We revisit the common standards recommended by Ralph et al. (1993, 1995a) for conducting point-count surveys to assess the relative abundance of landbirds breeding in North America. The standards originated from discussions among ornithologists in 1991 and were developed so that point-count survey data could be broadly compared and jointly analyzed by national data centers with the goals of monitoring populations and managing habitat. Twenty years later, we revisit these standards because (1) they have not been universally followed and (2) new methods allow estimation of absolute abundance from point counts, but these methods generally require data beyond the original standards to account for imperfect detection. Lack of standardization and the complications it introduces for analysis become apparent from aggregated data. For example, only 3% of 196,000 point counts conducted during the period 1992-2011 across Alaska and Canada followed the standards recommended for the count period and count radius. Ten-minute, unlimited-count-radius surveys increased the number of birds detected by >300% over 3-minute, 50-m-radius surveys. This effect size, which could be eliminated by standardized sampling, was ≥10 times the published effect sizes of observers, time of day, and date of the surveys. We suggest that the recommendations by Ralph et al. (1995a) continue to form the common standards when conducting point counts. This protocol is inexpensive and easy to follow but still allows the surveys to be adjusted for detection probabilities. Investigators might optionally collect additional information so that they can analyze their data with more flexible forms of removal and time-of-detection models, distance sampling, multiple-observer methods, repeated counts, or combinations of these methods. Maintaining the common standards as a base protocol, even as these study-specific modifications are added, will maximize the value of point-count data, allowing compilation and analysis by regional and national data centers.
","language":"English","publisher":"Cooper Ornithological Club","publisherLocation":"Santa Clara, CA","doi":"10.1650/CONDOR-14-108.1","usgsCitation":"Matsuoka, S.M., Mahon, C., Handel, C.M., Solymos, P., Bayne, E.M., Fontaine, P.C., and Ralph, C., 2014, Reviving common standards in point-count surveys for broad inference across studies: Condor, v. 116, no. 4, p. 599-608, https://doi.org/10.1650/CONDOR-14-108.1.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"599","endPage":"608","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-058008","costCenters":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473259,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1650/condor-14-108.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":300267,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"116","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5551d2b8e4b0a92fa7e93c09","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Matsuoka, Steven M. 0000-0001-6415-1885 smatsuoka@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6415-1885","contributorId":184173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matsuoka","given":"Steven","email":"smatsuoka@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mahon, C. Lisa","contributorId":140673,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mahon","given":"C. Lisa","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":546561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Handel, Colleen M. 0000-0002-0267-7408 cmhandel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0267-7408","contributorId":3067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Handel","given":"Colleen","email":"cmhandel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Solymos, Peter","contributorId":140674,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Solymos","given":"Peter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":546562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bayne, Erin M.","contributorId":140675,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bayne","given":"Erin","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":546563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Fontaine, Patricia C.","contributorId":140676,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fontaine","given":"Patricia","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":546564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ralph, C.J.","contributorId":38252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ralph","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":546565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70125308,"text":"70125308 - 2014 - Survival of adult Red-throated Loons (Gavia stellata) may be linked to marine conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-29T11:18:42","indexId":"70125308","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T10:48:41","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3731,"text":"Waterbirds","onlineIssn":"19385390","printIssn":"15244695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Survival of adult Red-throated Loons (Gavia stellata) may be linked to marine conditions","title":"Survival of adult Red-throated Loons (Gavia stellata) may be linked to marine conditions","docAbstract":"Large variations in the summering population size of Red-throated Loons (Gavia stellata) have occurred in recent decades in Alaska. Little information exists about annual or seasonal survival rates of adult Red-throated Loons. This study used tracking data from satellite transmitters implanted into 33 Red-throated Loons captured on breeding areas in Alaska to estimate annual survival with the sampling effort split between two study periods: 2000–2002 and 2008–2010. Mortality was inferred from transmitted sensor data that indicated body temperature of the Red-throated Loon and voltage of the transmitter's battery. Two definitive mortalities occurred, resulting in an annual survival estimate of 0.920 (SE = 0.054). The fates of two additional Red-throated Loons were ambiguous and, when treated as mortalities, the annual survival estimate was 0.838 (SE = 0.074). All four putative mortalities occurred during the non-breeding season in the early study period. Oceanic conditions, indexed by the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, appeared to differ between the study periods with higher Pacific Decadal Oscillation values associated with the early study period. Given that high values for Pacific Decadal Oscillation were also associated with the large decline of Red-throated Loons observed in Alaska during 1977–1993, this study suggests that survival of adult Red-throated Loons may vary in relation to the state of the marine ecosystem and thus contribute to long-term variation in population trends.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Waterbird Society","doi":"10.1675/063.037.sp114","usgsCitation":"Schmutz, J.A., 2014, Survival of adult Red-throated Loons (Gavia stellata) may be linked to marine conditions: Waterbirds, v. 37, no. SP1, p. 118-124, https://doi.org/10.1675/063.037.sp114.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"118","endPage":"124","ipdsId":"IP-045417","costCenters":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488259,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1675/063.037.sp114","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":293922,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"SP1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54195156e4b091c7ffc8e859","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmutz, Joel A. 0000-0002-6516-0836 jschmutz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6516-0836","contributorId":1805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmutz","given":"Joel","email":"jschmutz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70148012,"text":"70148012 - 2014 - Delineation of Tundra Swan Cygnus c. columbianus populations in North America: geographic boundaries and interchange","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-12T14:56:30","indexId":"70148012","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3764,"text":"Wildfowl","onlineIssn":"2052-6458","printIssn":"0954-6324","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Delineation of Tundra Swan Cygnus c. columbianus populations in North America: geographic boundaries and interchange","docAbstract":"North American Tundra Swans Cygnus c. columbianus are composed of two wellrecognised populations: an Eastern Population (EP) that breeds across northern Canada and north of the Brooks Range in Alaska, which migrates to the eastern seaboard of the United States, and a Western Population (WP) that breeds in coastal regions of Alaska south of the Brooks Range and migrates to western North America. We present results of a recent major ringing effort from across the breeding range in Alaska to provide a better definition of the geographic extent of the migratory divide in Alaska. We also reassess the staging and winter distributions of these populations based on locations of birds tracked using satellite transmitters, and recent recoveries and sightings of neck-collared birds. Summer sympatry of EP and WP Tundra Swans is very limited, and largely confined to a small area in northwest Alaska. Autumn migration pathways of EP and WP Tundra swans abut in southwest Saskatchewan, a region where migrating WP birds turn west, and EP birds deviate abruptly eastward. Overall, from 1989 to 2013 inclusive, 2.6% of recoveries or resightings reported to the USGS Bird Banding Laboratory were of birds that moved from the domain of the population in which they were initially captured to within the range of the other population; a proportion roughly comparable to the results of Limpert et al. (1991) for years before 1990. Of the 70 cross-boundary movements reported since 1989, 39% were of birds marked on breeding areas and 61% were of birds marked on wintering areas. Dispersing swans (i.e. those that made crossboundary movements) did not differ with respect to age or sex from those that did not move between populations. The Brooks Range in northern Alaska effectively separates the two populations within Alaska, but climate-induced changes in tundra breeding habitats and losses of wetlands on staging areas may alter the distribution for both of these populations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildfowl Trust","usgsCitation":"Ely, C.R., Sladen, W.J., Wilson, H.M., Savage, S.E., Sowl, K.M., Henry, B., Schwitters, M., and Snowden, J., 2014, Delineation of Tundra Swan Cygnus c. columbianus populations in North America: geographic boundaries and interchange: Wildfowl, v. 64, p. 132-147.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"132","endPage":"147","numberOfPages":"16","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059267","costCenters":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300353,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":300350,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://wildfowl.wwt.org.uk/index.php/wildfowl/article/view/2587"}],"volume":"64","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5553242de4b0a92fa7e94c82","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ely, Craig R. 0000-0003-4262-0892 cely@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4262-0892","contributorId":3214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ely","given":"Craig","email":"cely@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sladen, William J.L.","contributorId":85676,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sladen","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":546794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilson, Heather M.","contributorId":37056,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilson","given":"Heather","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13236,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Migratory Bird Management","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":546795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Savage, Susan E.","contributorId":140748,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Savage","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":546796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sowl, Kristine M.","contributorId":60372,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sowl","given":"Kristine","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":12598,"text":"Izembek National Wildlife Refuge","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":546797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Henry, Bill","contributorId":140749,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Henry","given":"Bill","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":546798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Schwitters, Mike","contributorId":140750,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schwitters","given":"Mike","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":546799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Snowden, James","contributorId":140751,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Snowden","given":"James","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":546800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70136256,"text":"70136256 - 2014 - Evaluation of potential protective factors against metabolic syndrome in bottlenose dolphins:feeding and activity patterns of dolphins in Sarasota Bay, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-03-18T11:08:11","indexId":"70136256","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3848,"text":"Frontiers in Endocrinology","onlineIssn":"1664-2392","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of potential protective factors against metabolic syndrome in bottlenose dolphins:feeding and activity patterns of dolphins in Sarasota Bay, Florida","docAbstract":"Free-ranging bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) living in Sarasota Bay, Florida appear to have a lower risk of developing insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome compared to a group of dolphins managed under human care. Similar to humans, differences in diet and activity cycles between these groups may explain why Sarasota dolphins have lower insulin, glucose, and lipids. To identify potential protective factors against metabolic syndrome, existing and new data were incorporated to describe feeding and activity patterns of the Sarasota Bay wild dolphin community. Sarasota dolphins eat a wide variety of live fish and spend 10–20% of daylight hours foraging and feeding. Feeding occurs throughout the day, with the dolphins eating small proportions of their total daily intake in brief bouts. The natural pattern of wild dolphins is to feed as necessary and possible at any time of the day or night. Wild dolphins rarely eat dead fish or consume large amounts of prey in concentrated time periods. Wild dolphins are active throughout the day and night; they may engage in bouts of each key activity category at any time during daytime. Dive patterns of radio-tagged dolphins varied only slightly with time of day. Travel rates may be slightly lower at night, suggesting a diurnal rhythm, albeit not one involving complete, extended rest. In comparison, the managed dolphins are older; often fed a smaller variety of frozen-thawed fish types; fed fish species not in their natural diet; feedings and engaged activities are often during the day; and they are fed larger but fewer meals. In summary, potential protective factors against metabolic syndrome in dolphins may include young age, activity, and small meals fed throughout the day and night, and specific fish nutrients. These protective factors against insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes are similar to those reported in humans. Further studies may benefit humans and dolphins.
","language":"English","publisher":"Frontiers in Endocrinology","doi":"10.3389/fendo.2013.00139","usgsCitation":"Wells, R.S., McHugh, K.A., Douglas, D.C., Shippee, S., McCabe, E.B., Barros, N., and Phillips, G.T., 2014, Evaluation of potential protective factors against metabolic syndrome in bottlenose dolphins:feeding and activity patterns of dolphins in Sarasota Bay, Florida: Frontiers in Endocrinology, v. 4, no. 139, p. 1-16, https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2013.00139.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"16","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-050350","costCenters":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473283,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2013.00139","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":298700,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Sarasota Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.60414123535156,\n 27.276602318536348\n ],\n [\n -82.60414123535156,\n 27.346153994505922\n ],\n [\n -82.52792358398436,\n 27.346153994505922\n ],\n [\n -82.52792358398436,\n 27.276602318536348\n ],\n [\n -82.60414123535156,\n 27.276602318536348\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"139","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"550aa1b6e4b02e76d7590be5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wells, Randall S.","contributorId":81773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"Randall","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":542642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McHugh, Katherine A.","contributorId":139709,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McHugh","given":"Katherine","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":542643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Douglas, David C. 0000-0003-0186-1104 ddouglas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-1104","contributorId":2388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"David","email":"ddouglas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":537263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shippee, Steve","contributorId":139710,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shippee","given":"Steve","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":542644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McCabe, Elizabeth Berens","contributorId":139131,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McCabe","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"Berens","affiliations":[{"id":12658,"text":"Chicago Zoological Society","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":542645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Barros, Nélio B.","contributorId":89053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barros","given":"Nélio B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":542646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Phillips, Goldie T.","contributorId":139711,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Phillips","given":"Goldie","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":542647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70147238,"text":"70147238 - 2014 - Post-breeding migration of Dutch-breeding black-tailed godwits: timing, routes, use of stopovers, and nonbreeding destinations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-20T11:23:54","indexId":"70147238","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":900,"text":"Ardea","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Post-breeding migration of Dutch-breeding black-tailed godwits: timing, routes, use of stopovers, and nonbreeding destinations","docAbstract":"Conservation of long-distance migratory shorebirds is complex because these species use habitats spread across continents and hemispheres, making identification of critical habitats and potential bottlenecks in the annual cycle especially difficult. The population of Black-tailed Godwits that breeds in Western Europe, Limosa limosa limosa, has declined precipitously over the past few decades. Despite significant efforts to identify the root causes of this decline, much remains unclear. To better understand the migratory timing, use of stopover and nonbreeding sites, and the potential impact of breeding success on these parameters, we attached 15 Argos satellite transmitters and 10 geolocation tracking devices to adult godwits nearing completion of incubation at breeding sites in southwest Friesland, The Netherlands during the spring of 2009. We successfully tracked 16 adult godwits for their entire southward migration and two others for part of it. Three migration patterns and four regions of use were apparent. Most godwits left their breeding sites and proceeded south directly to stopover sites in the Mediterranean — e.g. Spain, Portugal, and Morocco — before flying on to non-breeding sites in West Africa. Other individuals spent the entire nonbreeding season in the Mediterranean. A third pattern included a few individuals that flew nonstop from their Dutch breeding sites to nonbreeding sites in West Africa. Tracking data from this study will be immediately useful for conservation efforts focused on preserving the dispersed network of sites used by godwits during their southward migration.
","language":"English","publisher":"Netherlands Ornithologists' Union","doi":"10.5253/078.101.0209","usgsCitation":"Hooijmeijer, J.C., Senner, N.R., Tibbitts, T.L., Gill, R., Douglas, D.C., Bruinzeel, L.W., Wymenga, E., and Piersma, T., 2014, Post-breeding migration of Dutch-breeding black-tailed godwits: timing, routes, use of stopovers, and nonbreeding destinations: Ardea, v. 101, no. 2, p. 141-152, https://doi.org/10.5253/078.101.0209.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"141","endPage":"152","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-048977","costCenters":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473318,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5253/078.101.0209","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":299955,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"The Netherlands","state":"Friesland","otherGeospatial":"Mediterranean, West Africa","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 7.207031249999999,\n 53.225768435790194\n ],\n [\n 6.30615234375,\n 53.605544099238\n ],\n [\n 5.07568359375,\n 53.409531853086435\n ],\n [\n 4.581298828125,\n 53.034607110319044\n ],\n [\n 4.306640625,\n 52.18066872927715\n ],\n [\n 3.40576171875,\n 51.60437164681676\n ],\n [\n -1.494140625,\n 46.28622391806706\n ],\n [\n -9.4482421875,\n 38.85682013474361\n ],\n [\n -17.402343749999996,\n 14.774882506516272\n ],\n [\n -16.34765625,\n 11.523087506868514\n ],\n [\n -5.16357421875,\n 7.100892668623654\n ],\n [\n -3.6035156249999996,\n 13.923403897723347\n ],\n [\n 4.482421875,\n 15.792253570362446\n ],\n [\n -4.921875,\n 35.460669951495305\n ],\n [\n 5.053710937499999,\n 49.781264058178344\n ],\n [\n 7.207031249999999,\n 53.225768435790194\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"101","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5542012de4b0a658d793b44f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hooijmeijer, Jos C. E. W.","contributorId":64996,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hooijmeijer","given":"Jos","email":"","middleInitial":"C. E. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":545756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Senner, Nathan R.","contributorId":140465,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Senner","given":"Nathan","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":545757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tibbitts, T. Lee 0000-0002-0290-7592 ltibbitts@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0290-7592","contributorId":140455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tibbitts","given":"T.","email":"ltibbitts@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Lee","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":545732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gill, Robert E. Jr. 0000-0002-6385-4500 rgill@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6385-4500","contributorId":171747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"Robert E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"rgill@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":545758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Douglas, David C. 0000-0003-0186-1104 ddouglas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-1104","contributorId":2388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"David","email":"ddouglas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":545759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bruinzeel, Leo W.","contributorId":31675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bruinzeel","given":"Leo","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":545760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wymenga, Eddy","contributorId":140466,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wymenga","given":"Eddy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":545761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Piersma, Theunis","contributorId":95369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piersma","given":"Theunis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":545762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70100896,"text":"70100896 - 2014 - Modeling the hydrogeophysical response of lake talik evolution ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-28T11:39:28","indexId":"70100896","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Modeling the hydrogeophysical response of lake talik evolution ","docAbstract":"Geophysical methods provide valuable information about subsurface permafrost and its relation to dynamic hydrologic systems. Airborne electromagnetic data from interior Alaska are used to map the distribution of permafrost, geological features, surface water, and groundwater. To validate and gain further insight into these field datasets, we also explore the geophysical response to hydrologic simulations of permafrost evolution by implementing a physical property relationship that connects geology, temperature, and ice saturation to changes in electrical properties.
This medium-sized dabbling duck of slender, elegant lines and conservative plumage coloration is circumpolar in distribution and abundant in North America, with core nesting habitat in Alaska and the Prairie Pothole Region of southern Canada and the northern Great Plains. Breeders favor shallow wetlands interspersed throughout prairie grasslands or arctic tundra. An early fall migrant, the species arrives on wintering areas beginning in August, after wing molt, often forming large roosting and feeding flocks on open, shallow wetlands and flooded agricultural fields. The birds consume grains, marsh plant seeds, and aquatic invertebrates throughout fall and winter.
Northern Pintails are among the earliest nesting ducks in North America, beginning shortly after ice-out in many northern areas. Individuals form new pair bonds each winter but are highly promiscuous during the nesting season, with mated and unmated males often involved in vigorous, acrobatic Pursuit Flights. Annual nest success and productivity vary with water conditions, predation, and weather. Females build nests on the ground, often far from water. Only the female incubates; her mate leaves shortly after incubation begins. Ducklings hatch together in one day, follow the female to water after a day in the nest, and fledge by July or August. Adults and ducklings consume mainly aquatic invertebrates during the breeding season.
Predators and farming operations destroy many thousands of Northern Pintail nests annually; farming has also greatly reduced the amount of quality nesting cover available. Winter habitats are threatened by water shortages, agricultural development, contamination, and urbanization. Periods of extended drought in prairie nesting regions have caused dramatic population declines, usually followed by periods of recovery. Over the long term, however, the continental population of Northern Pintails has declined significantly from 6 million birds in the early 1970s to less than 3 million in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Since then, the population appears to have stabilized; in 2013, the estimate was 3.3 million birds, a large number but below conservation goals despite favorable wetland conditions in much of the prairie breeding region. Ongoing conservation measures, however, such as habitat restoration and enhancement of agricultural lands, as well as prudent harvest management, suggest that Northern Pintails should have a secure future in North America.
","language":"English","publisher":"Cornell University","doi":"10.2173/bna.163","usgsCitation":"Clark, R.G., Fleskes, J., Guyn, K.L., Haukos, D.A., Austin, J.E., and Miller, M.R., 2014, Northern Pintail: The Birds of North America, https://doi.org/10.2173/bna.163.","ipdsId":"IP-050786","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339985,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f877c2e4b0b7ea54521c3e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, Robert G.","contributorId":33781,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clark","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fleskes, Joseph P. joe_fleskes@usgs.gov","contributorId":138999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleskes","given":"Joseph P.","email":"joe_fleskes@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":692209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Guyn, Karla L.","contributorId":191184,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Guyn","given":"Karla","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Haukos, David A. 0000-0001-5372-9960 dhaukos@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5372-9960","contributorId":3664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haukos","given":"David","email":"dhaukos@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":640971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Austin, Jane E. jaustin@usgs.gov","contributorId":2839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Austin","given":"Jane","email":"jaustin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":692211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Miller, Michael R.","contributorId":45796,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":12709,"text":"Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":692212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70136151,"text":"70136151 - 2014 - Demography and behavior of polar bears summering on land in Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-14T13:24:08","indexId":"70136151","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Demography and behavior of polar bears summering on land in Alaska","docAbstract":"Polar bears (Ursus maritimus) in the southern Beaufort Sea population (SB) are spending increased time on the coastal North Slope of Alaska between July and October (Gleason and Rode 2010). The duration spent on land by polar bears, satellite collared on the sea-ice in the spring, during the summer and fall has also increased (USGS, unpublished data; Figure 1). This change in polar bear ecology has relevance for human-bear interactions, subsistence harvest, prevalence of defense kills, and disturbance associated with existing land-based development [e.g., National Petroleum Reserve of Alaska (NPRA), Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR)], Native Alaskan communities, recreation (ANWR) and tourism (e.g., bear viewing in Kaktovik, AK). These activities have the potential to impact, in new ways, the status of the entire SB population. Concomitantly, the change in polar bear ecology will impact these human activities, and a base-line characterization of this phenomenon can better inform mitigation (e.g., industry permitting under the Endangered Species Act and Marine Mammal Protection Act). In this study we aim to characterize the demography, habitat-use, and aspects of foraging ecology and health of polar bears spending fall on land. The SB population is characterized by a divergent-sea ice ecology, where polar bears typically spend most of the year on the sea-ice, even as the pack ice retreats northward, away from the coast, to its minimal extent in September (Amstrup et al. 2008; Durner et al. 2009). From 2000 – 2005, using coastal aerial surveys, Schliebe et al. (2008) observed between 3.7 and 8% of polar bears from SB (~ 60 – 120 of 1526, Regher et al. 2006) on land during the autumn. Sighting probability was not estimated in these surveys, and therefore the numbers represent minimum numbers of bears on land. Our analysis of USGS data suggest an annual average of 15% (± 3%, SE) of polar bears satellite-tagged on the spring-time sea ice (total n = 18 of 124 satellite tags, 2003 – 2009) come to land during July – October. Based on these data, and an assumption that bears satellite-tagged on the spring time sea ice are representative of the entire SB population of independent bears, there would be an average of 230 bears on land each fall. In contrast to the SB population, in five of the world’s 19 polar bear populations (Obbard et al. 2010), polar bears spend significant periods of time on land (1 – 5 months) when ice completely melts. In these seasonal-ice populations (Amstrup et al. 2008), polar bears are largely in a hypophagic condition (e.g., Hobson et al. 2009), relying on fat stores from the spring hyperphagic season, when ringed seals (Phoca hispida) pup. In general, these seasonal-ice populations are demographically productive (Taylor et al. 2005), although recently an increase in the ice-free season has resulted in a population decline in western Hudson Bay (Stirling et al. 1999; Regehr et al. 2007). There have been measured declines in the body condition and productivity of polar bears in SB, and changes in these parameters have been linked to declining optimal ice habitat (e.g., Durner et al. 2009; Regehr et al. 2010). We do not understand the relationship between land-use and the overall status of the population. Individual polar bears that use land may have increased or decreased fitness, in comparison to polar bears that remain on ice in the autumn. This project, which focuses on the biology of animals that spend time on-shore, will help address this question. This project is funded by the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) under Agreement No. M09PG00025 and the USGS Outer Continental Shelf Program (OCS) for FY 2009-2014. Parts of this study are also funded by US Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Marine Mammals Management; the Bureau of Land Management; and the North Slope Borough, Department of Wildlife Management. This report is comprehensive, describing results for achieving the overlap
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70136151","usgsCitation":"Peacock, E.L., 2014, Demography and behavior of polar bears summering on land in Alaska, 3 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/70136151.","productDescription":"3 p. ","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-035445","costCenters":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332307,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":332306,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.boem.gov/AK-09-05b/"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Beaufort Sea, Chukchi Sea ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -141.50390625,\n 69.99053495947653\n ],\n [\n -129.7265625,\n 70.34831755984779\n ],\n [\n -125.15625000000001,\n 74.01954331150228\n ],\n [\n -129.375,\n 75.47513069090051\n ],\n [\n -136.23046875,\n 76.98014914976217\n ],\n [\n -155.478515625,\n 76.86081041605964\n ],\n [\n -169.013671875,\n 75.43097919105938\n ],\n [\n -179.736328125,\n 72.91963546581484\n ],\n [\n -178.59375,\n 71.04552881933586\n ],\n [\n -177.890625,\n 68.84766505841037\n ],\n [\n -173.671875,\n 67.2720426739952\n ],\n [\n -169.365234375,\n 66.12496236487968\n ],\n [\n -167.255859375,\n 65.91062334197893\n ],\n [\n -163.828125,\n 66.65297740055279\n ],\n [\n -162.24609375,\n 65.87472467098549\n ],\n [\n -161.455078125,\n 66.40795547978848\n ],\n [\n -164.443359375,\n 67.5421666883853\n ],\n [\n -166.11328125,\n 68.5924865825295\n ],\n [\n -163.828125,\n 69.1312712296365\n ],\n [\n -161.89453125,\n 70.19999407534661\n ],\n [\n -158.994140625,\n 70.8446726342528\n ],\n [\n -156.181640625,\n 71.30079291637452\n ],\n [\n -151.435546875,\n 70.61261423801925\n ],\n [\n -148.271484375,\n 70.22974449563027\n ],\n [\n -144.228515625,\n 70.08056215839737\n ],\n [\n -141.50390625,\n 69.8698915662856\n ],\n [\n -141.50390625,\n 69.99053495947653\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5859000be4b03639a6025e39","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peacock, Elizabeth L. 0000-0001-7279-0329 lpeacock@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7279-0329","contributorId":3361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peacock","given":"Elizabeth","email":"lpeacock@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":537165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70055562,"text":"70055562 - 2014 - Free-living waterfowl and shorebirds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-01T12:04:17","indexId":"70055562","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Free-living waterfowl and shorebirds","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Zoo animal and wildlife immobilization and anesthesia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","usgsCitation":"Mulcahy, D.M., 2014, Free-living waterfowl and shorebirds, chap. of Zoo animal and wildlife immobilization and anesthesia, p. 481-506.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"481","endPage":"506","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-052418","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324747,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":324746,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-081381183X.html"}],"edition":"Second Edition","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57779430e4b07dd077c905d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mulcahy, Daniel M. dmulcahy@usgs.gov","contributorId":3102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mulcahy","given":"Daniel","email":"dmulcahy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":518275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70189139,"text":"70189139 - 2014 - Sulfur and oxygen isotopic study of Paleozoic sediment-hosted Zn-Pb(-Ag-Au-Ba-F) deposits and associated hydrothermal alteration zones in the Nome Complex, Seward Peninsula, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-20T09:53:26","indexId":"70189139","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sulfur and oxygen isotopic study of Paleozoic sediment-hosted Zn-Pb(-Ag-Au-Ba-F) deposits and associated hydrothermal alteration zones in the Nome Complex, Seward Peninsula, Alaska","docAbstract":"Results of sulfur and oxygen isotope studies of sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX) Zn-Pb(-Ag-Au-Ba-F) deposits hosted in metamorphosed Paleozoic clastic and carbonate rocks of the Nome Complex, Seward Peninsula, Alaska, are consistent with data for similar deposits worldwide. Stable isotopic studies of the Nome Complex are challenging because the rocks have undergone Mesozoic blueschist- and greenschist-facies metamorphism and deformation at temperatures estimated from 390–490 °C. Studies of sulfur and oxygen isotopes in other areas suggest that, in the absence of chemical and mineralogical evidence for metasomatism, the principal effect of metamorphism is re-equilibration between individual minerals at the temperature of metamorphism, which commonly leads to a narrowing of the overall range of isotope values for a suite of rocks, but generally does not significantly modify the average whole rock value for that suite.\n\tSulfur isotope studies of the stratabound and locally stratiform sulfide lenses at the Aurora Creek-Christophosen deposit, which is of possible Late Devonian-early Carboniferous age, show a large range of δ34Ssulfide values from -9.7 to 39.4‰, suggesting multiple sulfur sources and possibly complex processes of sulfide formation that may include bacterial sulfate reduction, thermochemical sulfate reduction, and Rayleigh distillation. Low δ34S values probably represent bacterial sulfide minerals remobilized from the host metasedimentary rocks either during the original seafloor mineralization or are related to a Cretaceous mineralizing event that produced Au-vein and base-metal replacement deposits; the latter process is supported by Pb isotope data. \nThe Wheeler North deposit is similar to Aurora Creek-Christophosen but does not have negative δ34S values. It also probably formed in an euxinic sub-basin.\nThe stratabound Nelson deposit, and the deformed veins at the Galena and Quarry deposits, may be older than the Aurora Creek-Christophosen and Wheeler North deposits. The Nelson deposit has a lower and narrower range of δ34S values (1.9 to 10.4‰), averaging about 8‰. The Galena and Quarry veins display δ34S values that are similar to those of the stratabound Nelson deposit. Barite samples from the Aurora Creek-Christophosen, Wheeler North, and Quarry deposits have 34S-enriched δ34S values between 25 and 30‰ that are consistent with derivation of the sulfur from coeval (Paleozoic) seawater sulfate. \nGiven their δ34S values, it is likely that the Aurora Creek-Christophosen and Wheeler North deposits formed in closed sub-basins with euxinic conditions that led to extreme Rayleigh distillation to produce the very large range and very high δ34S values. The Nelson deposit probably formed within an anoxic but not euxinic sub-basin. At Nelson, sulfide was likely derived by a subsurface thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) reaction, similar to reactions that are inferred to have produced the sulfides in the Galena and Quarry deposits, which are interpreted as feeder veins for the stratabound deposits.\n\tCalculations of oxygen isotope temperatures are based on the assumption that evolved seawater with δ18O of 3‰ was the mineralizing and altering fluid related to the formation of the sulfide deposits. Temperatures of aluminous alteration and sulfide mineralization were between 109 and 209 °C, determined on the basis of oxygen isotope fractionations between the mineralizing fluid and proportionate amounts of quartz and muscovite in the rocks. These temperature estimates agree well with known temperatures of SEDEX mineralization worldwide. Sulfur isotope values also are generally consistent with the known ranges in SEDEX deposits worldwide (δ34S ≈ -5 to 25‰).","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/2014.2506(08)","usgsCitation":"Shanks, W.P., Slack, J.F., Till, A.B., Thurston, R., and Gemery-Hill, P., 2014, Sulfur and oxygen isotopic study of Paleozoic sediment-hosted Zn-Pb(-Ag-Au-Ba-F) deposits and associated hydrothermal alteration zones in the Nome Complex, Seward Peninsula, Alaska: GSA Special Papers, v. 506, p. 235-258, https://doi.org/10.1130/2014.2506(08).","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"235","endPage":"258","ipdsId":"IP-054559","costCenters":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343249,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"506","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59576338e4b0d1f9f051b53c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shanks, W.C. Pat III","contributorId":93949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shanks","given":"W.C.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"Pat","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Slack, John F. 0000-0001-6600-3130 jfslack@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6600-3130","contributorId":1032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slack","given":"John","email":"jfslack@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":703138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Till, Alison B. atill@usgs.gov","contributorId":2482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Till","given":"Alison","email":"atill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":703136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thurston, Roland","contributorId":194075,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thurston","given":"Roland","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gemery-Hill, Pamela","contributorId":194076,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gemery-Hill","given":"Pamela","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70189138,"text":"70189138 - 2014 - New ichnological, paleobotanical and detrital zircon data from an unnamed rock unit in Yukon-Charley Rivers National Preserve (Cretaceous: Alaska): Stratigraphic implications for the region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-30T16:04:04","indexId":"70189138","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3000,"text":"Palaios","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New ichnological, paleobotanical and detrital zircon data from an unnamed rock unit in Yukon-Charley Rivers National Preserve (Cretaceous: Alaska): Stratigraphic implications for the region","docAbstract":"A paleontological reconnaissance survey on Cretaceous and Paleogene terrestrial units along the Yukon River drainage through much of east-central Alaska has provided new chronostratigraphic constraints, paleoclimatological data, and the first information on local biodiversity within an ancient, high-latitude ecosystem. The studied unnamed rock unit is most notable for its historic economic gold placer deposits, but our survey documents its relevance as a source rock for Mesozoic terrestrial vertebrates, invertebrates, and associated flora. Specifically, new U-Pb ages from detrital zircons combined with ichnological data are indicative of a Late Cretaceous age for at least the lower section of the studied rock unit, previously considered to be representative of nearly exclusively Paleogene deposition. Further, the results of our survey show that this sedimentary rock unit preserves the first record of dinosaurs in the vast east-central Alaska region. Lastly, paleobotanical data, when compared to correlative rock units, support previous interpretations that the Late Cretaceous continental ecosystem of Alaska was heterogeneous in nature and seasonal.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Sedimentary Geology","doi":"10.2110/palo.2013.054","usgsCitation":"Fiorillo, A.R., Fanti, F., Hults, C., and Hasiotis, S.T., 2014, New ichnological, paleobotanical and detrital zircon data from an unnamed rock unit in Yukon-Charley Rivers National Preserve (Cretaceous: Alaska): Stratigraphic implications for the region: Palaios, v. 29, no. 1, p. 16-26, https://doi.org/10.2110/palo.2013.054.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"16","endPage":"26","ipdsId":"IP-053208","costCenters":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343247,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-06-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59576338e4b0d1f9f051b541","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fiorillo, Anthony R.","contributorId":194070,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fiorillo","given":"Anthony","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fanti, Federico","contributorId":194071,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fanti","given":"Federico","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hults, Chad chults@usgs.gov","contributorId":194069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hults","given":"Chad","email":"chults@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":703132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hasiotis, Stephen T","contributorId":194072,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hasiotis","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"T","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70187711,"text":"70187711 - 2014 - Estuarine removal of glacial iron and implications for iron fluxes to the ocean","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-15T21:45:19","indexId":"70187711","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estuarine removal of glacial iron and implications for iron fluxes to the ocean","docAbstract":"While recent work demonstrates that glacial meltwater provides a substantial and relatively labile flux of the micronutrient iron to oceans, the role of high-latitude estuary environments as a potential sink of glacial iron is unknown. Here we present the first quantitative description of iron removal in a meltwater-dominated estuary. We find that 85% of “dissolved” Fe is removed in the low-salinity region of the estuary along with 41% of “total dissolvable” iron associated with glacial flour. We couple these findings with hydrologic and geochemical data from Gulf of Alaska (GoA) glacierized catchments to calculate meltwater-derived fluxes of size and species partitioned Fe to the GoA. Iron flux data indicate that labile iron in the glacial flour and associated Fe minerals dominate the meltwater contribution to the Fe budget of the GoA. As such, GoA nutrient cycles and related ecosystems could be strongly influenced by continued ice loss in its watershed.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1002/2014GL060199","usgsCitation":"Schroth, A.W., Crusius, J., Hoyer, I., and Campbell, R., 2014, Estuarine removal of glacial iron and implications for iron fluxes to the ocean: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 41, no. 11, p. 3951-3958, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL060199.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"3951","endPage":"3958","ipdsId":"IP-055771","costCenters":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473420,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2014gl060199","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":341327,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"11","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-06-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"591abe39e4b0a7fdb43c8bff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schroth, Andrew W.","contributorId":192042,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schroth","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":17809,"text":"University of Vermont, Burlington","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":695218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crusius, John 0000-0003-2554-0831 jcrusius@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2554-0831","contributorId":2155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crusius","given":"John","email":"jcrusius@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":695216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hoyer, Ian","contributorId":192041,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hoyer","given":"Ian","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":695217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Campbell, Robert","contributorId":192043,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Campbell","given":"Robert","affiliations":[{"id":13600,"text":"Prince William Sound Science Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":695219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70187063,"text":"70187063 - 2014 - Decadal-scale variability of diffuse CO2 emissions and seismicity revealed from long-term monitoring (1995–2013) at Mammoth Mountain, California, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-14T09:15:14","indexId":"70187063","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Decadal-scale variability of diffuse CO2 emissions and seismicity revealed from long-term monitoring (1995–2013) at Mammoth Mountain, California, USA","docAbstract":"Mammoth Mountain, California, is a dacitic volcano that has experienced several periods of unrest since 1989. The onset of diffuse soil CO2 emissions at numerous locations on the flanks of the volcano began in 1989–1990 following an 11-month period of heightened seismicity. CO2 emission rates were measured yearly from 1995 to 2013 at Horseshoe Lake (HSL), the largest tree kill area on Mammoth Mountain, and measured intermittently at four smaller degassing areas around Mammoth from 2006 to 2013. The long-term record at HSL shows decadal-scale variations in CO2 emissions with two peaks in 2000–2001 and 2011–2012, both of which follow peaks in seismicity by 2–3 years. Between 2000 and 2004 emissions gradually declined during a seismically quiet period, and from 2004 to 2009 were steady at ~ 100 metric tonnes per day (t d− 1). CO2emissions at the four smaller tree-kill areas also increased by factors of 2–3 between 2006 and 2011–2012, demonstrating a mountain-wide increase in degassing. Delays between the peaks in seismicity and degassing have been observed at other volcanic and hydrothermal areas worldwide, and are thought to result from an injection of deep CO2-rich fluid into shallow subsurface reservoirs causing a pressurization event with a delayed transport to the surface. Such processes are consistent with previous studies at Mammoth, and here we highlight (1) the mountain-wide response, (2) the characteristic delay of 2–3 years, and (3) the roughly decadal reoccurrence interval for such behavior. Our best estimate of total CO2 degassing from Mammoth Mountain was 416 t d− 1 in 2011 during the peak of emissions, over half of which was emitted from HSL. The cumulative release of CO2 between 1995 and 2013 from diffuse emissions is estimated to be ~ 2–3 Mt, and extrapolation back to 1989 gives ~ 4.8 Mt. This amount of CO2 release is similar to that produced by the mid-sized (VEI 3) 2009 eruption of Redoubt Volcano in Alaska (~ 2.3 Mt over 11 months), and significantly lower than long-term emissions from hydrothermal areas such as Solfatara in Campi Flegrei, Italy (16 Mt over 28 years).
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2014.10.020","usgsCitation":"Werner, C.A., Bergfeld, D., Farrar, C., Doukas, M.P., Kelly, P.J., and Kern, C., 2014, Decadal-scale variability of diffuse CO2 emissions and seismicity revealed from long-term monitoring (1995–2013) at Mammoth Mountain, California, USA: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 289, p. 51-63, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2014.10.020.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"51","endPage":"63","ipdsId":"IP-059281","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340057,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Mammoth Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.0617561340332,\n 37.60838406655316\n ],\n [\n -119.00665283203124,\n 37.60838406655316\n ],\n [\n -119.00665283203124,\n 37.65854752136167\n ],\n [\n -119.0617561340332,\n 37.65854752136167\n ],\n [\n -119.0617561340332,\n 37.60838406655316\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"289","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f9c8d0e4b0b7ea545240f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Werner, Cynthia A. cwerner@usgs.gov","contributorId":2540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Werner","given":"Cynthia","email":"cwerner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":692269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bergfeld, Deborah 0000-0003-4570-7627 dbergfel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4570-7627","contributorId":152531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergfeld","given":"Deborah","email":"dbergfel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":692270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Farrar, Chris","contributorId":191192,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Farrar","given":"Chris","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doukas, Michael P. mdoukas@usgs.gov","contributorId":2686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doukas","given":"Michael","email":"mdoukas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":692272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kelly, Peter J. 0000-0002-3868-1046 pkelly@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3868-1046","contributorId":5931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelly","given":"Peter","email":"pkelly@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":692273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kern, Christoph 0000-0002-8920-5701 ckern@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8920-5701","contributorId":3387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kern","given":"Christoph","email":"ckern@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":692274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70188873,"text":"70188873 - 2014 - Geophysical investigations of the geologic and hydrothermal framework of the Pilgrim Springs Geothermal Area, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-27T12:56:36","indexId":"70188873","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Geophysical investigations of the geologic and hydrothermal framework of the Pilgrim Springs Geothermal Area, Alaska","docAbstract":"Pilgrim Hot Springs, located on the Seward Peninsula in west-central Alaska, is characterized by hot springs, surrounding thawed regions, and elevated lake temperatures. The area is of interest because of its potential for providing renewable energy for Nome and nearby rural communities. We performed ground and airborne geophysical investigations of the Pilgrim Springs geothermal area to identify areas indicative of high heat flow and saline geothermal fluids, and to map key structures controlling hydrothermal fluid flow. Studies included ground gravity and magnetic measurements, as well as an airborne magnetic and frequency-domain electromagnetic (EM) survey. The structural and conceptual framework developed from this study provides critical information for future development of this resource and is relevant more generally to our understanding of geothermal systems in active extensional basins.
Potential field data reveal the Pilgrim area displays a complex geophysical fabric reflecting a network of intersecting fault and fracture sets ranging from inherited basement structures to Tertiary faults. Resistivity models derived from the airborne EM data reveal resistivity anomalies in the upper 100 m of the subsurface that suggest elevated temperatures and the presence of saline fluids. A northwest trending fabric across the northeastern portion of the survey area parallels structures to the east that may be related to accommodation between the two major mountain ranges south (Kigluaik) and east (Bendeleben) of Pilgrim Springs. The area from the springs southward to the range front, however, is characterized by east-west trending, range-front-parallel anomalies likely caused by late Cenozoic structures associated with north-south extension that formed the basin. The area around the springs (~10 km2 ) is coincident with a circular magnetic high punctuated by several east-west trending magnetic lows, the most prominent occurring directly over the springs. These features possibly result from hydrothermal alteration imposed by fluids migrating along intra-basin faults related to recent north-south extension.
The Pilgrim River valley is characterized by a NE-elongate gravity low that reveals a basin extending to depths of ~300 m beneath Pilgrim Springs and deepening to ~800 m to the southwest. The margins of the gravity low are sharply defined by northeasttrending gradients that probably reflect the edges of fault-bounded structural blocks. The southeastern edge of the low, which lies very close to the springs, also corresponds with prominent NE-striking anomalies seen in magnetic and resistivity models. Together, these features define a structure we refer to as the Northeast Fault. The location of the hot springs appears to be related to the intersection of the Northeast Fault with a N-oriented structure marked by the abrupt western edge of a resistivity low surrounding the hot springs. While the hot springs represent the primary outflow of geothermal fluids, additional outflow extends from the springs northeast along the Northeast fault to another thaw zone that we interpret to be a secondary region of concentrated upflow of geothermal fluids.
The Northeast Fault apparently controls shallow geothermal fluid flow, and may also provide an important pathway conveying deep fluids to the shallow subsurface. We suggest that geothermal fluids may derive from a reservoir residing beneath the sediment basin southwest of the springs. If so, the shape of the basin, which narrows and shallows towards the springs, may funnel fluids beneath the springs where they intersect the Northeast Fault allowing them to reach the surface.
An alternative pathway for reservoir fluids to reach intermediate to shallow depths may be afforded by the main Kigluaik range front fault that coincides with a resistivity anomaly possibly resulting from fluid flow and associated hydrothermal mineralization occurring within the fault zone.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings, Thirty-Ninth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Thirty-Ninth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering","conferenceDate":"February 24-26, 2014","conferenceLocation":"Stanford, CA","language":"English","publisher":"Stanford University","usgsCitation":"Glen, J.M., McPhee, D., and Bedrosian, P.A., 2014, Geophysical investigations of the geologic and hydrothermal framework of the Pilgrim Springs Geothermal Area, Alaska, in Proceedings, Thirty-Ninth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, Stanford, CA, February 24-26, 2014, 9 p.","productDescription":"9 p.","ipdsId":"IP-054930","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":342971,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59536eaee4b062508e3c7aad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glen, Jonathan M.G. 0000-0002-3502-3355 jglen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3502-3355","contributorId":176530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glen","given":"Jonathan","email":"jglen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.G.","affiliations":[{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":700769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McPhee, Darcy 0000-0002-5177-3068 dmcphee@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5177-3068","contributorId":2621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McPhee","given":"Darcy","email":"dmcphee@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":412,"text":"National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":700770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bedrosian, Paul A. 0000-0002-6786-1038 pbedrosian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6786-1038","contributorId":839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bedrosian","given":"Paul","email":"pbedrosian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":700771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70184997,"text":"70184997 - 2014 - New imaging of submarine landslides from the 1964 earthquake near Whittier, Alaska, and a comparison to failures in other Alaskan fjords","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-07T16:47:26","indexId":"70184997","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"New imaging of submarine landslides from the 1964 earthquake near Whittier, Alaska, and a comparison to failures in other Alaskan fjords","docAbstract":"The 1964 Alaska M w 9.2 earthquake triggered numerous submarine slope failures in fjords of southern Alaska. These failures generated local tsunamis, such as at Whittier, where they inundated the town within 4 min of the beginning of shaking. Run-up was up to 32 m, with 13 casualties. We collected new multibeam bathymetry and high-resolution sparker seismic data in Passage Canal, and we examined bathymetry changes before and after the earthquake. The data reveal the debris flow deposit from the 1964 landslides, which covers the western 5 km of the fjord bottom. Individual blocks in the flow are up to 145-m wide and 25-m tall. Bathymetry changes show the mass transfer deposits originated from the fjord head and Whittier Creek deltas and had a volume of about 42 million m3. The 1964 deposit has an average thickness of ∼5.4 m. Beyond the debris flow, the failures likely deposited a ∼4.6-m thick megaturbidite in a distal basin. We have studied the 1964 submarine landslides in three fjords. All involved failure of the fjord-head delta. All failures eroded basin-floor sediments and incorporated them as they travelled. All the failures deposited blocks, but their size and travel distances varied greatly. We find a correlation between maximum block size and maximum tsunami run-up regardless of the volume of the slides. Lastly, the fjord’s margins were influenced by increased supply of glacial sediments during the little ice age, which along with a long interseismic interval (∼900 years) may have caused the 1964 earthquake to produce particularly numerous and large submarine landslides.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Submarine mass movements and their consequences, Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research Vol. 37 ","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/978-3-319-00972-8_32","usgsCitation":"Haeussler, P.J., Parsons, T.E., Finlayson, D.P., Hart, P.J., Chaytor, J., Ryan, H.F., Lee, H., Labay, K., Peterson, A., and Liberty, L., 2014, New imaging of submarine landslides from the 1964 earthquake near Whittier, Alaska, and a comparison to failures in other Alaskan fjords, chap. of Submarine mass movements and their consequences, Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research Vol. 37 , v. 37, p. 361-370, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00972-8_32.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"361","endPage":"370","ipdsId":"IP-052752","costCenters":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":438776,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9L0Q0AK","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Combined High-Resolution Topography and Bathymetry for Western Passage Canal, Near Whittier, Alaska"},{"id":438775,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9458THH","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Gridded Data from a 2011 Multibeam Bathymetric Survey of the Western Part of Passage Canal, Near Whittier, Alaska"},{"id":337535,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Whittier","volume":"37","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-08-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c90128e4b0849ce97abcf7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haeussler, Peter J. 0000-0002-1503-6247 pheuslr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1503-6247","contributorId":503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeussler","given":"Peter","email":"pheuslr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":683875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parsons, Thomas E. 0000-0002-0582-4338 tparsons@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0582-4338","contributorId":2314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"Thomas","email":"tparsons@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":683876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Finlayson, David P. dfinlayson@usgs.gov","contributorId":1381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finlayson","given":"David","email":"dfinlayson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":683877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hart, Patrick J.","contributorId":147728,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hart","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":6977,"text":"University of Hawai`i at Hilo","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":683878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chaytor, Jason D. jchaytor@usgs.gov","contributorId":4961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chaytor","given":"Jason D.","email":"jchaytor@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":6706,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":683879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ryan, Holly F. hryan@usgs.gov","contributorId":187559,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ryan","given":"Holly","email":"hryan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":683880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Lee, Homa J. hjlee@usgs.gov","contributorId":1021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Homa J.","email":"hjlee@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":684304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Labay, Keith A. 0000-0002-6763-3190 klabay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6763-3190","contributorId":2097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Labay","given":"Keith A.","email":"klabay@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":683881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Peterson, Andrew","contributorId":189112,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Peterson","given":"Andrew","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":683882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Liberty, Lee","contributorId":189113,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Liberty","given":"Lee","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":683883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70189562,"text":"70189562 - 2014 - Spatial distribution of mercury in southeastern Alaskan streams influenced by glaciers, wetlands, and salmon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-11T16:38:32","indexId":"70189562","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1555,"text":"Environmental Pollution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial distribution of mercury in southeastern Alaskan streams influenced by glaciers, wetlands, and salmon","docAbstract":"Southeastern Alaska is a remote coastal-maritime ecosystem that is experiencing increased deposition of mercury (Hg) as well as rapid glacier loss. Here we present the results of the first reported survey of total and methyl Hg (MeHg) concentrations in regional streams and biota. Overall, streams draining large wetland areas had higher Hg concentrations in water, mayflies, and juvenile salmon than those from glacially-influenced or recently deglaciated watersheds. Filtered MeHg was positively correlated with wetland abundance. Aqueous Hg occurred predominantly in the particulate fraction of glacier streams but in the filtered fraction of wetland-rich streams. Colonization by anadromous salmon in both glacier and wetland-rich streams may be contributing additional marine-derived Hg. The spatial distribution of Hg in the range of streams presented here shows that watersheds are variably, yet fairly predictably, sensitive to atmospheric and marine inputs of Hg.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2013.07.040","usgsCitation":"Nagorski, S.A., Engstrom, D.R., Hudson, J.P., Krabbenhoft, D.P., Hood, E., DeWild, J.F., and Aiken, G.R., 2014, Spatial distribution of mercury in southeastern Alaskan streams influenced by glaciers, wetlands, and salmon: Environmental Pollution, v. 184, p. 62-72, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.07.040.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"62","endPage":"72","ipdsId":"IP-046100","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343945,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -137.274169921875,\n 58.03718871323224\n ],\n [\n -133.79150390625,\n 58.03718871323224\n ],\n [\n -133.79150390625,\n 59.80063426102869\n ],\n [\n -137.274169921875,\n 59.80063426102869\n ],\n [\n -137.274169921875,\n 58.03718871323224\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"184","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"596dcca4e4b0d1f9f062756b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nagorski, Sonia A.","contributorId":32940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nagorski","given":"Sonia","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Engstrom, Daniel R.","contributorId":82665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engstrom","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hudson, John P.","contributorId":171887,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hudson","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Krabbenhoft, David P. 0000-0003-1964-5020 dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1964-5020","contributorId":1658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krabbenhoft","given":"David","email":"dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":705194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hood, Eran","contributorId":106802,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hood","given":"Eran","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"DeWild, John F. 0000-0003-4097-2798 jfdewild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4097-2798","contributorId":2525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeWild","given":"John","email":"jfdewild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":705196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Aiken, George R. 0000-0001-8454-0984 graiken@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8454-0984","contributorId":1322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aiken","given":"George","email":"graiken@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":705197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70189135,"text":"70189135 - 2014 - Carbonate rocks of the Seward Peninsula, Alaska: Their correlation and paleogeographic significance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-07T21:00:10","indexId":"70189135","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Carbonate rocks of the Seward Peninsula, Alaska: Their correlation and paleogeographic significance","docAbstract":"Paleozoic carbonate strata deposited in shallow platform to off-platform settings occur across the Seward Peninsula and range from unmetamorphosed Ordovician–Devonian(?) rocks of the York succession in the west to highly deformed and metamorphosed Cambrian–Devonian units of the Nome Complex in the east. Faunal and lithologic correlations indicate that early Paleozoic strata in the two areas formed as part of a single carbonate platform.\n\nThe York succession makes up part of the York terrane and consists of Ordovician, lesser Silurian, and limited, possibly Devonian rocks. Shallow-water facies predominate, but subordinate graptolitic shale and calcareous turbidites accumulated in deeper water, intraplatform basin environments, chiefly during the Middle Ordovician. Lower Ordovician strata are mainly lime mudstone and peloid-intraclast grainstone deposited in a deepening upward regime; noncarbonate detritus is abundant in lower parts of the section. Upper Ordovician and Silurian rocks include carbonate mudstone, skeletal wackestone, and coral-stromatoporoid biostromes that are commonly dolomitic and accumulated in warm, shallow to very shallow settings with locally restricted circulation.\n\nThe rest of the York terrane is mainly Ordovician and older, variously deformed and metamorphosed carbonate and siliciclastic rocks intruded by early Cambrian (and younger?) metagabbros. Older (Neoproterozoic–Cambrian) parts of these units are chiefly turbidites and may have been basement for the carbonate platform facies of the York succession; younger, shallow- and deep-water strata likely represent previously unrecognized parts of the York succession and its offshore equivalents. Intensely deformed and altered Mississippian carbonate strata crop out in a small area at the western edge of the terrane.\n\nMetacarbonate rocks form all or part of several units within the blueschist- and greenschist-facies Nome Complex. The Layered sequence includes mafic meta¬igneous rocks and associated calcareous metaturbidites of Ordovician age as well as shallow-water Silurian dolostones. Scattered metacarbonate rocks are chiefly Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, and Devonian dolostones that formed in shallow, warm-water settings with locally restricted circulation and marbles of less constrained Paleozoic age. Carbonate metaturbidites occur on the northeast and southeast coasts and yield mainly Silurian and lesser Ordovician and Devonian conodonts; the northern succession also includes debris flows with meter-scale clasts and an argillite interval with Late Ordovician graptolites and lenses of radiolarian chert. Mafic igneous rocks at least partly of Early Devonian age are common in the southern succession.\n\nCarbonate rocks on Seward Peninsula experienced a range of deformational and thermal histories equivalent to those documented in the Brooks Range. Conodont color alteration indices (CAIs) from Seward Peninsula, like those from the Brooks Range, define distinct thermal provinces that likely reflect structural burial. Penetratively deformed high-pressure metamorphic rocks of the Nome Complex (CAIs ≥5) correspond to rocks of the Schist belt in the southern Brooks Range; both record subduction during early stages of the Jurassic–Cretaceous Brooks Range orogeny. Weakly metamorphosed to unmetamorphosed strata of the York terrane (CAIs mainly 2–5), like Brooks Range rocks in the Central belt and structural allochthons to the north, experienced moderate to shallow burial during the main phase of the Brooks Range orogeny. The nature of the contact between the York terrane and the Nome Complex is uncertain; it may be a thrust fault, an extensional surface, or a thrust fault later reactivated as an extensional fault.\n\nLithofacies and biofacies data indicate that, in spite of their divergent Mesozoic histories, rocks of the York terrane and protoliths of the Nome Complex formed as part of the same lower Paleozoic carbonate platform. Stratigraphies in both","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/2014.2506(03)","usgsCitation":"Dumoulin, J.A., Harris, A., and Repetski, J.E., 2014, Carbonate rocks of the Seward Peninsula, Alaska: Their correlation and paleogeographic significance: GSA Special Papers, v. 506, p. 59-110, https://doi.org/10.1130/2014.2506(03).","productDescription":"52 p.","startPage":"59","endPage":"110","ipdsId":"IP-046076","costCenters":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343246,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"506","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59576338e4b0d1f9f051b544","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dumoulin, Julie A. 0000-0003-1754-1287 dumoulin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1754-1287","contributorId":203209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dumoulin","given":"Julie","email":"dumoulin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":703118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harris, Alta aharris@usgs.gov","contributorId":148394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"Alta","email":"aharris@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":703120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Repetski, John E. 0000-0002-2298-7120 jrepetski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2298-7120","contributorId":2596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Repetski","given":"John","email":"jrepetski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":703119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70136249,"text":"70136249 - 2014 - Change-in-ratio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-13T15:52:47","indexId":"70136249","displayToPublicDate":"2013-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Change-in-ratio","docAbstract":"Change-in-ratio (CIR) methods are used to estimate parameters for ecological populations subject to differential removals from population subclasses. Subclasses can be defined according to criteria such as sex, age, or size of individuals. Removals are generally in the form of closely monitored sport or commercial harvests. Estimation is based on observed changes in subclass proportions caused by the removals.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Encyclopedia of Environmetrics","language":"English","publisher":"Encyclopedia of Environmetrics","doi":"10.1002/9780470057339.vac015m.pub2","usgsCitation":"Udevitz, M.S., 2014, Change-in-ratio, chap. of Encyclopedia of Environmetrics, v. 2, p. 372-374, https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470057339.vac015m.pub2.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"372","endPage":"374","ipdsId":"IP-030888","costCenters":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":342442,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-01-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5940f9b5e4b0764e6c63eadc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Udevitz, Mark S. 0000-0003-4659-138X mudevitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4659-138X","contributorId":3189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Udevitz","given":"Mark","email":"mudevitz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":537256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70045503,"text":"70045503 - 2014 - Variation in the response of an Arctic top predator experiencing habitat loss: Feeding and reproductive ecology of two polar bear populations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-10T12:17:09","indexId":"70045503","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-17T12:01:02","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1837,"text":"Global Change Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variation in the response of an Arctic top predator experiencing habitat loss: Feeding and reproductive ecology of two polar bear populations","docAbstract":"Polar bears (Ursus maritimus) have experienced substantial changes in the seasonal availability of sea ice habitat in parts of their range, including the Beaufort, Chukchi, and Bering Seas. In this study, we compared the body size, condition, and recruitment of polar bears captured in the Chukchi and Bering Seas (CS) between two periods (1986–1994 and 2008–2011) when declines in sea ice habitat occurred. In addition, we compared metrics for the CS population 2008–2011 with those of the adjacent southern Beaufort Sea (SB) population where loss in sea ice habitat has been associated with declines in body condition, size, recruitment, and survival. We evaluated how variation in body condition and recruitment were related to feeding ecology. Comparing habitat conditions between populations, there were twice as many reduced ice days over continental shelf waters per year during 2008–2011 in the SB than in the CS. CS polar bears were larger and in better condition, and appeared to have higher reproduction than SB bears. Although SB and CS bears had similar diets, twice as many bears were fasting in spring in the SB than in the CS. Between 1986–1994 and 2008–2011, body size, condition, and recruitment indices in the CS were not reduced despite a 44-day increase in the number of reduced ice days. Bears in the CS exhibited large body size, good body condition, and high indices of recruitment compared to most other populations measured to date. Higher biological productivity and prey availability in the CS relative to the SB, and a shorter recent history of reduced sea ice habitat, may explain the maintenance of condition and recruitment of CS bears. Geographic differences in the response of polar bears to climate change are relevant to range-wide forecasts for this and other ice-dependent species.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Global Change Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Blackwell Science","publisherLocation":"Oxford, England","doi":"10.1111/gcb.12339","usgsCitation":"Rode, K.D., Regehr, E.V., Douglas, D.C., Durner, G.M., Derocher, A.E., Thiemann, G.W., and Budge, S.M., 2014, Variation in the response of an Arctic top predator experiencing habitat loss: Feeding and reproductive ecology of two polar bear populations: Global Change Biology, v. 20, no. 1, p. 76-88, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12339.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"76","endPage":"88","ipdsId":"IP-042665","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473331,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12339","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":281092,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":281088,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12339"}],"country":"Canada; Russia; United States","otherGeospatial":"Beaufort Sea; Bering Sea; Chukchi Sea","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 130.69,56.41 ], [ 130.69,78.03 ], [ -109.95,78.03 ], [ -109.95,56.41 ], [ 130.69,56.41 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"20","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-11-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd7af8e4b0b2908510dd27","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rode, Karyn D. 0000-0002-3328-8202 krode@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3328-8202","contributorId":5053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rode","given":"Karyn","email":"krode@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":477649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Regehr, Eric V. 0000-0003-4487-3105","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4487-3105","contributorId":66364,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Regehr","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":12428,"text":"U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":477650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Douglas, David C. 0000-0003-0186-1104 ddouglas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-1104","contributorId":2388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"David","email":"ddouglas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":477648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Durner, George M. 0000-0002-3370-1191 gdurner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3370-1191","contributorId":3576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durner","given":"George","email":"gdurner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":477654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Derocher, Andrew E.","contributorId":96189,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Derocher","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":12980,"text":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":477653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Thiemann, Gregory W.","contributorId":83023,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thiemann","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":27291,"text":"York University, Toronto, ON","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":477651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Budge, Suzanne M.","contributorId":92168,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Budge","given":"Suzanne","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":24650,"text":"Dalhousie University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":477652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70045537,"text":"70045537 - 2014 - Abdominally implanted satellite transmitters affect reproduction and survival rather than migration of large shorebirds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-21T14:23:54","indexId":"70045537","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-01T11:27:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2409,"text":"Journal of Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Abdominally implanted satellite transmitters affect reproduction and survival rather than migration of large shorebirds","docAbstract":"Satellite telemetry has become a common technique to investigate avian life-histories, but whether such tagging will affect fitness is a critical unknown. In this study, we evaluate multi-year effects of implanted transmitters on migratory timing and reproductive performance in shorebirds. Shorebirds increasingly are recognized as good models in ecology and evolution. That many of them are of conservation concern adds to the research responsibilities. In May 2009, we captured 56 female Black-tailed Godwits Limosa limosa limosa during late incubation in The Netherlands. Of these, 15 birds were equipped with 26-g satellite transmitters with a percutaneous antenna (7.8 % ± 0.2 SD of body mass), surgically implanted in the coelom. We compared immediate nest survival, timing of migration, subsequent nest site fidelity and reproductive behaviour including egg laying with those of the remaining birds, a comparison group of 41 females. We found no effects on immediate nest survival. Fledging success and subsequent southward and northward migration patterns of the implanted birds conformed to the expectations, and arrival time on the breeding grounds in 2010–2012 did not differ from the comparison group. Compared with the comparison group, in the year after implantation, implanted birds were equally faithful to the nest site and showed equal territorial behaviour, but a paucity of behaviours indicating nests or clutches. In the 3 years after implantation, the yearly apparent survival of implanted birds was 16 % points lower. Despite intense searching, we found only three eggs of two implanted birds; all were deformed. A similarly deformed egg was reported in a similarly implanted Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus returning to breed in central Alaska. The presence in the body cavity of an object slightly smaller than a normal egg may thus lead to egg malformation and, likely, reduced egg viability. That the use of implanted satellite transmitters in these large shorebirds reduced nesting propensity and might also lead to fertility losses argues against the use of implanted transmitters for studies on breeding biology, and for a careful evaluation of the methodology in studies of migration.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Ornithology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10336-013-1026-4","usgsCitation":"Hooijmeijer, J.C., Gill, R., Mulcahy, D.M., Tibbitts, T.L., Kentie, R., Gerritsen, G.J., Bruinzeel, L.W., Tijssen, D.C., Harwood, C.M., and Piersma, T., 2014, Abdominally implanted satellite transmitters affect reproduction and survival rather than migration of large shorebirds: Journal of Ornithology, v. 155, no. 2, p. 447-457, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-013-1026-4.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"447","endPage":"457","numberOfPages":"11","ipdsId":"IP-039730","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281819,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":281818,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10336-013-1026-4"}],"country":"The Netherlands","state":"Friesl","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 5.387222,52.849722 ], [ 5.387222,53.044722 ], [ 5.421111,53.044722 ], [ 5.421111,52.849722 ], [ 5.387222,52.849722 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"155","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"537f1c5fe4b021317a86e2dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hooijmeijer, Jos C. E. W.","contributorId":64996,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hooijmeijer","given":"Jos","email":"","middleInitial":"C. E. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gill, Robert E. Jr. 0000-0002-6385-4500 rgill@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6385-4500","contributorId":171747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"Robert E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"rgill@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":477786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mulcahy, Daniel M. dmulcahy@usgs.gov","contributorId":3102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mulcahy","given":"Daniel","email":"dmulcahy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":477785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tibbitts, T. Lee 0000-0002-0290-7592 ltibbitts@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0290-7592","contributorId":140455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tibbitts","given":"T.","email":"ltibbitts@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Lee","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":477790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kentie, Rosemarie","contributorId":74675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kentie","given":"Rosemarie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gerritsen, Gerrit J.","contributorId":99466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerritsen","given":"Gerrit","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Bruinzeel, Leo W.","contributorId":31675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bruinzeel","given":"Leo","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Tijssen, David C.","contributorId":76227,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tijssen","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Harwood, Christopher M.","contributorId":40515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harwood","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Piersma, Theunis","contributorId":95369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piersma","given":"Theunis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70046501,"text":"70046501 - 2014 - Commercial possibilities for stranded conventional gas from Alaska's North Slope","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-24T10:46:05","indexId":"70046501","displayToPublicDate":"2013-09-06T13:03:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2832,"text":"Natural Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1573-8981","printIssn":"1520-7439","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Commercial possibilities for stranded conventional gas from Alaska's North Slope","docAbstract":"Stranded gas resources are defined for this study as gas resources in discrete accumulations that are not currently commercially producible, or producible at full potential, for either physical or economic reasons. Approximately 35 trillion cubic feet (TCF) of stranded gas was identified on Alaska’s North Slope. The commercialization of this resource requires facilities to transport gas to markets where sales revenue will be sufficient to offset the cost of constructing and operating a gas delivery system. With the advent of the shale gas revolution, plans for a gas pipeline to the conterminous US have been shelved (at least temporarily) and the State and resource owners are considering a liquefied natural gas (LNG) export project that targets Asian markets. This paper focuses on competitive conditions for Asian gas import markets by estimating delivered costs of competing supplies from central Asia, Russia, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Australia in the context of a range of import gas demand projections for the period from 2020 to 2040. These suppliers’ costs are based on the cost of developing, producing, and delivering to markets tranches of the nearly 600 TCF of recoverable gas from their own conventional stranded gas fields. The results of these analyses imply that Alaska’s gas exports to Asia will likely encounter substantial competitive challenges. The sustainability of Asia’s oil-indexed LNG pricing is also discussed in light of a potentially intense level of competition.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Natural Resources Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s11053-013-9213-9","usgsCitation":"Attanasi, E., and Freeman, P., 2014, Commercial possibilities for stranded conventional gas from Alaska's North Slope: Natural Resources Research, v. 23, no. 1, p. 175-193, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11053-013-9213-9.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"175","endPage":"193","numberOfPages":"19","ipdsId":"IP-042212","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":277393,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":277389,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11053-013-9213-9"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"North Slope","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -166.85,68.0 ], [ -166.85,71.39 ], [ -141.0,71.39 ], [ -141.0,68.0 ], [ -166.85,68.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"23","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-07-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"522aeb66e4b08fd0132e7925","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Attanasi, Emil 0000-0001-6845-7160 attanasi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6845-7160","contributorId":1809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Attanasi","given":"Emil","email":"attanasi@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":479721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Freeman, P.A. 0000-0002-0863-7431 pfreeman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0863-7431","contributorId":3154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"P.A.","email":"pfreeman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":479722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70044677,"text":"70044677 - 2014 - Remote biopsy darting and marking of polar bears","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-14T13:13:42","indexId":"70044677","displayToPublicDate":"2013-04-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2671,"text":"Marine Mammal Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Remote biopsy darting and marking of polar bears","docAbstract":"Remote biopsy darting of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) is less invasive and time intensive than physical capture and is therefore useful when capture is challenging or unsafe. We worked with two manufacturers to develop a combination biopsy and marking dart for use on polar bears. We had an 80% success rate of collecting a tissue sample with a single biopsy dart and collected tissue samples from 143 polar bears on land, in water, and on sea ice. Dye marks ensured that 96% of the bears were not resampled during the same sampling period, and we recovered 96% of the darts fired. Biopsy heads with 5 mm diameters collected an average of 0.12 g of fur, tissue, and subcutaneous adipose tissue, while biopsy heads with 7 mm diameters collected an average of 0.32 g. Tissue samples were 99.3% successful (142 of 143 samples) in providing a genetic and sex identification of individuals. We had a 64% success rate collecting adipose tissue and we successfully examined fatty acid signatures in all adipose samples. Adipose lipid content values were lower compared to values from immobilized or harvested polar bears, indicating that our method was not suitable for quantifying adipose lipid content.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/mms.12029","usgsCitation":"Pagano, A.M., Peacock, E.L., and McKinney, M.A., 2014, Remote biopsy darting and marking of polar bears: Marine Mammal Science, v. 30, no. 1, p. 169-183, https://doi.org/10.1111/mms.12029.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"169","endPage":"183","numberOfPages":"15","ipdsId":"IP-043408","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":486667,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P13TKJA6","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Southern Beaufort Sea Polar Bear Mark Recapture Data, 2000-2023"},{"id":273641,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-04-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51b99869e4b07b9df6070fae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pagano, Anthony M. 0000-0003-2176-0909 apagano@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2176-0909","contributorId":3884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pagano","given":"Anthony","email":"apagano@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":476220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peacock, Elizabeth L. 0000-0001-7279-0329 lpeacock@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7279-0329","contributorId":3361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peacock","given":"Elizabeth","email":"lpeacock@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":476222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McKinney, Melissa A.","contributorId":11496,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKinney","given":"Melissa","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6619,"text":"University of Connecticutt","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":476221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70044305,"text":"70044305 - 2014 - Trails through time: A geologist's guide to Jefferson County open space parks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-17T14:45:50","indexId":"70044305","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-31T13:31:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"title":"Trails through time: A geologist's guide to Jefferson County open space parks","docAbstract":"Jefferson County straddles one of the most conspicuous and important geographic and geologic boundaries in western
North America, the eastern flank of the Rocky Mountains. To the east you can travel 1,100 miles across Great Plains and
Central Lowlands before you sight the western foothills of the Appalachians. If you travel in the other direction you will
cross or skirt mountain range after mountain range until you sight the Coast Range near San Francisco, more than 900
miles to the west. Many of these mountains have different ages and origins than the Colorado mountains, but they are
all part of the great mountain belt called the North American Cordillera that extends along the western edge of the
continent from Alaska through Mexico.
What is the reason for the remarkably straight and abrupt eastern flank of the Colorado Front Range? The brief answer
is that it marks the edge of a block of ancient metamorphic and igneous rocks that has been uplifted relative to younger
flat-laying sedimentary rocks that underlie the plains to the east. During the uplift, the sedimentary rocks along the
boundary have been uplifted and tilted eastward to form the discontinuous line of hogback ridges that parallel the
mountain front. Erosion during and after the uplift has removed the sedimentary rocks that once lay above the harder
rocks of the mountain uplift, carved the scenic peaks and mountain canyons in the hard crystalline rocks of uplifted
block, and worn away the softer layers of sedimentary rocks of the plains, but left a few of the harder upturned layers
along the mountain front as hogback ridges.
Jefferson County Open Space Parks, as well as other nearby parks and National Forest lands, offer marvelous
opportunities to explore the geologic story behind this singular landscape. At first the distribution of rocks of different
ages and types seems almost random, but careful study of the rocks and landscape features reveals a captivating
geologic story, a history that tells of the building of the foundations of the continent, the rise and destruction of longvanished
mountain ranges, the ebb and flow of ancient seas, and the constant shaping and reshaping of the landscape in
response to the never-ending interplay between uplift and erosion. This historical account is constantly being improved
and expanded as new evidence accumulates and new interpretations evolve.
The LANDFIRE National Project (LF_1.0.0) was successfully completed in 2009. The goal of LANDFIRE\nNational was to generate consistent 2001 vintage 30 meter spatial data sets for all 50 States for fire and\nother natural resource applications. This report highlights results from the continuation of LANDFIRE as\na program to update the spatial data layers through 2008. The focus of this phase of the program was\nto improve the data products and account for vegetation change across the landscape caused by\nwildland fire, fuel and vegetation treatments, and management. In addition, changes caused by insects\nand disease, storms, invasive plants, and other natural or anthropogenic events were incorporated\nwhen data were available. This report describes the LANDFIRE 2001/2008 Refresh effort to update\nexisting map layers to reflect more current conditions, focusing primarily on vegetation changes. The\neffort incorporated user feedback and new data, producing two comprehensive Refresh data product\nsets:
\n1. LANDFIRE 2001 Refresh (LF_1.0.5) enhanced LANDFIRE map layers by incorporating\nuser feedback and additional data to provide a foundation to update data to 2008. It\nwas also designed to provide users with a data set to help facilitate comparisons\nbetween 2001 and 2008 (i.e. Refresh LF_1.1.0) data sets.
\n2. LANDFIRE 2008 Refresh (LF_1.1.0) updated map layers to reflect vegetation changes\nand disturbances that occurred between 1999 and 2008.
\nIn this report, we (1) address the background and provide details pertaining to why there are two\nRefresh data sets, (2) explain the requirements, planning, and procedures behind the completion and\ndelivery of the updated products for each of the data product sets, (3) show and describe results, and\n(4) provide case studies illustrating the performance of LANDFIRE National, LANDFIRE 2001 Refresh and\nLANDFIRE 2008 Refresh (LF_1.1.0) data products on some example wildland fires.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70103363","usgsCitation":"Connot, J.A., 2014, LANDFIRE 2001 and 2008 refresh: geographic area report: Alaska, ii, 68 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70103363.","productDescription":"ii, 68 p.","numberOfPages":"71","ipdsId":"IP-055129","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289498,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339665,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.landfire.gov/documents/AK_GA.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53bbc173e4b084059e8bfed1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Connot, Joel A. 0000-0002-2556-3374 jconnot@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2556-3374","contributorId":4436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Connot","given":"Joel","email":"jconnot@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":493260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}