Impervious surfaces have been identified as an important and quantifiable indicator of environmental degradation in urban settings. A number of research efforts have been directed at mapping impervious surface type using multispectral imagery. To date, however, no studies have compared equivalent techniques using multispectral and hyperspectral imagery to that end. In this study, data from NASA's 220‐channel Hyperion instrument were used to: a) delineate three types of impervious surface, and b) map sub‐pixel percent abundance for a study site near Washington, D.C., USA. The results were compared with the results of similar methods using same‐spatial‐resolution Landsat ETM+ data for mapping impervious surface type, and with the results of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Land Cover Data (NLCD) 2001 impervious surface data layer, which is derived from Landsat and high‐resolution Ikonos data. The accuracy of discriminating impervious surface type using Hyperion data was assessed at 88% versus Landsat at 59%. The sub‐pixel percent impervious map corresponded well with the NLCD 2001; impervious surface in the study area was calculated at 29.3% for NLCD 2001 and 28.4% for the Hyperion‐derived layer. The results suggest that fairly simple techniques using hyperspectral data are effective for quantifying impervious surface type, and that high‐spectral‐resolution imagery may be a good alternative to high‐spatial‐resolution data.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/10106040508542358","usgsCitation":"Falcone, J.A., and Gomez, R., 2005, Mapping impervious surface type and sub-pixel abundance using Hyperion hyperspectral imagery: Geocarto International, v. 20, no. 4, p. 3-10, https://doi.org/10.1080/10106040508542358.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"3","endPage":"10","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":237077,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a505be4b0c8380cd6b638","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Falcone, James A. 0000-0001-7202-3592 jfalcone@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7202-3592","contributorId":614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Falcone","given":"James","email":"jfalcone@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":415892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gomez, R.","contributorId":14183,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gomez","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70027423,"text":"70027423 - 2005 - Volcano surveillance by ACR silver fox","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:47","indexId":"70027423","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Volcano surveillance by ACR silver fox","docAbstract":"Recent growth in the business of unmanned air vehicles (UAVs) both in the US and abroad has improved their overall capability, resulting in a reduction in cost, greater reliability and adoption into areas where they had previously not been considered. Uses in coastal and border patrol, forestry and agriculture have recently been evaluated in an effort to expand the observed area and reduce surveillance and reconnaissance costs for information gathering. The scientific community has both contributed and benefited greatly in this development. A larger suite of light-weight miniaturized sensors now exists for a range of applications which in turn has led to an increase in the gathering of information from these autonomous vehicles. In October 2004 the first eruption of Mount St Helens since 1986 caused tremendous interest amoUg people worldwide. Volcanologists at the U.S. Geological Survey rapidly ramped up the level of monitoring using a variety of ground-based sensors deployed in the crater and on the flanks of the volcano using manned helicopters. In order to develop additional unmanned sensing methods that can be used in potentially hazardous and low visibility conditions, a UAV experiment was conducted during the ongoing eruption early in November. The Silver Fox UAV was flown over and inside the crater to perform routine observation and data gathering, thereby demonstrating a technology that could reduce physical risk to scientists and other field operatives. It was demonstrated that UAVs can be flown autonomously at an active volcano and can deliver real time data to a remote location. Although still relatively limited in extent, these initial flights provided information on volcanic activity and thermal conditions within the crater and at the new (2004) lava dome. The flights demonstrated that readily available visual and infrared video sensors mounted in a small and relatively low-cost aerial platform can provide useful data on volcanic phenomena. This was made possible by utilizing GPS and computer-controlled flight direction and stabilization to acquire and track target areas within the Mount St. Helens crater. It was also determined that additional light-weight sensor development will be needed to enable autonomous measurements of volcanic gasses and imaging in poor-weather conditions. Copyright ?? 2005 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.","largerWorkTitle":"Collection of Technical Papers - InfoTech at Aerospace: Advancing Contemporary Aerospace Technologies and Their Integration","conferenceTitle":"InfoTech at Aerospace: Advancing Contemporary Aerospace Technologies and Their Integration","conferenceDate":"26 September 2005 through 29 September 2005","conferenceLocation":"Arlington, VA","language":"English","isbn":"1563477394; 9781563477393","usgsCitation":"Patterson, M., Mulligair, A., Douglas, J., Robinson, J., and Pallister, J., 2005, Volcano surveillance by ACR silver fox, in Collection of Technical Papers - InfoTech at Aerospace: Advancing Contemporary Aerospace Technologies and Their Integration, v. 1, Arlington, VA, 26 September 2005 through 29 September 2005, p. 488-494.","startPage":"488","endPage":"494","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":237939,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc337e4b08c986b32b017","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Patterson, M.C.L.","contributorId":105520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patterson","given":"M.C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mulligair, A.","contributorId":11823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mulligair","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Douglas, J.","contributorId":27811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Robinson, J.","contributorId":73723,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Robinson","given":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":413571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pallister, J.S.","contributorId":46534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pallister","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70027641,"text":"70027641 - 2005 - Northwest Basin and Range tectonic deformation observed with the Global Positioning System, 1999-2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:49","indexId":"70027641","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Northwest Basin and Range tectonic deformation observed with the Global Positioning System, 1999-2003","docAbstract":"We use geodetic velocities obtained with the Global Positioning System (GPS) to quantify tectonic deformation of the northwest Basin and Range province of the western United States. The results are based on GPS data collected in 1999 and 2003 across five new quasi-linear networks in northern Nevada, northeast California, and southeast Oregon. The velocities show ???3 mm/yr westward movement of northern Nevada with respect to stable North America. West of longitude 119??W the velocities increase and turn northwest, parallel to Sierra Nevada/Great Valley microplate motion, and similar to velocities previously obtained to the south. The observations are explained by a kinematic model with three domains that rotate around Euler poles in eastern Oregon and western Idaho. Northeast California experiences internal dextral shear deformation (11.2 ?? 3.6 nstrain/yr) subparallel to Pacific/North America motion. Relative motions of the domains imply 2-5 mm/yr approximately east-west extension in northwest Nevada and 1-4 mm/yr approximately north-south contraction near the California/Oregon border. The northward decreasing approximately east-west extension in northwest Nevada is consistent with the northern termination of Basin and Range deformation, faulting and characteristic topography. No significant extension is detected in the Oregon Basin and Range. The Oregon Cascade arc moves north at ???3.5 mm/yr and is possibly influenced by the approximately eastward motion of the Juan de Fuca plate. These results disagree with secular northwest trenchward motion of the Oregon forearc inferred from paleomagnetic rotations. South of latitude 43??, however, trenchward motion exists and is consistent with block rotations, approximately east-west Basin and Range extension, and northwest Sierra Nevada translation. Copyright 2005 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2005JB003678","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Hammond, W., and Thatcher, W., 2005, Northwest Basin and Range tectonic deformation observed with the Global Positioning System, 1999-2003: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 110, no. 10, p. 1-12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB003678.","startPage":"1","endPage":"12","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477956,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.180.3004","text":"External Repository"},{"id":210885,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JB003678"},{"id":237953,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"110","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-10-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a684ce4b0c8380cd7371c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hammond, W.C.","contributorId":19347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammond","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thatcher, W.","contributorId":32669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thatcher","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70027890,"text":"70027890 - 2005 - Automated mapping of hammond's landforms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-10T13:01:01","indexId":"70027890","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1940,"text":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Automated mapping of hammond's landforms","docAbstract":"We automated a method for mapping Hammond's landforms over large landscapes using digital elevation data. We compared our results against Hammond's published landform maps, derived using manual interpretation procedures. We found general agreement in landform patterns mapped by the manual and the automated approaches, and very close agreement in characterization of local topographic relief. The two approaches produced different interpretations of intermediate landforms, which relied upon quantification of the proportion of landscape having gently sloping terrain. This type of computation is more efficiently and consistently applied by computer than human. Today's ready access to digital data and computerized geospatial technology provides a good foundation for mapping terrain features, but the mapping criteria guiding manual techniques in the past may not be appropriate for automated approaches. We suggest that future efforts center on the advantages offered by digital advancements in refining an approach to better characterize complex landforms.
","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1109/LGRS.2005.848529","issn":"1545598X","usgsCitation":"Gallant, A.L., Brown, D., and Hoffer, R., 2005, Automated mapping of hammond's landforms: IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, v. 2, no. 4, p. 384-388, https://doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2005.848529.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"384","endPage":"388","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":238514,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211257,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2005.848529"}],"volume":"2","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eef5e4b0c8380cd4a07a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gallant, Alisa L. 0000-0002-3029-6637","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3029-6637","contributorId":23508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gallant","given":"Alisa","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, D.D.","contributorId":42026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hoffer, R.M.","contributorId":6861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffer","given":"R.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70027667,"text":"70027667 - 2005 - Delineating priority habitat areas for the conservation of Andean bears in northern Ecuador","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:17","indexId":"70027667","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3671,"text":"Ursus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Delineating priority habitat areas for the conservation of Andean bears in northern Ecuador","docAbstract":"We sought to identify priority areas for the conservation of Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus) habitat in the northern portion of the eastern Andean cordillera in Ecuador. The study area included pa??ramo and montane forest habitats within the Antisana and Cayambe-Coca ecological reserves, and unprotected areas north of these reserves with elevations ranging from 1,800 to 4,300 m. We collected data on bear occurrence along 53 transects during 2000-01 in the Oyacachi River basin, an area of indigenous communities within the Cayambe-Coca Ecological Reserve. We used those data and a set of 7 environmental variables to predict suitability of Andean bear habitat using Mahalanobis distance, a multivariate measure of dissimilarity. The Mahalanobis distance values were classified into 5 classes of habitat suitability and generalized to a resolution of 1,650-m ?? 1,650-m grid cells. Clusters of grid cells with high suitability values were delineated from the generalized model and denned as important habitat areas (IHAs) for conservation. The IHAs were ranked using a weighted index that included factors of elevation range, influence from disturbed areas, and current conservation status. We identified 12 IHAs, which were mainly associated with pa??ramo and cloud forest habitats; 2 of these areas have high conservation priorities because they are outside existing reserves and close to areas of human pressure. The distribution of the IHAs highlighted the role of human land use as the main source of fragmentation of Andean bear habitat in this region, emphasizing the importance of preserving habitat connectivity to allow the seasonal movements among habitat types that we documented for this species. Furthermore, the existence of areas with high habitat suitability close to areas of intense human use indicates the importance of bear-human conflict management as a critical Andean bear conservation strategy. We suggest that a promising conservation opportunity for this species is linked to its occurrence in highland habitats, which play a key role in the maintenance of long-term water supplies.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ursus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2192/1537-6176(2005)016[0222:DPHAFT]2.0.CO;2","issn":"15376176","usgsCitation":"Peralvo, M., Cuesta, F., and Van Manen, F., 2005, Delineating priority habitat areas for the conservation of Andean bears in northern Ecuador: Ursus, v. 16, no. 2, p. 222-233, https://doi.org/10.2192/1537-6176(2005)016[0222:DPHAFT]2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"222","endPage":"233","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211172,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2192/1537-6176(2005)016[0222:DPHAFT]2.0.CO;2"},{"id":238386,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe61e4b0c8380cd4ecee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peralvo, M.F.","contributorId":8672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peralvo","given":"M.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cuesta, F.","contributorId":79696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cuesta","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Van Manen, F.","contributorId":25329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Manen","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70028276,"text":"70028276 - 2005 - Integrated core-log petrofacies analysis in the construction of a reservoir geomodel: A case study of a mature Mississippian carbonate reservoir using limited data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:52","indexId":"70028276","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Integrated core-log petrofacies analysis in the construction of a reservoir geomodel: A case study of a mature Mississippian carbonate reservoir using limited data","docAbstract":"Small independent operators produce most of the Mississippian carbonate fields in the United States mid-continent, where a lack of integrated characterization studies precludes maximization of hydrocarbon recovery. This study uses integrative techniques to leverage extant data in an Osagian and Meramecian (Mississippian) cherty carbonate reservoir in Kansas. Available data include petrophysical logs of varying vintages, limited number of cores, and production histories from each well. A consistent set of assumptions were used to extract well-level porosity and initial saturations, from logs of different types and vintages, to build a geomodel. Lacking regularly recorded well shut-in pressures, an iterative technique, based on material balance formulations, was used to estimate average reservoir-pressure decline that matched available drillstem test data and validated log-analysis assumptions. Core plugs representing the principal reservoir petrofacies provide critical inputs for characterization and simulation studies. However, assigning plugs among multiple reservoir petrofacies is difficult in complex (carbonate) reservoirs. In a bottom-up approach, raw capillary pressure (Pc) data were plotted on the Super-Pickett plot, and log- and core-derived saturation-height distributions were reconciled to group plugs by facies, to identify core plugs representative of the principal reservoir facies, and to discriminate facies in the logged interval. Pc data from representative core plugs were used for effective pay evaluation to estimate water cut from completions, in infill and producing wells, and guide-selective perforations for economic exploitation of mature fields. The results from this study were used to drill 22 infill wells. Techniques demonstrated here can be applied in other fields and reservoirs. Copyright ?? 2005. The American Association of Petroleum Geologists. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1306/06030504144","issn":"01491423","usgsCitation":"Bhattacharya, S., Doveton, J., Carr, T., Guy, W., and Gerlach, P., 2005, Integrated core-log petrofacies analysis in the construction of a reservoir geomodel: A case study of a mature Mississippian carbonate reservoir using limited data: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 89, no. 10, p. 1257-1274, https://doi.org/10.1306/06030504144.","startPage":"1257","endPage":"1274","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210428,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1306/06030504144"},{"id":237341,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3c5de4b0c8380cd62caa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bhattacharya, S.","contributorId":97226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bhattacharya","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Doveton, J.H.","contributorId":30237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doveton","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carr, T.R.","contributorId":37094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Guy, W.R.","contributorId":45891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guy","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gerlach, P.M.","contributorId":39959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerlach","given":"P.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70027401,"text":"70027401 - 2005 - Historical backcasting of metal concentrations in the Chattahoochee River, Georgia: Population growth and environmental policy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:46","indexId":"70027401","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Historical backcasting of metal concentrations in the Chattahoochee River, Georgia: Population growth and environmental policy","docAbstract":"The impact of increasing urbanization on the quality of a river system has been investigated by examining the current concentration of trace metals in the Chattahoochee River south of Atlanta, GA, and comparing these to previously published historical sediment data from reservoirs along the river. The lack of historical data for dissolved metal concentrations prior to ???1980 requires an approach using these historic metal data from sediment cores. Core data are combined with current suspended load and dissolved metal data to \"backcast\" dissolved metal concentrations in the metro-Atlanta portion of the Chattahoochee River. The data suggest that the per capita input of dissolved trace metals have actually decreased since the 1920s, but anthropogenic inputs of metal are still a substantial water quality issue. ?? 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Applied Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2005.07.005","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Neumann, K., Lyons, W., Graham, E., and Callender, E., 2005, Historical backcasting of metal concentrations in the Chattahoochee River, Georgia: Population growth and environmental policy: Applied Geochemistry, v. 20, no. 12, p. 2315-2324, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2005.07.005.","startPage":"2315","endPage":"2324","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211062,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2005.07.005"},{"id":238226,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3180e4b0c8380cd5df9c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Neumann, Klaus","contributorId":69853,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Neumann","given":"Klaus","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lyons, W.B.","contributorId":71319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyons","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Graham, E.Y.","contributorId":24130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graham","given":"E.Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Callender, E.","contributorId":72528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Callender","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70027762,"text":"70027762 - 2005 - Radiogenic 4He as a conservative tracer in buried‐valley aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-30T11:09:10","indexId":"70027762","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Radiogenic 4He as a conservative tracer in buried‐valley aquifers","title":"Radiogenic 4He as a conservative tracer in buried‐valley aquifers","docAbstract":"The accumulation of 4He in groundwater can be a powerful tool in hydrogeologic investigations. However, the use of 4He often suffers from disagreement or uncertainty related to in situ and external sources of 4He. In situ sources are quantified by several methods, while external sources are often treated as calibration parameters in modeling. We present data from direct laboratory measurements of 4He release from sediments and field data of dissolved 4He in the Mahomet Aquifer, a well‐studied buried‐valley aquifer in central Illinois. The laboratory‐derived accumulation rates (0.13–0.91 μcm3 STP kgwater−1 yr−1) are 1–2 orders of magnitude greater than the accumulation rates based on the U and Th concentrations of the sediments (0.004–0.009 μcm3 STP kgwater−1 yr−1). The direct measurement of accumulation rates are more consistent with dissolved concentrations of 4He in the groundwater. We suggest that the direct measurement method is applicable in a variety of hydrogeologic settings. The patterns of accumulation of 4He are consistent with the conceptual model of flow in the aquifer based on hydraulic and geochemical evidence and show areas where in situ production and external sources of 4He are dominant. In the southwestern part of the study area, Ne concentrations are less than atmospheric solubility, indicating gases have been lost from the groundwater. Available evidence indicates that the gases are lost as groundwater passes by pockets of CH4 in glacial deposits overlying the aquifer. However, the external flux from the underlying bedrock appears to dominate the accumulation of radiogenic 4He in the aquifer in the southwestern part of the study area, and the loss or gain of helium as groundwater passes through the overlying sediments is minor in comparison.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2004WR003857","usgsCitation":"Van der Hoven, S.J., Wright, R.E., Carstens, D.A., and Hackley, K.C., 2005, Radiogenic 4He as a conservative tracer in buried‐valley aquifers: Water Resources Research, v. 41, no. 11, Article W11414; 13 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2004WR003857.","productDescription":"Article W11414; 13 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477919,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2004wr003857","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":238141,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-11-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a93f8e4b0c8380cd8111d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van der Hoven, Stephen J.","contributorId":95260,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Van der Hoven","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wright, R. Erik","contributorId":59588,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wright","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Erik","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carstens, David A.","contributorId":47570,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carstens","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hackley, Keith C.","contributorId":12166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hackley","given":"Keith","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70027664,"text":"70027664 - 2005 - Assessing background ground water chemistry beneath a new unsewered subdivision","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:17","indexId":"70027664","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing background ground water chemistry beneath a new unsewered subdivision","docAbstract":"Previous site-specific studies designed to assess the impacts of unsewered subdivisions on ground water quality have relied on upgradient monitoring wells or very limited background data to characterize conditions prior to development. In this study, an extensive monitoring program was designed to document ground water conditions prior to construction of a rural subdivision in south-central Wisconsin. Previous agricultural land use has impacted ground water quality; concentrations of chloride, nitrate-nitrogen, and atrazine ranged from below the level of detection to 296 mg/L, 36 mg/L, and 0.8 ??g/L, respectively, and were highly variable from well to well and through time. Seasonal variations in recharge, surface topography, aquifer heterogeneities, surficial loading patterns, and well casing depth explain observed variations in ground water chemistry. This variability would not have been detected if background conditions were determined from only a few monitoring wells or inferred from wells located upgradient of the subdivision site. This project demonstrates the importance of characterizing both ground water quality and chemical variability prior to land-use change to detect any changes once homes are constructed. Copyright ?? 2005 National Ground Water Association.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.00044.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Wilcox, J., Bradbury, K.R., Thomas, C.L., and Bahr, J., 2005, Assessing background ground water chemistry beneath a new unsewered subdivision: Ground Water, v. 43, no. 6, p. 787-795, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.00044.x.","startPage":"787","endPage":"795","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":238346,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211141,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.00044.x"}],"volume":"43","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059edcce4b0c8380cd499f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilcox, J.D.","contributorId":107920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilcox","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bradbury, K. R.","contributorId":86070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradbury","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thomas, C. L.","contributorId":43802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bahr, J.M.","contributorId":62346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bahr","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70027575,"text":"70027575 - 2005 - Comparison of constitutive flow resistance equations based on the Manning and Chezy equations applied to natural rivers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-30T11:02:31","indexId":"70027575","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of constitutive flow resistance equations based on the Manning and Chezy equations applied to natural rivers","docAbstract":"A set of conceptually derived in‐bank river discharge–estimating equations (models), based on the Manning and Chezy equations, are calibrated and validated using a database of 1037 discharge measurements in 103 rivers in the United States and New Zealand. The models are compared to a multiple regression model derived from the same data. The comparison demonstrates that in natural rivers, using an exponent on the slope variable of 0.33 rather than the traditional value of 0.5 reduces the variance associated with estimating flow resistance. Mean model uncertainty, assuming a constant value for the conductance coefficient, is less than 5% for a large number of estimates, and 67% of the estimates would be accurate within 50%. The models have potential application where site‐specific flow resistance information is not available and can be the basis for (1) a general approach to estimating discharge from remotely sensed hydraulic data, (2) comparison to slope‐area discharge estimates, and (3) large‐scale river modeling.
Some aquifers of the southwest Colorado Plateau, U.S.A., are deeply buried and overlain by several impermeable units, and thus recharge to the aquifer is probably mainly by seepage down penetrative fracture systems. This purpose of this study was to develop a method to map the location of candidate deep penetrative fractures over a 120,000 km2 area using gravity and aeromagnetic anomaly data together with surficial fracture data. The resulting database constitutes a spatially registered estimate of recharge location. Candidate deep fractures were obtained by spatial correlation of horizontal gradient and analytic signal maxima of gravity and magnetic anomalies vertically with major surficial lineaments obtained from geologic, topographic, side-looking airborne radar, and satellite imagery. The maps define a sub-set of possible penetrative fractures because of limitations of data coverage and the analysis technique. The data and techniques employed do not yield any indication as to whether fractures are open or closed. Correlations were carried out using image processing software in such a way that every pixel on the resulting grids was coded to uniquely identify which datasets correlated. The technique correctly identified known deep fracture systems and many new ones. Maps of the correlations also define in detail the tectonic fabrics of the southwestern Colorado Plateau.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1186/BF03351850","usgsCitation":"Gettings, M.E., and Bultman, M., 2005, A predictive penetrative fracture mapping method from regional potential field and geologic datasets, southwest Colorado Plateau, U.S.A.: Earth, Planets and Space, v. 57, no. 8, p. 701-715, https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03351850.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"701","endPage":"715","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477920,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/bf03351850","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":238106,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114,\n 34.00\n ],\n [\n -110,\n 34.00\n ],\n [\n -110,\n 37.00\n ],\n [\n -114,\n 37.00\n ],\n [\n -114,\n 34.00\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"57","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-06-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4ebe4b0c8380cd46a11","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gettings, Mark E. 0000-0002-2910-2321 mgetting@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2910-2321","contributorId":602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gettings","given":"Mark","email":"mgetting@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":415264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bultman, Mark mbultman@usgs.gov","contributorId":167645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bultman","given":"Mark","email":"mbultman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":415265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70027853,"text":"70027853 - 2005 - Stream pH as an abiotic gradient influencing distributions of trout in Pennsylvania streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:19","indexId":"70027853","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stream pH as an abiotic gradient influencing distributions of trout in Pennsylvania streams","docAbstract":"Elevation and stream slope are abiotic gradients that limit upstream distributions of brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis and brown trout Salmo trutta in streams. We sought to determine whether another abiotic gradient, base-flow pH, may also affect distributions of these two species in eastern North America streams. We used historical data from the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission's fisheries management database to explore the effects of reach elevation, slope, and base-flow pH on distributional limits to brook trout and brown trout in Pennsylvania streams in the Appalachian Plateaus and Ridge and Valley physiographic provinces. Discriminant function analysis (DFA) was used to calculate a canonical axis that separated allopatric brook trout populations from allopatric brown trout populations and allowed us to assess which of the three independent variables were important gradients along which communities graded from allopatric brook trout to allopatric brown trout. Canonical structure coefficients from DFA indicated that in both physiographic provinces, stream base-flow pH and slope were important factors in distributional limits; elevation was also an important factor in the Ridge and Valley Province but not the Appalachian Plateaus Province. Graphs of each variable against the proportion of brook trout in a community also identified apparent zones of allopatry for both species on the basis of pH and stream slope. We hypothesize that pH-mediated interspecific competition that favors brook trout in competition with brown trout at lower pH is the most plausible mechanism for segregation of these two species along pH gradients. Our discovery that trout distributions in Pennsylvania are related to stream base-flow pH has important implications for brook trout conservation in acidified regions. Carefully designed laboratory and field studies will be required to test our hypothesis and elucidate the mechanisms responsible for the partitioning of brook trout and brown trout along pH gradients. ?? Copyright by the American Fisheries Society 2005.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/T04-177.1","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Kocovsky, P., and Carline, R., 2005, Stream pH as an abiotic gradient influencing distributions of trout in Pennsylvania streams: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 134, no. 5, p. 1299-1312, https://doi.org/10.1577/T04-177.1.","startPage":"1299","endPage":"1312","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211234,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/T04-177.1"},{"id":238473,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"134","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-01-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9a7fe4b08c986b31c98d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kocovsky, P.M.","contributorId":78447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kocovsky","given":"P.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carline, R.F.","contributorId":107444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carline","given":"R.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70027829,"text":"70027829 - 2005 - Biotic interactions as determinants of ecosystem structure in prairie wetlands: An example using fish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:46","indexId":"70027829","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Biotic interactions as determinants of ecosystem structure in prairie wetlands: An example using fish","docAbstract":"Wetlands are abundant throughout the prairie pothole region (PPR), an area comprising over 700,000 km2 in central North America. Prairie wetland communities are strongly influenced by regional physiography and climate, resulting in extreme spatial and temporal variability relative to other aquatic ecosystems. Given the strong influence of abiotic factors, PPR wetland communities have been viewed traditionally in the context of their responses to chemical and physical features of landscape and climate. Although useful, this physical-chemical paradigm may fail to account for ecosystem variability due to biotic influences, particularly those associated with presence of fish. Spatial and temporal variability in fish populations, in turn, may reflect anthropogenic activities, landscape characteristics, and climate-mediated effects on water levels, surface connectivity, and hydroperiods. We reviewed studies assessing influences of fish on prairie wetlands and examined precipitation patterns and biological data from PPR wetlands in east-central North Dakota and western Minnesota, USA. Our review and analysis indicated that native fish influence many characteristics of permanently flooded prairie wetlands, including water clarity and abundance of phytoplankton, submerged macrophytes, and aquatic invertebrates. We suggest that ecologists and managers will benefit from conceptual paradigms that better meld biotic interactions associated with fish, and perhaps other organisms, with chemical and physical influences on prairie wetland communities. ?? 2005, The Society of Wetland Scientists.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wetlands","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1672/0277-5212(2005)025[0764:BIADOE]2.0.CO;2","issn":"02775212","usgsCitation":"Hanson, M., Zimmer, K., Butler, M.G., Tangen, B., Herwig, B., and Euliss, N., 2005, Biotic interactions as determinants of ecosystem structure in prairie wetlands: An example using fish: Wetlands, v. 25, no. 3, p. 764-775, https://doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2005)025[0764:BIADOE]2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"764","endPage":"775","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210943,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2005)025[0764:BIADOE]2.0.CO;2"},{"id":238037,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f1a3e4b0c8380cd4ad61","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanson, M.A.","contributorId":61393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zimmer, K.D.","contributorId":79435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmer","given":"K.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Butler, Malcolm G.","contributorId":56188,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Butler","given":"Malcolm","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":12813,"text":"Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":415422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tangen, B.A.","contributorId":102687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tangen","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Herwig, B.R.","contributorId":13032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herwig","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Euliss, N.H. Jr.","contributorId":54917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Euliss","given":"N.H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70027828,"text":"70027828 - 2005 - Percolation and transport in a sandy soil under a natural hydraulic gradient","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-31T08:23:09","indexId":"70027828","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Percolation and transport in a sandy soil under a natural hydraulic gradient","docAbstract":"Unsaturated flow and transport under a natural hydraulic gradient in a Mediterranean climate were investigated with a field tracer experiment combined with laboratory analyses and numerical modeling. Bromide was applied to the surface of a sandy soil during the dry season. During the subsequent rainy season, repeated sediment sampling tracked the movement of bromide through the profile. Analysis of data on moisture content, matric pressure, unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, bulk density, and soil texture and structure provides insights into parameterization and use of the advective‐dispersive modeling approach. Capturing the gross features of tracer and moisture movement with model simulations required an order‐of‐magnitude increase in laboratory‐measured hydraulic conductivity. Wetting curve characteristics better represented field results, calling into question the routine estimation of hydraulic characteristics based only on drying conditions. Measured increases in profile moisture exceeded cumulative precipitation in early winter, indicating that gains from dew drip can exceed losses from evapotranspiration during periods of heavy (“Tule”) fog. A single‐continuum advective‐dispersive modeling approach could not reproduce a peak of bromide that was retained near the soil surface for over 3 years. Modeling of this feature required slow exchange of solute at a transfer rate of 0.5–1 × 10−4 d−1 with an immobile volume approaching the residual moisture content.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2005WR004061","usgsCitation":"Green, C.T., Stonestrom, D.A., Bekins, B.A., Akstin, K.C., and Schulz, M., 2005, Percolation and transport in a sandy soil under a natural hydraulic gradient: Water Resources Research, v. 41, no. 10, W10414; 17 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2005WR004061.","productDescription":"W10414; 17 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":238000,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-10-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7674e4b0c8380cd7810f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Green, Christopher T. 0000-0002-6480-8194 ctgreen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6480-8194","contributorId":1343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"Christopher","email":"ctgreen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":415416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stonestrom, David A. 0000-0001-7883-3385 dastones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7883-3385","contributorId":2280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stonestrom","given":"David","email":"dastones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":415417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bekins, Barbara A. 0000-0002-1411-6018 babekins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1411-6018","contributorId":1348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bekins","given":"Barbara","email":"babekins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":415418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Akstin, Katherine C.","contributorId":88023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Akstin","given":"Katherine","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schulz, Marjorie S. 0000-0001-5597-6447 mschulz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5597-6447","contributorId":3720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulz","given":"Marjorie S.","email":"mschulz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":415415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70176043,"text":"70176043 - 2005 - Individual variation in staging and timing of spring migration of Pacific common eiders in Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-15T10:48:36","indexId":"70176043","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Individual variation in staging and timing of spring migration of Pacific common eiders in Alaska","docAbstract":"Timing of migration and characterization of migration patterns of birds are usually based on dates of peak migration to and from staging, wintering, and breeding areas used by the bulk of a species. For Pacific common eiders (Somateria mollissima v-nigrum), as well as other species, the timing of migration into and through the Beaufort Sea is based on counts of birds past land or ice-based sites and radar observations, and arrival dates to colonies determined by influxes of birds seen by ground observers. With the continued and proposed development of nearshore and offshore waters of the Beaufort Sea, there is an expanding need to manage local populations. Observations of individual Pacific common eiders can provide a more complete understanding of local populations as well as variability among populations. This study was designed to determine factors influencing migration patterns of individuals nesting in the western Beaufort Sea from their wintering locations along the Chukotka Peninsula, through the eastern Chukchi and western Beaufort seas, until their arrival to their nesting area. The Simpson Lagoon/Maguire Island nesting colonies are 1300-1400 km from the primary winter area. Eiders enter the Beaufort Sea at Point Barrow then move east 300-350 km to their nesting colonies. Nesting adult females were marked with satellite transmitters during summer then followed the next spring and early summer. Transmitters were programmed to provide location data every 3 days (2001, n = 12) or daily (2002 and 2004, n = 7 and 18, respectively) beginning 15 April. I expected the dates of arrival to the colony to vary with weather during migration (Point. Barrow to the colony) and general conditions in spring (early or late year based on differences in temperatures from the long term norm for April, May, and June). All individuals returned to the colony area they were marked the previous year. Data were consistent with other “short” distance migrants. There were no correlations of the dates of arrival to the dates birds left the wintering area, the total days spent staging, wind speed or direction, temperature, weather, or seasonal differences in temperature from the long term average, a plethora of non-significant results. However, two patterns emerged: some birds migrated about 550 km and staged in the eastern Chukchi Sea before migrating to the colonies, while others went directly either to the colony area (1300 km) or elsewhere within the western Beaufort. I will present preliminary analysis and several hypotheses regarding these two strategies.
","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Second North America Sea Duck Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"Second North America Sea Duck Conference","conferenceDate":"November 7-11, 2005","conferenceLocation":"Annapolis, MD","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Petersen, M.R., 2005, Individual variation in staging and timing of spring migration of Pacific common eiders in Alaska, in Second North America Sea Duck Conference, Annapolis, MD, November 7-11, 2005.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"39","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327780,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":327779,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/seaduck_conf2005/2%20sea%20duck%20e.pdf","size":"1.42MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57c6b06fe4b0f2f0cebe5caf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Petersen, Margaret R. 0000-0001-6082-3189 mrpetersen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6082-3189","contributorId":167729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"Margaret","email":"mrpetersen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":646898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70027715,"text":"70027715 - 2005 - Modeling and model validation of wind-driven circulation in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:50","indexId":"70027715","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Modeling and model validation of wind-driven circulation in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon","docAbstract":"The hydrodynamics in the Upper Klamath Lake (UKL) plays a significant role in the water quality conditions of the lake. In order to provide a quantitative evaluation of the impacts of hydrodynamics on water quality in UKL, a detailed hydrodynamic model was implemented using an unstructured grid 3-D hydrodynamic model known as the UnTRIM model. The circulation in UKL is driven primarily by wind. Wind speed and direction time-series records were used as input, the numerical model reproduced the wind \"set-up\" and \"set-down\" at down wind and upwind ends of the lake, respectively. Of the two acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) records, the UnTRIM model reproduced the measured velocity at the deep station. At the shallow station, the model results showed diurnal patterns that correlated well with wind variations, but the measured velocity showed water velocity sustained at 3 to 5 cm/sec or above. Discrepancies between the model results and observations at the shallow ADCP station is discussed on the basis of correct physics. If the field measurements are inconsistent with the known physics, there exists the possibility that the field data are suspect or the field data are revealing some physical processes that are not yet understood. Copyright ASCE 2005.","largerWorkTitle":"World Water Congress 2005: Impacts of Global Climate Change - Proceedings of the 2005 World Water and Environmental Resources Congress","conferenceTitle":"2005 World Water and Environmental Resources Congress","conferenceDate":"15 May 2005 through 19 May 2005","conferenceLocation":"Anchorage, AK","language":"English","doi":"10.1061/40792(173)426","isbn":"0784407924; 9780784407929","usgsCitation":"Cheng, R.T., Gartner, J.W., and Wood, T., 2005, Modeling and model validation of wind-driven circulation in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, in World Water Congress 2005: Impacts of Global Climate Change - Proceedings of the 2005 World Water and Environmental Resources Congress, Anchorage, AK, 15 May 2005 through 19 May 2005, https://doi.org/10.1061/40792(173)426.","startPage":"426","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210913,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40792(173)426"},{"id":237993,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-04-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5bd8e4b0c8380cd6f848","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cheng, R. T.","contributorId":23138,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cheng","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gartner, J. W.","contributorId":81903,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gartner","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wood, T.","contributorId":31194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70027644,"text":"70027644 - 2005 - Validation of abundance estimates from mark–recapture and removal techniques for rainbow trout captured by electrofishing in small streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-19T15:10:01","indexId":"70027644","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Validation of abundance estimates from mark–recapture and removal techniques for rainbow trout captured by electrofishing in small streams","docAbstract":"Estimation of fish abundance in streams using the removal model or the Lincoln - Peterson mark - recapture model is a common practice in fisheries. These models produce misleading results if their assumptions are violated. We evaluated the assumptions of these two models via electrofishing of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in central Idaho streams. For one-, two-, three-, and four-pass sampling effort in closed sites, we evaluated the influences of fish size and habitat characteristics on sampling efficiency and the accuracy of removal abundance estimates. We also examined the use of models to generate unbiased estimates of fish abundance through adjustment of total catch or biased removal estimates. Our results suggested that the assumptions of the mark - recapture model were satisfied and that abundance estimates based on this approach were unbiased. In contrast, the removal model assumptions were not met. Decreasing sampling efficiencies over removal passes resulted in underestimated population sizes and overestimates of sampling efficiency. This bias decreased, but was not eliminated, with increased sampling effort. Biased removal estimates based on different levels of effort were highly correlated with each other but were less correlated with unbiased mark - recapture estimates. Stream size decreased sampling efficiency, and stream size and instream wood increased the negative bias of removal estimates. We found that reliable estimates of population abundance could be obtained from models of sampling efficiency for different levels of effort. Validation of abundance estimates requires extra attention to routine sampling considerations but can help fisheries biologists avoid pitfalls associated with biased data and facilitate standardized comparisons among studies that employ different sampling methods.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publisherLocation":"London, UK","doi":"10.1577/M04-081.1","issn":"02755947","usgsCitation":"Rosenberger, A.E., and Dunham, J., 2005, Validation of abundance estimates from mark–recapture and removal techniques for rainbow trout captured by electrofishing in small streams: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 25, no. 4, p. 1395-1410, https://doi.org/10.1577/M04-081.1.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1395","endPage":"1410","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":549,"text":"Rocky Mountain Research Station","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":238025,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210937,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/M04-081.1"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Boise National Forest;Salmon-challis National Forest","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.24,41.99 ], [ -117.24,44.11 ], [ -114.04,44.11 ], [ -114.04,41.99 ], [ -117.24,41.99 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"25","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc0fee4b08c986b32a3f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rosenberger, Amanda E. 0000-0002-5520-8349 arosenberger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5520-8349","contributorId":5581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenberger","given":"Amanda","email":"arosenberger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":414539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dunham, Jason B.","contributorId":64791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunham","given":"Jason B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70027770,"text":"70027770 - 2005 - Site characterization in densely fractured dolomite: Comparison of methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:49","indexId":"70027770","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Site characterization in densely fractured dolomite: Comparison of methods","docAbstract":"One of the challenges in characterizing fractured-rock aquifers is determining whether the equivalent porous medium approximation is valid at the problem scale. Detailed hydrogeologic characterization completed at a small study site in a densely fractured dolomite has yielded an extensive data set that was used to evaluate the utility of the continuum and discrete-fracture approaches to aquifer characterization. There are two near-vertical sets of fractures at the site; near-horizontal bedding-plane partings constitute a third fracture set. Eighteen boreholes, including five coreholes, were drilled to a depth of ???10.6 m. Borehole geophysical logs revealed several laterally extensive horizontal fractures and dissolution zones. Flowmeter and short-interval packer testing identified which of these features were hydraulically important. A monitoring system, consisting of short-interval piezometers and multilevel samplers, was designed to monitor four horizontal fractures and two dissolution zones. The resulting network consisted of >70 sampling points and allowed detailed monitoring of head distributions in three dimensions. Comparison of distributions of hydraulic head - and hydraulic conductivity determined by these two approaches suggests that even in a densely fractured-carbonate aquifer, a characterization approach using traditional long-interval monitoring wells is inadequate to characterize ground water movement for the purposes of regulatory monitoring or site remediation. In addition, traditional multiwell pumping tests yield an average or bulk hydraulic conductivity that is not adequate for predicting rapid ground water travel times through the fracture network, and the pumping test response does not appear to be an adequate tool for assessing whether the porous medium approximation is valid. Copyright ?? 2005 National Ground Water Association.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.00091.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Muldoon, M., and Bradbury, K.R., 2005, Site characterization in densely fractured dolomite: Comparison of methods: Ground Water, v. 43, no. 6, p. 863-876, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.00091.x.","startPage":"863","endPage":"876","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211098,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.00091.x"},{"id":238281,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b90f0e4b08c986b3196ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Muldoon, M.","contributorId":17825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muldoon","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bradbury, K. R.","contributorId":86070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradbury","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70027952,"text":"70027952 - 2005 - Analysis of real-time vibration data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:45","indexId":"70027952","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Analysis of real-time vibration data","docAbstract":"In recent years, a few structures have been instrumented to provide continuous vibration data in real time, recording not only large-amplitude motions generated by extreme loads, but also small-amplitude motions generated by ambient loads. The main objective in continuous recording is to track any changes in structural characteristics, and to detect damage after an extreme event, such as an earthquake or explosion. The Fourier-based spectral analysis methods have been the primary tool to analyze vibration data from structures. In general, such methods do not work well for real-time data, because real-time data are mainly composed of ambient vibrations with very low amplitudes and signal-to-noise ratios. The long duration, linearity, and the stationarity of ambient data, however, allow us to utilize statistical signal processing tools, which can compensate for the adverse effects of low amplitudes and high noise. The analysis of real-time data requires tools and techniques that can be applied in real-time; i.e., data are processed and analyzed while being acquired. This paper presents some of the basic tools and techniques for processing and analyzing real-time vibration data. The topics discussed include utilization of running time windows, tracking mean and mean-square values, filtering, system identification, and damage detection.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Structures Congress and Exposition","conferenceTitle":"2005 Structures Congress and the 2005 Forensic Engineering Symposium - Metropolis and Beyond","conferenceDate":"20 April 2005 through 24 April 2005","conferenceLocation":"New York, NY","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Safak, E., 2005, Analysis of real-time vibration data, in Proceedings of the Structures Congress and Exposition, New York, NY, 20 April 2005 through 24 April 2005, p. 879-886.","startPage":"879","endPage":"886","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":237114,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eb2ae4b0c8380cd48c74","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Safak, E.","contributorId":104070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Safak","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}