49],[-97.22872,49.0007],[-95.15907,49],[-95.15609,49.38425],[-94.81758,49.38905]]],[[[-153.00631,57.11584],[-154.00509,56.73468],[-154.5164,56.99275],[-154.67099,57.4612],[-153.76278,57.81657],[-153.22873,57.96897],[-152.56479,57.90143],[-152.14115,57.59106],[-153.00631,57.11584]]],[[[-165.57916,59.90999],[-166.19277,59.75444],[-166.84834,59.94141],[-167.45528,60.21307],[-166.46779,60.38417],[-165.67443,60.29361],[-165.57916,59.90999]]],[[[-171.73166,63.78252],[-171.11443,63.59219],[-170.49111,63.69498],[-169.68251,63.43112],[-168.68944,63.29751],[-168.77194,63.1886],[-169.52944,62.97693],[-170.29056,63.19444],[-170.67139,63.37582],[-171.55306,63.31779],[-171.79111,63.40585],[-171.73166,63.78252]]],[[[-155.06779,71.14778],[-154.34417,70.69641],[-153.90001,70.88999],[-152.21001,70.82999],[-152.27,70.60001],[-150.73999,70.43002],[-149.72,70.53001],[-147.61336,70.21403],[-145.68999,70.12001],[-144.92001,69.98999],[-143.58945,70.15251],[-142.07251,69.85194],[-140.98599,69.712],[-140.9925,66.00003],[-140.99777,60.3064],[-140.013,60.27684],[-139.039,60.00001],[-138.34089,59.56211],[-137.4525,58.905],[-136.47972,59.46389],[-135.47583,59.78778],[-134.945,59.27056],[-134.27111,58.86111],[-133.35555,58.41029],[-132.73042,57.69289],[-131.70781,56.55212],[-130.00778,55.91583],[-129.97999,55.285],[-130.53611,54.80275],[-131.08582,55.17891],[-131.96721,55.49778],[-132.25001,56.37],[-133.53918,57.17889],[-134.07806,58.12307],[-135.03821,58.18771],[-136.62806,58.21221],[-137.80001,58.5],[-139.86779,59.53776],[-140.82527,59.72752],[-142.57444,60.08445],[-143.95888,59.99918],[-145.92556,60.45861],[-147.11437,60.88466],[-148.22431,60.67299],[-148.01807,59.97833],[-148.57082,59.91417],[-149.72786,59.70566],[-150.60824,59.36821],[-151.71639,59.15582],[-151.85943,59.74498],[-151.40972,60.7258],[-150.34694,61.03359],[-150.62111,61.28442],[-151.89584,60.7272],[-152.57833,60.06166],[-154.01917,59.35028],[-153.28751,58.86473],[-154.23249,58.14637],[-155.30749,57.72779],[-156.30833,57.42277],[-156.5561,56.97998],[-158.11722,56.46361],[-158.43332,55.99415],[-159.60333,55.56669],[-160.28972,55.64358],[-161.22305,55.36473],[-162.23777,55.02419],[-163.06945,54.68974],[-164.78557,54.40417],[-164.94223,54.57222],[-163.84834,55.03943],[-162.87,55.34804],[-161.80417,55.89499],[-160.5636,56.00805],[-160.07056,56.41806],[-158.68444,57.01668],[-158.4611,57.21692],[-157.72277,57.57],[-157.55027,58.32833],[-157.04167,58.91888],[-158.19473,58.6158],[-158.51722,58.78778],[-159.05861,58.42419],[-159.71167,58.93139],[-159.98129,58.57255],[-160.35527,59.07112],[-161.355,58.67084],[-161.96889,58.67166],[-162.05499,59.26693],[-161.87417,59.63362],[-162.51806,59.98972],[-163.81834,59.79806],[-164.66222,60.26748],[-165.34639,60.5075],[-165.35083,61.0739],[-166.12138,61.50002],[-165.73445,62.075],[-164.91918,62.63308],[-164.56251,63.14638],[-163.75333,63.21945],[-163.06722,63.05946],[-162.26056,63.54194],[-161.53445,63.45582],[-160.77251,63.76611],[-160.95834,64.2228],[-161.51807,64.40279],[-160.77778,64.7886],[-161.39193,64.77724],[-162.45305,64.55944],[-162.75779,64.33861],[-163.54639,64.55916],[-164.96083,64.44695],[-166.42529,64.68667],[-166.845,65.0889],[-168.11056,65.67],[-166.70527,66.08832],[-164.47471,66.57666],[-163.65251,66.57666],[-163.7886,66.07721],[-161.67777,66.11612],[-162.48971,66.73557],[-163.71972,67.11639],[-164.43099,67.61634],[-165.39029,68.04277],[-166.76444,68.35888],[-166.20471,68.88303],[-164.43081,68.91554],[-163.16861,69.37111],[-162.93057,69.85806],[-161.9089,70.33333],[-160.9348,70.44769],[-159.03918,70.89164],[-158.11972,70.82472],[-156.58082,71.35776],[-155.06779,71.14778]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"United States\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d4df03e4b05ec79911d1aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krauss, Ken W. 0000-0003-2195-0729 kraussk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2195-0729","contributorId":2017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krauss","given":"Ken","email":"kraussk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chambers, Jim L.","contributorId":16498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chambers","given":"Jim L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Creech, David L.","contributorId":76863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Creech","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185517,"text":"70185517 - 2007 - Ecology of tidal freshwater forests in coastal deltaic Louisiana and northeastern South Carolina: Chapter 9","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-23T09:23:30","indexId":"70185517","displayToPublicDate":"2007-06-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Ecology of tidal freshwater forests in coastal deltaic Louisiana and northeastern South Carolina: Chapter 9","docAbstract":"Tidal freshwater swamps in the southeastern United States are subjected to tidal hydroperiods ranging in amplitude from microtidal (<0.1 m) to mesotidal (2-4 m), both having different susceptibilities to anthropogenic change. Small alterations in flood patterns, for example, can switch historically microtidal swamps to permanently flooded forests, scrub-shrub stands, marsh, or open water but are less likely to convert mesotidal swamps. Changes to hydrological patterns tend to be more noticeable in Louisiana than do those in South Carolina.
The majority of Louisiana’s coastal wetland forests are found in the Mississippi River deltaic plain region. Coastal wetland forests in the deltaic plain have been shaped by the sediments, water, and energy of the Mississippi River and its major distributaries. Baldcypress (Taxodium distichum [L.] L.C. Rich.) and water tupelo (Nyssa aquatica L.) are the primary tree species in the coastal swamp forests of Louisiana. Sites where these species grow usually hold water for most of the year; however, some of the more seaward sites were historically microtidal, especially where baldcypress currently dominates. In many other locations, baldcypress and water tupelo typically grow in more or less pure stands or as mixtures of the two with common associates such as black willow (Salix nigra Marsh.), red maple (Acer rubrum L.), water locust (Gleditsia aquatic Marsh.), overcup oak (Quercus lyrata Walt.), water hickory (Carya aquatica [Michx. f.] Nutt.), green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.), pumpkin ash (F. profunda Bush.), and redbay (Persea borbonia [L.] Sprengel) (Brown and Montz 1986).
The South Carolina coastal plain occupies about two-thirds of the state and rises gently to 150 m from the Atlantic Ocean up to the Piedmont plateau. Many rivers can be found in the Coastal Plain with swamps near the coast that extend inland along the rivers. Strongly tidal freshwater forests occur along the lower reaches of redwater rivers (Santee, Great Pee Dee, and Savannah) that arise in the mountains and along the numerous blackwater rivers (Ashepoo, Combahee, Cooper, and Waccamaw) that arise in the coastal regions. Most of the tidal freshwater forests were converted to tidal rice fields in the 1700s (Porcher 1995). Canopy members of the present day forests include baldcypress, water tupelo, swamp tupelo (N. biflora Walt.), red maple, and Carolina ash (Fraxinus caroliniana Miller). Subcanopy and shrub species include Virginia sweetspire (Itea virginica L.), dwarf palmetto (Sabal minor (Jacquin) Pers.), coastal plain willow (Salix caroliniana Michx.), redbay, and water-elm (Planera aquatica Gmel.).
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecology of tidal freshwater forested wetlands of the southeastern United States","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"Dordrecht","doi":"10.1007/978-1-4020-5095-4_9","usgsCitation":"Conner, W.H., Krauss, K.W., and Doyle, T.W., 2007, Ecology of tidal freshwater forests in coastal deltaic Louisiana and northeastern South Carolina: Chapter 9, chap. of Ecology of tidal freshwater forested wetlands of the southeastern United States, p. 223-253, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5095-4_9.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"223","endPage":"253","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":338155,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana, South Carolina","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-88.865067,29.752714],[-88.944435,29.658806],[-88.941605,29.674833],[-88.911751,29.699348],[-88.873611,29.758043],[-88.867973,29.79133],[-88.84301,29.82596],[-88.836296,29.855221],[-88.843277,29.86381],[-88.8312,29.878839],[-88.828247,29.920717],[-88.840866,29.995613],[-88.881454,30.053202],[-88.841225,30.012789],[-88.817017,29.93425],[-88.826538,29.847092],[-88.865067,29.752714]]],[[[-89.486709,29.621003],[-89.535202,29.648567],[-89.621109,29.657101],[-89.632698,29.671724],[-89.64975,29.672941],[-89.641228,29.635773],[-89.647324,29.625414],[-89.684486,29.624804],[-89.684486,29.602867],[-89.668648,29.580322],[-89.684486,29.563263],[-89.681092,29.534487],[-89.700501,29.515967],[-89.665813,29.49002],[-89.63533,29.489294],[-89.596533,29.456303],[-89.589536,29.437662],[-89.577096,29.433692],[-89.548686,29.465723],[-89.528429,29.454702],[-89.531943,29.425679],[-89.508551,29.386168],[-89.487308,29.393346],[-89.47714,29.411241],[-89.457303,29.393148],[-89.380001,29.391785],[-89.340304,29.381412],[-89.350694,29.349544],[-89.32317,29.343982],[-89.303766,29.357455],[-89.283028,29.356467],[-89.24087,29.310081],[-89.224192,29.313792],[-89.200599,29.347672],[-89.189354,29.345061],[-89.165015,29.303039],[-89.140275,29.291085],[-89.129688,29.265632],[-89.100106,29.25022],[-89.10065,29.206314],[-89.068265,29.204166],[-89.029103,29.220956],[-89.015192,29.211561],[-89.000674,29.180091],[-89.00529,29.164949],[-89.024269,29.170043],[-89.047233,29.157833],[-89.023942,29.1337],[-89.051953,29.106554],[-89.062335,29.070234],[-89.121542,29.069074],[-89.16985,29.008703],[-89.186061,29.017993],[-89.189893,29.032635],[-89.211144,29.040813],[-89.225865,29.07866],[-89.254726,29.083261],[-89.259354,29.058358],[-89.315389,29.039081],[-89.32485,29.013805],[-89.338249,29.012935],[-89.383814,28.947434],[-89.41148,28.925011],[-89.419865,28.929709],[-89.408157,28.965341],[-89.375049,28.985368],[-89.334735,29.040335],[-89.354798,29.072543],[-89.374522,29.084174],[-89.405654,29.086936],[-89.409371,29.127855],[-89.482844,29.215053],[-89.606651,29.252023],[-89.697258,29.296679],[-89.782149,29.311132],[-89.850305,29.311768],[-89.853699,29.34064],[-89.816155,29.393518],[-89.826049,29.415589],[-89.843553,29.421677],[-89.832898,29.463536],[-89.849642,29.477996],[-89.902179,29.460011],[-89.932598,29.429288],[-89.95543,29.428527],[-89.991961,29.463536],[-90.01251,29.462775],[-90.032298,29.427005],[-90.036374,29.363661],[-90.028536,29.307083],[-90.009678,29.294785],[-90.019517,29.282213],[-90.057094,29.281331],[-90.070622,29.262537],[-90.101231,29.259804],[-90.096038,29.240673],[-90.073355,29.227282],[-90.070622,29.208698],[-90.04291,29.211765],[-89.959509,29.267677],[-89.950756,29.260801],[-90.174273,29.105301],[-90.223587,29.085075],[-90.348768,29.057817],[-90.325514,29.075138],[-90.253141,29.093772],[-90.250044,29.108067],[-90.234235,29.110268],[-90.234405,29.128824],[-90.280516,29.142521],[-90.27832,29.150691],[-90.302846,29.175098],[-90.300885,29.196171],[-90.275851,29.193668],[-90.271251,29.204639],[-90.286621,29.225694],[-90.311663,29.237954],[-90.311523,29.256374],[-90.332796,29.276956],[-90.367166,29.274128],[-90.372565,29.258923],[-90.387924,29.252786],[-90.383857,29.235606],[-90.399465,29.201046],[-90.432912,29.188132],[-90.443954,29.19583],[-90.472489,29.192688],[-90.467233,29.202549],[-90.494928,29.216713],[-90.46832,29.227532],[-90.450674,29.263739],[-90.510555,29.290925],[-90.526216,29.276492],[-90.565436,29.285111],[-90.582525,29.276037],[-90.58847,29.245863],[-90.565378,29.242475],[-90.544311,29.224292],[-90.556501,29.219913],[-90.560889,29.204261],[-90.633819,29.209128],[-90.645612,29.175867],[-90.636973,29.164572],[-90.647042,29.12858],[-90.677724,29.118742],[-90.731239,29.122886],[-90.764189,29.113374],[-90.799444,29.087377],[-90.803699,29.063709],[-90.79872,29.054841],[-90.765188,29.049403],[-90.7253,29.066616],[-90.692205,29.059607],[-90.641247,29.072313],[-90.637495,29.066608],[-90.730899,29.042259],[-90.839345,29.039167],[-90.844593,29.06728],[-90.862757,29.094863],[-90.961278,29.180817],[-91.000096,29.169481],[-91.031786,29.182188],[-91.094015,29.187711],[-91.129141,29.215863],[-91.199647,29.221287],[-91.278792,29.247776],[-91.334885,29.298775],[-91.33275,29.305816],[-91.291821,29.311357],[-91.266589,29.361218],[-91.249109,29.369864],[-91.207299,29.360703],[-91.197465,29.369882],[-91.200087,29.38955],[-91.218463,29.407235],[-91.211999,29.420931],[-91.221166,29.436421],[-91.258226,29.446954],[-91.265649,29.472362],[-91.2813,29.481547],[-91.335742,29.485886],[-91.356625,29.515191],[-91.420449,29.515745],[-91.447345,29.544749],[-91.531021,29.531543],[-91.525523,29.551904],[-91.537445,29.565888],[-91.553537,29.632766],[-91.570589,29.638312],[-91.625114,29.626195],[-91.648941,29.633635],[-91.627286,29.662132],[-91.618479,29.710816],[-91.621512,29.735429],[-91.632829,29.742576],[-91.710935,29.738993],[-91.752259,29.748264],[-91.85864,29.703121],[-91.88075,29.710839],[-91.878355,29.751025],[-91.854677,29.807436],[-91.869998,29.828328],[-91.889118,29.836023],[-91.90689,29.83094],[-91.915989,29.815654],[-91.940723,29.817008],[-92.056398,29.772313],[-92.144431,29.716418],[-92.149349,29.697052],[-92.111787,29.62177],[-92.02532,29.625647],[-91.965031,29.608019],[-91.935024,29.612239],[-91.922825,29.633173],[-91.863018,29.633739],[-91.841294,29.62962],[-91.838297,29.616041],[-91.821693,29.606049],[-91.784976,29.595204],[-91.774686,29.576387],[-91.712002,29.56474],[-91.711654,29.55427],[-91.765448,29.520844],[-91.770516,29.488953],[-91.782387,29.482882],[-91.803448,29.486851],[-91.821576,29.473925],[-91.8385,29.478874],[-91.862324,29.502393],[-91.969312,29.536893],[-92.046316,29.584362],[-92.158624,29.581616],[-92.25186,29.539354],[-92.309357,29.533026],[-92.61627,29.578729],[-92.744126,29.617608],[-92.974305,29.71398],[-93.088182,29.749125],[-93.226934,29.777519],[-93.295573,29.775071],[-93.347331,29.759046],[-93.475252,29.769242],[-93.68364,29.747153],[-93.766048,29.7295],[-93.837971,29.690619],[-93.87002,29.735482],[-93.891637,29.744618],[-93.893862,29.767289],[-93.926504,29.78956],[-93.927992,29.80964],[-93.838374,29.882855],[-93.786935,29.99058],[-93.741078,30.021571],[-93.720805,30.053043],[-93.699396,30.05925],[-93.734085,30.08613],[-93.702436,30.112721],[-93.701252,30.137376],[-93.688212,30.141376],[-93.720946,30.209852],[-93.705083,30.242752],[-93.706608,30.281187],[-93.765822,30.333318],[-93.756352,30.356166],[-93.757654,30.390423],[-93.6978,30.440583],[-93.716678,30.494006],[-93.714322,30.518562],[-93.740253,30.539569],[-93.729195,30.544842],[-93.727844,30.57407],[-93.712454,30.588479],[-93.681235,30.596102],[-93.6831,30.640763],[-93.654971,30.670184],[-93.629904,30.67994],[-93.609544,30.723139],[-93.619129,30.742002],[-93.592828,30.763986],[-93.584265,30.796663],[-93.563243,30.806218],[-93.554057,30.824941],[-93.567788,30.888302],[-93.551942,30.918646],[-93.530936,30.924534],[-93.526245,30.939411],[-93.571906,30.987614],[-93.566017,31.004567],[-93.539526,31.008498],[-93.516407,31.02955],[-93.532069,31.055264],[-93.526044,31.070773],[-93.551034,31.091111],[-93.533307,31.184463],[-93.55254,31.185605],[-93.588503,31.165581],[-93.598828,31.174679],[-93.620343,31.271025],[-93.642516,31.269508],[-93.68688,31.305166],[-93.663698,31.360019],[-93.671644,31.393352],[-93.704879,31.410881],[-93.70093,31.437784],[-93.749476,31.46869],[-93.726736,31.5116],[-93.743376,31.525196],[-93.798087,31.534044],[-93.834923,31.58621],[-93.838057,31.606795],[-93.816838,31.622509],[-93.826462,31.666919],[-93.802452,31.693186],[-93.830647,31.745811],[-93.822598,31.773559],[-93.839951,31.798597],[-93.874761,31.821661],[-93.874822,31.840611],[-93.904766,31.890599],[-93.927672,31.891497],[-93.938002,31.906917],[-93.971712,31.920384],[-94.018664,31.990843],[-94.041833,31.992402],[-94.042964,33.019219],[-91.166073,33.004106],[-91.173308,32.986088],[-91.201842,32.961212],[-91.214027,32.93032],[-91.199775,32.908512],[-91.170235,32.899391],[-91.15169,32.901935],[-91.134041,32.917676],[-91.135517,32.979657],[-91.09693,32.986412],[-91.080355,32.962794],[-91.081913,32.944768],[-91.064804,32.926464],[-91.064449,32.901064],[-91.105631,32.858396],[-91.143559,32.844739],[-91.161669,32.812465],[-91.157614,32.776033],[-91.165328,32.751301],[-91.154461,32.742339],[-91.077176,32.732534],[-91.054749,32.719229],[-91.063946,32.702926],[-91.118258,32.674075],[-91.149753,32.644041],[-91.151318,32.615919],[-91.141148,32.597209],[-91.119854,32.584795],[-91.049796,32.607188],[-91.038415,32.636443],[-91.025769,32.646573],[-91.014286,32.640482],[-91.0035,32.624845],[-91.010228,32.601927],[-91.080398,32.556442],[-91.061685,32.536448],[-91.005468,32.513842],[-90.987831,32.49419],[-91.004206,32.48214],[-91.038106,32.49044],[-91.093741,32.549128],[-91.116708,32.500139],[-91.116008,32.48314],[-91.095308,32.458741],[-91.052907,32.438442],[-91.029606,32.433542],[-90.993863,32.45085],[-90.96959,32.43949],[-90.966255,32.421027],[-90.99408,32.403862],[-91.004506,32.368144],[-90.993625,32.354047],[-90.912363,32.339454],[-90.89206,32.370579],[-90.875631,32.372434],[-90.922231,32.298639],[-90.947834,32.283486],[-90.963079,32.296285],[-90.979475,32.293702],[-90.982985,32.270294],[-90.969403,32.25252],[-90.988672,32.215812],[-91.001192,32.215173],[-91.039007,32.242349],[-91.061408,32.21865],[-91.083708,32.22645],[-91.108509,32.20815],[-91.133587,32.213432],[-91.164171,32.196888],[-91.174552,32.154978],[-91.162822,32.132694],[-91.111294,32.125036],[-91.08163,32.133992],[-91.053175,32.124237],[-91.048507,32.150152],[-91.058907,32.171251],[-91.050207,32.178451],[-91.00619,32.156957],[-91.004106,32.146152],[-91.017606,32.125153],[-91.030799,32.120566],[-91.034707,32.101053],[-91.080008,32.079154],[-91.082308,32.047555],[-91.103708,32.050255],[-91.139309,32.081754],[-91.16031,32.070354],[-91.15141,32.049255],[-91.088108,32.034455],[-91.075908,32.016828],[-91.104108,31.990357],[-91.16441,31.982557],[-91.18481,31.965557],[-91.19321,31.935658],[-91.18471,31.935058],[-91.18321,31.916159],[-91.234899,31.876863],[-91.266512,31.86426],[-91.266612,31.851161],[-91.245624,31.833165],[-91.255611,31.812662],[-91.282212,31.814762],[-91.293413,31.86016],[-91.333814,31.853261],[-91.345714,31.842861],[-91.365529,31.761628],[-91.286045,31.772062],[-91.263043,31.766995],[-91.263406,31.754468],[-91.275545,31.745515],[-91.338663,31.750005],[-91.371804,31.742948],[-91.397115,31.711364],[-91.401015,31.620365],[-91.436716,31.612665],[-91.474318,31.625365],[-91.497665,31.645371],[-91.515462,31.630372],[-91.517233,31.61346],[-91.488618,31.587466],[-91.422716,31.597065],[-91.403915,31.589766],[-91.405415,31.576466],[-91.443916,31.542466],[-91.479718,31.530366],[-91.513963,31.532084],[-91.52292,31.519841],[-91.514917,31.510113],[-91.513366,31.444396],[-91.472065,31.395925],[-91.47887,31.364955],[-91.504163,31.36495],[-91.521836,31.37517],[-91.545013,31.433026],[-91.576265,31.410498],[-91.568953,31.377629],[-91.55568,31.386413],[-91.546207,31.38248],[-91.548967,31.347255],[-91.507977,31.312943],[-91.515614,31.27821],[-91.564192,31.261633],[-91.637672,31.26768],[-91.654027,31.255753],[-91.644356,31.234414],[-91.601616,31.208573],[-91.589451,31.19114],[-91.591502,31.173118],[-91.624217,31.133729],[-91.626476,31.119125],[-91.56415,31.06683],[-91.559907,31.054119],[-91.578413,31.02403],[-91.636942,30.999416],[-89.729616,31.003927],[-89.736086,30.974446],[-89.727072,30.967395],[-89.756333,30.943498],[-89.744789,30.918933],[-89.764202,30.911906],[-89.758719,30.897319],[-89.773099,30.898338],[-89.770027,30.882254],[-89.779194,30.875185],[-89.767955,30.863858],[-89.771722,30.854677],[-89.784073,30.85527],[-89.780228,30.846235],[-89.790121,30.837983],[-89.781168,30.820123],[-89.800049,30.819078],[-89.811171,30.798921],[-89.805107,30.790596],[-89.819164,30.795229],[-89.831537,30.76761],[-89.826053,30.742322],[-89.816764,30.740076],[-89.83687,30.734661],[-89.828061,30.725018],[-89.845801,30.707314],[-89.835848,30.699555],[-89.847201,30.670038],[-89.838868,30.673731],[-89.852263,30.662934],[-89.821868,30.644024],[-89.823278,30.60823],[-89.81392,30.607721],[-89.819696,30.596785],[-89.807118,30.587337],[-89.808184,30.568795],[-89.790318,30.567524],[-89.803887,30.560581],[-89.793818,30.545935],[-89.780246,30.544607],[-89.768133,30.51502],[-89.726154,30.49256],[-89.68341,30.451793],[-89.683686,30.405873],[-89.657191,30.356515],[-89.629727,30.339287],[-89.626606,30.315457],[-89.639872,30.307281],[-89.64344,30.287682],[-89.631411,30.279662],[-89.631789,30.256924],[-89.614156,30.244595],[-89.615856,30.223195],[-89.574454,30.181697],[-89.538652,30.195797],[-89.524504,30.180753],[-89.587062,30.150648],[-89.617542,30.156422],[-89.640989,30.138612],[-89.678156,30.10829],[-89.683712,30.076018],[-89.727453,30.062661],[-89.731428,30.051377],[-89.7163,30.02811],[-89.724649,30.022454],[-89.763216,30.042108],[-89.818561,30.043328],[-89.857558,30.004439],[-89.844202,29.955645],[-89.829023,29.939228],[-89.804463,29.932588],[-89.727933,29.95878],[-89.71291,29.946349],[-89.742727,29.935894],[-89.742479,29.90817],[-89.711158,29.879287],[-89.660568,29.862909],[-89.613159,29.87216],[-89.591194,29.897018],[-89.592346,29.917253],[-89.574997,29.959455],[-89.58136,29.994722],[-89.501587,30.034037],[-89.494064,30.040972],[-89.493484,30.072191],[-89.481926,30.079128],[-89.418465,30.049747],[-89.372375,30.054729],[-89.372375,30.036671],[-89.422813,30.015495],[-89.432785,30.008022],[-89.433411,29.991205],[-89.432785,29.978752],[-89.379227,29.963804],[-89.378601,29.919588],[-89.368019,29.911491],[-89.315453,29.923208],[-89.273315,29.99382],[-89.250534,30.002361],[-89.243706,29.997236],[-89.249969,29.975597],[-89.218071,29.97275],[-89.231178,29.925484],[-89.280144,29.924915],[-89.322289,29.887333],[-89.289253,29.880499],[-89.241425,29.88961],[-89.236298,29.877081],[-89.269897,29.859997],[-89.383789,29.838928],[-89.372971,29.82526],[-89.345634,29.820135],[-89.342781,29.798496],[-89.33197,29.790524],[-89.277298,29.807608],[-89.284706,29.770021],[-89.271034,29.756355],[-89.305199,29.756926],[-89.337662,29.779135],[-89.367271,29.775148],[-89.386063,29.788815],[-89.428207,29.74155],[-89.42421,29.697638],[-89.530258,29.74375],[-89.560181,29.735472],[-89.572922,29.746616],[-89.651237,29.749479],[-89.644562,29.710957],[-89.592979,29.702042],[-89.596802,29.684212],[-89.573883,29.674025],[-89.53376,29.670204],[-89.486709,29.621003]]],[[[-79.290754,33.110051],[-79.329909,33.089986],[-79.359961,33.006672],[-79.403712,33.003903],[-79.423447,33.015085],[-79.483499,33.001265],[-79.506923,33.032813],[-79.522449,33.03535],[-79.580725,33.006447],[-79.617715,32.94487],[-79.606194,32.925953],[-79.572614,32.933885],[-79.576006,32.906235],[-79.631149,32.888606],[-79.695141,32.850398],[-79.719879,32.825796],[-79.716761,32.813627],[-79.726389,32.805996],[-79.811021,32.77696],[-79.84035,32.756816],[-79.866742,32.757422],[-79.884961,32.684402],[-79.975248,32.639537],[-79.999374,32.611851],[-80.121368,32.590523],[-80.148406,32.578479],[-80.171764,32.546118],[-80.20523,32.555547],[-80.332438,32.478104],[-80.363956,32.496098],[-80.413487,32.470672],[-80.423454,32.497989],[-80.439407,32.503472],[-80.472068,32.496964],[-80.484617,32.460976],[-80.480156,32.447048],[-80.467588,32.425259],[-80.446075,32.423721],[-80.429941,32.401782],[-80.455192,32.326458],[-80.545688,32.282076],[-80.596394,32.273549],[-80.658634,32.248638],[-80.669166,32.216783],[-80.721463,32.160427],[-80.812503,32.109746],[-80.831531,32.112709],[-80.858735,32.099581],[-80.905378,32.051943],[-80.885517,32.0346],[-80.922794,32.039151],[-81.002297,32.100048],[-81.032674,32.08545],[-81.060442,32.087503],[-81.091498,32.110782],[-81.117234,32.117605],[-81.122034,32.161803],[-81.129402,32.166922],[-81.118234,32.189201],[-81.156587,32.24391],[-81.119633,32.287596],[-81.122333,32.305395],[-81.137633,32.328194],[-81.133632,32.341293],[-81.170126,32.361318],[-81.181072,32.380398],[-81.177231,32.39169],[-81.20513,32.423788],[-81.20843,32.435987],[-81.188129,32.465386],[-81.233585,32.498488],[-81.23466,32.51627],[-81.277131,32.535417],[-81.281298,32.55644],[-81.328753,32.561228],[-81.366964,32.577059],[-81.368982,32.590025],[-81.389261,32.595383],[-81.41866,32.629392],[-81.393033,32.651543],[-81.407193,32.660519],[-81.401029,32.677494],[-81.40831,32.694908],[-81.426735,32.700867],[-81.410281,32.744653],[-81.429017,32.785505],[-81.417984,32.818196],[-81.426475,32.840773],[-81.452573,32.84795],[-81.452883,32.872964],[-81.479445,32.881082],[-81.465924,32.899889],[-81.502427,32.935353],[-81.508536,32.957156],[-81.49983,32.963816],[-81.491419,33.008078],[-81.511245,33.027786],[-81.599248,33.071813],[-81.600211,33.083966],[-81.609837,33.082161],[-81.614298,33.094661],[-81.646433,33.094552],[-81.743835,33.14145],[-81.772435,33.180449],[-81.756935,33.197848],[-81.767635,33.215747],[-81.778435,33.221847],[-81.784535,33.208147],[-81.805236,33.211447],[-81.809636,33.222647],[-81.851979,33.247382],[-81.838257,33.272975],[-81.863236,33.288844],[-81.847296,33.306783],[-81.884137,33.310443],[-81.900301,33.331117],[-81.909285,33.324181],[-81.917973,33.34159],[-81.939737,33.344941],[-81.934837,33.356041],[-81.946337,33.37064],[-81.924837,33.37414],[-81.936961,33.404197],[-81.920121,33.410753],[-81.926789,33.426576],[-81.913356,33.437418],[-81.926336,33.462937],[-81.985938,33.486536],[-82.001338,33.520135],[-82.046335,33.56383],[-82.10624,33.595637],[-82.142872,33.594278],[-82.186154,33.62088],[-82.196583,33.630582],[-82.200718,33.66464],[-82.234576,33.700216],[-82.247472,33.752591],[-82.298286,33.783518],[-82.29928,33.798939],[-82.32448,33.820033],[-82.403881,33.865477],[-82.422803,33.863754],[-82.455105,33.88165],[-82.524515,33.94336],[-82.556835,33.945353],[-82.579576,33.979761],[-82.575351,33.990904],[-82.589245,34.000118],[-82.594555,34.028717],[-82.64398,34.072237],[-82.641553,34.092212],[-82.67732,34.131657],[-82.717507,34.150504],[-82.74238,34.213766],[-82.746656,34.266407],[-82.780308,34.296701],[-82.794054,34.339772],[-82.833702,34.364242],[-82.860707,34.457428],[-82.875463,34.463503],[-82.876864,34.475303],[-82.902665,34.485902],[-82.940867,34.486102],[-83.002924,34.472132],[-83.043771,34.488816],[-83.054463,34.50289],[-83.069451,34.502131],[-83.087189,34.515939],[-83.077995,34.523746],[-83.084855,34.530967],[-83.102179,34.532179],[-83.154577,34.588198],[-83.170278,34.592398],[-83.169994,34.605444],[-83.23178,34.611297],[-83.255281,34.637696],[-83.33869,34.682002],[-83.353238,34.728648],[-83.320062,34.759616],[-83.323866,34.789712],[-83.301182,34.804008],[-83.29112,34.822508],[-83.268159,34.821393],[-83.267656,34.845289],[-83.255718,34.845592],[-83.239081,34.875661],[-83.205627,34.880142],[-83.203351,34.893717],[-83.122585,34.938062],[-83.127035,34.953778],[-83.106991,34.98272],[-83.108535,35.000771],[-82.787867,35.085024],[-82.776357,35.081349],[-82.777376,35.064143],[-82.757704,35.068019],[-82.72701,35.094142],[-82.694898,35.098456],[-82.683625,35.125833],[-82.662381,35.118123],[-82.578316,35.142104],[-82.550508,35.159498],[-82.529973,35.155617],[-82.460092,35.178143],[-82.451201,35.16526],[-82.439595,35.165863],[-82.419744,35.198613],[-82.39293,35.215402],[-82.36899,35.181747],[-82.361469,35.190831],[-82.32335,35.184789],[-82.27492,35.200071],[-81.043625,35.149877],[-81.051204,35.133237],[-81.032471,35.110033],[-81.052078,35.096276],[-81.058029,35.07319],[-81.041489,35.044703],[-80.93495,35.107409],[-80.782042,34.935782],[-80.797543,34.819786],[-79.675299,34.804744],[-78.541087,33.851112],[-78.584841,33.844282],[-78.714116,33.800138],[-78.812931,33.743472],[-78.938076,33.639826],[-79.028516,33.533365],[-79.084588,33.483669],[-79.135441,33.403867],[-79.180318,33.254141],[-79.172394,33.206577],[-79.18787,33.173712],[-79.24609,33.124865],[-79.290754,33.110051]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Louisiana\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d4df04e4b05ec79911d1ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Conner, William H.","contributorId":79376,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Conner","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":7084,"text":"Clemson University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":685850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krauss, Ken W. 0000-0003-2195-0729 kraussk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2195-0729","contributorId":2017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krauss","given":"Ken","email":"kraussk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Doyle, Thomas W. 0000-0001-5754-0671 doylet@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5754-0671","contributorId":703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doyle","given":"Thomas","email":"doylet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":80017,"text":"sir20075080 - 2007 - Hydraulic Characteristics of Bedrock Constrictions and Evaluation of One- and Two-Dimensional Models of Flood Flow on the Big Lost River at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:19","indexId":"sir20075080","displayToPublicDate":"2007-06-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5080","title":"Hydraulic Characteristics of Bedrock Constrictions and Evaluation of One- and Two-Dimensional Models of Flood Flow on the Big Lost River at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Idaho","docAbstract":"A 1.9-mile reach of the Big Lost River, between the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL) diversion dam and the Pioneer diversion structures, was investigated to evaluate the effects of streambed erosion and bedrock constrictions on model predictions of water-surface elevations. Two one-dimensional (1-D) models, a fixed-bed surface-water flow model (HEC-RAS) and a movable-bed surface-water flow and sediment-transport model (HEC-6), were used to evaluate these effects. The results of these models were compared to the results of a two-dimensional (2-D) fixed-bed model [Transient Inundation 2-Dimensional (TRIM2D)] that had previously been used to predict water-surface elevations for peak flows with sufficient stage and stream power to erode floodplain terrain features (Holocene inset terraces referred to as BLR#6 and BLR#8) dated at 300 to 500 years old, and an unmodified Pleistocene surface (referred to as the saddle area) dated at 10,000 years old; and to extend the period of record at the Big Lost River streamflow-gaging station near Arco for flood-frequency analyses. The extended record was used to estimate the magnitude of the 100-year flood and the magnitude of floods with return periods as long as 10,000 years.\r\n\r\nIn most cases, the fixed-bed TRIM2D model simulated higher water-surface elevations, shallower flow depths, higher flow velocities, and higher stream powers than the fixed-bed HEC-RAS and movable-bed HEC-6 models for the same peak flows. The HEC-RAS model required flow increases of 83 percent [100 to 183 cubic meters per second (m3/s)], and 45 percent (100 to 145 m3/s) to match TRIM2D simulations of water-surface elevations at two paleoindicator sites that were used to determine peak flows (100 m3/s) with an estimated return period of 300 to 500 years; and an increase of 13 percent (150 to 169 m3/s) to match TRIM2D water-surface elevations at the saddle area that was used to establish the peak flow (150 m3/s) of a paleoflood with a return period of 10,000 years. A field survey of the saddle area, however, indicated that the elevation of the lowest point on the saddle area was 1.2 feet higher than indicated on the 2-ft contour map that was used in the TRIM2D model. Because of this elevation discrepancy, HEC-RAS model simulations indicated that a peak flow of at least 210 m3/s would be needed to initiate flow across the 10,000-year old Pleistocene surface.\r\n\r\nHEC-6 modeling results indicated that to compensate for the effects of streambed scour, additional flow increases would be needed to match HEC-RAS and TRIM2D water-surface elevations along the upper and middle reaches of the river, and to compensate for sediment deposition, a slight decrease in flows would be needed to match HEC-RAS water-surface elevations along the lower reach of the river.\r\n\r\nDifferences in simulated water-surface elevations between the TRIM2D and the HEC-RAS and HEC-6 models are attributed primarily to differences in topographic relief and to differences in the channel and floodplain geometries used in these models. Topographic differences were sufficiently large that it was not possible to isolate the effects of these differences on simulated water-surface elevations from those attributable to the effects of supercritical flow, streambed scour, and sediment deposition.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20075080","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy","usgsCitation":"Berenbrock, C., Rousseau, J.P., and Twining, B.V., 2007, Hydraulic Characteristics of Bedrock Constrictions and Evaluation of One- and Two-Dimensional Models of Flood Flow on the Big Lost River at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5080, viii, 209 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075080.","productDescription":"viii, 209 p.","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192850,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9759,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5080/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.5,43 ], [ -114.5,44.5 ], [ -112.25,44.5 ], [ -112.25,43 ], [ -114.5,43 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db62a388","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berenbrock, Charles","contributorId":30598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berenbrock","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rousseau, Joseph P.","contributorId":22030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rousseau","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Twining, Brian V. 0000-0003-1321-4721 btwining@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1321-4721","contributorId":2387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twining","given":"Brian","email":"btwining@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":291477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}