Hydraulic characterization of the Kootenai River, especially in the white sturgeon spawning habitat reach, is needed by the Kootenai River White Sturgeon Recovery Team to promote hydraulic conditions that improve spawning conditions for the white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) in the Kootenai River. The decreasing population and spawning failure of white sturgeon has led to much concern. Few wild juvenile sturgeons are found in the river today. Determining the location of the transition between backwater and free-flowing water in the Kootenai River is a primary focus for biologists who believe that hydraulic changes at the transition affect the location where the sturgeon choose to spawn. The Kootenai River begins in British Columbia, Canada, and flows through Montana, Idaho, and back into British Columbia. The 65.6-mile reach of the Kootenai River in Idaho was studied. The study area encompasses the white sturgeon spawning reach that has been designated as a critical habitat.
\nA one-dimensional hydraulic-flow model of the study reach was developed, calibrated, and used to develop relations between hydraulic characteristics and water-surface elevation, discharge, velocity, and backwater extent. The model used 164 cross sections, most of which came from a previous river survey conducted in 2002-03. The model was calibrated to water-surface elevations at specific discharges at five gaging stations. Calibrated water-surface elevations ranged from about 1,743 to about 1,759 feet, and discharges used in calibration ranged from 5,000 to 47,500 cubic feet per second. Model calibration was considered acceptable when the difference between measured and simulated water-surface elevations was ?0.15 foot or less. Measured and simulated average velocities also were compared. These comparisons indicated agreement between measured and simulated values.
\nThe location of the transition between backwater and free-flowing water was determined using the calibrated model. The model was used to simulate hydraulic characteristics for a range of water-surface elevations from 1,741 to 1,762 feet and discharges from 4,000 to 75,000 cubic feet per second. These simulated hydraulic characteristics were used to develop a three-parameter relation-discharge in the study reach, water-surface elevation at Kootenai River at Porthill gaging station (12322000), and the location of the transition between backwater and free-flowing water. Simulated hydraulic characteristics produced backwater locations ranging from river mile (RM) 105.6 (Porthill) to RM 158 (near Crossport), a span of about 52 miles. However, backwater locations from measured data ranged primarily from RM 152 to RM 157, a 5-mile span. The average backwater location from measured data was at about RM 154.
\nThree-parameter relations also were developed for determining the amount of discharge in the Shorty Island side channel and average velocity at selected cross sections in the study reach. Simulated discharge for the side channel relative to measured data ranged from 0 to about 5,500 cubic feet per second, and simulated average velocity relative to measured data ranged from 0 to about 3.5 feet per second. Relations using other hydraulic, sediment/incipient motion, ecological, and biological characteristics also could be developed.
\nThe relations also can be used in real time by accessing data from the Web. Discharge and stage data for two gaging stations, Tribal Hatchery (12310100) and Porthill (12322500), are available from the Idaho U.S. Geological Survey web page (URL: http://waterdata.usgs.gov/id/nwis/current/?type=flow). Because the coordinate axes of the three-parameter relations use discharge from the Tribal Hatchery gaging station and water-surface elevation from the Porthill gaging station, the location of the transition between backwater and free-flowing water can be determined for current conditions using the real-time data. Similarly, discharge in the Shorty Island side channel and (or) average velocity at selected cross sections also can be determined for current conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20055110","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Idaho Department of Fish and Game","usgsCitation":"Berenbrock, C., 2005, Simulation of hydraulic characteristics in the white sturgeon spawning habitat of the Kootenai River near Bonners Ferry, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5110, Report: vi, 30 p.; Data files, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055110.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 30 p.; Data files","numberOfPages":"40","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":186187,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20055110.PNG"},{"id":6606,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5110/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":286891,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5110/pdf/sir20055110.pdf"},{"id":286892,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5110/data/"}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Albers Equal-Area projection","country":"Canada;United States","state":"British Columbia;Idaho;Montana","otherGeospatial":"Kootenai River Drainage Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118.0,48.0 ], [ -118.0,50.0 ], [ -115.0,50.0 ], [ -115.0,48.0 ], [ -118.0,48.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e492de4b07f02db57f93b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berenbrock, Charles","contributorId":30598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berenbrock","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70931,"text":"sir20055117 - 2005 - Proceedings of the U.S. Geological Survey Fourth Biennial Geographic Information Science Workshop: Denver, Colorado, April 23-27, 2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:49","indexId":"sir20055117","displayToPublicDate":"2005-07-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5117","title":"Proceedings of the U.S. Geological Survey Fourth Biennial Geographic Information Science Workshop: Denver, Colorado, April 23-27, 2001","docAbstract":"Introduction: \r\nThe U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Fourth Biennial Geographic Information Science (GIS) Workshop (USGS-GIS 2001) was held April 23-27, 2001, at the Denver Federal Center in Denver, Colorado. The workshop provided an environment for participants to improve their knowledge about GIS and GIS-related applications that are used within the USGS. Two major topics of USGS-GIS 2001 were the application of GIS technology to interdisciplinary science and the distribution and sharing of USGS GIS products. Additionally, several presentations included GIS technology and tools, project applications of GIS, and GIS data management. \r\n\r\nUSGS-GIS 2001 included user and vendor presentations, demonstrations, and hands-on technical workshops. Presentation abstracts that were submitted for publication are included in these proceedings. The keynote speaker was Karen Siderelis, the USGS Associate Director for Information (Geographic Information Officer). In addition to the USGS, other Federal agencies, GIS-related companies, and university researchers presented lectures or demonstrations or conducted hands-on sessions. USGS employees and contractors from every discipline and region attended the workshop. To facilitate the interaction between the Federal agencies, each of the presenting Federal agencies was invited to send a representative to the workshop. \r\n\r\nOne of the most beneficial activities of USGS-GIS 2001, as identified by an informal poll of attendees, was the Monday evening poster session in which more than 75 poster presentations gave attendees a chance to learn of work being performed throughout the USGS. A feature new to USGS-GIS 2001 was internet participation of USGS personnel through cyber seminars of the morning plenary sessions.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20055117","usgsCitation":"Sieverling, J.B., Char, S.J., and San Juan, C.A., 2005, Proceedings of the U.S. Geological Survey Fourth Biennial Geographic Information Science Workshop: Denver, Colorado, April 23-27, 2001 (Online only): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5117, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055117.","productDescription":"40 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":6602,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir20055117/ ","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":186583,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Online only","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ee4b07f02db66042f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sieverling, Jennifer B. jbsiever@usgs.gov","contributorId":4806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sieverling","given":"Jennifer","email":"jbsiever@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":283345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Char, Stephen J. sjchar@usgs.gov","contributorId":3982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Char","given":"Stephen","email":"sjchar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":283344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"San Juan, Carma A. 0000-0002-9151-1919 csanjuan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9151-1919","contributorId":1146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"San Juan","given":"Carma","email":"csanjuan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":283343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70915,"text":"ofr20051198 - 2005 - Graphical viewer for displaying locations and logs of selected wells and test holes in Putnam County, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-04T13:37:26","indexId":"ofr20051198","displayToPublicDate":"2005-07-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-1198","title":"Graphical viewer for displaying locations and logs of selected wells and test holes in Putnam County, New York","docAbstract":"Aquifers (water bearing geologic units) are the primary source of drinking water in most of Putnam County, N.Y. The principal sources of data used to define the geometry and hydraulic characteristics of aquifers are the logs of wells and test holes within the county. This report explains how to use a graphical viewer, available on the World Wide Web (http://ny.water.usgs.gov/pubs/of/of051198), to locate selected wells and test holes in Putnam County and display their logs.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20051198","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Putnam County Department of Planning and Development","usgsCitation":"Wolcott, S.W., 2005, Graphical viewer for displaying locations and logs of selected wells and test holes in Putnam County, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1198, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20051198.","productDescription":"13 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326015,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1198/ofr20051198.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.23 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2005-1198"},{"id":192796,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1198/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Director, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Rd
Troy, NY 12180
(518) 285-5695
http://ny.water.usgs.gov/
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20051235","usgsCitation":"Zientek, M.L., Derkey, P., Miller, R.J., Causey, J.D., Bookstrom, A.A., Carlson, M.H., Green, G.N., Frost, T.P., Boleneus, D.E., Evans, K.V., Van Gosen, B.S., Wilson, A.B., Larsen, J.C., Kayser, H.Z., Kelley, W.N., and Assmus, K.C., 2005, Spatial databases for the geology of the northern Rocky Mountains — Idaho, Montana, and Washington (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1235, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20051235.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394900,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_72180.htm"},{"id":6575,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1235/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":192701,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Montana, Washington","otherGeospatial":"northern Rocky Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118,\n 43\n ],\n [\n -109,\n 43\n ],\n [\n -109,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -118,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -118,\n 43\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6dd1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zientek, Michael L. 0000-0002-8522-9626 mzientek@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8522-9626","contributorId":2420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zientek","given":"Michael","email":"mzientek@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":283278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Derkey, Pamela D.","contributorId":69590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Derkey","given":"Pamela D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, Robert J. rjmiller@usgs.gov","contributorId":2516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Robert","email":"rjmiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":283279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Causey, J. Douglas","contributorId":41398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Causey","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Douglas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bookstrom, Arthur A. 0000-0003-1336-3364 abookstrom@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1336-3364","contributorId":1542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bookstrom","given":"Arthur","email":"abookstrom@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5056,"text":"Office of the AD Energy and Minerals, and Environmental Health","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":283276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Carlson, Mary H.","contributorId":58723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Green, Gregory N.","contributorId":40226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Frost, Thomas P. 0000-0001-8348-8432 tfrost@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8348-8432","contributorId":203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frost","given":"Thomas","email":"tfrost@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":283274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Boleneus, David E.","contributorId":87167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boleneus","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Evans, Karl V. kvevans@usgs.gov","contributorId":194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"Karl","email":"kvevans@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":283273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Van Gosen, Bradley S. 0000-0003-4214-3811 bvangose@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4214-3811","contributorId":1174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Gosen","given":"Bradley","email":"bvangose@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":283275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Wilson, Anna B. 0000-0002-9737-2614 awilson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9737-2614","contributorId":1619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Anna","email":"awilson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":283277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Larsen, Jeremy C.","contributorId":13697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"Jeremy","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Kayser, Helen Z.","contributorId":46173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kayser","given":"Helen","email":"","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Kelley, William N.","contributorId":31844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelley","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Assmus, Kenneth C.","contributorId":17311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Assmus","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16}]}} ,{"id":70900,"text":"sir20055033 - 2005 - Status of and changes in water quality monitored for the Idaho statewide surface-water-quality network, 1989—2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-04T10:22:04","indexId":"sir20055033","displayToPublicDate":"2005-07-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5033","title":"Status of and changes in water quality monitored for the Idaho statewide surface-water-quality network, 1989—2002","docAbstract":"The Idaho statewide surface-water-quality monitoring network consists of 56 sites that have been monitored from 1989 through 2002 to provide data to document status and changes in the quality of Idaho streams. Sampling at 33 sites has covered a wide range of flows and seasons that describe water-quality variations representing both natural conditions and human influences. Targeting additional high- or low-flow sampling would better describe conditions at 20 sites during hydrologic extremes. At the three spring site types, sampling covered the range of flow conditions from 1989 through 2002 well. However, high flows at these sites since 1989 were lower than historical high flows as a result of declining ground-water levels in the Snake River Plain.\n\nSummertime stream temperatures at 45 sites commonly exceeded 19 and 22 degrees Celsius, the Idaho maximum daily mean and daily maximum criteria, respectively, for the protection of coldwater aquatic life. Criteria exceedances in stream basins with minimal development suggest that such high temperatures may occur naturally in many Idaho streams.\n\nSuspended-sediment concentrations were generally higher in southern Idaho than in central and northern Idaho, and network data suggest that the turbidity criteria are most likely to be exceeded at sites in southern Idaho and other sections of the Columbia Plateaus geomorphic province. This is probably because this province has more fine-grained soils that are subject to erosion and disturbance by land uses than the Northern Rocky Mountains province of northern and central\nIdaho has. Although erodable soils are likely a cause of elevated turbidities, suspended-sediment concentrations were not strongly correlated with turbidities.\n\nDissolved-solids and hardness concentrations were strongly correlated. This is probably because the limestones present in some basins are more soluble than the igneous rocks that predominate in others. Low hardness in streams of northern Idaho, where watersheds are underlain by resistant igneous rocks, enhances the toxicity of some trace elements to aquatic life in these streams.\n\nOnly a few measurements of dissolved-oxygen concentrations at six sites were less than 6.0 milligrams per liter, the Idaho minimum criterion for protection of aquatic organisms. High supersaturations of dissolved oxygen at four sites suggest excessive photosynthetic activity by algal communities. Nighttime monitoring would help determine whether dissolved-oxygen concentrations at these sites might fall below the Idaho criterion. Data from four sites suggest that dissolved-oxygen concentrations may have decreased over time.\n\nThe pH at 15 sites sometimes fell outside the range specified (6.5-9.0) for the protection of aquatic organisms in Idaho streams. Values exceeded 9.0 at 10 sites, probably because of excessive algal photosynthetic activity in waters where carbonate rocks are present. Values were sometimes less than 6.5 at five sites in areas of mountain bedrock geology where pH is likely to be naturally low. Mining activities also may contribute to low pH at some of these sites.\n\nInorganic nitrogen and total phosphorus concentrations commonly exceeded those considered sufficient for supporting excess algal production (0.3 and 0.1 milligrams per liter, respectively). Data from a few sites suggest that nitrogen and(or) phosphorus concentrations might be changing over time. Low concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus at six sites, most representing forested basins, might make them good candidates as reference sites that represent naturally occurring nutrient concentrations.\n\nTrace elements examined for this report were cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, selenium, and zinc. In water, many trace-element concentrations were below the minimum analytical reporting levels. Concentrations of cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc generally were highest in mined and other mineral-rich basins in northern Idaho. Concentrations of mercury were","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20055033","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Idaho Department of Environmental Quality","usgsCitation":"Hardy, M.A., Parliman, D.J., and O’Dell, I., 2005, Status of and changes in water quality monitored for the Idaho statewide surface-water-quality network, 1989—2002 (Version 1.1, July 7, 2005; Version 1.2, October 25, 2005): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5033, viii, 66 p.; Appendixes A-C, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055033.","productDescription":"viii, 66 p.; Appendixes A-C","numberOfPages":"104","temporalStart":"1989-01-01","temporalEnd":"2002-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262396,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5033/report.pdf"},{"id":262397,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5033/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.25,42 ], [ -117.25,49 ], [ -111,49 ], [ -111,42 ], [ -117.25,42 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.1, July 7, 2005; Version 1.2, October 25, 2005","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d8e4b07f02db5df746","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hardy, Mark A.","contributorId":50902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hardy","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parliman, Deborah J.","contributorId":27942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parliman","given":"Deborah","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Dell, Ivalou","contributorId":21576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Dell","given":"Ivalou","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70911,"text":"ofr20051236 - 2005 - Mercury recycling in the United States in 2000","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70911,"text":"ofr20051236 - 2005 - Mercury recycling in the United States in 2000","indexId":"ofr20051236","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"title":"Mercury recycling in the United States in 2000"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":72768,"text":"cir1196U - 2005 - Mercury recycling in the United States in 2000","indexId":"cir1196U","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"chapter":"U","title":"Mercury recycling in the United States in 2000"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":72768,"text":"cir1196U - 2005 - Mercury recycling in the United States in 2000","indexId":"cir1196U","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"title":"Mercury recycling in the United States in 2000"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:03","indexId":"ofr20051236","displayToPublicDate":"2005-07-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-1236","title":"Mercury recycling in the United States in 2000","docAbstract":"Reclamation and recycling of mercury from used mercury- containing products and treatment of byproduct mercury from gold mining is vital to the continued, though declining, use of this metal. Mercury is reclaimed from mercury-containing waste by treatment in multistep high-temperature retorts-the mercury is volatized and then condensed for purification and sale. Some mercury-containing waste, however, may be landfilled, and landfilled material represents loss of a recyclable resource and a threat to the environment. Related issues include mercury disposal and waste management, toxicity and human health, and regulation of mercury releases in the environment.\r\n\r\nEnd-users of mercury-containing products may face fines and prosecution if these products are improperly recycled or not recycled. Local and State environmental regulations require adherence to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act to regulate generation, treatment, and disposal of mercury-containing products. In the United States, several large companies and a number of smaller companies collect these products from a variety of sources and then reclaim and recycle the mercury.\r\n\r\nBecause mercury has not been mined as a principal product in the United States since 1992, mercury reclamation from fabricated products has become the main source of mercury. Principal product mercury and byproduct mercury from mining operations are considered to be primary materials. Mercury may also be obtained as a byproduct from domestic or foreign gold-processing operations. \r\n\r\nIn the early 1990s, U.S. manufacturers used an annual average that ranged from 500 to 600 metric tons of recycled and imported mercury for fabrication of automobile convenience switches, dental amalgam, fluorescent lamps, medical uses and thermometers, and thermostats. The amount now used for fabrication is estimated to be 200 metric tons per year or less. Much of the data on mercury is estimated because it is a low-volume commodity and its production, use, and disposal is difficult to track. The prices and volumes of each category of mercury-containing material may change dramatically from year to year. For example, the average price of mercury was approximately $150 per flask from 2000 until 2003 and then rose sharply to $650 per flask in fall 2004 and approximately $850 per flask in spring 2005. Since 1927, the common unit for measuring and pricing mercury has been the flask in order to conform to the system used at Almaden, Spain (Meyers, 1951). One flask weighs 34.5 kilograms, and 29 flasks of mercury are contained in a metric ton.\r\n\r\nIn the United States, the chlorine-caustic soda industry, which is the leading end-user of elemental mercury, recycles most of its mercury in-plant as home scrap. Annual purchases of replacement mercury by the chlorine-caustic soda industry indicate that some mercury may be lost through evaporation to the environment, put into a landfill as industrial waste, or trapped within pipes in the plant. Impending closure of domestic and foreign mercury-cell chlorine-caustic soda plants and the shift to nonmercury technology for chlorine-caustic soda production could ultimately result in a significant volume of elemental mercury for recycling, sale, or storage. Globally, mercury is widely used in artisanal, or small-scale, gold mining. Most of that mercury is lost to the environment and is not recycled. The recycling rate for mercury was not available owing to insufficient data in 2000, and the efficiency of mercury recycling was estimated to be 62 percent.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20051236","collaboration":"Superseded by CIR 1196-U","usgsCitation":"Brooks, W.E., and Matos, G.R., 2005, Mercury recycling in the United States in 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1236, 27 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20051236.","productDescription":"27 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":192702,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db624d88","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brooks, William E.","contributorId":104061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Matos, Grecia R. 0000-0002-3285-3070 gmatos@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3285-3070","contributorId":2656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matos","given":"Grecia","email":"gmatos@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":283289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70912,"text":"ofr20051253 - 2005 - Major- and trace-element concentrations in soils from two continental-scale transects of the United States and Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-14T19:35:06.631312","indexId":"ofr20051253","displayToPublicDate":"2005-07-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-1253","title":"Major- and trace-element concentrations in soils from two continental-scale transects of the United States and Canada","docAbstract":"This report contains major- and trace-element concentration data for soil samples collected from 265 sites along two continental-scale transects in North America. One of the transects extends from northern Manitoba to the United States-Mexico border near El Paso, Tex. and consists of 105 sites. The other transect approximately follows the 38th parallel from the Pacific coast of the United States near San Francisco, Calif., to the Atlantic coast along the Maryland shore and consists of 160 sites. Sampling sites were defined by first dividing each transect into approximately 40-km segments. For each segment, a 1-km-wide latitudinal strip was randomly selected; within each strip, a potential sample site was selected from the most representative landscape within the most common soil type. At one in four sites, duplicate samples were collected 10 meters apart to estimate local spatial variability. At each site, up to four separate soil samples were collected as follows: (1) material from 0-5 cm depth; (2) O horizon, if present; (3) a composite of the A horizon; and (4) C horizon. Each sample collected was analyzed for total major- and trace-element composition by the following methods: (1) inductively coupled plasmamass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICPAES) for aluminum, antimony, arsenic, barium, beryllium, bismuth, cadmium, calcium, cerium, cesium, chromium, cobalt, copper, gallium, indium, iron, lanthanum, lead, lithium, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, phosphorus, potassium, rubidium, scandium, silver, sodium, strontium, sulfur, tellurium, thallium, thorium, tin, titanium, tungsten, uranium, vanadium, yttrium, and zinc; (2) cold vapor- atomic absorption spectrometry for mercury; (3) hydride generation-atomic absorption spectrometry for antimony and selenium; (4) coulometric titration for carbonate carbon; and (5) combustion for total carbon and total sulfur.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20051253","usgsCitation":"Smith, D., Cannon, W.F., Woodruff, L.G., Garrett, R.G., Klassen, R., Kilburn, J.E., Horton, J.D., King, H.D., Goldhaber, M.B., and Morrison, J.M., 2005, Major- and trace-element concentrations in soils from two continental-scale transects of the United States and Canada (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1253, ii, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20051253.","productDescription":"ii, 20 p.","numberOfPages":"22","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319759,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20051253.JPG"},{"id":6576,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1253/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"Canada, United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -101.4697265625,\n 37.43997405227057\n ],\n [\n -99.404296875,\n 37.50972584293751\n ],\n [\n -95.6689453125,\n 37.405073750176946\n ],\n [\n -94.21875,\n 37.54457732085582\n ],\n [\n -90.439453125,\n 37.474858084971046\n ],\n [\n -87.802734375,\n 37.579412513438385\n ],\n [\n -82.353515625,\n 37.54457732085582\n ],\n [\n -78.486328125,\n 37.71859032558816\n ],\n [\n -75.2783203125,\n 37.71859032558816\n ],\n [\n -74.6630859375,\n 38.41055825094609\n ],\n [\n -75.05859375,\n 38.71980474264239\n ],\n [\n -76.46484375,\n 38.548165423046584\n ],\n [\n -78.92578124999999,\n 38.41055825094609\n ],\n [\n -80.9912109375,\n 38.47939467327645\n ],\n [\n -84.375,\n 38.37611542403604\n ],\n [\n -86.923828125,\n 38.41055825094609\n ],\n [\n -90.5712890625,\n 38.444984668894705\n ],\n [\n -93.33984375,\n 38.37611542403604\n ],\n [\n -96.0205078125,\n 38.444984668894705\n ],\n [\n -98.7451171875,\n 38.444984668894705\n ],\n [\n -100.8544921875,\n 38.444984668894705\n ],\n [\n -99.97558593749999,\n 39.90973623453719\n ],\n [\n -99.4482421875,\n 40.44694705960048\n ],\n [\n -98.0419921875,\n 42.09822241118974\n ],\n [\n -97.0751953125,\n 43.100982876188546\n ],\n [\n -95.625,\n 44.15068115978091\n ],\n [\n -93.91113281249999,\n 45.24395342262324\n ],\n [\n -93.9990234375,\n 47.249406957888446\n ],\n [\n -94.04296874999999,\n 48.04870994288686\n ],\n [\n -95.44921875,\n 48.545705491847464\n ],\n [\n -95.712890625,\n 49.61070993807422\n ],\n [\n -96.3720703125,\n 49.781264058178365\n ],\n [\n -96.8994140625,\n 49.89463439573421\n ],\n [\n -96.8994140625,\n 51.26191485308454\n ],\n [\n -97.294921875,\n 52.669720383688166\n ],\n [\n -97.8662109375,\n 53.51418452077113\n ],\n [\n -97.7783203125,\n 54.80068486732233\n ],\n [\n -97.7783203125,\n 55.89995614406812\n ],\n [\n -97.6904296875,\n 56.70450561416937\n ],\n [\n -97.03125,\n 57.72761921621495\n ],\n [\n -98.173828125,\n 57.961503094284794\n ],\n [\n -98.4375,\n 58.147518599073585\n ],\n [\n -98.7451171875,\n 58.60833366077633\n ],\n [\n -99.052734375,\n 58.950008233357046\n ],\n [\n -99.755859375,\n 58.99531118795094\n ],\n [\n -100.4150390625,\n 58.81374171570782\n ],\n [\n -100.283203125,\n 58.07787626787517\n ],\n [\n -99.6240234375,\n 57.397624055000456\n ],\n [\n -98.61328125,\n 57.136239319177434\n ],\n [\n -99.00878906249999,\n 56.389583525613055\n ],\n [\n -99.0966796875,\n 55.70235509327093\n ],\n [\n -99.00878906249999,\n 54.77534585936447\n ],\n [\n -98.9208984375,\n 53.48804553605622\n ],\n [\n -98.5693359375,\n 52.3755991766591\n ],\n [\n -98.4814453125,\n 51.45400691005982\n ],\n [\n -98.4375,\n 50.45750402042058\n ],\n [\n -98.3056640625,\n 49.23912083246698\n ],\n [\n -98.0859375,\n 48.10743118848039\n ],\n [\n -97.6025390625,\n 47.754097979680026\n ],\n [\n -97.0751953125,\n 47.754097979680026\n ],\n [\n -96.328125,\n 47.754097979680026\n ],\n [\n -95.537109375,\n 47.338822694822\n ],\n [\n -95.537109375,\n 46.830133640447386\n ],\n [\n -95.2734375,\n 45.9511496866914\n ],\n [\n -96.591796875,\n 45.182036837015886\n ],\n [\n -97.734375,\n 44.213709909702054\n ],\n [\n -99.140625,\n 43.229195113965005\n ],\n [\n -100.01953125,\n 42.00032514831621\n ],\n [\n -101.0302734375,\n 40.979898069620155\n ],\n [\n -101.90917968749999,\n 39.80853604144591\n ],\n [\n -102.568359375,\n 39.06184913429154\n ],\n [\n -104.1064453125,\n 38.856820134743636\n ],\n [\n -106.962890625,\n 38.65119833229951\n ],\n [\n -109.072265625,\n 38.65119833229951\n ],\n [\n -111.533203125,\n 38.5825261593533\n ],\n [\n -113.6865234375,\n 38.51378825951165\n ],\n [\n -116.8505859375,\n 38.61687046392973\n ],\n [\n -119.00390625,\n 38.65119833229951\n ],\n [\n -121.77246093750001,\n 38.92522904714054\n ],\n [\n -123.3544921875,\n 38.8225909761771\n ],\n [\n -123.92578125,\n 38.34165619279593\n ],\n [\n -123.48632812499999,\n 37.92686760148135\n ],\n [\n -122.78320312499999,\n 37.50972584293751\n ],\n [\n -120.2783203125,\n 37.474858084971046\n ],\n [\n -118.16894531249999,\n 37.474858084971046\n ],\n [\n -114.873046875,\n 37.50972584293751\n ],\n [\n -111.7529296875,\n 37.50972584293751\n ],\n [\n -108.720703125,\n 37.579412513438385\n ],\n [\n -105.2490234375,\n 37.64903402157866\n ],\n [\n -103.35937499999999,\n 37.82280243352756\n ],\n [\n -104.501953125,\n 36.27970720524017\n ],\n [\n -105.29296874999999,\n 35.10193405724606\n ],\n [\n -105.8203125,\n 34.45221847282654\n ],\n [\n -106.12792968749999,\n 34.125447565116126\n ],\n [\n -105.9521484375,\n 33.358061612778876\n ],\n [\n -105.9521484375,\n 33.02708758002874\n ],\n [\n -106.61132812499999,\n 32.84267363195431\n ],\n [\n -107.3583984375,\n 32.43561304116276\n ],\n [\n -107.138671875,\n 31.80289258670676\n ],\n [\n -106.3916015625,\n 31.765537409484374\n ],\n [\n -105.6005859375,\n 31.690781806136822\n ],\n [\n -104.7216796875,\n 31.80289258670676\n ],\n [\n -104.3701171875,\n 32.39851580247402\n ],\n [\n -104.3701171875,\n 33.211116472416855\n ],\n [\n -104.4140625,\n 34.08906131584996\n ],\n [\n -103.88671875,\n 35.17380831799959\n ],\n [\n -102.48046875,\n 36.491973470593685\n ],\n [\n -101.4697265625,\n 37.43997405227057\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649886","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, David B. 0000-0001-8396-9105 dsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8396-9105","contributorId":1274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"David B.","email":"dsmith@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":283293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cannon, William F. 0000-0002-2699-8118 wcannon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2699-8118","contributorId":1883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"William","email":"wcannon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":283295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Woodruff, Laurel G. 0000-0002-2514-9923 woodruff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2514-9923","contributorId":2224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodruff","given":"Laurel","email":"woodruff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":283296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Garrett, Robert G.","contributorId":31481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garrett","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Klassen, Rodney","contributorId":54689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klassen","given":"Rodney","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kilburn, James E.","contributorId":40189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kilburn","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Horton, John D. 0000-0003-2969-9073 jhorton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2969-9073","contributorId":1227,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horton","given":"John","email":"jhorton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":283292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"King, Harley D. hking@usgs.gov","contributorId":4046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Harley","email":"hking@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":283297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Goldhaber, Martin B. 0000-0002-1785-4243 mgold@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1785-4243","contributorId":1339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldhaber","given":"Martin","email":"mgold@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":283294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Morrison, Jean M. 0000-0002-6614-8783 jmorrison@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6614-8783","contributorId":994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrison","given":"Jean","email":"jmorrison@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":283291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70908,"text":"ofr20051153 - 2005 - Multibeam bathymetry and backscatter data: Northeastern Channel Islands region, southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-23T21:18:46.050239","indexId":"ofr20051153","displayToPublicDate":"2005-07-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-1153","title":"Multibeam bathymetry and backscatter data: Northeastern Channel Islands region, southern California","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20051153","usgsCitation":"Dartnell, P., Cochrane, G., and Dunaway, M.E., 2005, Multibeam bathymetry and backscatter data: Northeastern Channel Islands region, southern California (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1153, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20051153.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":192655,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":405503,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_71332.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":6574,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1153/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Channel Islands","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.1849365234375,\n 33.71748624018193\n ],\n [\n -119.19616699218749,\n 33.71748624018193\n ],\n [\n -119.19616699218749,\n 34.3207552752374\n ],\n [\n -120.1849365234375,\n 34.3207552752374\n ],\n [\n -120.1849365234375,\n 33.71748624018193\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b02e4b07f02db698bd0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dartnell, Peter 0000-0002-9554-729X pdartnell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9554-729X","contributorId":2688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dartnell","given":"Peter","email":"pdartnell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":283268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cochrane, Guy","contributorId":104164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cochrane","given":"Guy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dunaway, Mary Elaine","contributorId":47037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunaway","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"Elaine","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70902,"text":"sir20055077 - 2005 - Introduction to suspended-sediment sampling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:46","indexId":"sir20055077","displayToPublicDate":"2005-07-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5077","title":"Introduction to suspended-sediment sampling","docAbstract":"Knowledge of the amount and timing of sediment transport in streams is important to those directly or indirectly responsible for developing and managing water and land resources. Such data are often used to judge the health of watershed and the success or failure of activities designed to mitigate adverse impacts of sediment on streams and stream habitats. This training class presents an introduction to methods currently used by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) to sample suspended-sediment concentrations in streams. \r\n\r\nThe presentation is narrated, but you control the pace of the presentation. If the computer you are using can view 'MPEG' videos you will be able to take advantage of videos interspersed in the presentation. A test, found at the end of the presentation, can be taken to assess how well you understood the training material. The class, which is registered as class SW4416 with the National Training Center of the USGS, should take two or three hours to complete. \r\n\r\nIn order to use the presentation provided via this Web page, you will need to download a large disc images (linked below) and 'burn' it to a blank CD-ROM using a CD-ROM recorder on your computer. \r\n\r\nThe presentation will only run on a Windows-based personal computer (PC). The presentation was developed using Macromedia Director MX 20041 and is contained in the file 'SIR05-5077.exe' which should autolaunch. If it does not, the presentation can be started by double-clicking on the file name. A sound card and speakers are necessary to take advantage of narrations that accompany the presentation. Text of narrations is provided, if you are unable to listen to narrations. Instructions for installing and running the presentation are included in the file 'Tutorial.htm', which is on the CD. \r\n\r\n1 Registered Trademark: Macromedia Incorporated","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20055077","usgsCitation":"Nolan, K.M., Gray, J.R., and Glysson, G.D., 2005, Introduction to suspended-sediment sampling: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5077, 1 CD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055077.","productDescription":"1 CD-ROM","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":186417,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6552,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5077/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49bee4b07f02db5d145d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nolan, K. Michael","contributorId":71943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nolan","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gray, John R. 0000-0002-8817-3701 jrgray@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8817-3701","contributorId":1158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"John","email":"jrgray@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":5058,"text":"Office of the Chief Scientist for Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":283256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Glysson, G. Douglas","contributorId":13607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glysson","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"Douglas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70877,"text":"ofr20051060 - 2005 - Porphyry copper deposits of the world: database, map, and grade and tonnage models","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":39924,"text":"ofr02268 - 2002 - Porphyry copper deposits of the world: Database, maps, and preliminary analysis","indexId":"ofr02268","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Porphyry copper deposits of the world: Database, maps, and preliminary analysis"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70877,"text":"ofr20051060 - 2005 - Porphyry copper deposits of the world: database, map, and grade and tonnage models","indexId":"ofr20051060","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"title":"Porphyry copper deposits of the world: database, map, and grade and tonnage models"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-31T19:25:22.653496","indexId":"ofr20051060","displayToPublicDate":"2005-07-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-1060","title":"Porphyry copper deposits of the world: database, map, and grade and tonnage models","docAbstract":"Mineral deposit models are important in exploration planning and quantitative resource assessments for two reasons: (1) grades and tonnages among deposit types are significantly different, and (2) many types occur in different geologic settings that can be identified from geologic maps. Mineral deposit models are the keystone in combining the diverse geoscience information on geology, mineral occurrences, geophysics, and geochemistry used in resource assessments and mineral exploration. Too few thoroughly explored mineral deposits are available in most local areas for reliable identification of the important geoscience variables or for robust estimation of undiscovered deposits-thus we need mineral-deposit models. Globally based deposit models allow recognition of important features because the global models demonstrate how common different features are. Well-designed and -constructed deposit models allow geologists to know from observed geologic environments the possible mineral deposit types that might exist, and allow economists to determine the possible economic viability of these resources in the region. Thus, mineral deposit models play the central role in transforming geoscience information to a form useful to policy makers. The foundation of mineral deposit models is information about known deposits-the purpose of this publication is to make this kind of information available in digital form for porphyry copper deposits. \n\nThis report is an update of an earlier publication about porphyry copper deposits. In this report we have added 84 new porphyry copper deposits and removed 12 deposits. In addition, some errors have been corrected and a number of deposits have had some information, such as grades, tonnages, locations, or ages revised. \n\nThis publication contains a computer file of information on porphyry copper deposits from around the world. It also presents new grade and tonnage models for porphyry copper deposits and for three subtypes of porphyry copper deposits and a map showing the location of all deposits. The value of this information and any derived analyses depends critically on the consistent manner of data gathering. For this reason, we first discuss the rules used in this compilation. Next, the fields of the data file are considered. Finally, we provide new grade and tonnage models.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20051060","usgsCitation":"Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C., 2005, Porphyry copper deposits of the world: database, map, and grade and tonnage models (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1060, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20051060.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":186510,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6518,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1060/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":110552,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_70531.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"70531"}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67c18e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Singer, Donald A. dsinger@usgs.gov","contributorId":5601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"Donald","email":"dsinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":283183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berger, Vladimir Iosifovich","contributorId":80362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berger","given":"Vladimir","email":"","middleInitial":"Iosifovich","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moring, Barry C. 0000-0001-6797-9258 moring@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6797-9258","contributorId":2794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moring","given":"Barry","email":"moring@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":283182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70881,"text":"ofr20051133 - 2005 - Height changes along selected lines through the Death Valley region, California and Nevada, 1905-1984","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:44","indexId":"ofr20051133","displayToPublicDate":"2005-07-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-1133","title":"Height changes along selected lines through the Death Valley region, California and Nevada, 1905-1984","docAbstract":"Comparisons among repeated levelings along selected lines through the Death Valley region of California and adjacent parts of Nevada have disclosed surprisingly large vertical displacements. The vertical control data in this lightly populated area is sparse; moreover, as much as a third of the recovered data is so thoroughly contaminated by systematic error and survey blunders that no attempt was made to correct these data and they were simply discarded. In spite of these limitations, generally episodic, commonly large vertical displacements are disclosed along a number of lines. Displacements in excess of 0.4 m, with respect to our selected control point at Beatty, Nevada, and differential displacements of about 0.7 m apparently occurred during the earlier years of the 20th century and continued episodically through at least 1943. While this area contains abundant evidence of continuing tectonic activity through latest Quaternary time, it is virtually devoid of historic seismicity. We have detected no clear connection between the described vertical displacements and fault zones reportedly active during Holocene time, although we sense some association with several more broadly defined tectonic features.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20051133","usgsCitation":"Castle, R.O., Gilmore, T.D., Walker, J.P., and Castle, S.A., 2005, Height changes along selected lines through the Death Valley region, California and Nevada, 1905-1984 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1133, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20051133.","productDescription":"35 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":186148,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6522,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1133/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a69e4b07f02db63c1da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Castle, Robert O.","contributorId":22741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Castle","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gilmore, Thomas D.","contributorId":64235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilmore","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Walker, James P.","contributorId":55083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Castle, Susan A.","contributorId":106200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Castle","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70880,"text":"ofr20051078 - 2005 - Thermal maturity patterns (CAI and %Ro) in the Ordovician and Devonian rocks of the Appalachian basin in West Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:44","indexId":"ofr20051078","displayToPublicDate":"2005-07-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-1078","title":"Thermal maturity patterns (CAI and %Ro) in the Ordovician and Devonian rocks of the Appalachian basin in West Virginia","docAbstract":"The objective of this study is to enhance existing thermal maturity maps in West Virginia by establishing: 1) new subsurface CAI data points for the Ordovician and Devonian and 2) new %Ro and Rock Eval subsurface data points for Middle and Upper Devonian black shale units. Thermal maturity values for the Ordovician and Devonian strata are of major interest because they contain the source rocks for most of the oil and natural gas resources in the basin. Thermal maturity patterns of the Middle Ordovician Trenton Limestone are evaluated here because they closely approximate those of the overlying Ordovician Utica Shale that is believed to be the source rock for the regional oil and gas accumulation in Lower Silurian sandstones (Ryder and others, 1998) and for natural gas fields in fractured dolomite reservoirs of the Ordovician Black River-Trenton Limestones. Improved CAI-based thermal maturity maps of the Ordovician are important to identify areas of optimum gas generation from the Utica Shale and to provide constraints for interpreting the origin of oil and gas in the Lower Silurian regional accumulation and Ordovician Black River-Trenton fields. Thermal maturity maps of the Devonian will better constrain burial history-petroleum generation models of the Utica Shale, as well as place limitations on the origin of regional oil and gas accumulations in Upper Devonian sandstone and Middle to Upper Devonian black shale.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20051078","usgsCitation":"Repetski, J.E., Ryder, R., Avary, K.L., and Trippi, M.H., 2005, Thermal maturity patterns (CAI and %Ro) in the Ordovician and Devonian rocks of the Appalachian basin in West Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1078, 72 p. with online tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20051078.","productDescription":"72 p. with online tables","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":186147,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6521,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1078/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5faa0a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Repetski, John E. 0000-0002-2298-7120 jrepetski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2298-7120","contributorId":2596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Repetski","given":"John","email":"jrepetski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":283190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ryder, Robert T.","contributorId":77918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryder","given":"Robert T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Avary, Katharine Lee","contributorId":72066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Avary","given":"Katharine","email":"","middleInitial":"Lee","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Trippi, Michael H. 0000-0002-1398-3427 mtrippi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1398-3427","contributorId":941,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trippi","given":"Michael","email":"mtrippi@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":283189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70893,"text":"fs20053040 - 2005 - USGS launches online database: Lichens in National Parks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-26T15:13:08","indexId":"fs20053040","displayToPublicDate":"2005-07-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-3040","title":"USGS launches online database: Lichens in National Parks","docAbstract":"If you are interested in lichens and National Parks, now you can query a lichen database that combines these two elements. Using pull-down menus you can: search by park, specifying either species list or the references used for that area; search by species (a report will show the parks in which species are found); and search by reference codes, which are available from the first query. The reference code search allows you to obtain the complete citation for each lichen species listed in a National Park.
The result pages from these queries can be printed directly from the web browser, or can be copied and pasted into a word processor.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20053040","usgsCitation":"Bennett, J., 2005, USGS launches online database: Lichens in National Parks: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2005-3040, 1 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20053040.","productDescription":"1 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121034,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2005/3040/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":353276,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2005/3040/fs20053040.pdf","text":"Report","size":"166 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2005-3040"}],"contact":"Director, National Wildlife Health Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6006 Schroeder Road
Madison, WI 53711
Upper St. Clair River, which receives outflow from Lake Huron, is characterized by flow velocities that exceed 7 feet per second and significant channel curvature that creates complex flow patterns downstream from the Blue Water Bridge in the Port Huron, Michigan, and Sarnia, Ontario, area. Discrepancies were detected between depth-averaged velocities previously simulated by a two-dimensional (2D) hydrodynamic model and surface velocities determined from drifting buoy deployments. A detailed ADCP (acoustic Doppler current profiler) survey was done on Upper St. Clair River during July 1–3, 2003, to help resolve these discrepancies.
As part of this study, a refined finite-element mesh of the hydrodynamic model used to identify source areas to public water intakes was developed for Upper St. Clair River. In addition, a numerical procedure was used to account for radial accelerations, which cause secondary flow patterns near channel bends. The refined model was recalibrated to better reproduce local velocities measured in the ADCP survey. ADCP data also were used to help resolve the remaining discrepancies between simulated and measured velocities and to describe variations in velocity with depth.
Velocity data from ADCP surveys have significant local variability, and statistical processing is needed to compute reliable point estimates. In this study, velocity innovations were computed for seven depth layers posited within the river as the differences between measured and simulated velocities. For each layer, the spatial correlation of velocity innovations was characterized by use of variogram analysis. Results were used with kriging to compute expected innovations within each layer at applicable model nodes. Expected innovations were added to simulated velocities to form integrated velocities, which were used with reverse particle tracking to identify the expected flow path near a sewage outfall as a function of flow depth.
Expected particle paths generated by use of the integrated velocities showed that surface velocities in the upper layers tended to originate nearer the Canadian shoreline than velocities near the channel bottom in the lower layers. Therefore, flow paths to U.S. public water intakes located on the river bottom are more likely to be in the United States than withdrawals near the water surface. Integrated velocities in the upper layers are generally consistent with the surface velocities indicated by drifting-buoy deployments. Information in the 2D hydrodynamic model and the ADCP measurements was insufficient to describe the vertical flow component. This limitation resulted in the inability to account for vertical movements on expected flow paths through Upper St. Clair River. A three dimensional hydrodynamic model would be needed to account for these effects.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20055081","collaboration":"In cooperation with the American Water Works Association Research Foundation","usgsCitation":"Holtschlag, D., and Koschik, J., 2005, Augmenting two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations with measured velocity data to identify flow paths as a function of depth on Upper St. Clair River in the Great Lakes basin: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5081, v, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055081.","productDescription":"v, 36 p.","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":186330,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20055081.JPG"},{"id":6551,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5081/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db6680d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holtschlag, D. J. 0000-0001-5185-4928","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-4928","contributorId":102493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holtschlag","given":"D. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koschik, J.A.","contributorId":101711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koschik","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70866,"text":"ofr20051157 - 2005 - Managing Fire in the Northern Chihuahuan Desert: A Review and Analysis of the Literature","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:45","indexId":"ofr20051157","displayToPublicDate":"2005-07-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-1157","title":"Managing Fire in the Northern Chihuahuan Desert: A Review and Analysis of the Literature","docAbstract":"Executive Summary\r\n\r\nThis report began as a literature review (Gebow and Halvorson 2001) conducted for fire planners at Carlsbad Caverns National Park who were seeking information about (1) the natural state of park vegetation, (2) northern Chihuahuan Desert natural fire regimes, and (3) fire effects on park plant species. It is the goal of managers there to continue to refine the wildland and prescribed fire program as they learn more about the ecosystems at the park.The park has a history of grazing and then fire suppression in the 20th century. The current effort revisits questions asked by earlier workers at the park, Walter Kittams and Gary Ahlstrand, who began fire studies in the 1970s. \r\n\r\nThis document addresses ecosystems and historical change to those systems in Chihuahuan Desert areas of southeast Arizona, southern New Mexico, west Texas, or in neighboring regions that share the same plant species. It examines fire literature for situations possibly analogous to those at Carlsbad Caverns. It also includes papers that offer advice on extrapolating future ecological trends from past ones (Swetnam et al. 1999) and on resource management decision-making (Grumbine 1997), and other pieces that address broader aspects of fire or landscape change (Goldman 1994; Marston 1996; Mutch 1994, 1995). These more philosophical works were included in the original review at the park's request and have been retained here because they discuss other issues relevant to fire management. \r\n\r\nIndividual reviews of 35 papers, as requested originally by Carlsbad Caverns, appear in Appendix 1. The results section-summary of key findings-discusses historical changes to plant communities then focuses on burn intervals observed or recommended by workers for particular plant communities. Results from a search of the USDA Forest Service's Fire Effects Information System (www.fs.fed.us/database/feis) are also included in this report, supplemented with information from a review conducted by Ahlstrand (1981b) that included much of his own work. This database contains comprehensive plant species accounts and fire effects data. Entries are available for a number of the dominant species at Carlsbad Caverns, though the information frequently applies to the plants in other parts of their ranges. \r\n\r\nThe literature presents highly variable fire effects and observed/recommended burn intervals for similar plant communities in the northern Chihuahuan Desert region. While local and longer-term fire-effects studies are still needed to guide resource managers, the variability seen in the literature itself translates into a fire management goal. Preserving the irregularity in time and space of fires would likely best replicate 'natural' fire regimes.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20051157","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service and the University of Arizona School of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Gebow, B.S., and Halvorson, W., 2005, Managing Fire in the Northern Chihuahuan Desert: A Review and Analysis of the Literature (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1157, v, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20051157.","productDescription":"v, 35 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":185747,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10232,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1157/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"5000000","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a917","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gebow, Brooke S.","contributorId":68404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gebow","given":"Brooke","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Halvorson, William L.","contributorId":97194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halvorson","given":"William L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70869,"text":"wdrIL041 - 2005 - Water resources data--Illinois, water year 2004 (includes historical data)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:48","indexId":"wdrIL041","displayToPublicDate":"2005-07-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"IL-04-1","title":"Water resources data--Illinois, water year 2004 (includes historical data)","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrIL041","usgsCitation":"Cutshaw, S., Mills, P., Hogan, J., and Fazio, D., 2005, Water resources data--Illinois, water year 2004 (includes historical data): U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report IL-04-1, CD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrIL041.","productDescription":"CD-ROM","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":6514,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2004/wdr-il-04/start.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":186339,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae2e4b07f02db688cf8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cutshaw, S.R.","contributorId":65539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cutshaw","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mills, P. C.","contributorId":69117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"P. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hogan, J.L.","contributorId":66349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hogan","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fazio, D.J.","contributorId":44238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fazio","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70864,"text":"ofr20051140 - 2005 - Influence of Riparian Tree Phenology on Lower Colorado River Spring-Migrating Birds: Implications of Flower Cueing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-25T13:53:52","indexId":"ofr20051140","displayToPublicDate":"2005-07-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-1140","title":"Influence of Riparian Tree Phenology on Lower Colorado River Spring-Migrating Birds: Implications of Flower Cueing","docAbstract":"Executive Summary\r\n\r\nNeotropical migrant birds make choices about which habitats are most likely to provide successful foraging locations during migration, but little is known about how these birds recognize and process environmental clues that indicate the presence of prey species. Aspects of tree phenology, notably flowering of trees along the lower Colorado River corridor, coincide with the migratory stopovers of leaf-gleaning insectivorous songbirds and may be an important indicator of arthropod prey species availability.\r\n\r\nShifting tree flowering and leaf flush during the spring migration period presents avian insectivores with an assortment of foraging opportunities. During two field seasons at Cibola National Wildlife Refuge in southwestern Arizona, we examined riparian tree species to test whether leaf-gleaning insectivorous birds are attracted to the flowering condition of trees in choosing foraging sites. We predicted that flowering trees would host more insect prey resources, would thus show increased visit rates, length of stays and attack ratios of migrant avian insectivores, and that those arthropods would be found in the stomach contents of the birds. Paired trees of honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa), displaying heavy and light degrees of flowering were observed to test these predictions. To test whether birds are tracking arthropods directly or are using flowers as a proximate cue, we removed flowers from selected trees and paired these treated trees with neighboring high flowering trees, which served as controls. Avian foraging behavior, avian diets, arthropods, and phenology data were collected at the same time to control for temporal differences in insect availability, plant phenology, and differences in stopover arrivals of birds.\r\n\r\nWe documented five patterns from this study: 1) Higher abundance and richness of arthropods were found on honey mesquite trees with greater numbers of flowers. 2) Arthropod abundance and richness increased as flowering level increased. 3) The subset of migrant avian insectivores selected for study disproportionately foraged among honey mesquite trees with significantly greater amounts of flower coverage than they did on trees with less than average flower coverage. 4) Paired field experiments demonstrated that migrant avian insectivores more often visited, stayed longer, and had higher attack rates on insect prey in honey mesquite trees with greater numbers of flowers. 5) Diet analyses of selected avian insectivores showed over half of their diet consisted of prey significantly associated with honey mesquite flowering. Combined, these results suggest that honey mesquite flowering condition is an important cue used by avian insectivores that enables birds to quickly find arthropod prey at stop-over locations, while in transit during spring migration.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20051140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Northern Arizona University, Department of Biological Sciences","usgsCitation":"McGrath, L.J., and van Riper, C., 2005, Influence of Riparian Tree Phenology on Lower Colorado River Spring-Migrating Birds: Implications of Flower Cueing (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1140, vi, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20051140.","productDescription":"vi, 35 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":10229,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1140/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":185773,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f1e4b07f02db5ee31f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGrath, Laura J.","contributorId":96353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGrath","given":"Laura","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"van Riper, Charles III 0000-0003-1084-5843 charles_van_riper@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1084-5843","contributorId":169488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Riper","given":"Charles","suffix":"III","email":"charles_van_riper@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":283154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70871,"text":"sir20055060 - 2005 - Evaluation of Measurements Collected with Multi-Parameter Continuous Water-Quality Monitors in Selected Illinois Streams, 2001-03","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:18","indexId":"sir20055060","displayToPublicDate":"2005-07-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5060","title":"Evaluation of Measurements Collected with Multi-Parameter Continuous Water-Quality Monitors in Selected Illinois Streams, 2001-03","docAbstract":"Eight streams, representing a wide range of environmental and water-quality conditions across Illinois, were monitored from July 2001 to October 2003 for five water-quality parameters as part of a pilot study by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (IEPA). Continuous recording multi-parameter water-quality monitors were installed to collect data on water temperature, dissolved-oxygen concentrations, specific conductivity, pH, and turbidity. The monitors were near USGS streamflow-gaging stations where stage and streamflow are continuously recorded. During the study period, the data collected for these five parameters generally met the data-quality objectives established by the USGS and IEPA at all eight stations. A similar pilot study during this period for measurement of chlorophyll concentrations failed to achieve the data-quality objectives. Of all the sensors used, the temperature sensors provided the most accurate and reliable measurements (generally within ?5 percent of a calibrated thermometer reading). Signal adjustments and calibration of all other sensors are dependent upon an accurate and precise temperature measurement. The dissolved-oxygen sensors were the next most reliable during the study and were responsive to changing conditions and accurate at all eight stations. Specific conductivity was the third most accurate and reliable measurement collected from the multi-parameter monitors. Specific conductivity at the eight stations varied widely-from less than 40 microsiemens (?S) at Rayse Creek near Waltonville to greater than 3,500 ?S at Salt Creek at Western Springs. In individual streams, specific conductivity often changed quickly (greater than 25 percent in less than 3 hours) and the sensors generally provided good to excellent record of these variations at all stations. The widest range of specific-conductivity measurements was in Salt Creek at Western Springs in the Greater Chicago metropolitan area. Unlike temperature, dissolved oxygen, and specific conductivity that have been typically measured over a wide range of historical streamflow conditions in many streams, there are few historical turbidity data and the full range of turbidity values is not well known for many streams. Because proposed regional criteria for turbidity in regional streams are based on upper 25th percentiles of concentration in reference streams, accurate determination of the distribution of turbidity in monitored streams is important.\r\n\r\nDigital data from all five sensors were recorded within each of the eight sondes deployed in the streams and in automated data recorders in the nearby streamflow-gaging houses at each station. The data recorded on each sonde were retrieved to a field laptop computer at each station visit. The feasibility of transmitting these data in near-real time to a central processing point for dissemination on the World-Wide Web was tested successfully.\r\n\r\nData collected at all eight stations indicate that a number of factors affect the dissolved-oxygen concentration in the streams and rivers monitored. These factors include: temperature, biological activity, nutrient runoff, and weather (storm runoff). During brief periods usually in late summer, dissolved-oxygen concentrations in half or more of the eight streams and rivers monitored were below the 5 milligrams per liter minimum established by the Illinois Pollution Control Board to protect aquatic life. Because the streams monitored represent a wide range in water-quality and environmental conditions, including diffuse (non-point) runoff and wastewater-effluent contributions, this result indicates that deleterious low dissolved-oxygen concentrations during late summer may be widespread in Illinois streams.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20055060","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Groschen, G.E., and King, R.B., 2005, Evaluation of Measurements Collected with Multi-Parameter Continuous Water-Quality Monitors in Selected Illinois Streams, 2001-03: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5060, vi, 58 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055060.","productDescription":"vi, 58 p.","temporalStart":"2001-01-01","temporalEnd":"2003-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193130,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9841,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://il.water.usgs.gov/pubsearch/reports.cgi/view?series=SIR&number=2005-5060&return_url=%2Fpubsearch%2Freports.cgi%2Fseries%3Fseries%3DSIR%3Bsortby%3Ddate","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":9842,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://il.water.usgs.gov/pubs/sir2005-5060.pdf","size":"3093","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -93,36 ], [ -93,44 ], [ -85,44 ], [ -85,36 ], [ -93,36 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fb00a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Groschen, George E.","contributorId":99132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Groschen","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, Robin B.","contributorId":34506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Robin","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70858,"text":"sir20045294 - 2005 - Hydrogeology of the Mogollon Highlands, central Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:49","indexId":"sir20045294","displayToPublicDate":"2005-07-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5294","title":"Hydrogeology of the Mogollon Highlands, central Arizona","docAbstract":"The Mogollon Highlands, 4,855 square miles of rugged, mountainous terrain at the southern edge of the Colorado Plateau in central Arizona, is characterized by a bedrock-dominated hydrologic system that results in an incompletely integrated regional ground-water system, flashy streamflow, and various local water-bearing zones that are sensitive to drought. Increased demand on the water resources of the area as a result of recreational activities and population growth have made necessary an increased understanding of the hydrogeology of the region. The U.S. Geological Survey conducted a study of the geology and hydrology of the region in cooperation with the Arizona Department of Water Resources under the auspices of the Arizona Rural Watershed Initiative, a program launched in 1998 to assist rural areas in dealing with water-resources issues. The study involved the analysis of geologic maps, surface-water and ground-water flow, and water and rock chemical data and spatial relationships to characterize the hydrogeologic framework.\r\n\r\nThe study area includes the southwestern corner of the Colorado Plateau and the Mogollon Rim, which is the eroded edge of the plateau. A 3,000- to 4,000-foot sequence of early to late Paleozoic sedimentary rocks forms the generally south-facing scarp of the Mogollon Rim. The area adjacent to the edge of the Mogollon Rim is an erosional landscape of rolling, step-like terrain exposing Proterozoic metamorphic and granitic rocks. Farther south, the Sierra Ancha and Mazatzal Mountain ranges, which are composed of various Proterozoic rocks, flank an alluvial basin filled with late Cenozoic sediments and volcanic flows. Eight streams with perennial to intermittent to ephemeral flow drain upland regions of the Mogollon Rim and flow into the Salt River on the southern boundary or the Verde River on the western boundary. Ground-water flow paths generally are controlled by large-scale fracture systems or by karst features in carbonate rocks. Stream channels are also largely controlled by structural features, such as regional joint or fault systems. Precipitation, which shows considerable variability in amount and intensity, recharges the ground-water system along the crest of the Mogollon Rim and to a lesser extent along the crests and flanks of the rim and the Mazatzal Mountains and Sierra Ancha. Flashy runoff in the mainly bedrock stream channels is typical. Springs are distributed throughout the region, typically discharging at or above the contact of variably permeable formations along the face of the Mogollon Rim with a scattering of low-discharge springs in the Proterozoic rocks below the rim. \r\n\r\nThe surface of the Colorado Plateau is the primary recharge area for the C aquifer in which ground-water flows north toward the Little Colorado River and south toward the Mogollon Highlands. Within the study area, flow from the C aquifer primarily discharges from large, stable springs in the upper East Verde River, Tonto Creek, and Canyon Creek Basins along the top of the Mogollon Rim and to the west as base flow in West Clear Creek. On the basis of chemical evidence and the distribution and flow characteristics of springs and perennial streams, the C aquifer is also the source of water for the limestone aquifer that discharges from carbonate rocks near the base of the Mogollon Rim. Vertical flow from the C aquifer, the base of which is in the Schnebly Hill Formation, recharges the limestone aquifer that discharges mainly at Fossil Springs in the western part of the study area and as base flow in Cibecue Creek on the eastern edge of the study area.\r\n\r\nLocal, generally shallow aquifers of variable productivity occur in plateau and mesa-capping basalts in the sedimentary rocks of the Schnebly Hill and Supai Formations, in fractured zones of the Proterozoic Payson granite, and in the alluvium of the lower Tonto Creek Basin. Where time series data exist, such water-bearing zones are shown to be sensitive to short-","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045294","usgsCitation":"Parker, J.T., Steinkampf, W.C., and Flynn, M., 2005, Hydrogeology of the Mogollon Highlands, central Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5294, 87 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045294.","productDescription":"87 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":6609,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5294/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":186190,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ee4b07f02db61502e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parker, John T.C.","contributorId":18766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parker","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"T.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steinkampf, William C.","contributorId":11256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steinkampf","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Flynn, Marilyn E. meflynn@usgs.gov","contributorId":1039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flynn","given":"Marilyn E.","email":"meflynn@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":283147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70852,"text":"sir20045163 - 2005 - Hydrologic characteristics of the Agua Fria National Monument, central Arizona, determined from the reconnaissance study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:33","indexId":"sir20045163","displayToPublicDate":"2005-07-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5163","title":"Hydrologic characteristics of the Agua Fria National Monument, central Arizona, determined from the reconnaissance study","docAbstract":"Hydrologic conditions in the newly created Agua Fria National Monument were characterized on the basis of existing hydrologic and geologic information, and streamflow data collected in May 2002. The study results are intended to support the Bureau of Land Management's future water-resource management responsibilities, including quantification of a Federal reserved water right within the monument. This report presents the study results, identifies data deficiencies, and describes specific approaches for consideration in future studies.\r\n\r\n\r\nWithin the Agua Fria National Monument, the Agua Fria River flows generally from north to south, traversing almost the entire 23-mile length of the monument. Streamflow has been measured continuously at a site near the northern boundary of the monument since 1940. Streamflow statistics for this site, and streamflow measurements from other sites along the Agua Fria River, indicate that the river is perennial in the northern part of the monument but generally is intermittent in downstream reaches. The principal controls on streamflow along the river within the monument appear to be geology, the occurrence and distribution of alluvium, inflow at the northern boundary and from tributary canyons, precipitation, and evapotranspiration. At present, (2004) there is no consistent surface-water quality monitoring program being implemented for the monument.\r\n\r\n\r\nGround-water recharge within the monument likely results from surface-water losses and direct infiltration of precipitation. Wells are most numerous in the Cordes Junction and Black Canyon City areas. Only eight wells are within the monument. Ground-water quality data for wells in the monument area consist of specific-conductance values and fluoride concentrations. During the study, ground-water quality data were available for only one well within the monument. No ground-water monitoring program is currently in place for the monument or surrounding areas.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045163","usgsCitation":"Fleming, J.B., 2005, Hydrologic characteristics of the Agua Fria National Monument, central Arizona, determined from the reconnaissance study: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5163, 66 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045163.","productDescription":"66 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":6485,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir20045163/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":188158,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683688","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fleming, John B.","contributorId":33788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleming","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70850,"text":"sir20055088 - 2005 - Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water quality investigation. 5. Well installation, water-level data, and surface- and ground-water geochemistry in the Straight Creek drainage basin, Red River Valley, New Mexico, 2001-03","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-07T21:44:24.20616","indexId":"sir20055088","displayToPublicDate":"2005-07-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5088","title":"Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water quality investigation. 5. Well installation, water-level data, and surface- and ground-water geochemistry in the Straight Creek drainage basin, Red River Valley, New Mexico, 2001-03","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the New Mexico Environment Department, is investigating the pre-mining ground-water chemistry at the Molycorp molybdenum mine in the Red River Valley, northern New Mexico. The primary approach is to determine the processes controlling ground-water chemistry at an unmined, off-site, proximal analog. The Straight Creek drainage basin, chosen for this purpose, consists of the same quartz-sericite-pyrite altered andesitic and rhyolitic volcanic rock of Tertiary age as the mine site. The weathered and rugged volcanic bedrock surface is overlain by heterogeneous debris-flow deposits that interfinger with alluvial deposits near the confluence of Straight Creek and the Red River. Pyritized rock in the upper part of the drainage basin is the source of acid rock drainage (pH 2.8-3.3) that infiltrates debris-flow deposits containing acidic ground water (pH 3.0-4.0) and bedrock containing water of circumneutral pH values (5.6-7.7). Eleven observation wells were installed in the Straight Creek drainage basin. The wells were completed in debris-flow deposits, bedrock, and interfingering debris-flow and Red River alluvial deposits. Chemical analyses of ground water from these wells, combined with chemical analyses of surface water, water-level data, and lithologic and geophysical logs, provided information used to develop an understanding of the processes contributing to the chemistry of ground water in the Straight Creek drainage basin. Surface- and ground-water samples were routinely collected for determination of total major cations and selected trace metals; dissolved major cations, selected trace metals, and rare-earth elements; anions and alkalinity; and dissolved-iron species. Rare-earth elements were determined on selected samples only. Samples were collected for determination of dissolved organic carbon, mercury, sulfur isotopic composition (34S and 18O of sulfate), and water isotopic composition (2H and 18O) during selected samplings. One set of ground-water samples was collected for helium-3/tritium and chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) age dating. Several lines of evidence indicate that surface water is the primary input to the Straight Creek ground-water system. Straight Creek streamflow and water levels in wells closest to the apex of the Straight Creek debris fan and closest to Straight Creek itself appear to respond to the same seasonal inputs. Oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions in Straight Creek surface water and ground water are similar, and concentrations of most dissolved constituents in most Straight Creek surface-water and shallow (debris-flow and alluvial) aquifer ground-water samples correlate strongly with sulfate (concentrations decrease linearly with sulfate in a downgradient direction). After infiltration of surface water, dilution along the flow path is the dominant mechanism controlling ground-water chemistry. However, concentrations of some constituents can be higher in ground water than can be accounted for by concentrations in Straight Creek surface water, and additional sources of these constituents must therefore be inferred. Constituents for which concentrations in ground water can be high relative to surface water include calcium, magnesium, strontium, silica, sodium, and potassium in ground water from debris-flow and alluvial aquifers and manganese, calcium, magnesium, strontium, sodium, and potassium in ground water from the bedrock aquifer. All ground water is a calcium sulfate type, often at or near gypsum saturation because of abundant gypsum in the aquifer material developed from co-existing calcite and pyrite mineralization. Calcite dissolution, the major buffering mechanism for bedrock aquifer ground water, also contributes to relatively higher calcium concentrations in some ground water. The main source of the second most abundant cation, magnesium, is probably dissolution of magnesium-rich carbonates or silicates.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20055088","usgsCitation":"Naus, C.A., McCleskey, R.B., Nordstrom, D.K., Donohoe, L.C., Hunt, A.G., Paillet, F.L., Morin, R.H., and Verplanck, P.L., 2005, Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water quality investigation. 5. Well installation, water-level data, and surface- and ground-water geochemistry in the Straight Creek drainage basin, Red River Valley, New Mexico, 2001-03: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5088, 228 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055088.","productDescription":"228 p.","temporalStart":"2001-01-01","temporalEnd":"2003-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":188077,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6483,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir20055088/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":395574,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_72161.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Red River Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.4292,\n 36.695\n ],\n [\n -105.4606,\n 36.695\n ],\n [\n -105.4606,\n 36.7311\n ],\n [\n -105.4292,\n 36.7311\n ],\n [\n -105.4292,\n 36.695\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a0e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Naus, Cheryl A.","contributorId":82749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naus","given":"Cheryl","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCleskey, R. Blaine 0000-0002-2521-8052 rbmccles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2521-8052","contributorId":147399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCleskey","given":"R.","email":"rbmccles@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Blaine","affiliations":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":283127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":283132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Donohoe, Lisa C.","contributorId":69638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donohoe","given":"Lisa","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hunt, Andrew G. 0000-0002-3810-8610 ahunt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3810-8610","contributorId":1582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"Andrew","email":"ahunt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":283126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Paillet, Frederick L.","contributorId":38191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Morin, Roger H. rhmorin@usgs.gov","contributorId":2432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morin","given":"Roger","email":"rhmorin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":283128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Verplanck, Philip L. 0000-0002-3653-6419 plv@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3653-6419","contributorId":728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verplanck","given":"Philip","email":"plv@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":283125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70854,"text":"sir20045280 - 2005 - Hydrogeologic framework, ground-water quality, and simulation of ground-water flow at the Fair Lawn Well Field Superfund site, Bergen County, New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:48","indexId":"sir20045280","displayToPublicDate":"2005-07-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5280","title":"Hydrogeologic framework, ground-water quality, and simulation of ground-water flow at the Fair Lawn Well Field Superfund site, Bergen County, New Jersey","docAbstract":"Production wells in the Westmoreland well field, Fair Lawn, Bergen County, New Jersey (the 'Fair Lawn well field Superfund site'), are contaminated with volatile organic compounds, particularly trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane. In 1983, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) placed the Westmoreland well field on its National Priority List of Superfund sites. In an effort to determine ground-water flow directions, contaminant-plume boundaries, and contributing areas to production wells in Fair Lawn, and to evaluate the effect of present pump-and-treat systems on flowpaths of contaminated ground water, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the USEPA, developed a conceptual hydrogeologic framework and ground-water flow model of the study area. MODFLOW-2000, the USGS three-dimensional finite-difference model, was used to delineate contributing areas to production wells in Fair Lawn and to compute flowpaths of contaminated ground water from three potential contaminant sources to the Westmoreland well field. Straddle-packer tests were used to determine the hydrologic framework of, distribution of contaminants in, and hydrologic properties of water-bearing and confining units that make up the fractured-rock aquifer underlying the study area.\r\n\r\nThe study area consists of about 15 square miles in and near Fair Lawn. The area is underlain by 6 to 100 feet of glacial deposits and alluvium that, in turn, are underlain by the Passaic Formation. In the study area, the Passaic Formation consists of brownish-red pebble conglomerate, medium- to coarse-grained feldspathic sandstone, and micaceous siltstone. The bedrock strata strike N. 9o E. and dip 6.5o to the northwest. The bedrock consists of alternating layers of densely fractured rocks and sparsely fractured rocks, forming a fractured-rock aquifer.\r\n\r\nGround-water flow in the fractured-rock aquifer is anisotropic as a result of the interlayering of dipping water-bearing and confining units. Wells of similar depth aligned along the strike of the bedding intersect the same water-bearing units, but wells aligned along the dip of the bedding may intersect different water-bearing units. Consequently, wells aligned along strike are in greater hydraulic connection than wells aligned along dip.\r\n\r\nThe Borough of Fair Lawn pumps approximately 770 million gallons per year from 13 production wells. Hydrographs from six observation wells ranging in depth from 162 to 505 feet in Fair Lawn show that water levels in much of the study area are affected by pumping. \r\n\r\nStraddle packers were used to isolate discrete intervals within six open-hole observation wells owned by the Fair Lawn Water Department. Transmissivity, water-quality, and static-water-level data were obtained from the isolated intervals. Measured transmissivity ranged from near 0 to 8,900 feet squared per day. The broad range in measured transmissivity is a result of the heterogeneity of the fractured-rock aquifer. \r\n\r\nEight water-bearing units and eight confining units were identified in the study area on the basis of transmissivity. The water-bearing units range in thickness from 21 to 95 feet; the mean thickness is 50 feet. The confining units range in thickness from 22 to 248 feet; the mean thickness is 83 feet. Water-level and water-quality data indicate effective separation of water-bearing units by the confining units. \r\n\r\nWater-quality samples were collected from the six observation wells at 16 depth intervals isolated by the straddle packers in 2000 and 2001. Concentrations of volatile organic compounds generally were low in samples from four of the wells, but were higher in samples from a well in Fair Lawn Industrial Park and in a well in the Westmoreland well field. \r\n\r\nThe digital ground-water flow model was used to simulate steady-state scenarios representing conditions in the study area in 1991 and 2000. These years were chosen because during the intervening period, ","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045280","usgsCitation":"Lewis-Brown, J.C., Rice, D.E., Rosman, R., and Smith, N.P., 2005, Hydrogeologic framework, ground-water quality, and simulation of ground-water flow at the Fair Lawn Well Field Superfund site, Bergen County, New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5280, 121 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045280.","productDescription":"121 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":6508,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5280/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":185595,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db6279a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lewis-Brown, Jean C.","contributorId":46991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis-Brown","given":"Jean","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rice, Donald E.","contributorId":70440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rosman, Robert 0000-0001-5042-1872 rrosman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5042-1872","contributorId":2846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosman","given":"Robert","email":"rrosman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":283137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, Nicholas P. nsmith@usgs.gov","contributorId":4303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Nicholas","email":"nsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":283138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70856,"text":"wdrWA041 - 2005 - Water resources data - Washington water year 2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:48","indexId":"wdrWA041","displayToPublicDate":"2005-07-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"WA-04-1","title":"Water resources data - Washington water year 2004","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrWA041","usgsCitation":"Kimbrough, R.A., Ruppert, G., Wiggins, W., and Smith, R.R., 2005, Water resources data - Washington water year 2004: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report WA-04-1, 804 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrWA041.","productDescription":"804 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":185597,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6510,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2004/wdr-wa-04-1/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a04e4b07f02db5f8538","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kimbrough, R. A.","contributorId":21150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kimbrough","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ruppert, G.P.","contributorId":67111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruppert","given":"G.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wiggins, W.D.","contributorId":41882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiggins","given":"W.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, R. R.","contributorId":31699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}