{"pageNumber":"969","pageRowStart":"24200","pageSize":"25","recordCount":46896,"records":[{"id":70029296,"text":"70029296 - 2005 - Survival of Western Sandpiper broods on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-19T09:51:23","indexId":"70029296","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Survival of Western Sandpiper broods on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>The rate of chick growth in high-latitude breeding shorebirds is rapid, but little is known about the effect of chick mass, growth, and brood movements on subsequent brood survival. To address these topics, we monitored chick growth patterns, daily brood movements, and survival of Western Sandpipers (<i>Calidris mauri</i>) on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska. We assessed the effect of chick age, mass, and hatch date on brood survival using Program MARK. We mapped brood locations daily, and compared brood movement patterns between successful and unsuccessful broods. Younger chicks survived at lower rates and moved shorter distances than older chicks. The overall probability of one or more chicks from a brood surviving to 15 days of age was 0.73 ± 0.05 SE. Brood survival declined seasonally, and broods with heavier chicks survived at higher rates than those with lighter chicks. On average, successful broods fledged 1.7 ± 0.1 SE chicks. Rate of chick growth was intermediate between those of high arctic and temperate-breeding shorebirds, and chick mass at hatching declined seasonally. Western Sandpiper brood survival was lowest when chicks were young, spatially clumped, and unable to maintain homeothermy, probably because young chicks were more vulnerable to both complete depredation events and extreme weather. Our data suggest that larger, older chicks are able to avoid predators by being spatially dispersed and highly mobile; thermal independence, achieved after approximately day five, enables chicks to better endure prolonged periods of cold and low food availability.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Cooper Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1650/0010-5422(2005)107[0597:SOWSBO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Ruthrauff, D.R., and McCaffery, B.J., 2005, Survival of Western Sandpiper broods on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska: Condor, v. 107, no. 3, p. 597-604, https://doi.org/10.1650/0010-5422(2005)107[0597:SOWSBO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"597","endPage":"604","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477841,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1650/0010-5422(2005)107[0597:sowsbo]2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":237407,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"107","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba2c3e4b08c986b31f942","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruthrauff, Daniel R. 0000-0003-1355-9156 druthrauff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1355-9156","contributorId":4181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruthrauff","given":"Daniel","email":"druthrauff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":422129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCaffery, Brian J.","contributorId":37617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCaffery","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70029019,"text":"70029019 - 2005 - Field occurrences of liquefaction-induced features: A primer for engineering geologic analysis of paleoseismic shaking","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:00","indexId":"70029019","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1517,"text":"Engineering Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Field occurrences of liquefaction-induced features: A primer for engineering geologic analysis of paleoseismic shaking","docAbstract":"Discussed in this paper are the factors that control the typical manifestations of liquefaction that are found in continental field settings. The factors are given mainly in terms of the local geologic field situation and the geotechnical properties there. A meaningful interpretation of liquefaction-based data for quantitative analysis of paleoseismic shaking requires understanding of both geologic and geotechnical roles in the mode of ground failure at a specific site. Recommendations are made for the size of the field area that must be searched for liquefaction effects, in order to develop adequate data for engineering geologic/geotechnical analyses of paleoseismicity. The areal extent must be based on an appreciation that the tectonic situation can cause seismically induced liquefaction effects to form in some locales, but not in others nearby, even for a strong earthquake in the region. Our guidelines for the conduct of the field search and preliminary analysis of the data relate to three issues for which liquefaction features are especially useful in answering: Has there been strong Holocene/latest Pleistocene shaking in the region? Where was the tectonic source? And what was the strength of shaking? Understanding of the various factors that control the manifestations of liquefaction effects, which we present in this paper, is essential for developing credible answers to these questions. ?? 2004 Elsvier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Engineering Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2004.07.009","issn":"00137952","usgsCitation":"Obermeier, S., Olson, S., and Green, R., 2005, Field occurrences of liquefaction-induced features: A primer for engineering geologic analysis of paleoseismic shaking: Engineering Geology, v. 76, no. 3-4, p. 209-234, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2004.07.009.","startPage":"209","endPage":"234","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209622,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2004.07.009"},{"id":236281,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"76","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0fcde4b0c8380cd53a14","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Obermeier, S. F.","contributorId":17602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Obermeier","given":"S. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olson, S.M.","contributorId":59225,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Green, R.A.","contributorId":52378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70029206,"text":"70029206 - 2005 - Topographic, bioclimatic, and vegetation characteristics of three ecoregion classification systems in North America: Comparisons along continent-wide transects","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:54","indexId":"70029206","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Topographic, bioclimatic, and vegetation characteristics of three ecoregion classification systems in North America: Comparisons along continent-wide transects","docAbstract":"Ecoregion classification systems are increasingly used for policy and management decisions, particularly among conservation and natural resource managers. A number of ecoregion classification systems are currently available, with each system defining ecoregions using different classification methods and different types of data. As a result, each classification system describes a unique set of ecoregions. To help potential users choose the most appropriate ecoregion system for their particular application, we used three latitudinal transects across North America to compare the boundaries and environmental characteristics of three ecoregion classification systems [Ku??chler, World Wildlife Fund (WWF), and Bailey]. A variety of variables were used to evaluate the three systems, including woody plant species richness, normalized difference in vegetation index (NDVI), and bioclimatic variables (e.g., mean temperature of the coldest month) along each transect. Our results are dominated by geographic patterns in temperature, which are generally aligned north-south, and in moisture, which are generally aligned east-west. In the west, the dramatic changes in physiography, climate, and vegetation impose stronger controls on ecoregion boundaries than in the east. The Ku??chler system has the greatest number of ecoregions on all three transects, but does not necessarily have the highest degree of internal consistency within its ecoregions with regard to the bioclimatic and species richness data. In general, the WWF system appears to track climatic and floristic variables the best of the three systems, but not in all regions on all transects. ?? 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00267-003-7200-3","issn":"0364152X","usgsCitation":"Thompson, R., Shafer, S., Anderson, K.H., Strickland, L., Pelltier, R., Bartlein, P., and Kerwin, M., 2005, Topographic, bioclimatic, and vegetation characteristics of three ecoregion classification systems in North America: Comparisons along continent-wide transects: Environmental Management, v. 34, no. 1 SUPPL., https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-003-7200-3.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210694,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-003-7200-3"},{"id":237692,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"1 SUPPL.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-01-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb4dee4b08c986b3265c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, R.S.","contributorId":106516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shafer, S.L.","contributorId":26789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shafer","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, K. H.","contributorId":81527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Strickland, L.E.","contributorId":25350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strickland","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pelltier, R.T.","contributorId":83329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pelltier","given":"R.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bartlein, P. J.","contributorId":54566,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bartlein","given":"P. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kerwin, M.W.","contributorId":98929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kerwin","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70029168,"text":"70029168 - 2005 - Relation of baseflow to row crop intensity in Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:54","indexId":"70029168","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":682,"text":"Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relation of baseflow to row crop intensity in Iowa","docAbstract":"Increasing baseflow and baseflow percentage over the second half of the 20th century in Iowa has contributed to increasing nitrate-nitrogen concentrations measured in Iowa rivers because nitrate is primarily delivered to streams as baseflow and tile drainage. The relation of baseflow and baseflow percentage to row crop land use was evaluated for 11 Iowa rivers and their watersheds for their period of streamflow record (58-73 years period). Results indicated increasing baseflow in Iowa's rivers is significantly related to increasing row crop intensity. A 13-52% increase in row crop percentage in many Iowa watersheds has contributed to an increase of 33-135 mm increase in baseflow and 7-31% increase in baseflow percentage. Limited historical water quality data from two larger Iowa rivers (Cedar and Raccoon rivers) suggest that increasing row crop land use over the 20th century has produced more baseflow and contributed to increasing nitrate concentrations in Iowa's rivers. ?? 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.agee.2004.02.008","issn":"01678809","usgsCitation":"Schilling, K.E., 2005, Relation of baseflow to row crop intensity in Iowa: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, v. 105, no. 1-2, p. 433-438, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2004.02.008.","startPage":"433","endPage":"438","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210662,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2004.02.008"},{"id":237655,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"105","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a676e4b0e8fec6cdc1a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schilling, K. E.","contributorId":61982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schilling","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70029178,"text":"70029178 - 2005 - Life history trade-offs and community dynamics of small fishes in a seasonally pulsed wetland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:48","indexId":"70029178","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Life history trade-offs and community dynamics of small fishes in a seasonally pulsed wetland","docAbstract":"We used a one-dimensional, spatially explicit model to simulate the community of small fishes in the freshwater wetlands of southern Florida, USA. The seasonality of rainfall in these wetlands causes annual fluctuations in the amount of flooded area. We modeled fish populations that differed from each other only in efficiency of resource utilization and dispersal ability. The simulations showed that these trade-offs, along with the spatial and temporal variability of the environment, allow coexistence of several species competing exploitatively for a common resource type. This mechanism, while sharing some characteristics with other mechanisms proposed for coexistence of competing species, is novel in detail. Simulated fish densities resembled patterns observed in Everglades empirical data. Cells with hydroperiods less than 6 months accumulated negligible fish biomass. One unique model result was that, when multiple species coexisted, it was possible for one of the coexisting species to have both lower local resource utilization efficiency and lower dispersal ability than one of the other species. This counterintuitive result is a consequence of stronger effects of other competitors on the superior species. ?? 2005 NRC.","largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","language":"English","doi":"10.1139/f05-050","issn":"0706652X","usgsCitation":"DeAngelis, D., Trexler, J., and Loftus, W., 2005, Life history trade-offs and community dynamics of small fishes in a seasonally pulsed wetland, <i>in</i> Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 62, no. 4, p. 781-790, https://doi.org/10.1139/f05-050.","startPage":"781","endPage":"790","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210805,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f05-050"},{"id":237832,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4765e4b0c8380cd67851","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeAngelis, D.L. 0000-0002-1570-4057","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1570-4057","contributorId":32470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeAngelis","given":"D.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trexler, J.C.","contributorId":23108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trexler","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Loftus, W.F.","contributorId":29363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loftus","given":"W.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70029101,"text":"70029101 - 2005 - New data for Late Pleistocene Pinedale alpine glaciation from southwestern Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:48","indexId":"70029101","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New data for Late Pleistocene Pinedale alpine glaciation from southwestern Colorado","docAbstract":"New cosmogenic surface-exposure ages of moraine-crest boulders from southwestern Colorado are compared with published surface-exposure ages of boulders from moraine complexes in north-central Colorado and in west-central (Fremont Lake basin) Wyoming. 10Be data sets from the three areas were scaled to a single 10Be production rate of 5.4 at/g/yr at sea level and high latitude (SLHL), which represents the average 10Be production rate for two high-altitude, mid-latitude sites in the western United States (US) and Austria. Multiple nuclide ages on single boulders indicate that this 10Be production rate yields ages comparable to those calculated with a commonly used 36Cl production scheme. The average age and age range of moraine-crest boulders on terminal moraines at the southwestern Colorado and Wyoming sites are similar, indicating a retreat from their positions ???16.8 36Cl ka (Cosmogenic ages in this paper are labeled 10Be or 36Cl ka or just ka when both 10Be or 36Cl ages are being discussed; radiocarbon ages are labeled 14C ka, calibrated radiocarbon are labeled cal ka, and calendar ages are labeled calendar ka. Errors (??1??) associated with ages are shown in tables. Radiocarbon ages were calibrated using the data of Hughen et al. (Science 303 (2004) 202). This suggests a near-synchronous retreat of Pinedale glaciers across a 470-km latitudinal range in the Middle and Southern Rocky Mountains. Hypothetical corrections for snow shielding and rock-surface erosion shifts the time of retreat to between 17.2 and 17.5 10Be ka at Pinedale, Wyoming, and between 16.3 and 17.3 36Cl ka at Hogback Mountain, Colorado. ?? 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Science Reviews","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.07.018","issn":"02773791","usgsCitation":"Benson, L., Madole, R., Landis, G., and Gosse, J., 2005, New data for Late Pleistocene Pinedale alpine glaciation from southwestern Colorado: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 24, no. 1-2, p. 49-65, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.07.018.","startPage":"49","endPage":"65","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210740,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.07.018"},{"id":237757,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6568e4b0c8380cd72baf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Benson, L.","contributorId":56793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Madole, R. 0000-0002-9081-570X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9081-570X","contributorId":93692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madole","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Landis, G.","contributorId":107235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landis","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gosse, J.","contributorId":32332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gosse","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70029183,"text":"70029183 - 2005 - Probabilistic liquefaction triggering based on the cone penetration test","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:48","indexId":"70029183","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Probabilistic liquefaction triggering based on the cone penetration test","docAbstract":"Performance-based earthquake engineering requires a probabilistic treatment of potential failure modes in order to accurately quantify the overall stability of the system. This paper is a summary of the application portions of the probabilistic liquefaction triggering correlations proposed recently proposed by Moss and co-workers. To enable probabilistic treatment of liquefaction triggering, the variables comprising the seismic load and the liquefaction resistance were treated as inherently uncertain. Supporting data from an extensive Cone Penetration Test (CPT)-based liquefaction case history database were used to develop a probabilistic correlation. The methods used to measure the uncertainty of the load and resistance variables, how the interactions of these variables were treated using Bayesian updating, and how reliability analysis was applied to produce curves of equal probability of liquefaction are presented. The normalization for effective overburden stress, the magnitude correlated duration weighting factor, and the non-linear shear mass participation factor used are also discussed.","largerWorkTitle":"Geotechnical Special Publication","conferenceTitle":"Geo-Frontiers 2005","conferenceDate":"24 January 2005 through 26 January 2005","conferenceLocation":"Austin, TX","language":"English","issn":"08950563","usgsCitation":"Moss, R., Seed, R., Kayen, R.E., Stewart, J., and Tokimatsu, K., 2005, Probabilistic liquefaction triggering based on the cone penetration test, <i>in</i> Geotechnical Special Publication, no. 130-142, Austin, TX, 24 January 2005 through 26 January 2005, p. 1227-1239.","startPage":"1227","endPage":"1239","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":237905,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"130-142","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8c91e4b0c8380cd7e772","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moss, R.E.S.","contributorId":71362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moss","given":"R.E.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Seed, R.B.","contributorId":34691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seed","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kayen, R. E.","contributorId":14424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kayen","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stewart, J.P.","contributorId":33514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tokimatsu, K.","contributorId":85756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tokimatsu","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70027661,"text":"70027661 - 2005 - Repeated surveys by acoustic Doppler current profiler for flow and sediment dynamics in a tidal river","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-13T16:30:05","indexId":"70027661","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Repeated surveys by acoustic Doppler current profiler for flow and sediment dynamics in a tidal river","docAbstract":"A strategy of repeated surveys by acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) was applied in a tidal river to map velocity vectors and suspended-sediment indicators. The Sacramento River at the junction with the Delta Cross Channel at Walnut Grove, California, was surveyed over several tidal cycles in the Fall of 2000 and 2001 with a vessel-mounted ADCP. Velocity profiles were recorded along flow-defining survey paths, with surveys repeated every 27 min through a diurnal tidal cycle. Velocity vectors along each survey path were interpolated to a three-dimensional Cartesian grid that conformed to local bathymetry. A separate array of vectors was interpolated onto a grid from each survey. By displaying interpolated vector grids sequentially with computer animation, flow dynamics of the reach could be studied in three-dimensions as flow responded to the tidal cycle. Velocity streamtraces in the grid showed the upwelling of flow from the bottom of the Sacramento River channel into the Delta Cross Channel. The sequential display of vector grids showed that water in the canal briefly returned into the Sacramento River after peak flood tides, which had not been known previously. In addition to velocity vectors, ADCP data were processed to derive channel bathymetry and a spatial indicator for suspended-sediment concentration. Individual beam distances to bed, recorded by the ADCP, were transformed to yield bathymetry accurate enough to resolve small bedforms within the study reach. While recording velocity, ADCPs also record the intensity of acoustic backscatter from particles suspended in the flow. Sequential surveys of backscatter intensity were interpolated to grids and animated to indicate the spatial movement of suspended sediment through the study reach. Calculation of backscatter flux through cross-sectional grids provided a first step for computation of suspended-sediment discharge, the second step being a calibrated relation between backscatter intensity and sediment concentration. Spatial analyses of ADCP data showed that a strategy of repeated surveys and flow-field interpolation has the potential to simplify computation of flow and sediment discharge through complex waterways. The use of trade, product, industry, or firm names in this report is for descriptive purposes only and does not constitute endorsement of products by the US Government. ?? 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.03.019","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Dinehart, R., and Burau, J., 2005, Repeated surveys by acoustic Doppler current profiler for flow and sediment dynamics in a tidal river: Journal of Hydrology, v. 314, no. 1-4, p. 1-21, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.03.019.","startPage":"1","endPage":"21","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":238275,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211092,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.03.019"}],"volume":"314","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa74be4b0c8380cd8532f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dinehart, R.L.","contributorId":54610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dinehart","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burau, J.R. 0000-0002-5196-5035","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5196-5035","contributorId":7307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burau","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70027379,"text":"70027379 - 2005 - Technology and the study of wildfire: Middle school students study the impacts of wildfire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:19","indexId":"70027379","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2712,"text":"Meridian","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Technology and the study of wildfire: Middle school students study the impacts of wildfire","docAbstract":"Various technologies that can assist students in exploring the human and environmental impacts of wildfire and in communicating their findings are discussed. Wildfires occur in many parts of the world, and provide an excellent opportunity for students to study local and global interdisciplinary issues using technology. Prior to the beginning of the field study, students take instructions in both their math and science classes about the distinction and appropriate uses of quantitative and qualitative data. Use of computer programs such as Excel spreadsheets which can contain data, and interaction of research and technology group with students, can help them collect best of the information and in making an accurate report.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Meridian","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"10979778","usgsCitation":"Fox-Gliessman, D., and Kerski, J., 2005, Technology and the study of wildfire: Middle school students study the impacts of wildfire: Meridian, v. 8, no. 1.","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":238480,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba440e4b08c986b3201e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fox-Gliessman, D.","contributorId":53159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fox-Gliessman","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kerski, J.J.","contributorId":41212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kerski","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1016382,"text":"1016382 - 2005 - Tree species and size structure of old-growth Douglas-fir forests in central western Oregon, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-23T19:28:26.321566","indexId":"1016382","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1687,"text":"Forest Ecology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tree species and size structure of old-growth Douglas-fir forests in central western Oregon, USA","docAbstract":"<p><span>We characterized the structure of 91 old-growth forests dominated by Douglas-fir (</span><i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i><span>&nbsp;(Mirb.) Franco), using inventory data from recent (1985–1991) old-growth timber sales in western Oregon. The data were complete counts (i.e., censuses) of all live trees &gt;20</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>cm diameter at breast height (dbh, measured at 1.4</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>m above the ground) over a mean area of 17.1</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>ha at each site. Across all sites, Douglas-fir accounted for 79% of the total basal area (m</span><sup>2</sup><span>/ha) of all species. The average density of trees &gt;100</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>cm dbh was 19</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>trees/ha and 90% of these trees were Douglas-fir. Species other than Douglas-fir constituted only about 20% of the total basal area at each old-growth site, on average, but largely accounted for the structural variation between sites. We used multivariate techniques such as cluster analysis, indicator species analysis, and ordination with non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS) to identify and characterize six structural groups in terms of basal area in different species–diameter classes. Almost 97% of the structural information was captured by the first (</span><i>r</i><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span><span>=</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>0.841) and second (</span><i>r</i><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span><span>=</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>0.128) NMS ordination axis. Geographic information systems (GIS) analysis and NMS indicated that the structural differences among groups of sites were associated with moisture, temperature, and elevation gradients within the study area. This type of analysis can be used to help define differences among old-growth forests and to set local structural goals for growing forests with old-growth characteristics.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2004.09.012","usgsCitation":"Poage, N., and Tappeiner, J.C., 2005, Tree species and size structure of old-growth Douglas-fir forests in central western Oregon, USA: Forest Ecology and Management, v. 204, no. 2-3, p. 329-343, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2004.09.012.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"329","endPage":"343","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134397,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -124.5849609375,\n              42.01665183556825\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.99267578124999,\n              42.01665183556825\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.99267578124999,\n              46.14939437647686\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.5849609375,\n              46.14939437647686\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.5849609375,\n              42.01665183556825\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"204","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ce4b07f02db626925","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poage, Nathan","contributorId":99950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poage","given":"Nathan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tappeiner, J. C. II","contributorId":103235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tappeiner","given":"J.","suffix":"II","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70029323,"text":"70029323 - 2005 - Concentrations of cadmium, lead, and zinc in fish from mining-influenced waters of northeastern Oklahoma: Sampling of blood, carcass, and liver for aquatic biomonitoring","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-18T16:45:20","indexId":"70029323","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Concentrations of cadmium, lead, and zinc in fish from mining-influenced waters of northeastern Oklahoma: Sampling of blood, carcass, and liver for aquatic biomonitoring","docAbstract":"<p>The Tri-States Mining District (TSMD) of Missouri (MO), Kansas (KS), and Oklahoma (OK), USA, was mined for lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) for more than a century. Mining ceased more than 30 years ago, but wastes remain widely distributed in the region, and there is evidence of surface- and groundwater contamination in the Spring River-Neosho River (SR-NR) system of northeastern OK. In October 2001, we collected a total of 74 fish from six locations in the SR-NR system that included common carp (Cyprinus carpio), channel- and flathead catfish (Ictalurus punctatus and Pylodictis olivaris), largemouth- and spotted bass (Micropterus salmoides and Micropterus punctulatus), and white crappie (Pomoxis annularis). We obtained additional fish from locations in MO that included three reference sites and one site that served as a \"positive control\" (heavily contaminated by Pb). Blood, carcass (headed, eviscerated, and scaled) and liver (carp only) samples were analyzed for cadmium (Cd), Pb, and Zn. Our objectives were to assess the degree to which fish from the OK portion of the SR-NR system are contaminated by these elements and to evaluate fish blood sampling for biomonitoring. Concentrations of Cd and Pb in carp and catfish from OK sites were elevated and Pb concentrations of some approached those of the highly contaminated site in MO, but concentrations in bass and crappie were relatively low. For Zn, correlations were weak among concentrations in the three tissues and none of the samples appeared to reflect site contamination. Variability was high for Cd in all three tissues of carp; differences between sites were statistically significant (p &lt; 0.05) only for blood even though mean liver concentrations were at least 100-fold greater than those in blood. Blood concentrations of Cd and Pb were positively correlated (r 2 = 0.49 to 0.84) with the concentration of the same element in carp and catfish carcasses or in carp livers, and the corresponding multiple regression models were highly significant (p &lt; 0.001). Our data indicate that potentially nonlethal blood sampling can be useful for monitoring of selected metals in carp, catfish, and perhaps other fishes. ?? 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.","doi":"10.1007/s00244-004-0172-3","issn":"00904341","usgsCitation":"Brumbaugh, W.G., Schmitt, C., and May, T., 2005, Concentrations of cadmium, lead, and zinc in fish from mining-influenced waters of northeastern Oklahoma: Sampling of blood, carcass, and liver for aquatic biomonitoring: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 49, no. 1, p. 76-88, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-004-0172-3.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"76","endPage":"88","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":237842,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210812,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00244-004-0172-3"}],"volume":"49","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-06-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f990e4b0c8380cd4d690","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brumbaugh, W. G.","contributorId":106441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brumbaugh","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":422263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schmitt, C. J. 0000-0001-6804-2360","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6804-2360","contributorId":56339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmitt","given":"C. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"May, T.W.","contributorId":75878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"T.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70029627,"text":"70029627 - 2005 - Gender identification of shovelnose sturgeon using ultrasonic and endoscopic imagery and the application of the method to the pallid sturgeon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:53","indexId":"70029627","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2285,"text":"Journal of Fish Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gender identification of shovelnose sturgeon using ultrasonic and endoscopic imagery and the application of the method to the pallid sturgeon","docAbstract":"Monthly sampling of shovelnose sturgeon Scaphirhynchus platorynchus, a biological surrogate for the endangered pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus, was conducted to develop a multiseasonal profile of reproductive stages. Data collected included histological characteristics of gonads from wild caught fish and laboratory and field ultrasonic and endoscopic images. These data were used to compare effectiveness of ultrasonic and endoscopic techniques at identifying gender of adult shovelnose sturgeon at different reproductive stages. The least invasive method (i.e. ultrasound) was least effective while the most invasive (i.e. endoscope through an abdominal incision) was the most effective at identifying shovelnose sturgeon gender. In most cases, success rate for identifying males was greater than females, with success at identifying both genders greater in more advanced reproductive stages. Concomitantly, for most months average reproductive stage was more advanced for males than females. April and May were the months with the most advanced reproductive stage, and were the months when ultrasound was most effective. Methods were also applied in the Upper Missouri River to validate their use on pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus. Ultrasound was successful at identifying pallid sturgeon gender, however, endoscopic examination through the urogenital duct was only successful at identifying pallid sturgeon gender when the urogenital duct was not opaque. ?? 2005 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Fish Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.0022-1112.2005.00719.x","issn":"00221112","usgsCitation":"Wildhaber, M., Papoulias, D., DeLonay, A., Tillitt, D.E., Bryan, J., Annis, M., and Allert, J., 2005, Gender identification of shovelnose sturgeon using ultrasonic and endoscopic imagery and the application of the method to the pallid sturgeon: Journal of Fish Biology, v. 67, no. 1, p. 114-132, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-1112.2005.00719.x.","startPage":"114","endPage":"132","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210544,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-1112.2005.00719.x"},{"id":237499,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"67","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a14f5e4b0c8380cd54c40","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wildhaber, M. L. 0000-0002-6538-9083","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6538-9083","contributorId":62961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wildhaber","given":"M. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Papoulias, D. M. 0000-0002-5106-2469","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5106-2469","contributorId":58759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Papoulias","given":"D. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DeLonay, A. J. 0000-0002-3752-2799","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3752-2799","contributorId":34246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeLonay","given":"A. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tillitt, D. E.","contributorId":83462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tillitt","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bryan, J.L.","contributorId":15328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bryan","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Annis, M.L.","contributorId":53930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Annis","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Allert, J.A.","contributorId":9843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allert","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70027603,"text":"70027603 - 2005 - Comparative soil CO2 flux measurements and geostatistical estimation methods on Masaya volcano, Nicaragua","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-18T17:49:18.443553","indexId":"70027603","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Comparative soil CO<sub>2</sub> flux measurements and geostatistical estimation methods on Masaya volcano, Nicaragua","title":"Comparative soil CO2 flux measurements and geostatistical estimation methods on Masaya volcano, Nicaragua","docAbstract":"<p><span>We present a comparative study of soil CO</span><sub>2</sub><span> flux (</span><span id=\"IEq1\" class=\"InlineEquation\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-1-Frame\" class=\"MathJax\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><msub><mi>F</mi><mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;><msub><mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;><mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;>C</mi><mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;>O</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></msub></math>\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-1\" class=\"math\"><span><span><span id=\"MathJax-Span-2\" class=\"mrow\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-3\" class=\"msubsup\"><span><i><span><span id=\"MathJax-Span-4\" class=\"mi\">F</span></span></i><span><span id=\"MathJax-Span-5\" class=\"texatom\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-6\" class=\"mrow\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-7\" class=\"msubsup\"><span><span><span id=\"MathJax-Span-8\" class=\"texatom\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-9\" class=\"mrow\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-10\" class=\"mi\">C</span><span id=\"MathJax-Span-11\" class=\"mi\">O</span></span></span></span><sub><span><span id=\"MathJax-Span-12\" class=\"mn\">2</span></span></sub></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span>) measured by five groups (Groups 1–5) at the IAVCEI-CCVG Eighth Workshop on Volcanic Gases on Masaya volcano, Nicaragua. Groups 1–5 measured <i><span id=\"MathJax-Span-4\" class=\"mi\">F</span></i><span><span id=\"MathJax-Span-5\" class=\"texatom\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-6\" class=\"mrow\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-7\" class=\"msubsup\"><span><span><span id=\"MathJax-Span-8\" class=\"texatom\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-9\" class=\"mrow\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-10\" class=\"mi\">C</span><span id=\"MathJax-Span-11\" class=\"mi\">O</span></span></span></span><sub><span><span id=\"MathJax-Span-12\" class=\"mn\">2</span></span></sub></span></span></span></span></span></span><span>&nbsp;using the accumulation chamber method at 5-m spacing within a 900&nbsp;m</span><sup>2</sup><span> grid during a morning (AM) period. These measurements were repeated by Groups 1–3 during an afternoon (PM) period. Measured <i><span id=\"MathJax-Span-4\" class=\"mi\">F</span></i><span><span id=\"MathJax-Span-5\" class=\"texatom\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-6\" class=\"mrow\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-7\" class=\"msubsup\"><span><span><span id=\"MathJax-Span-8\" class=\"texatom\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-9\" class=\"mrow\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-10\" class=\"mi\">C</span><span id=\"MathJax-Span-11\" class=\"mi\">O</span></span></span></span><sub><span><span id=\"MathJax-Span-12\" class=\"mn\">2</span></span></sub></span></span></span></span></span></span><span>&nbsp;ranged from 218 to 14,719&nbsp;g&nbsp;m</span><sup>−2</sup><span>&nbsp;day</span><sup>−1</sup><span>. The variability of the five measurements made at each grid point ranged from ±5 to 167%. However, the arithmetic means of fluxes measured over the entire grid and associated total CO</span><sub>2</sub><span> emission rate estimates varied between groups by only ±22%. All three groups that made PM measurements reported an 8–19% increase in total emissions over the AM results. Based on a comparison of measurements made during AM and PM times, we argue that this change is due in large part to natural temporal variability of gas flow, rather than to measurement error. In order to estimate the mean and associated CO</span><sub>2</sub><span> emission rate of one data set and to map the spatial <i><span id=\"MathJax-Span-4\" class=\"mi\">F</span></i><span><span id=\"MathJax-Span-5\" class=\"texatom\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-6\" class=\"mrow\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-7\" class=\"msubsup\"><span><span><span id=\"MathJax-Span-8\" class=\"texatom\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-9\" class=\"mrow\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-10\" class=\"mi\">C</span><span id=\"MathJax-Span-11\" class=\"mi\">O</span></span></span></span><sub><span><span id=\"MathJax-Span-12\" class=\"mn\">2</span></span></sub></span></span></span></span></span></span><span>&nbsp;distribution, we compared six geostatistical methods: arithmetic and minimum variance unbiased estimator means of uninterpolated data, and arithmetic means of data interpolated by the multiquadric radial basis function, ordinary kriging, multi-Gaussian kriging, and sequential Gaussian simulation methods. While the total CO</span><sub>2</sub><span> emission rates estimated using the different techniques only varied by ±4.4%, the <i><span id=\"MathJax-Span-4\" class=\"mi\">F</span></i><span><span id=\"MathJax-Span-5\" class=\"texatom\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-6\" class=\"mrow\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-7\" class=\"msubsup\"><span><span><span id=\"MathJax-Span-8\" class=\"texatom\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-9\" class=\"mrow\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-10\" class=\"mi\">C</span><span id=\"MathJax-Span-11\" class=\"mi\">O</span></span></span></span><sub><span><span id=\"MathJax-Span-12\" class=\"mn\">2</span></span></sub></span></span></span></span></span></span><span>&nbsp;maps showed important differences. We suggest that the sequential Gaussian simulation method yields the most realistic representation of the spatial distribution of <i><span id=\"MathJax-Span-4\" class=\"mi\">F</span></i><span><span id=\"MathJax-Span-5\" class=\"texatom\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-6\" class=\"mrow\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-7\" class=\"msubsup\"><span><span><span id=\"MathJax-Span-8\" class=\"texatom\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-9\" class=\"mrow\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-10\" class=\"mi\">C</span><span id=\"MathJax-Span-11\" class=\"mi\">O</span></span></span></span><sub><span><span id=\"MathJax-Span-12\" class=\"mn\">2</span></span></sub></span></span></span></span></span></span><span>, but a variety of geostatistical methods are appropriate to estimate the total CO</span><sub>2</sub><span> emission rate from a study area, which is a primary goal in volcano monitoring research.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00445-005-0423-9","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Lewicki, J.L., Bergfeld, D., Cardellini, C., Chiodini, G., Granieri, D., Varley, N., and Werner, C.A., 2005, Comparative soil CO2 flux measurements and geostatistical estimation methods on Masaya volcano, Nicaragua: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 68, no. 1, p. 76-90, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-005-0423-9.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"76","endPage":"90","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477765,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/886767","text":"External Repository"},{"id":238457,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Nicaragua","state":"Masaya","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -86.16474151611328,\n              11.987774731310632\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.13298416137695,\n              11.987774731310632\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.13298416137695,\n              12.016067391979266\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.16474151611328,\n              12.016067391979266\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.16474151611328,\n              11.987774731310632\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"68","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-06-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f828e4b0c8380cd4cef2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lewicki, Jennifer L. 0000-0003-1994-9104 jlewicki@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1994-9104","contributorId":5071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewicki","given":"Jennifer","email":"jlewicki@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":414323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bergfeld, Deborah 0000-0003-4570-7627 dbergfel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4570-7627","contributorId":152531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergfeld","given":"Deborah","email":"dbergfel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":414320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cardellini, Carlo","contributorId":52785,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cardellini","given":"Carlo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chiodini, Giovanni","contributorId":78223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chiodini","given":"Giovanni","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Granieri, Domenico","contributorId":95677,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Granieri","given":"Domenico","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Varley, Nick","contributorId":191444,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Varley","given":"Nick","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Werner, Cynthia A. cwerner@usgs.gov","contributorId":2540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Werner","given":"Cynthia","email":"cwerner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":414321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70029356,"text":"70029356 - 2005 - Evaluation of argon ages and integrity of fluid-inclusion compositions: Stepwise noble gas heating experiments on 1.87 Ga alunite from Tapajós Province, Brazil","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-07T17:09:07","indexId":"70029356","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of argon ages and integrity of fluid-inclusion compositions: Stepwise noble gas heating experiments on 1.87 Ga alunite from Tapajós Province, Brazil","docAbstract":"<p id=\"simple-para.0125\">Quantitative analyses are reported for active (N<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, CO, CO<sub>2</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>, O<sub>2</sub>, HF, HCl, H<sub>2</sub>S, SO<sub>2</sub>) and noble (He, Ar, Ne) gases released by crushing and step heating of magmatic-hydrothermal alunite from the Tapaj&oacute;s gold province in Brazil. This is the oldest known alunite (<sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar age of 1.87 Ga), and because it has undergone minimal postdepositional thermal or tectonic strain, it is excellent material to test the retention of gas species in fluid inclusions and within the crystal structure over geological time. The gas compositions of a single sample, in combination with Ar age-spectrum data derived from stepwise heating of 10 related samples, have been used to constrain the limits of modification of primary gas compositions in fluid inclusions and the possible extent of the loss of radiogenic Ar. The observed variations in the isotopic compositions of He, Ne, and Ar released by stepwise heating have been used to identify the residence sites and determine the diffusion coefficients of the gases in the mineral. The data suggest that the only modification to primary gas compositions after entrapment in fluid inclusions and formation of the mineral is due to radiogenic and nucleogenic processes which affect the noble gas isotopic compositions.</p>\n<p id=\"simple-para.0130\">Three gas retention sites are recognized in alunite: (1) primary fluid inclusions, (2) crystal structure OH sites, and (3) crystal structure sulfate sites. Alunite undergoes OH loss at &lt;500&deg;C, and K-SO<sub>4</sub><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span>structural decomposition occurs at &gt;600&deg;C. Fluid inclusions generally are &le;1 &mu;m in diameter and have variable but high vapor/liquid ratios. The gases in inclusion fluids are quantitatively released in vacuo by heating at 200&deg;C for &sim;1 h. In the inclusion fluids, H<sub>2</sub>O is 32 mol% of total gas, H<sub>2</sub>S/SO<sub>2</sub><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span>ranges from approximately 4 to 2, and N<sub>2</sub>/Ar from 0.3 to 96.3. The presence of large amounts of H<sub>2</sub><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span>and CO indicates disequilibrium among the gas species in the fluids. Helium abundance is 214 ppm. Helium from fluid inclusions (<i>R</i>/Ra=19.5) makes up about 4% of the total helium, whereas He (<i>R</i>/Ra=0.2&ndash;2.0) from the crystal structure makes up about 65% of the total. Argon from fluid inclusions has<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span><sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>36</sup>Ar=584&ndash;629 and that from crystal structure sites is &gt;9.6&times;10<sup>4</sup>. Most gases are released from fluid inclusions at 200 &deg;C, whereas most Ar (&ge;95%) is released between 525 and 725&deg;C.</p>\n<p id=\"simple-para.0135\">Argon released from fluid inclusions at 200&deg;C has<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span><sup>38</sup>Ar/<sup>36</sup>Ar=0.0&ndash;0.064. In contrast, Ar released from the matrix of the mineral at high temperature has<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span><sup>38</sup>Ar/<sup>36</sup>Ar=3.6&ndash;14.7. This difference suggests that, since the formation of the alunite at 1.87 Ga, traces of Cl in the mineral structure have undergone Cl (<i>n</i>,<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span><i>&gamma;</i>) and<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span><sup>41</sup>K (<i>n</i>,<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span><i>&alpha;</i>) in situ reactions with neutrons derived from U&ndash;Th. The amount of<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span><sup>36</sup>Ar production from Cl nucleogenic reactions used in correcting for atmospheric<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span><sup>40</sup>Ar typically increases the calculated age by 1&ndash;5 m.y., which is generally an insignificant component of the determined Ar age. Decay of U&ndash;Th over this time contributes<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span><sup>4</sup>He (<i>&alpha;</i>) buildup in the crystal structure K-SO<sub>4</sub><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span>sites. Atmospheric corrected excess<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span><sup>21</sup>Ne/<sup>22</sup>Ne=0.028&ndash;0.409 indicates that nucleogenic Ne was also produced via (<i>&alpha;</i>,<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span><i>n</i>) reactions in matrix sites.</p>\n<p id=\"simple-para.0140\">Diffusion coefficients and activation energies for the diffusion of Ar and He, as determined using Arrhenius plots, indicate two distinct groups definable by their differences in activation energies. Argon log<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span><i>D</i><sub>o</sub>=2.45 and 15.33, with activation energies of 225 and 465 kJ mol<sup>&minus;1</sup>, respectively; the diffusion of He in alunite is quantified with log<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span><i>D</i><sub>o</sub>=&minus;4.33 and<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span><i>E</i>=106.8 kJ mol<sup>&minus;1</sup>. Model calculations of simplistic 1/<i>e</i>-folding times and diffusion distance&ndash;time curves indicate that He should remain in alunite for millions of years at &le;100&deg;C, whereas at &lt;200&ndash;220&deg;C, the alunite will retain Ar almost indefinitely. The data demonstrate why alunite is suitable for Ar geochronological applications and also show that, unless the alunite is subjected to metamorphic deformation, the inclusion fluids should retain their primary compositions.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.06.036","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Landis, G.P., Snee, L., and Juliani, C., 2005, Evaluation of argon ages and integrity of fluid-inclusion compositions: Stepwise noble gas heating experiments on 1.87 Ga alunite from Tapajós Province, Brazil: Chemical Geology, v. 215, no. 1-4 SPEC. ISS., p. 127-153, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.06.036.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"127","endPage":"153","numberOfPages":"27","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":237807,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Brazil","otherGeospatial":"Tapajós Province","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -47.48291015625,\n              -0.5053645409602877\n            ],\n            [\n              -46.82373046875,\n              -0.6371938961998727\n            ],\n            [\n              -46.03271484375,\n              -1.0326589311777759\n            ],\n            [\n              -46.12060546875,\n              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ISS.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0c4ae4b0c8380cd52af6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landis, G. P.","contributorId":102846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landis","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Snee, L.W.","contributorId":99981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snee","given":"L.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Juliani, Caetano","contributorId":64878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Juliani","given":"Caetano","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1001066,"text":"1001066 - 2005 - Distribution and seasonal abundance of trematode parasites (Trematoda: Allocreadiidae: <i>Crepidostomum</i> spp.) in burrowing mayfly nymphs (Ephemeroptera: Ephemeridae: <i>Hexagenia</i> spp.) from connecting rivers of the Laurentian Great Lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-09T12:48:19","indexId":"1001066","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution and seasonal abundance of trematode parasites (Trematoda: Allocreadiidae: <i>Crepidostomum</i> spp.) in burrowing mayfly nymphs (Ephemeroptera: Ephemeridae: <i>Hexagenia</i> spp.) from connecting rivers of the Laurentian Great Lakes","docAbstract":"<p>Burrowing-mayfly nymphs such as Hexagenia spp. have been used extensively in North America and Europe as a biomonitoring tool to indicate mesotrophic water quality, yet infestation by associated parasites has not been well documented. We performed laboratory analysis of archived samples of Hexagenia spp. nymphs collected in 1985 and 1986 to provide base-line data on the distribution (1985) and seasonal infestation (1986) of the trematode parasite Crepidostomum spp. in Hexagenia spp. nymphs in connecting rivers between Lakes Superior and Erie of the Laurentian Great Lakes. In May and June 1985, frequency of occurrence of metacercariae was widely distributed throughout the connecting rivers (63% of 203 stations with nymphs), except in areas where nymph densities were relatively low (i.e.,a?Y69 nymphs/mA?). Distribution was probably underestimated in the present study because of low probability (mean = 31%, range = 0-57%) of detecting infestation in a small number of collected nymphs (a??10) at nymph densities a??69/mA?. In 1986, seasonal infestation between April and October occurred in 3.3% (627) of 18696 nymphs. Overall prevalence, mean intensity, and mean abundance of parasites at one station in the St. Marys River indicate parasite transmission occurred between June and September. This period of transmission is dependent on the life-cycle of the parasite. In addition, the life-cycle of Hexagenia spp. determines which annual cohort of nymphs is infested and therefore, the duration of infestation. Although, no impacts of infestation on Hexagenia spp. nymphs were observed in the present study, infestation intensities were high enough (a?Y25 metacercariae per nymph) at one station in the St. Marys River to potentially cause tissue damage in a high proportion (53%) of infested nymphs.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10750-005-4755-4","usgsCitation":"Schloesser, D.W., 2005, Distribution and seasonal abundance of trematode parasites (Trematoda: Allocreadiidae: <i>Crepidostomum</i> spp.) in burrowing mayfly nymphs (Ephemeroptera: Ephemeridae: <i>Hexagenia</i> spp.) from connecting rivers of the Laurentian Great Lakes: Hydrobiologia, v. 548, no. 1, p. 177-189, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-005-4755-4.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"177","endPage":"189","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133147,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"548","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649619","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schloesser, Don W.","contributorId":21485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schloesser","given":"Don","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70031548,"text":"70031548 - 2005 - Selecting a distributional assumption for modelling relative densities of benthic macroinvertebrates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:10","indexId":"70031548","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Selecting a distributional assumption for modelling relative densities of benthic macroinvertebrates","docAbstract":"The selection of a distributional assumption suitable for modelling macroinvertebrate density data is typically challenging. Macroinvertebrate data often exhibit substantially larger variances than expected under a standard count assumption, that of the Poisson distribution. Such overdispersion may derive from multiple sources, including heterogeneity of habitat (historically and spatially), differing life histories for organisms collected within a single collection in space and time, and autocorrelation. Taken to extreme, heterogeneity of habitat may be argued to explain the frequent large proportions of zero observations in macroinvertebrate data. Sampling locations may consist of habitats defined qualitatively as either suitable or unsuitable. The former category may yield random or stochastic zeroes and the latter structural zeroes. Heterogeneity among counts may be accommodated by treating the count mean itself as a random variable, while extra zeroes may be accommodated using zero-modified count assumptions, including zero-inflated and two-stage (or hurdle) approaches. These and linear assumptions (following log- and square root-transformations) were evaluated using 9 years of mayfly density data from a 52 km, ninth-order reach of the Upper Mississippi River (n = 959). The data exhibited substantial overdispersion relative to that expected under a Poisson assumption (i.e. variance:mean ratio = 23 ??? 1), and 43% of the sampling locations yielded zero mayflies. Based on the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), count models were improved most by treating the count mean as a random variable (via a Poisson-gamma distributional assumption) and secondarily by zero modification (i.e. improvements in AIC values = 9184 units and 47-48 units, respectively). Zeroes were underestimated by the Poisson, log-transform and square root-transform models, slightly by the standard negative binomial model but not by the zero-modified models (61%, 24%, 32%, 7%, and 0%, respectively). However, the zero-modified Poisson models underestimated small counts (1 ??? y ??? 4) and overestimated intermediate counts (7 ??? y ??? 23). Counts greater than zero were estimated well by zero-modified negative binomial models, while counts greater than one were also estimated well by the standard negative binomial model. Based on AIC and percent zero estimation criteria, the two-stage and zero-inflated models performed similarly. The above inferences were largely confirmed when the models were used to predict values from a separate, evaluation data set (n = 110). An exception was that, using the evaluation data set, the standard negative binomial model appeared superior to its zero-modified counterparts using the AIC (but not percent zero criteria). This and other evidence suggest that a negative binomial distributional assumption should be routinely considered when modelling benthic macroinvertebrate data from low flow environments. Whether negative binomial models should themselves be routinely examined for extra zeroes requires, from a statistical perspective, more investigation. However, this question may best be answered by ecological arguments that may be specific to the sampled species and locations. ?? 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Modelling","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2004.11.006","issn":"03043800","usgsCitation":"Gray, B., 2005, Selecting a distributional assumption for modelling relative densities of benthic macroinvertebrates: Ecological Modelling, v. 185, no. 1, p. 1-12, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2004.11.006.","startPage":"1","endPage":"12","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212356,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2004.11.006"},{"id":239827,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"185","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8cc7e4b08c986b318109","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gray, B. R. 0000-0001-7682-9550","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7682-9550","contributorId":14785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"B. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":432039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70029271,"text":"70029271 - 2005 - Dating offset fans along the Mojave section of the San Andreas fault using cosmogenic 26Al and 10Be","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:55","indexId":"70029271","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dating offset fans along the Mojave section of the San Andreas fault using cosmogenic 26Al and 10Be","docAbstract":"Analysis of cosmogenic 10Be and 26Al in samples collected from exposed boulders (n = 20) and from buried sediment (n = 3) from offset fans along the San Andreas fault near Little Rock, California, yielded ages, ranging from 16 to 413 ka, which increase with distance from their source at the mouth of Little Rock Creek. In order to determine the age of the relatively younger fans, the erosion rate of the boulders and the cosmogenic nuclide inheritance from exposure prior to deposition in the fan were established. Cosmogenic nuclide inheritance values that range between 8.5 ?? 103 and 196 ?? 103 atoms 10Be g-1 quartz were determined by measuring the concentrations and ratios of 10Be and 26Al in boulders (n = 10) and fine sediment (n = 7) at the outlet of the present active stream. Boulder erosion rate, ranging between 17 and 160 mm k.y.-1, was estimated by measuring 10Be and 26Al concentrations in nearby bedrock outcrops (n = 8). Since the boulders on the fans represent the most resistant rocks in this environment, we used the lowest rate for the age calculations. Monte Carlo simulations were used to determine ages of 16 ?? 5 and 29 ?? 7 ka for the two younger fan surfaces. Older fans (older than 100 ka) were dated by analyzing 10Be and 26Al concentrations in buried sand samples. The ages of the three oldest fans range between 227 ?? 242 and 413 ?? 185 ka. Although fan age determinations are accompanied by large uncertainties, the results of this study show a clear trend of increasing fan ages with increasing distance from the source near Little Rock Creek and provide a long-term slip rate along this section of the San Andreas fault. Slip rate along the Mojave section of the San Andreas fault for the past 413 k.y. can be determined in several ways. The average slip rate calculated from the individual fan ages is 4.2 ?? 0.9 cm yr-1. A linear regression through the data points implies a slip rate of 3.7 ?? 1.0 cm yr-1. A most probable slip rate of 3.0 ?? 1.0 cm yr-1 is determined by using a X2 test. These rates suggest that the average slip along the Mojave section of the San Andreas fault has been relatively constant over this time period. The slip rate along the Mojave section of the San Andreas fault, determined in this study, agrees well with previous slip rate calculations for the Quaternary. ?? 2005 Geological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/B25590.1","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Matmon, A., Schwartz, D.P., Finkel, R., Clemmens, S., and Hanks, T., 2005, Dating offset fans along the Mojave section of the San Andreas fault using cosmogenic 26Al and 10Be: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 117, no. 5-6, p. 795-807, https://doi.org/10.1130/B25590.1.","startPage":"795","endPage":"807","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":237590,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210616,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/B25590.1"}],"volume":"117","issue":"5-6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fde2e4b0c8380cd4e9bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Matmon, A.","contributorId":14983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matmon","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schwartz, David P. 0000-0001-5193-9200","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5193-9200","contributorId":52968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwartz","given":"David","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Finkel, R.","contributorId":103028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finkel","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Clemmens, S.","contributorId":42413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clemmens","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hanks, T.","contributorId":88941,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanks","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70029479,"text":"70029479 - 2005 - Wash load and bed-material load transport in the Yellow River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:52","indexId":"70029479","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2338,"text":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wash load and bed-material load transport in the Yellow River","docAbstract":"It has been the conventional assumption that wash load is supply limited and is only indirectly related to the hydraulics of a river. Hydraulic engineers also assumed that bed-material load concentration is independent of wash load concentration. This paper provides a detailed analysis of the Yellow River sediment transport data to determine whether the above assumptions are true and whether wash load concentration can be computed from the original unit stream power formula and the modified unit stream power formula for sediment-laden flows. A systematic and thorough analysis of 1,160 sets of data collected from 9 gauging stations along the Middle and Lower Yellow River confirmed that the method suggested by the conjunctive use of the two formulas can be used to compute wash load, bed-material load, and total load in the Yellow River with accuracy. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering ?? ASCE.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2005)131:5(413)","issn":"07339429","usgsCitation":"Yang, C., and Simoes, F., 2005, Wash load and bed-material load transport in the Yellow River: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, v. 131, no. 5, p. 413-418, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2005)131:5(413).","startPage":"413","endPage":"418","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210485,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2005)131:5(413)"},{"id":237418,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"131","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc3ece4b08c986b32b3f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yang, C.T.","contributorId":14629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yang","given":"C.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Simoes, F.J.M.","contributorId":100181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simoes","given":"F.J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70029677,"text":"70029677 - 2005 - Integrating seismic reflection and geological data and interpretations across an internal basement massif: The southern Appalachian Pine Mountain window, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:05","indexId":"70029677","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Integrating seismic reflection and geological data and interpretations across an internal basement massif: The southern Appalachian Pine Mountain window, USA","docAbstract":"The southern Appalachian Pine Mountain window exposes 1.1 Ga Grenvillian basement and its metasedimentary Paleozoic(?) cover through the allochthonous Inner Piedmont. The issue of whether the crustal block inside the window was either transported above the master Appalachian (late Alleghanian) de??collement or is an autochthonous block that was overridden by the de??collement has been debated for some time. New detrital zircon geochronologic data from the cover rocks inside the window suggest this crustal block was derived from Gondwana but docked with Laurentia before the Alleghanian event. Reprocessed deep seismic reflection data from west-central Georgia (pre- and poststack noise reduction, amplitude variation analysis, and prestack depth migration) indicate that a significant band of subhorizontal reflections occurs almost continuously beneath the window collinear with the originally recognized de??collement reflections north of the window. A marked variation in the de??collement image, from strong and coherent north of the window to more diffuse directly beneath the window, is likely a partial consequence of the different geology between the Inner Piedmont and the window. The more diffuse image beneath the window may also result from imaging problems related to changes in topography and fold of cover (i.e., signal-to-noise ratio). Two alternative tectonic models for the Pine Mountain window can partially account for the observed variation in the de??collement reflectivity. (1) The Pine Mountain block could be truncated below by a relatively smooth continuation of the de??collement. The window would thus expose an allochthonous basement duplex or horse-block thrust upward from the south along the Late Proterozoic rifted continental margin. (2) The window represents localized exhumation of autochthonous basement and cover along a zone of distributed intrabasement shearing directly beneath the window. Either model is viable if only reflector geometry is considered; model (1) is favored if both geometry and kinematics of Blue Ridge-Piedmont thrust sheet emplacement are incorporated. In either model, the southern margin of the window merges to the west with the Iapetan early Alleghanian Central Piedmont suture, which juxtaposes North American-affinity Piedmont rocks to the north and exotic Panafrican rocks of the Carolina (Avalon) terrane to the south. Immediately south of the window, this suture dips southward and merges in the lower crust with the late Alleghanian suture joining the Appalachians with Gondwana. ?? 2005 Geological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/B25313.1","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"McBride, J., Hatcher, R., Stephenson, W.J., and Hooper, R., 2005, Integrating seismic reflection and geological data and interpretations across an internal basement massif: The southern Appalachian Pine Mountain window, USA: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 117, no. 5-6, p. 669-686, https://doi.org/10.1130/B25313.1.","startPage":"669","endPage":"686","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":240543,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":212971,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/B25313.1"}],"volume":"117","issue":"5-6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3c85e4b0c8380cd62de3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McBride, J.H.","contributorId":99712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McBride","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hatcher, R. D. Jr.","contributorId":32736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatcher","given":"R. D.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stephenson, W. J.","contributorId":87982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephenson","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hooper, R.J.","contributorId":89354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hooper","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1001777,"text":"1001777 - 2005 - Landscape composition, patch size, and distance to edges: Interactions affecting duck reproductive success","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-16T10:55:32","indexId":"1001777","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landscape composition, patch size, and distance to edges: Interactions affecting duck reproductive success","docAbstract":"<p><span>Prairies and other North American grasslands, although highly fragmented, provide breeding habitat for a diverse array of species, including species of tremendous economic and ecological importance. Conservation and management of these species requires some understanding of how reproductive success is affected by edge effects, patch size, and characteristics of the landscape. We examined how differences in the percentage of grassland in the landscape influenced the relationships between the success of nests of upland-nesting ducks and (1) field size and (2) distance to nearest field and wetland edges. We collected data on study areas composed of 15–20% grassland and areas composed of 45–55% grassland in central North Dakota, USA during the 1996 and 1997 nesting seasons. Daily survival rates (DSRs) of duck nests were greater in study areas with 45–55% grassland than with 15–20% grassland. Within study areas, we detected a curvilinear relationship between DSR and field size: DSRs were highest in small and large fields and lowest in moderately sized fields. In study areas with 15–20% grassland, there was no relationship between probability of hatching and distance to nearest field edge, whereas in study areas with 45–55% grassland, there was a positive relationship between these two variables. Results of this study support the conclusion that both landscape composition and configuration affect reproductive success of ground-nesting birds. We are prompted to question conservation strategies that favor clustering moderately sized patches of nesting habitat within agricultural landscapes because our results show that such patches would have low nest success, most likely caused by predation. Understanding the pattern of nest success, and the predator–prey mechanisms that produce the pattern, will enable design of patch configurations that are most conducive to meeting conservation goals.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/03-5254","usgsCitation":"Horn, D.J., Phillips, M.L., Koford, R.R., Clark, W.R., Sovada, M.A., and Greenwood, R.J., 2005, Landscape composition, patch size, and distance to edges: Interactions affecting duck reproductive success: Ecological Applications, v. 15, no. 4, p. 1367-1376, https://doi.org/10.1890/03-5254.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1367","endPage":"1376","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133731,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b20e4b07f02db6aba9b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Horn, David Joseph","contributorId":174793,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Horn","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"Joseph","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Phillips, Michael L.","contributorId":149855,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Phillips","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Koford, Rolf R.","contributorId":16347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koford","given":"Rolf","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Clark, William R.","contributorId":174794,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clark","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sovada, Marsha A. msovada@usgs.gov","contributorId":2601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sovada","given":"Marsha","email":"msovada@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":311747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Greenwood, Raymond J.","contributorId":174570,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Greenwood","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70029049,"text":"70029049 - 2005 - Variation in the reference Shields stress for bed load transport in gravel‐bed streams and rivers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-30T11:20:21","indexId":"70029049","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variation in the reference Shields stress for bed load transport in gravel‐bed streams and rivers","docAbstract":"<p><span>The present study examines variations in the reference shear stress for bed load transport (τ</span><sub><i>r</i></sub><span>) using coupled measurements of flow and bed load transport in 45 gravel‐bed streams and rivers. The study streams encompass a wide range in bank‐full discharge (1–2600 m</span><sup>3</sup><span>/s), average channel gradient (0.0003–0.05), and median surface grain size (0.027–0.21 m). A bed load transport relation was formed for each site by plotting individual values of the dimensionless transport rate<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>W</i><span>* versus the reach‐average dimensionless shear stress τ*. The reference dimensionless shear stress τ*</span><sub><i>r</i></sub><span><span>&nbsp;</span>was then estimated by selecting the value of τ* corresponding to a reference transport rate of<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>W</i><span>* = 0.002. The results indicate that the discharge corresponding to τ*</span><sub><i>r</i></sub><span><span>&nbsp;</span>averages 67% of the bank‐full discharge, with the variation independent of reach‐scale morphologic and sediment properties. However, values of τ*</span><sub><i>r</i></sub><span><span>&nbsp;</span>increase systematically with average channel gradient, ranging from 0.025–0.035 at sites with slopes of 0.001–0.006 to values greater than 0.10 at sites with slopes greater than 0.02. A corresponding relation for the bank‐full dimensionless shear stress τ*</span><sub><i>bf</i></sub><span>, formulated with data from 159 sites in North America and England, mirrors the relation between τ*</span><sub><i>r</i></sub><span><span>&nbsp;</span>and channel gradient, suggesting that the bank‐full channel geometry of gravel‐ and cobble‐bedded streams is adjusted to a relatively constant excess shear stress, τ*</span><sub><i>bf</i></sub><span><span>&nbsp;</span>− τ*</span><sub><i>r</i></sub><span>, across a wide range of slopes.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2004WR003692","usgsCitation":"Mueller, E.R., Pitlick, J., and Nelson, J.M., 2005, Variation in the reference Shields stress for bed load transport in gravel‐bed streams and rivers: Water Resources Research, v. 41, no. 4, Article W04006; 10 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2004WR003692.","productDescription":"Article W04006; 10 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477938,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2004wr003692","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":236384,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-04-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc169e4b08c986b32a56a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mueller, Erich R. 0000-0001-8202-154X emueller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8202-154X","contributorId":4930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"Erich","email":"emueller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":421128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pitlick, John","contributorId":168765,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pitlick","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25358,"text":"University of Colorado, Geography Dept., Boulder, CO","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":421126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nelson, Jonathan M. 0000-0002-7632-8526 jmn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7632-8526","contributorId":2812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Jonathan","email":"jmn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":421127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":73043,"text":"ofr20051449 - 2005 - Attitudinal survey component of the study <i>Quantity, quality, and support for research in the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: An organizational assessment</i>: Report of methods and frequencies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-25T15:31:49","indexId":"ofr20051449","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-1449","title":"Attitudinal survey component of the study <i>Quantity, quality, and support for research in the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: An organizational assessment</i>: Report of methods and frequencies","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) is responsible for managing the Nation&rsquo;s fish and wildlife resources so that these trust resources are preserved for the present and future use and enjoyment of the citizens of the United States. The FWS achieves this mission by managing many programs. These include the national system of refuges and fish hatcheries, Fish and Wildlife Management Assistance Offices, migratory birds program, law enforcement, and working with tribal, state, and other Federal agencies to ensure protection of threatened and endangered species. Another role of the FWS is consulting with tribal, state, and other Federal agencies and private sector interests on the best conservation management practices consistent with Federal law. Each of these activities requires a workforce that is recognized for its professionalism, dedication to public service, and command of expert knowledge. Recognition for expert knowledge in fish and wildlife conservation is demonstrated, in part, when FWS personnel direct, conduct, or report research that is well-designed to answer questions of importance for natural resource management. The data reported in this document are one part of a three-part study of the status of organizational support for research in FWS, which was commissioned by the Directorate of the FWS. Funding for this study was provided by the FWS, and the Science Support Program of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).</p>\n<p>In 1994, the biological research functions of the FWS were transferred to the National Biological Survey, and subsequently into the USGS. This transfer was principally accomplished by moving whole research units from one agency to another. The result was that some employees whose positions were involved with research were not transferred. In addition, some research, information, and management needs of the FWS have continued to be met by studies conducted within the FWS itself. Although the FWS relies on the USGS and others for most basic research investigations, the FWS also conducts its own studies to meet management needs. Because it is vital for FWS employees to be able to conduct such tactical and applied research tasks in a timely manner, the agency must promote the culture necessary to support and encourage these activities. Such research activities are spread widely across the various programs of the FWS, and there is presently no collective, formal, or systematic record of planned or existing research activities. In commissioning this organizational assessment research, the Directorate of the FWS recognized that it would be to the advantage of the agency to more fully understand its research capacity.</p>\n<p>To develop a clearer picture of the nature, extent, quality, and degree of administrative support available for conducting research within the FWS, investigations have been undertaken to:</p>\n<p>1. identify positions in the FWS that may include, in whole or in part, a component of scientific research;</p>\n<p>2. identify organizational units within the FWS that may conduct research as a significant portion of their mission; and</p>\n<p>3. assess the attitudes of employees and managers about the obstacles and opportunities for scientific research existing within the FWS by using a scaled-response survey instrument.</p>\n<p>The findings presented in this report represent the basic results derived from the attitude assessment survey conducted in the last quarter of 2004. The findings set forth in this report are the frequency distributions for each question in the survey instrument for all respondents. The only statistics provided are descriptive in character - namely, means and associated standard deviations.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20051449","usgsCitation":"Neilson, J.R., Lamb, B.L., Swann, E.M., Ratz, J., Ponds, P.D., and Liverca, J., 2005, Attitudinal survey component of the study <i>Quantity, quality, and support for research in the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: An organizational assessment</i>: Report of methods and frequencies: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1449, iv, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20051449.","productDescription":"iv, 14 p.","numberOfPages":"18","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193032,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20051449.PNG"},{"id":320235,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1449/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db669381","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Neilson, Jennifer R.","contributorId":35025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neilson","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lamb, Berton Lee","contributorId":96784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamb","given":"Berton","email":"","middleInitial":"Lee","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Swann, Earlene M.","contributorId":9360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swann","given":"Earlene","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ratz, Joan ratzj@usgs.gov","contributorId":4318,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ratz","given":"Joan","email":"ratzj@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":286282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ponds, Phadrea D.","contributorId":65156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ponds","given":"Phadrea","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Liverca, Joyce","contributorId":89621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liverca","given":"Joyce","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70029664,"text":"70029664 - 2005 - Baseline models of trace elements in major aquifers of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:06","indexId":"70029664","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Baseline models of trace elements in major aquifers of the United States","docAbstract":"Trace-element concentrations in baseline samples from a survey of aquifers used as potable-water supplies in the United States are summarized using methods appropriate for data with multiple detection limits. The resulting statistical distribution models are used to develop summary statistics and estimate probabilities of exceeding water-quality standards. The models are based on data from the major aquifer studies of the USGS National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program. These data were produced with a nationally-consistent sampling and analytical framework specifically designed to determine the quality of the most important potable groundwater resources during the years 1991-2001. The analytical data for all elements surveyed contain values that were below several detection limits. Such datasets are referred to as multiply-censored data. To address this issue, a robust semi-parametric statistical method called regression on order statistics (ROS) is employed. Utilizing the 90th-95th percentile as an arbitrary range for the upper limits of expected baseline concentrations, the models show that baseline concentrations of dissolved Ba and Zn are below 500 ??g/L. For the same percentile range, dissolved As, Cu and Mo concentrations are below 10 ??g/L, and dissolved Ag, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb, Sb and Se are below 1-5 ??g/L. These models are also used to determine the probabilities that potable ground waters exceed drinking water standards. For dissolved Ba, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni, Mo and Se, the likelihood of exceeding the US Environmental Protection Agency standards at the well-head is less than 1-1.5%. A notable exception is As, which has approximately a 7% chance of exceeding the maximum contaminant level (10 ??g/L) at the well head.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Applied Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2005.03.008","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Lee, L., and Helsel, D., 2005, Baseline models of trace elements in major aquifers of the United States: Applied Geochemistry, v. 20, no. 8, p. 1560-1570, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2005.03.008.","startPage":"1560","endPage":"1570","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":240305,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":212768,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2005.03.008"}],"volume":"20","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059efdae4b0c8380cd4a4ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, L.","contributorId":77730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Helsel, D.","contributorId":94492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helsel","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1015093,"text":"1015093 - 2005 - Anesthesia and blood sampling of wild big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) with an assessment of impacts on survival","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-27T10:50:20","indexId":"1015093","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Anesthesia and blood sampling of wild big brown bats (<i>Eptesicus fuscus</i>) with an assessment of impacts on survival","title":"Anesthesia and blood sampling of wild big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) with an assessment of impacts on survival","docAbstract":"<p>We anesthetized and blood sampled wild big brown bats (<i>Eptesicus fuscus</i>) in Fort Collins, Colorado (USA) in 2001 and 2002 and assessed effects on survival. Inhalant anesthesia was delivered into a specially designed restraint and inhalation capsule that minimized handling and bite exposures. Bats were immobilized an average of 9.1±5.1 (SD) min (range 1–71, <i>n</i>=876); blood sample volumes averaged 58±12 μl (range 13–126, <i>n</i>=718). We randomly selected control (subject to multiple procedures before release) and treatment (control procedures plus inhalant anesthesia and 1% of body weight blood sampling) groups in 2002 to assess treatment effects on daily survival over a 14-day period for adult female and volant juvenile bats captured at maternity roosts in buildings. We monitored survival after release using passive integrated transponder tag detection hoops placed at openings to selected roosts. Annual return rates of bats sampled in 2001 were used to assess long-term outcomes. Comparison of 14-day maximum-likelihood daily survival estimates from control (86 adult females, 92 volant juveniles) and treated bats (187 adult females, 87 volant juveniles) indicated no adverse effect from anesthesia and blood sampling (juveniles: χ<sup>2</sup>=22.22, df=27, <i>P</i>&gt;0.05; adults: χ<sup>2</sup>=9.72, df=18, <i>P</i>&gt;0.05). One-year return rates were similar among adult female controls (81%, <i>n</i>=72, 95% confidence interval [CI] =70–91%), females treated once (82%, <i>n</i>=276, 95% CI=81–84%), and females treated twice (84%, <i>n</i>=50, 95% CI=74–94%). Lack of an effect was also noted in 1-yr return rates of juvenile female controls (55%, <i>n</i>=29, 95% CI=37–73%), juveniles treated once (66%, <i>n</i>=113, 95% CI=58–75%), and juveniles treated twice (71%, <i>n</i>=17, 95% CI=49–92%). These data suggest that anesthesia and blood sampling for health monitoring did not measurably affect survival of adult female and volant juvenile big brown bats.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-41.1.87","usgsCitation":"Wimsatt, J., O'Shea, T., Ellison, L., Pearce, R., and Price, V., 2005, Anesthesia and blood sampling of wild big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) with an assessment of impacts on survival: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 41, no. 1, p. 87-95, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-41.1.87.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"87","endPage":"95","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477740,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-41.1.87","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":131413,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67c299","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wimsatt, J.","contributorId":78289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wimsatt","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O'Shea, T. J. 0000-0002-0758-9730","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0758-9730","contributorId":50100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Shea","given":"T. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ellison, L.E.","contributorId":103610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellison","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pearce, R.D.","contributorId":45439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearce","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Price, V.R.","contributorId":40062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Price","given":"V.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70028197,"text":"70028197 - 2005 - Modern pollen data from North America and Greenland for multi-scale paleoenvironmental applications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:42","indexId":"70028197","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modern pollen data from North America and Greenland for multi-scale paleoenvironmental applications","docAbstract":"The modern pollen network in North America and Greenland is presented as a database for use in quantitative calibration studies and paleoenvironmental reconstructions. The georeferenced database includes 4634 samples from all regions of the continent and 134 pollen taxa that range from ubiquitous to regionally diagnostic taxa. Climate data and vegetation characteristics were assigned to every site. Automated and manual procedures were used to verify the accuracy of geographic coordinates and identify duplicate records among datasets, incomplete pollen sums, and other potential errors. Data are currently available for almost all of North America, with variable density. Pollen taxonomic diversity, as measured by the Shannon-Weiner coefficient, varies as a function of location, as some vegetation regions are dominated by one or two major pollen producers, while other regions have a more even composition of pollen taxa. Squared-chord distances computed between samples show that most modern pollen samples find analogues within their own vegetation zone. Both temperature and precipitation inferred from best analogues are highly correlated with observed values but temperature exhibits the strongest relation. Maps of the contemporary distribution of several pollen types in relation to the range of the plant taxon illustrate the correspondence between plant and pollen ranges. ?? 2005 Elsevier Ltd. 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