A hybrid finite element, integrated finite difference numerical model is developed for the simulation of double‐diffusive and multicomponent flow in two and three dimensions. The model is based on a multidimensional, density‐dependent, saturated‐unsaturated transport model (SUTRA), which uses one governing equation for fluid flow and another for solute transport. The solute‐transport equation is applied sequentially to each simulated species. Density coupling of the flow and solute‐transport equations is accounted for and handled using a sequential implicit Picard iterative scheme. High‐resolution data from a double‐diffusive Hele‐Shaw experiment, initially in a density‐stable configuration, is used to verify the numerical model. The temporal and spatial evolution of simulated double‐diffusive convection is in good agreement with experimental results. Numerical results are very sensitive to discretization and correspond closest to experimental results when element sizes adequately define the spatial resolution of observed fingering. Numerical results also indicate that differences in the molecular diffusivity of sodium chloride and the dye used to visualize experimental sodium chloride concentrations are significant and cause inaccurate mapping of sodium chloride concentrations by the dye, especially at late times. As a result of reduced diffusion, simulated dye fingers are better defined than simulated sodium chloride fingers and exhibit more vertical mass transfer.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2003WR002777","usgsCitation":"Hughes, J.D., Sanford, W.E., and Vacher, H.L., 2005, Numerical simulation of double‐diffusive finger convection: Water Resources Research, v. 41, no. 1, W01019; 16 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2003WR002777.","productDescription":"W01019; 16 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477916,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2003wr002777","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":237661,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-01-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a690fe4b0c8380cd73b44","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hughes, Joseph D. 0000-0003-1311-2354 jdhughes@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1311-2354","contributorId":2492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"Joseph","email":"jdhughes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":422035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sanford, Ward E. 0000-0002-6624-0280 wsanford@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6624-0280","contributorId":2268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanford","given":"Ward","email":"wsanford@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":422037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vacher, H. Leonard","contributorId":90529,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vacher","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"Leonard","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70029270,"text":"70029270 - 2005 - Acquisition and evaluation of thermodynamic data for bieberite-moorhouseite equilibria at 0.1 MPa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:54","indexId":"70029270","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":738,"text":"American Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Acquisition and evaluation of thermodynamic data for bieberite-moorhouseite equilibria at 0.1 MPa","docAbstract":"Published estimates for the equilibrium relative humidity (RH) at 25 deg;C for the reaction: bieberite (CoSO4??7H2O) = moorhouseite (CoSO4??6H2O) + H2O, range from 69.8 to 74.5%. To evaluate these data, the humidity-buffer technique was used to determine equilibrium constants for this reaction between 14 and 43 ??C at 0.1 MPa. Reversals along five humidity-buffer curves yield In K = 18.03-6509.43/T, where K is the equilibrium constant, and T is temperature in K. The derived standard Gibbs free energy of reaction is 9.43 kJ/mol, which agrees well with several previously reported values based on vapor-pressure measurements. It also agrees well with values calculated from the data derived mostly from calorimetric measurements. Previous studies indicated that the temperature of the invariant point for the assemblage bieberite-moorhouseite-aqueous solution-vapor is near 44.7 ??C, and our extrapolated data predict 91.1% RH at this temperature; the predicted position for the invariant point is in excellent agreement with those reported previously.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2138/am.2005.1695","issn":"0003004X","usgsCitation":"Chou, I., and Seal, R., 2005, Acquisition and evaluation of thermodynamic data for bieberite-moorhouseite equilibria at 0.1 MPa: American Mineralogist, v. 90, no. 5-6, p. 912-917, https://doi.org/10.2138/am.2005.1695.","startPage":"912","endPage":"917","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210615,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am.2005.1695"},{"id":237589,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"5-6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e6a3e4b0c8380cd47554","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chou, I.-M. 0000-0001-5233-6479","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5233-6479","contributorId":44283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chou","given":"I.-M.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":422004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Seal, R.R. II","contributorId":102097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seal","given":"R.R.","suffix":"II","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70029269,"text":"70029269 - 2005 - Influence of sediment storage on downstream delivery of contaminated sediment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-30T11:16:07","indexId":"70029269","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of sediment storage on downstream delivery of contaminated sediment","docAbstract":"Sediment storage in alluvial valleys can strongly modulate the downstream migration of sediment and associated contaminants through landscapes. Traditional methods for routing contaminated sediment through valleys focus on in‐channel sediment transport but ignore the influence of sediment exchanges with temporary sediment storage reservoirs outside the channel, such as floodplains. In theory, probabilistic analysis of particle trajectories through valleys offers a useful strategy for quantifying the influence of sediment storage on the downstream movement of contaminated sediment. This paper describes a field application and test of this theory, using 137Cs as a sediment tracer over 45 years (1952–1997), downstream of a historical effluent outfall at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), New Mexico. The theory is parameterized using a sediment budget based on field data and an estimate of the 137Cs release history at the upstream boundary. The uncalibrated model reasonably replicates the approximate magnitude and spatial distribution of channel‐ and floodplain‐stored 137Cs measured in an independent field study. Model runs quantify the role of sediment storage in the long‐term migration of a pulse of contaminated sediment, quantify the downstream impact of upstream mitigation, and mathematically decompose the future 137Cs flux near the LANL property boundary to evaluate the relative contributions of various upstream contaminant sources. The fate of many sediment‐bound contaminants is determined by the relative timescales of contaminant degradation and particle residence time in different types of sedimentary environments. The theory provides a viable approach for quantifying the long‐term movement of contaminated sediment through valleys.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2004WR003288","usgsCitation":"Malmon, D.V., Reneau, S.L., Dunne, T., Katzman, D., and Drakos, P., 2005, Influence of sediment storage on downstream delivery of contaminated sediment: Water Resources Research, v. 41, no. 5, Article W05008; 17 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2004WR003288.","productDescription":"Article W05008; 17 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477951,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2004wr003288","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":237553,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-05-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3b7ae4b0c8380cd6257a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Malmon, Daniel V.","contributorId":89998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malmon","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reneau, Steven L.","contributorId":99639,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reneau","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dunne, Thomas","contributorId":146518,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dunne","given":"Thomas","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6710,"text":"University of California, Santa Barbara, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":422001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Katzman, Danny","contributorId":102268,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Katzman","given":"Danny","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Drakos, Paul G.","contributorId":8667,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Drakos","given":"Paul G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70029262,"text":"70029262 - 2005 - An empirical model for estimating annual consumption by freshwater fish populations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:51","indexId":"70029262","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An empirical model for estimating annual consumption by freshwater fish populations","docAbstract":"Population consumption is an important process linking predator populations to their prey resources. Simple tools are needed to enable fisheries managers to estimate population consumption. We assembled 74 individual estimates of annual consumption by freshwater fish populations and their mean annual population size, 41 of which also included estimates of mean annual biomass. The data set included 14 freshwater fish species from 10 different bodies of water. From this data set we developed two simple linear regression models predicting annual population consumption. Log-transformed population size explained 94% of the variation in log-transformed annual population consumption. Log-transformed biomass explained 98% of the variation in log-transformed annual population consumption. We quantified the accuracy of our regressions and three alternative consumption models as the mean percent difference from observed (bioenergetics-derived) estimates in a test data set. Predictions from our population-size regression matched observed consumption estimates poorly (mean percent difference = 222%). Predictions from our biomass regression matched observed consumption reasonably well (mean percent difference = 24%). The biomass regression was superior to an alternative model, similar in complexity, and comparable to two alternative models that were more complex and difficult to apply. Our biomass regression model, log10(consumption) = 0.5442 + 0.9962??log10(biomass), will be a useful tool for fishery managers, enabling them to make reasonably accurate annual population consumption predictions from mean annual biomass estimates. ?? Copyright by the American Fisheries Society 2005.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/M03-213.1","issn":"02755947","usgsCitation":"Liao, H., Pierce, C., and Larscheid, J.G., 2005, An empirical model for estimating annual consumption by freshwater fish populations: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 25, no. 2, p. 525-532, https://doi.org/10.1577/M03-213.1.","startPage":"525","endPage":"532","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477840,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/nrem_pubs/109","text":"External Repository"},{"id":210501,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/M03-213.1"},{"id":237439,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea37e4b0c8380cd486f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Liao, H.","contributorId":42752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liao","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pierce, C.L. 0000-0001-5088-5431","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5088-5431","contributorId":93606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierce","given":"C.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Larscheid, J. G.","contributorId":11796,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Larscheid","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70029260,"text":"70029260 - 2005 - Analysis of ground-measured and passive-microwave-derived snow depth variations in midwinter across the Northern Great Plains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:51","indexId":"70029260","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2344,"text":"Journal of Hydrometeorology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of ground-measured and passive-microwave-derived snow depth variations in midwinter across the Northern Great Plains","docAbstract":"Accurate estimation of snow mass is important for the characterization of the hydrological cycle at different space and time scales. For effective water resources management, accurate estimation of snow storage is needed. Conventionally, snow depth is measured at a point, and in order to monitor snow depth in a temporally and spatially comprehensive manner, optimum interpolation of the points is undertaken. Yet the spatial representation of point measurements at a basin or on a larger distance scale is uncertain. Spaceborne scanning sensors, which cover a wide swath and can provide rapid repeat global coverage, are ideally suited to augment the global snow information. Satellite-borne passive microwave sensors have been used to derive snow depth (SD) with some success. The uncertainties in point SD and areal SD of natural snowpacks need to be understood if comparisons are to be made between a point SD measurement and satellite SD. In this paper three issues are addressed relating satellite derivation of SD and ground measurements of SD in the northern Great Plains of the United States from 1988 to 1997. First, it is shown that in comparing samples of ground-measured point SD data with satellite-derived 25 ?? 25 km2 pixels of SD from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Special Sensor Microwave Imager, there are significant differences in yearly SD values even though the accumulated datasets showed similarities. Second, from variogram analysis, the spatial variability of SD from each dataset was comparable. Third, for a sampling grid cell domain of 1?? ?? 1?? in the study terrain, 10 distributed snow depth measurements per cell are required to produce a sampling error of 5 cm or better. This study has important implications for validating SD derivations from satellite microwave observations. ?? 2005 American Meteorological Society.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrometeorology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1175/JHM-405.1","issn":"1525755X","usgsCitation":"Chang, A., Kelly, R., Josberger, E., Armstrong, R., Foster, J., and Mognard, N.M., 2005, Analysis of ground-measured and passive-microwave-derived snow depth variations in midwinter across the Northern Great Plains: Journal of Hydrometeorology, v. 6, no. 1, p. 20-33, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-405.1.","startPage":"20","endPage":"33","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477885,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://hal.science/hal-00280305","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":210474,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JHM-405.1"},{"id":237404,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eb17e4b0c8380cd48bfe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chang, A.T.C.","contributorId":68035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chang","given":"A.T.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kelly, R.E.J.","contributorId":76521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelly","given":"R.E.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Josberger, E.G.","contributorId":61161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Josberger","given":"E.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Armstrong, R.L.","contributorId":43499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armstrong","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Foster, J.L.","contributorId":16211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mognard, N. M.","contributorId":27612,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mognard","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70029259,"text":"70029259 - 2005 - Decomposition rates and termite assemblage composition in semiarid Africa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-07T15:08:24.707981","indexId":"70029259","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Decomposition rates and termite assemblage composition in semiarid Africa","docAbstract":"Outside of the humid tropics, abiotic factors are generally considered the dominant regulators of decomposition, and biotic influences are frequently not considered in predicting decomposition rates. In this study, I examined the effect of termite assemblage composition and abundance on decomposition of wood litter of an indigenous species (Croton megalobotrys) in five terrestrial habitats of the highly seasonal semiarid Okavango Delta region of northern Botswana, to determine whether natural variation in decomposer community composition and abundance influences decomposition rates. I conducted the study in two areas, Xudum and Santawani, with the Xudum study preceding the Santawani study. I assessed termite assemblage composition and abundance using a grid of survey baits (rolls of toilet paper) placed on the soil surface and checked 2–4 times/month. I placed a billet (a section of wood litter) next to each survey bait and measured decomposition in a plot by averaging the mass loss of its billets. Decomposition rates varied up to sixfold among plots within the same habitat and locality, despite the fact that these plots experienced the same climate. In addition, billets decomposed significantly faster during the cooler and drier Santawani study, contradicting climate-based predictions. Because termite incidence was generally higher in Santawani plots, termite abundance initially seemed a likely determinant of decomposition in this system. However, no significant effect of termite incidence on billet mass loss rates was observed among the Xudum plots, where decomposition rates remained low even though termite incidence varied considerably. Considering the incidences of fungus-growing termites and non-fungus-growing termites separately resolves this apparent contradiction: in both Santawani and Xudum, only fungus-growing termites play a significant role in decomposition. This result is mirrored in an analysis of the full data set of combined Xudum and Santawani data. The determination that natural variation in the abundance of a single taxonomic group of soil fauna, a termite subfamily, determines almost all observed variation in decomposition rates supports the emerging view that biotic influences may be important in many biomes and that consideration of decomposer community composition and abundance may be critical for accurate prediction of decomposition rates.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/03-0570","usgsCitation":"Schuurman, G., 2005, Decomposition rates and termite assemblage composition in semiarid Africa: Ecology, v. 86, no. 5, p. 1236-1249, https://doi.org/10.1890/03-0570.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1236","endPage":"1249","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":5049,"text":"Pacific Islands Ecosys Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":237369,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Botswana","otherGeospatial":"Okavango Delta","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 21.73919677734375,\n -19.68914232238881\n ],\n [\n 23.8018798828125,\n -19.68914232238881\n ],\n [\n 23.8018798828125,\n -18.383198531081593\n ],\n [\n 21.73919677734375,\n -18.383198531081593\n ],\n [\n 21.73919677734375,\n -19.68914232238881\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"86","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe15e4b0c8380cd4eaef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schuurman, Gregor","contributorId":174509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuurman","given":"Gregor","affiliations":[{"id":27461,"text":"NPS, Fort Collins, CO","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":421951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70029257,"text":"70029257 - 2005 - 3H/3He age data in assessing the susceptibility of wells to contamination","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-13T15:49:37","indexId":"70029257","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"3H/3He age data in assessing the susceptibility of wells to contamination","title":"3H/3He age data in assessing the susceptibility of wells to contamination","docAbstract":"Regulatory agencies are becoming increasingly interested in using young–ground water dating techniques, such as the 3H/3He method, in assessing the susceptibility of public supply wells (PSWs) to contamination. However, recent studies emphasize that ground water samples of mixed age may be the norm, particularly from long-screened PSWs, and tracer-based “apparent” ages can differ substantially from actual mean ages for mixed-age samples. We present age and contaminant data from PSWs in Salt Lake Valley, Utah, that demonstrate the utility of 3H and 3He measurements in evaluating well susceptibility, despite potential age mixing. Initial 3H concentrations (measured 3H + measured tritiogenic 3He) are compared to those expected based on the apparent 3H/3He age and the local precipitation 3H record. This comparison is used to determine the amount of modern water (recharged after ∼1950) vs. prebomb water (recharged before ∼1950) samples might contain. Concentrations of common contaminants were also measured using detection limits generally lower than those used for regulatory purposes. A clear correlation exists between the potential magnitude of the modern water fraction and both the occurrence and concentration of contaminants. For samples containing dominantly modern water based on their initial 3H concentrations, potential discrepancies between apparent 3H/3He ages and mean ages are explored using synthetic samples that are random mixtures of different modern waters. Apparent ages can exceed mean ages by up to 13 years for these samples, with an exponential age distribution resulting in the greatest discrepancies.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.0028.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Manning, A.H., Solomon, D., and Thiros, S.A., 2005, 3H/3He age data in assessing the susceptibility of wells to contamination: Ground Water, v. 43, no. 3, p. 353-367, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.0028.x.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"353","endPage":"367","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":237911,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-05-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e25de4b0c8380cd45aff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manning, Andrew H. 0000-0002-6404-1237 amanning@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6404-1237","contributorId":1305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manning","given":"Andrew","email":"amanning@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":421946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Solomon, D. Kip","contributorId":71441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Solomon","given":"D. Kip","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thiros, Susan A. 0000-0002-8544-553X sthiros@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8544-553X","contributorId":965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thiros","given":"Susan","email":"sthiros@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":421947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70029253,"text":"70029253 - 2005 - Nitrogen controls on ecosystem carbon sequestration: a model implementation and application to Saskatchewan, Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-11T09:47:02","indexId":"70029253","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nitrogen controls on ecosystem carbon sequestration: a model implementation and application to Saskatchewan, Canada","docAbstract":"A plant–soil nitrogen (N) cycling model was developed and incorporated into the Integrated BIosphere Simulator (IBIS) of Foley et al. [Foley, J.A., Prentice, I.C., Ramankutty, N., Levis, S., Pollard, D., Sitch, S., Haxeltine, A., 1996. An integrated biosphere model of land surface process, terrestrial carbon balance and vegetation dynamics. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 10, 603–628]. In the N-model, soil mineral N regulates ecosystem carbon (C) fluxes and ecosystem C:N ratios. Net primary productivity (NPP) is controlled by feedbacks from both leaf C:N and soil mineral N. Leaf C:N determines the foliar and canopy photosynthesis rates, while soil mineral N determines the N availability for plant growth and the efficiency of biomass construction. Nitrogen controls on the decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM) are implemented through N immobilization and mineralization separately. The model allows greater SOM mineralization at lower mineral N, and conversely, allows greater N immobilization at higher mineral N. The model's seasonal and inter-annual behaviours are demonstrated. A regional simulation for Saskatchewan, Canada, was performed for the period 1851–2000 at a 10 km × 10 km resolution. Simulated NPP was compared with high-resolution (1 km × 1 km) NPP estimated from remote sensing data using the boreal ecosystem productivity simulator (BEPS) [Liu, J., Chen, J.M., Cihlar, J., Park, W.M., 1997. A process-based boreal ecosystem productivity simulator using remote sensing inputs. Remote Sens. Environ. 44, 81–87]. The agreement between IBIS and BEPS, particularly in NPP spatial variation, was considerably improved when the N controls were introduced into IBIS.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.01.036","issn":"03043800","usgsCitation":"Liu, J., Price, D., and Chen, J., 2005, Nitrogen controls on ecosystem carbon sequestration: a model implementation and application to Saskatchewan, Canada: Ecological Modelling, v. 186, no. 2, p. 178-195, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.01.036.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"178","endPage":"195","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":210809,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.01.036"},{"id":237838,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"186","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a66cbe4b0c8380cd72fca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Liu, J.","contributorId":23672,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Liu","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Price, D.T.","contributorId":6651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Price","given":"D.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chen, J.M.","contributorId":70178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70029245,"text":"70029245 - 2005 - Reserve growth in oil fields of the North Sea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-20T20:02:45","indexId":"70029245","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3042,"text":"Petroleum Geoscience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reserve growth in oil fields of the North Sea","docAbstract":"The assessment of petroleum resources of the North Sea, as well as other areas of the world, requires a viable means to forecast the amount of growth of reserve estimates (reserve growth) for discovered fields and to predict the potential fully developed sizes of undiscovered fields. This study investigates the utility of North Sea oil field data to construct reserve-growth models. Oil fields of the North Sea provide an excellent dataset in which to examine the mechanisms, characteristics, rates and quantities of reserve growth because of the high level of capital investments, implementation of sophisticated technologies and careful data collection. Additionally, these field data are well reported and available publicly. Increases in successive annual estimat es of recoverable crude oil volumes indicate that oil fields in the North Sea, collectively and in each country, experience reserve growth. Specific patterns of reserve growth are observed among countries and primary producing reservoir-rock types. Since 1985, Norwegian oil fields had the greatest volume increase; Danish oil fields increased by the greatest percentage relative to 1985 estimates; and British oil fields experienced an increase in recoverable oil estimates for the first ten years since 1985, followed by a slight reduction. Fields producing primarily from clastic reservoirs account for the majority of the estimated recoverable oil and, therefore, these fields had the largest volumetric increase. Fields producing primarily from chalk (limestone) reservoirs increased by a greater percentage relative to 1985 estimates than did fields producing primarily from clastic reservoirs. Additionally, the largest oil fields had the greatest volumetric increases. Although different reserve-growth patterns are observed among oil fields located in different countries, the small number of fields in Denmark precludes construction of reserve-growth models for that country. However, differences in reserve-growth patterns among oil fields that produce from primarily clastic and primarily chalk reservoirs, in addition to a greater number of fields in each of the two categories, allow separate reserve-growth models to be constructed based on reservoir-rock type. Reserve-growth models referenced to the date of discovery and to the date of first production may be constructed from North Sea field data. Years since discovery or years since first production are used as surrogates for, or measures of, field-development effort that is applied to promote reserve growth. Better estimates of recoverable oil are made as fields are developed. Because much of the field development occurs some time later than the field discovery date, reserve-growth models referenced to the date of first production may provide a more appropriate measure of development than does date of discovery. ?? 2005 EAGE/Geological Society of London.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Petroleum Geoscience","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1144/1354-079304-620","issn":"13540793","usgsCitation":"Klett, T., and Gautier, D.L., 2005, Reserve growth in oil fields of the North Sea: Petroleum Geoscience, v. 11, no. 2, p. 179-190, https://doi.org/10.1144/1354-079304-620.","startPage":"179","endPage":"190","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":269821,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1144/1354-079304-620"},{"id":237731,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa94be4b0c8380cd85d15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klett, T. R. 0000-0001-9779-1168","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9779-1168","contributorId":83067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klett","given":"T. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gautier, D. L.","contributorId":69996,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gautier","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70029243,"text":"70029243 - 2005 - Numerical modeling of an estuary: A comprehensive skill assessment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-14T09:49:30","indexId":"70029243","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2315,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Numerical modeling of an estuary: A comprehensive skill assessment","docAbstract":"Numerical simulations of the Hudson River estuary using a terrain-following, three-dimensional model (Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS)) are compared with an extensive set of time series and spatially resolved measurements over a 43 day period with large variations in tidal forcing and river discharge. The model is particularly effective at reproducing the observed temporal variations in both the salinity and current structure, including tidal, spring neap, and river discharge-induced variability. Large observed variations in stratification between neap and spring tides are captured qualitatively and quantitatively by the model. The observed structure and variations of the longitudinal salinity gradient are also well reproduced. The most notable discrepancy between the model and the data is in the vertical salinity structure. While the surface-to-bottom salinity difference is well reproduced, the stratification in the model tends to extend all the way to the water surface, whereas the observations indicate a distinct pycnocline and a surface mixed layer. Because the southern boundary coindition is located near the mouth the estuary, the salinity within the domain is particularly sensitive to the specification of salinity at the boundary. A boundary condition for the horizontal salinity gradient, based on the local value of salinity, is developed to incorporate physical processes beyond the open boundary not resolved by the model. Model results are sensitive to the specification of the bottom roughness length and vertical stability functions, insofar as they influence the intensity of vertical mixing. The results only varied slightly between different turbulence closure methods of k-??, k-??, and k-kl. Copyright 2005 by the American Geophysical Union.","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2004JC002691","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Warner, J., Geyer, W., and Lerczak, J., 2005, Numerical modeling of an estuary: A comprehensive skill assessment: Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans, v. 110, no. C5, p. 1-13, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JC002691.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"13","costCenters":[{"id":679,"text":"Woods Hole Field Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477767,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1912/464","text":"External Repository"},{"id":237693,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Hudson River estuary","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.058837890625,\n 41.19518982948959\n ],\n [\n -73.66333007812499,\n 41.19518982948959\n ],\n [\n -73.66333007812499,\n 42.593532625649935\n ],\n [\n -74.058837890625,\n 42.593532625649935\n ],\n [\n -74.058837890625,\n 41.19518982948959\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"110","issue":"C5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-05-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a68f6e4b0c8380cd73ab1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warner, J.C.","contributorId":46644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warner","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Geyer, W.R.","contributorId":62355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geyer","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lerczak, J.A.","contributorId":33517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lerczak","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70029238,"text":"70029238 - 2005 - Nitrogen transport and transformations in a coastal plain watershed: Influence of geomorphology on flow paths and residence times ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-03T16:46:32","indexId":"70029238","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nitrogen transport and transformations in a coastal plain watershed: Influence of geomorphology on flow paths and residence times ","docAbstract":"Nitrogen transport and groundwater‐surface water interactions were examined in a coastal plain watershed in the southeastern United States. Groundwater age dates, calculated using chlorofluorocarbon and tritium concentrations, along with concentrations of nitrogen species and other redox‐active constituents, were used to evaluate the fate and transport of nitrate. Nitrate is stable only in recently recharged (<10 years) water found in the upper few meters of saturated thickness in the upland portion of a surficial aquifer. Groundwater with a residence time between 10 and 30 years typically has low nitrate and elevated excess N2 concentrations, indications that denitrification has reduced nitrate concentrations. Groundwater older than 30 years also has low nitrate concentrations but contains little or no excess N2, suggesting that this water did not contain elevated concentrations of nitrate along its flow path. Nitrate transport to streams varies between first‐ and third‐order streams. Hydrologic, lithologic, and chemical data suggest that the surficial aquifer is the dominant source of flow and nitrate to a first‐order stream. Iron‐reducing conditions occur in groundwater samples from the bed and banks of the first‐order stream, suggesting that direct groundwater discharge is denitrified prior to entering the stream. However, nitrogen from the surficial aquifer is transported directly to the stream via a tile drain that bypasses these reduced zones. In the alluvial valley of a third‐order stream the erosion of a confining layer creates a much thicker unconfined alluvial aquifer with larger zones of nitrate stability. Age dating and chemical information (SiO2, Na/K ratios) suggest that water in the alluvial aquifer is derived from short flow paths through the riparian zone and/or from adjacent streams during high‐discharge periods.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2003WR002953","usgsCitation":"Tesoriero, A.J., Spruill, T.B., Mew, H., Farrell, K.M., and Harden, S.L., 2005, Nitrogen transport and transformations in a coastal plain watershed: Influence of geomorphology on flow paths and residence times : Water Resources Research, v. 41, no. 2, p. 1-15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003WR002953.","productDescription":"Article W02008; 15 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"15","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477716,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2003wr002953","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":237588,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-02-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a66f4e4b0c8380cd730cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tesoriero, Anthony J. 0000-0003-4674-7364 tesorier@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4674-7364","contributorId":2693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tesoriero","given":"Anthony","email":"tesorier@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":421878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spruill, Timothy B.","contributorId":51724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spruill","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mew, H.E. Jr.","contributorId":28669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mew","given":"H.E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Farrell, Kathleen M.","contributorId":64476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farrell","given":"Kathleen","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Harden, Stephen L. 0000-0001-6886-0099 slharden@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6886-0099","contributorId":2212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harden","given":"Stephen","email":"slharden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":421875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70029212,"text":"70029212 - 2005 - A model for wave control on coral breakage and species distribution in the Hawaiian Islands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:49","indexId":"70029212","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1338,"text":"Coral Reefs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A model for wave control on coral breakage and species distribution in the Hawaiian Islands","docAbstract":"The fringing reef off southern Molokai, Hawaii, is currently being studied as part of a multi-disciplinary project led by the US Geological Survey. As part of this study, modeling and field observations were utilized to help understand the physical controls on reef morphology and the distribution of different coral species. A model was developed that calculates wave-induced hydrodynamic forces on corals of a specific form and mechanical strength. From these calculations, the wave conditions under which specific species of corals would either be stable or would break due to the imposed wave-induced forces were determined. By combining this hydrodynamic force-balance model with various wave model output for different oceanographic conditions experienced in the study area, we were able to map the locations where specific coral species should be stable (not subject to frequent breakage) in the study area. The combined model output was then compared with data on coral species distribution and coral cover at 12 sites along Molokai's south shore. Observations and modeling suggest that the transition from one coral species to another may occur when the ratio of the coral colony's mechanical strengths to the applied (wave-induced) forces may be as great as 5:1, and not less than 1:1 when corals would break. This implies that coral colony's mechanical strength and wave-induced forces may be important in defining gross coral community structure over large (orders of 10's of meters) spatial scales. ?? Springer-Verlag 2004.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Coral Reefs","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00338-004-0430-x","issn":"07224028","usgsCitation":"Storlazzi, C., Brown, E., Field, M., Rodgers, K., and Jokiel, P., 2005, A model for wave control on coral breakage and species distribution in the Hawaiian Islands: Coral Reefs, v. 24, no. 1, p. 43-55, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-004-0430-x.","startPage":"43","endPage":"55","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210775,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00338-004-0430-x"},{"id":237798,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-11-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e47ee4b0c8380cd46674","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Storlazzi, C. D. 0000-0001-8057-4490","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8057-4490","contributorId":98905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storlazzi","given":"C. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, E.K.","contributorId":97311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"E.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Field, M.E.","contributorId":27052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"M.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rodgers, K.","contributorId":85391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodgers","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jokiel, P. L.","contributorId":80367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jokiel","given":"P. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70029206,"text":"70029206 - 2005 - Topographic, bioclimatic, and vegetation characteristics of three ecoregion classification systems in North America: Comparisons along continent-wide transects","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:54","indexId":"70029206","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Topographic, bioclimatic, and vegetation characteristics of three ecoregion classification systems in North America: Comparisons along continent-wide transects","docAbstract":"Ecoregion classification systems are increasingly used for policy and management decisions, particularly among conservation and natural resource managers. A number of ecoregion classification systems are currently available, with each system defining ecoregions using different classification methods and different types of data. As a result, each classification system describes a unique set of ecoregions. To help potential users choose the most appropriate ecoregion system for their particular application, we used three latitudinal transects across North America to compare the boundaries and environmental characteristics of three ecoregion classification systems [Ku??chler, World Wildlife Fund (WWF), and Bailey]. A variety of variables were used to evaluate the three systems, including woody plant species richness, normalized difference in vegetation index (NDVI), and bioclimatic variables (e.g., mean temperature of the coldest month) along each transect. Our results are dominated by geographic patterns in temperature, which are generally aligned north-south, and in moisture, which are generally aligned east-west. In the west, the dramatic changes in physiography, climate, and vegetation impose stronger controls on ecoregion boundaries than in the east. The Ku??chler system has the greatest number of ecoregions on all three transects, but does not necessarily have the highest degree of internal consistency within its ecoregions with regard to the bioclimatic and species richness data. In general, the WWF system appears to track climatic and floristic variables the best of the three systems, but not in all regions on all transects. ?? 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00267-003-7200-3","issn":"0364152X","usgsCitation":"Thompson, R., Shafer, S., Anderson, K.H., Strickland, L., Pelltier, R., Bartlein, P., and Kerwin, M., 2005, Topographic, bioclimatic, and vegetation characteristics of three ecoregion classification systems in North America: Comparisons along continent-wide transects: Environmental Management, v. 34, no. 1 SUPPL., https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-003-7200-3.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210694,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-003-7200-3"},{"id":237692,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"1 SUPPL.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-01-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb4dee4b08c986b3265c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, R.S.","contributorId":106516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shafer, S.L.","contributorId":26789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shafer","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, K. H.","contributorId":81527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Strickland, L.E.","contributorId":25350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strickland","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pelltier, R.T.","contributorId":83329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pelltier","given":"R.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bartlein, P. J.","contributorId":54566,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bartlein","given":"P. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kerwin, M.W.","contributorId":98929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kerwin","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70029194,"text":"70029194 - 2005 - Possible pingos and a periglacial landscape in northwest Utopia Planitia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:54","indexId":"70029194","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Possible pingos and a periglacial landscape in northwest Utopia Planitia","docAbstract":"Hydrostatic (closed-system) pingos are small, elongate to circular, ice-cored mounds that are perennial features of some periglacial landscapes. The growth and development of hydrostatic pingos is contingent upon the presence of surface water, freezing processes and of deep, continuous, ice-cemented permafrost. Other cold-climate landforms such as small-sized, polygonal patterned ground also may occur in the areas where pingos are found. On Mars, landscapes comprising small, elongate to circular mounds and other possible periglacial features have been identified in various areas, including Utopia Planitia, where water is thought to have played an important role in landscape evolution. Despite the importance of the martian mounds as possible markers of water, most accounts of them in the planetary science literature have been brief and/or based upon Viking imagery. We use a high-resolution Mars Orbiter Camera image (EO300299) and superposed Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter data tracks to describe and characterise a crater-floor landscape in northwest Utopia Planitia (64.8?? N/292.7?? W). The landscape comprises an assemblage of landforms that is consistent with the past presence of water and of periglacial processes. This geomorphological assemblage may have formed as recently as the last episode of high obliquity. A similar assemblage of landforms is found in the Tuktoyaktuk peninsula of northern Canada and other terrestrial cold-climate landscapes. We point to the similarity of the two assemblages and suggest that the small, roughly circular mounds on the floor of the impact crater in northwest Utopia Planitia are hydrostatic pingos. Like the hydrostatic pingos of the Tuktoyaktuk peninsula, the origin of the crater-floor mounds could be tied to the loss of ponded, local water, permafrost aggradation and the evolution of a sub-surface ice core. ?? 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2004.11.013","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Soare, R., Burr, D., and Wan, B.T., 2005, Possible pingos and a periglacial landscape in northwest Utopia Planitia: Icarus, v. 174, no. 2 SPEC. ISS., p. 373-382, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2004.11.013.","startPage":"373","endPage":"382","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210551,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2004.11.013"},{"id":237508,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"174","issue":"2 SPEC. ISS.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7e34e4b0c8380cd7a3cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Soare, R.J.","contributorId":88141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soare","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burr, D.M.","contributorId":60420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burr","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wan, Bun Tseung J.-M.","contributorId":78143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wan","given":"Bun","email":"","middleInitial":"Tseung J.-M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70029192,"text":"70029192 - 2005 - Orientation of three-component geophones in the San Andreas Fault observatory at depth Pilot Hole, Parkfield, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:54","indexId":"70029192","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Orientation of three-component geophones in the San Andreas Fault observatory at depth Pilot Hole, Parkfield, California","docAbstract":"To identify and constrain the target zone for the planned SAFOD Main Hole through the San Andreas Fault (SAF) near Parkfield, California, a 32-level three-component (3C) geophone string was installed in the Pilot Hole (PH) to monitor and improve the locations of nearby earthquakes. The orientation of the 3C geophones is essential for this purpose, because ray directions from sources may be determined directly from the 3D particle motion for both P and S waves. Due to the complex local velocity structure, rays traced from explosions and earthquakes to the PH show strong ray bending. Observed azimuths are obtained from P-wave polarization analysis, and ray tracing provides theoretical estimates of the incoming wave field. The differences between the theoretical and the observed angles define the calibration azimuths. To investigate the process of orientation with respect to the assumed velocity model, we compare calibration azimuths derived from both a homogeneous and 3D velocity model. Uncertainties in the relative orientation between the geophone levels were also estimated for a cluster of 36 earthquakes that was not used in the orientation process. The comparison between the homogeneous and the 3D velocity model shows that there are only minor changes in these relative orientations. In contrast, the absolute orientations, with respect to global North, were significantly improved by application of the 3D model. The average data residual decreased from 13?? to 7??, supporting the importance of an accurate velocity model. We explain the remaining residuals by methodological uncertainties and noise and with errors in the velocity model.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0120040130","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Oye, V., and Ellsworth, W., 2005, Orientation of three-component geophones in the San Andreas Fault observatory at depth Pilot Hole, Parkfield, California: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 95, no. 2, p. 751-758, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120040130.","startPage":"751","endPage":"758","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210526,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120040130"},{"id":237469,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7093e4b0c8380cd760e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oye, V.","contributorId":90100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oye","given":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ellsworth, W.L.","contributorId":48541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellsworth","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70029191,"text":"70029191 - 2005 - Differentiation of commercial vermiculite based on statistical analysis of bulk chemical data: Fingerprinting vermiculite from Libby, Montana U.S.A","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:54","indexId":"70029191","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":738,"text":"American Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Differentiation of commercial vermiculite based on statistical analysis of bulk chemical data: Fingerprinting vermiculite from Libby, Montana U.S.A","docAbstract":"Major-, minor-, and trace-element compositions, as determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis, were obtained on 34 samples of vermiculite to ascertain whether chemical differences exist to the extent of determining the source of commercial products. The sample set included ores from four deposits, seven commercially available garden products, and insulation from four attics. The trace-element distributions of Ba, Cr, and V can be used to distinguish the Libby vermiculite samples from the garden products. In general, the overall composition of the Libby and South Carolina deposits appeared similar, but differed from the South Africa and China deposits based on simple statistical methods. Cluster analysis provided a good distinction of the four ore types, grouped the four attic samples with the Libby ore, and, with less certainty, grouped the garden samples with the South Africa ore.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2138/am.2005.1789","issn":"0003004X","usgsCitation":"Gunter, M.E., Singleton, E., Bandli, B., Lowers, H., and Meeker, G., 2005, Differentiation of commercial vermiculite based on statistical analysis of bulk chemical data: Fingerprinting vermiculite from Libby, Montana U.S.A: American Mineralogist, v. 90, no. 4, p. 749-754, https://doi.org/10.2138/am.2005.1789.","startPage":"749","endPage":"754","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210525,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am.2005.1789"},{"id":237468,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0109e4b0c8380cd4fa70","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gunter, M. E.","contributorId":104937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gunter","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Singleton, E.","contributorId":42847,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singleton","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bandli, B.R.","contributorId":75824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bandli","given":"B.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lowers, H.A. 0000-0001-5360-9264","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5360-9264","contributorId":31843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowers","given":"H.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Meeker, G.P.","contributorId":34539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meeker","given":"G.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70029184,"text":"70029184 - 2005 - Generation and validation of characteristic spectra from EO1 Hyperion image data for detecting the occurrence of the invasive species, Chinese tallow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:48","indexId":"70029184","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2068,"text":"International Journal of Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Generation and validation of characteristic spectra from EO1 Hyperion image data for detecting the occurrence of the invasive species, Chinese tallow","docAbstract":"Chinese tallow (Triadica sebifera) is an invasive tree that is spreading throughout the south-eastern United States and now into the west, and in many places causing extensive change to native habitat and associated wildlife. Detecting and mapping the relative distribution of this species is important to its control and eradication. To map the relative distribution of Chinese tallow within a southwestern Louisiana coastal wetland to upland environment, Earth Observing 1 (EO1) satellite Hyperion sensor hyperspectral image data were combined with a subpixel extraction method that modelled characteristic spectra from the image data without requiring a priori characteristic spectra. Because of the low percentage occurrences of Chinese tallow and high spectral covariation in the environment, unique validation and verification methods were implemented, relying on simultaneous collection of field canopy reflectance spectra and subsequent classification of canopy compositions. The subpixel extraction method produced five characteristic spectra, which we further refined to four that adequately represented the field spectra, as well as the Hyperion imaged canopy reflectance datasets. Characteristic spectra were designated as senescing foliage, cypress-tupelo trees, and trees without leaves; shadows and green vegetation; senescing Chinese tallow with yellow leaves and yellowing foliage; and senescing Chinese tallow with red leaves ('red tallow'). About 81% (n=34) of the field and 78% (n=33) of the Hyperion imaged characteristic spectra associated with 'red tallow' were explained by the compositions generated in the field slide classifications. ?? 2005 US Government.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Remote Sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1080/01431160512331326710","issn":"01431161","usgsCitation":"Ramsey, E., Rangoonwala, A., Nelson, G., Ehrlich, R., and Martella, K., 2005, Generation and validation of characteristic spectra from EO1 Hyperion image data for detecting the occurrence of the invasive species, Chinese tallow: International Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 26, no. 8, p. 1611-1636, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160512331326710.","startPage":"1611","endPage":"1636","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210859,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431160512331326710"},{"id":237906,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-02-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1550e4b0c8380cd54d54","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ramsey, Elijah W. III 0000-0002-4518-5796","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4518-5796","contributorId":72769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramsey","given":"Elijah W.","suffix":"III","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":421663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rangoonwala, A. 0000-0002-0556-0598","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0556-0598","contributorId":95248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rangoonwala","given":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":421664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nelson, G.","contributorId":101072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ehrlich, R.","contributorId":72192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ehrlich","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Martella, K.","contributorId":42417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martella","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70029183,"text":"70029183 - 2005 - Probabilistic liquefaction triggering based on the cone penetration test","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:48","indexId":"70029183","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Probabilistic liquefaction triggering based on the cone penetration test","docAbstract":"Performance-based earthquake engineering requires a probabilistic treatment of potential failure modes in order to accurately quantify the overall stability of the system. This paper is a summary of the application portions of the probabilistic liquefaction triggering correlations proposed recently proposed by Moss and co-workers. To enable probabilistic treatment of liquefaction triggering, the variables comprising the seismic load and the liquefaction resistance were treated as inherently uncertain. Supporting data from an extensive Cone Penetration Test (CPT)-based liquefaction case history database were used to develop a probabilistic correlation. The methods used to measure the uncertainty of the load and resistance variables, how the interactions of these variables were treated using Bayesian updating, and how reliability analysis was applied to produce curves of equal probability of liquefaction are presented. The normalization for effective overburden stress, the magnitude correlated duration weighting factor, and the non-linear shear mass participation factor used are also discussed.","largerWorkTitle":"Geotechnical Special Publication","conferenceTitle":"Geo-Frontiers 2005","conferenceDate":"24 January 2005 through 26 January 2005","conferenceLocation":"Austin, TX","language":"English","issn":"08950563","usgsCitation":"Moss, R., Seed, R., Kayen, R.E., Stewart, J., and Tokimatsu, K., 2005, Probabilistic liquefaction triggering based on the cone penetration test, in Geotechnical Special Publication, no. 130-142, Austin, TX, 24 January 2005 through 26 January 2005, p. 1227-1239.","startPage":"1227","endPage":"1239","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":237905,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"130-142","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8c91e4b0c8380cd7e772","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moss, R.E.S.","contributorId":71362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moss","given":"R.E.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Seed, R.B.","contributorId":34691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seed","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kayen, R. E.","contributorId":14424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kayen","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stewart, J.P.","contributorId":33514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tokimatsu, K.","contributorId":85756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tokimatsu","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70029179,"text":"70029179 - 2005 - High dispersal in a frog species suggests that it is vulnerable to habitat fragmentation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-14T10:11:44","indexId":"70029179","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1028,"text":"Biology Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"High dispersal in a frog species suggests that it is vulnerable to habitat fragmentation","docAbstract":"Global losses of amphibian populations are a major conservation concern and their causes have generated substantial debate. Habitat fragmentation is considered one important cause of amphibian decline. However, if fragmentation is to be invoked as a mechanism of amphibian decline, it must first be established that dispersal is prevalent among contiguous amphibian populations using formal movement estimators. In contrast, if dispersal is naturally low in amphibians, fragmentation can be disregarded as a cause of amphibian declines and conservation efforts can be focused elsewhere. We examined dispersal rates in Columbia spotted frogs (Rana luteiventris) using capture–recapture analysis of over 10 000 frogs in combination with genetic analysis of microsatellite loci in replicate basins. We found that frogs had exceptionally high juvenile dispersal rates (up to 62% annually) over long distances (>5 km), large elevation gains (>750 m) and steep inclines (36° incline over 2 km) that were corroborated by genetic data showing high gene flow. These findings show that dispersal is an important life-history feature of some amphibians and suggest that habitat fragmentation is a serious threat to amphibian persistence.
","language":"English","publisher":"Royal Society","publisherLocation":"London","doi":"10.1098/rsbl.2004.0270","issn":"17449561","usgsCitation":"Funk, W., Greene, A., Corn, P., and Allendorf, F., 2005, High dispersal in a frog species suggests that it is vulnerable to habitat fragmentation: Biology Letters, v. 1, no. 1, p. 13-16, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2004.0270.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"13","endPage":"16","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477792,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1629065","text":"External Repository"},{"id":237833,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210806,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2004.0270"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Keeler Creek, Marten Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.0430908203125,\n 48.13859959165873\n ],\n [\n -116.0430908203125,\n 48.99463598353408\n ],\n [\n -115.1531982421875,\n 48.99463598353408\n ],\n [\n -115.1531982421875,\n 48.13859959165873\n ],\n [\n -116.0430908203125,\n 48.13859959165873\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"1","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-03-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a30b8e4b0c8380cd5d8a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Funk, W.C.","contributorId":29934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Funk","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Greene, A.E.","contributorId":35534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greene","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Corn, P.S.","contributorId":63751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Corn","given":"P.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Allendorf, F.W.","contributorId":99937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allendorf","given":"F.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70029178,"text":"70029178 - 2005 - Life history trade-offs and community dynamics of small fishes in a seasonally pulsed wetland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:48","indexId":"70029178","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Life history trade-offs and community dynamics of small fishes in a seasonally pulsed wetland","docAbstract":"We used a one-dimensional, spatially explicit model to simulate the community of small fishes in the freshwater wetlands of southern Florida, USA. The seasonality of rainfall in these wetlands causes annual fluctuations in the amount of flooded area. We modeled fish populations that differed from each other only in efficiency of resource utilization and dispersal ability. The simulations showed that these trade-offs, along with the spatial and temporal variability of the environment, allow coexistence of several species competing exploitatively for a common resource type. This mechanism, while sharing some characteristics with other mechanisms proposed for coexistence of competing species, is novel in detail. Simulated fish densities resembled patterns observed in Everglades empirical data. Cells with hydroperiods less than 6 months accumulated negligible fish biomass. One unique model result was that, when multiple species coexisted, it was possible for one of the coexisting species to have both lower local resource utilization efficiency and lower dispersal ability than one of the other species. This counterintuitive result is a consequence of stronger effects of other competitors on the superior species. ?? 2005 NRC.","largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","language":"English","doi":"10.1139/f05-050","issn":"0706652X","usgsCitation":"DeAngelis, D., Trexler, J., and Loftus, W., 2005, Life history trade-offs and community dynamics of small fishes in a seasonally pulsed wetland, in Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 62, no. 4, p. 781-790, https://doi.org/10.1139/f05-050.","startPage":"781","endPage":"790","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210805,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f05-050"},{"id":237832,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4765e4b0c8380cd67851","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeAngelis, D.L. 0000-0002-1570-4057","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1570-4057","contributorId":32470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeAngelis","given":"D.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trexler, J.C.","contributorId":23108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trexler","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Loftus, W.F.","contributorId":29363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loftus","given":"W.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70029168,"text":"70029168 - 2005 - Relation of baseflow to row crop intensity in Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:54","indexId":"70029168","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":682,"text":"Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relation of baseflow to row crop intensity in Iowa","docAbstract":"Increasing baseflow and baseflow percentage over the second half of the 20th century in Iowa has contributed to increasing nitrate-nitrogen concentrations measured in Iowa rivers because nitrate is primarily delivered to streams as baseflow and tile drainage. The relation of baseflow and baseflow percentage to row crop land use was evaluated for 11 Iowa rivers and their watersheds for their period of streamflow record (58-73 years period). Results indicated increasing baseflow in Iowa's rivers is significantly related to increasing row crop intensity. A 13-52% increase in row crop percentage in many Iowa watersheds has contributed to an increase of 33-135 mm increase in baseflow and 7-31% increase in baseflow percentage. Limited historical water quality data from two larger Iowa rivers (Cedar and Raccoon rivers) suggest that increasing row crop land use over the 20th century has produced more baseflow and contributed to increasing nitrate concentrations in Iowa's rivers. ?? 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.agee.2004.02.008","issn":"01678809","usgsCitation":"Schilling, K.E., 2005, Relation of baseflow to row crop intensity in Iowa: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, v. 105, no. 1-2, p. 433-438, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2004.02.008.","startPage":"433","endPage":"438","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210662,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2004.02.008"},{"id":237655,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"105","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a676e4b0e8fec6cdc1a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schilling, K. E.","contributorId":61982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schilling","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70029165,"text":"70029165 - 2005 - Single-pass versus two-pass boat electrofishing for characterizing river fish assemblages: Species richness estimates and sampling distance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:54","indexId":"70029165","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Single-pass versus two-pass boat electrofishing for characterizing river fish assemblages: Species richness estimates and sampling distance","docAbstract":"Determining adequate sampling effort for characterizing fish assemblage structure in nonwadeable rivers remains a critical issue in river biomonitoring. Two-pass boat electrofishing data collected from 500-1,000-m-long river reaches as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program were analyzed to assess the efficacy of single-pass boat electrofishing. True fish species richness was estimated by use of a two-pass removal model and nonparametric jackknife estimation for 157 sampled reaches across the United States. Compared with estimates made with a relatively unbiased nonparametric estimator, estimates of true species richness based on the removal model may be biased, particularly when true species richness is greater than 10. Based on jackknife estimation, the mean percent of estimated true species richness collected in the first electrofishing pass (p??j,s1) for all 157 reaches was 65.5%. The effectiveness of single-pass boat electrofishing may be greatest when the expected species richness is relatively low (>10 species). The second pass produced additional species (1-13) in 89.2% of sampled reaches. Of these additional species, centrarchids were collected in 50.3% of reaches and cyprinids were collected in 45.9% of reaches. Examination of relations between channel width ratio (reach length divided by wetted channel width) and p??j,s1 values provided no clear recommendation for sampling distances based on channel width ratios. Increasing sampling effort through an extension of the sampled reach distance can increase the percent species richness obtained from single-pass boat electrofishing. When single-pass boat electrofishing is used to characterize fish assemblage structure, determination of the sampling distance should take into account such factors as species richness and patchiness, the presence of species with relatively low probabilities of detection, and human alterations to the channel.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/FT03-094.1","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Meador, M.R., 2005, Single-pass versus two-pass boat electrofishing for characterizing river fish assemblages: Species richness estimates and sampling distance: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 134, no. 1, p. 59-67, https://doi.org/10.1577/FT03-094.1.","startPage":"59","endPage":"67","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210635,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/FT03-094.1"},{"id":237618,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"134","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-01-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b90e1e4b08c986b3196bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meador, M. R.","contributorId":74400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meador","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70029160,"text":"70029160 - 2005 - A whole image approach using field measurements for transforming EO1 Hyperion hyperspectral data into canopy reflectance spectra","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:53","indexId":"70029160","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2068,"text":"International Journal of Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A whole image approach using field measurements for transforming EO1 Hyperion hyperspectral data into canopy reflectance spectra","docAbstract":"To maximize the spectral distinctiveness (information) of the canopy reflectance, an atmospheric correction strategy was implemented to provide accurate estimates of the intrinsic reflectance from the Earth Observing 1 (EO1) satellite Hyperion sensor signal. In rendering the canopy reflectance, an estimate of optical depth derived from a measurement of downwelling irradiance was used to drive a radiative transfer simulation of atmospheric scattering and attenuation. During the atmospheric model simulation, the input whole-terrain background reflectance estimate was changed to minimize the differences between the model predicted and the observed canopy reflectance spectra at 34 sites. Lacking appropriate spectrally invariant scene targets, inclusion of the field and predicted comparison maximized the model accuracy and, thereby, the detail and precision in the canopy reflectance necessary to detect low percentage occurrences of invasive plants. After accounting for artifacts surrounding prominent absorption features from about 400nm to 1000nm, the atmospheric adjustment strategy correctly explained 99% of the observed canopy reflectance spectra variance. Separately, model simulation explained an average of 88%??9% of the observed variance in the visible and 98% ?? 1% in the near-infrared wavelengths. In the 34 model simulations, maximum differences between the observed and predicted reflectances were typically less than ?? 1% in the visible; however, maximum reflectance differences higher than ?? 1.6% (