We evaluate the melt‐vapor surface tension (σ) of natural, water‐saturated dacite melt at 200 MPa, 950–1055°C, and 4.8–5.7 wt % H2O. We experimentally determine the critical supersaturation pressure for bubble nucleation as a function of dissolved water and then solve for σ at those conditions using classical nucleation theory. The solutions obtained give dacite melt‐vapor surface tensions that vary inversely with dissolved water from 0.042 (±0.003) J m−2 at 5.7 wt % H2O to 0.060 (±0.007) J m−2 at 5.2 wt % H2O to 0.073 (±0.003) J m−2 at 4.8 wt % H2O. Combining our dacite results with data from published hydrous haplogranite and high‐silica rhyolite experiments reveals that melt‐vapor surface tension also varies inversely with the concentration of mafic melt components (e.g., CaO, FeOtotal, MgO). We develop a thermodynamic context for these observations in which melt‐vapor surface tension is represented by a balance of work terms controlled by melt structure. Overall, our results suggest that cooling, crystallization, and vapor exsolution cause systematic changes in σ that should be considered in dynamic modeling of magmatic processes.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/2004JB003215","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Mangan, M., and Sisson, T., 2005, Evolution of melt-vapor surface tension in silicic volcanic systems: Experiments with hydrous melts: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 110, no. 1, p. 1-9, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JB003215.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"9","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477827,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2004jb003215","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":237649,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210657,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004JB003215"}],"volume":"110","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-01-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d84e4b0c8380cd53075","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mangan, M.","contributorId":20091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mangan","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sisson, T.","contributorId":80846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sisson","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70029106,"text":"70029106 - 2005 - Engineering geologic and geotechnical analysis of paleoseismic shaking using liquefaction effects: Field examples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:47","indexId":"70029106","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1517,"text":"Engineering Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Engineering geologic and geotechnical analysis of paleoseismic shaking using liquefaction effects: Field examples","docAbstract":"The greatest impediments to the widespread acceptance of back-calculated ground motion characteristics from paleoliquefaction studies typically stem from three uncertainties: (1) the significance of changes in the geotechnical properties of post-liquefied sediments (e.g., \"aging\" and density changes), (2) the selection of appropriate geotechnical soil indices from individual paleoliquefaction sites, and (3) the methodology for integration of back-calculated results of strength of shaking from individual paleoliquefaction sites into a regional assessment of paleoseismic strength of shaking. Presented herein are two case studies that illustrate the methods outlined by Olson et al. [Engineering Geology, this issue] for addressing these uncertainties. The first case study is for a site near Memphis, Tennessee, wherein cone penetration test data from side-by-side locations, one of liquefaction and the other of no liquefaction, are used to readily discern that the influence of post-liquefaction \"aging\" and density changes on the measured in situ soil indices is minimal. In the second case study, 12 sites that are at scattered locations in the Wabash Valley and that exhibit paleoliquefaction features are analyzed. The features are first provisionally attributed to the Vincennes Earthquake, which occurred around 6100 years BP, and are used to illustrate our proposed approach for selecting representative soil indices of the liquefied sediments. These indices are used in back-calculating the strength of shaking at the individual sites, the results from which are then incorporated into a regional assessment of the moment magnitude, M, of the Vincennes Earthquake. The regional assessment validated the provisional assumption that the paleoliquefaction features at the scattered sites were induced by the Vincennes Earthquake, in the main, which was determined to have M ??? 7.5. The uncertainties and assumptions used in the assessment are discussed in detail. ?? 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Engineering Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2004.07.026","issn":"00137952","usgsCitation":"Green, R., Obermeier, S., and Olson, S., 2005, Engineering geologic and geotechnical analysis of paleoseismic shaking using liquefaction effects: Field examples: Engineering Geology, v. 76, no. 3-4, p. 263-293, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2004.07.026.","startPage":"263","endPage":"293","numberOfPages":"31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210855,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2004.07.026"},{"id":237901,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"76","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0956e4b0c8380cd51e99","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Green, R.A.","contributorId":52378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Obermeier, S. F.","contributorId":17602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Obermeier","given":"S. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Olson, S.M.","contributorId":59225,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70029110,"text":"70029110 - 2005 - Enhanced zinc consumption causes memory deficits and increased brain levels of zinc","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-31T10:03:02","indexId":"70029110","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3077,"text":"Physiology & Behavior","printIssn":"0031-9384","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Enhanced zinc consumption causes memory deficits and increased brain levels of zinc","docAbstract":"Zinc deficiency has been shown to impair cognitive functioning, but little work has been done on the effects of elevated zinc. This research examined the effect on memory of raising Sprague–Dawley rats on enhanced levels of zinc (10 ppm ZnCO3; 0.153 mM) in the drinking water for periods of 3 or 9 months, both pre- and postnatally. Controls were raised on lab water. Memory was tested in a series of Morris Water Maze (MWM) experiments, and zinc-treated rats were found to have impairments in both reference and working memory. They were significantly slower to find a stationary platform and showed greater thigmotaxicity, a measure of anxiety. On a working memory task, where the platform was moved each day, zinc-treated animals had longer latencies over both trials and days, swam further from the platform, and showed greater thigmotaxicity. On trials using an Atlantis platform, which remained in one place but was lowered on probe trials, the zinc-treated animals had significantly fewer platform crossings, spent less time in the target quadrant, and did not swim as close to the platform position. They had significantly greater latency on nonprobe trials. Microprobe synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (μSXRF) confirmed that brain zinc levels were increased by adding ZnCO3 to the drinking water. These data show that long-term dietary administration of zinc can lead to impairments in cognitive function.
Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) have been declining in many states and provinces of North America, and North and South Dakota hold no exception to these declines. We studied effects of cultivated land on Greater Sage-Grouse lek abandonment in North and South Dakota. Landscape-level data were assessed using satellite imagery within a geographic information system. Comparisons were made of 1972-1976 and 1999-2000 percent cultivated and noncultivated land. These comparisons were made between land uses surrounding active leks versus inactive leks, active leks versus random locations, and abandoned regions versus active regions. The 1999-2000 imagery illustrated that percent cultivated land was greater near abandoned leks (4-km buffers) than near active leks in North Dakota or random sites, but this did not hold true in South Dakota. Comparison of an extensive region of abandoned leks with a region of active leks in North Dakota illustrated a similar increase as well as dispersion of cultivation within the abandoned region. However, 1972-1976 imagery revealed that this relationship between percentage of cultivated land and lek activity in North Dakota has been static over the last 30 years. Thus, if the decline of Greater Sage-Grouse is the result of cultivated land infringements, it occurred prior to 1972 in North Dakota.
","language":"English","issn":"15270904","usgsCitation":"Smith, J.T., Flake, L.D., Higgins, K.F., Kobriger, G.D., and Homer, C.G., 2005, Evaluating lek occupancy of greater sage-grouse in relation to landscape cultivation in the Dakotas: Western North American Naturalist, v. 65, no. 3, p. 310-320.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"310","endPage":"320","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":237932,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307925,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ojs.lib.byu.edu/spc/index.php/wnan/article/view/27758"}],"volume":"65","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0be8e4b0c8380cd52931","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Joe T.","contributorId":20697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Joe","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flake, Lester D.","contributorId":46452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flake","given":"Lester","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Higgins, Kenneth F.","contributorId":65032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Higgins","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kobriger, Gerald D.","contributorId":36889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kobriger","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Homer, Collin G. 0000-0003-4755-8135 homer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4755-8135","contributorId":2262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Homer","given":"Collin","email":"homer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":423348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70029296,"text":"70029296 - 2005 - Survival of Western Sandpiper broods on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-19T09:51:23","indexId":"70029296","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Survival of Western Sandpiper broods on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska","docAbstract":"The rate of chick growth in high-latitude breeding shorebirds is rapid, but little is known about the effect of chick mass, growth, and brood movements on subsequent brood survival. To address these topics, we monitored chick growth patterns, daily brood movements, and survival of Western Sandpipers (Calidris mauri) on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska. We assessed the effect of chick age, mass, and hatch date on brood survival using Program MARK. We mapped brood locations daily, and compared brood movement patterns between successful and unsuccessful broods. Younger chicks survived at lower rates and moved shorter distances than older chicks. The overall probability of one or more chicks from a brood surviving to 15 days of age was 0.73 ± 0.05 SE. Brood survival declined seasonally, and broods with heavier chicks survived at higher rates than those with lighter chicks. On average, successful broods fledged 1.7 ± 0.1 SE chicks. Rate of chick growth was intermediate between those of high arctic and temperate-breeding shorebirds, and chick mass at hatching declined seasonally. Western Sandpiper brood survival was lowest when chicks were young, spatially clumped, and unable to maintain homeothermy, probably because young chicks were more vulnerable to both complete depredation events and extreme weather. Our data suggest that larger, older chicks are able to avoid predators by being spatially dispersed and highly mobile; thermal independence, achieved after approximately day five, enables chicks to better endure prolonged periods of cold and low food availability.
","language":"English","publisher":"Cooper Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1650/0010-5422(2005)107[0597:SOWSBO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Ruthrauff, D.R., and McCaffery, B.J., 2005, Survival of Western Sandpiper broods on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska: Condor, v. 107, no. 3, p. 597-604, https://doi.org/10.1650/0010-5422(2005)107[0597:SOWSBO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"597","endPage":"604","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477841,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1650/0010-5422(2005)107[0597:sowsbo]2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":237407,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"107","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba2c3e4b08c986b31f942","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruthrauff, Daniel R. 0000-0003-1355-9156 druthrauff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1355-9156","contributorId":4181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruthrauff","given":"Daniel","email":"druthrauff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":422129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCaffery, Brian J.","contributorId":37617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCaffery","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70029529,"text":"70029529 - 2005 - Prevalence and spatial distribution of intraerythrocytic parasite(s) in Puget Sound rockfish (Sebastes emphaeus) from the San Juan Archipelago, Washington (USA)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-12T15:51:13","indexId":"70029529","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2414,"text":"Journal of Parasitology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Prevalence and spatial distribution of intraerythrocytic parasite(s) in Puget Sound rockfish (Sebastes emphaeus) from the San Juan Archipelago, Washington (USA)","docAbstract":"Two morphologically distinct forms of an intraerythrocytic parasite(s) were detected by microscopic observation of Giemsa-stained blood films in 45.7% of 119 rockfish (Sebastes emphaeus) from the San Juan Archipelago (Washington State, U.S.A.). Infection prevalence for both forms was 53% in males, 44% in females, and 33% in fish of undetermined gender. A binucleate \"ring-stage\" was present at all 4 geographic sites, with a mean prevalence of 45.7%, while mean prevalence of a larger gamont-like form from the same sites was 5.1%. The relationship of the 2 forms to each other could not be determined. Neither schizogony nor binary fission was evident in any of the infected erythrocytes and the parasites contained no obvious pigment. The possibility of the 2 morphologic forms being 2 distinct species is supported by the observation that no difference in parasitemia was seen in the binucleate form among sites (1.6-1.9%), while parasitemia of the gamont-like form varied significantly among sites, ranging from a high of 4% to a low of 0.1%. Taxonomic status of either form could not be determined at this time based on limited existing morphologic data. ?? American Society of Parasitologists 2005.
","language":"English","publisher":"Bioone","doi":"10.1645/183.1","issn":"00223395","usgsCitation":"Van Der Straaten, N., Jacobson, A., Halos, D., Hershberger, P., Kocan, A., and Kocan, R., 2005, Prevalence and spatial distribution of intraerythrocytic parasite(s) in Puget Sound rockfish (Sebastes emphaeus) from the San Juan Archipelago, Washington (USA): Journal of Parasitology, v. 91, no. 4, p. 980-982, https://doi.org/10.1645/183.1.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"980","endPage":"982","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":237605,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"91","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8b67e4b0c8380cd7e23c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Der Straaten, N.","contributorId":92484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Der Straaten","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jacobson, A.","contributorId":87741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobson","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Halos, D.","contributorId":19767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halos","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hershberger, P.","contributorId":64826,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hershberger","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kocan, A.A.","contributorId":70078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kocan","given":"A.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kocan, R.","contributorId":95665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kocan","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70029528,"text":"70029528 - 2005 - Streamflow properties from time series of surface velocity and stage","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:52","indexId":"70029528","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2338,"text":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Streamflow properties from time series of surface velocity and stage","docAbstract":"Time series of surface velocity and stage have been collected simultaneously. Surface velocity was measured using an array of newly developed continuous-wave microwave sensors. Stage was obtained from the standard U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) measurements. The depth of the river was measured several times during our experiments using sounding weights. The data clearly showed that the point of zero flow was not the bottom at the measurement site, indicating that a downstream control exists. Fathometer measurements confirmed this finding. A model of the surface velocity expected at a site having a downstream control was developed. The model showed that the standard form for the friction velocity does not apply to sites where a downstream control exists. This model fit our measured surface velocity versus stage plots very well with reasonable values of the parameters. Discharges computed using the surface velocities and measured depths matched the USGS rating curve for the site. Values of depth-weighted mean velocities derived from our data did not agree with those expected from Manning's equation due to the downstream control. These results suggest that if real-time surface velocities were available at a gauging station, unstable stream beds could be monitored. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering ?? ASCE.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2005)131:8(657)","issn":"07339429","usgsCitation":"Plant, W., Keller, W., Hayes, K., and Spicer, K., 2005, Streamflow properties from time series of surface velocity and stage: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, v. 131, no. 8, p. 657-664, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2005)131:8(657).","startPage":"657","endPage":"664","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210628,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2005)131:8(657)"},{"id":237604,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"131","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9b18e4b08c986b31cc9a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plant, W.J.","contributorId":101409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plant","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keller, W.C.","contributorId":49140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hayes, K.","contributorId":55178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Spicer, K.","contributorId":23322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spicer","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70029523,"text":"70029523 - 2005 - Significance of stress transfer in time-dependent earthquake probability calculations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:52","indexId":"70029523","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Significance of stress transfer in time-dependent earthquake probability calculations","docAbstract":"A sudden change in stress is seen to modify earthquake rates, but should it also revise earthquake probability? Data used to derive input parameters permits an array of forecasts; so how large a static stress change is require to cause a statistically significant earthquake probability change? To answer that question, effects of parameter and philosophical choices are examined through all phases of sample calculations, Drawing at random from distributions of recurrence-aperiodicity pairs identifies many that recreate long paleoseismic and historic earthquake catalogs. Probability density funtions built from the recurrence-aperiodicity pairs give the range of possible earthquake forecasts under a point process renewal model. Consequences of choices made in stress transfer calculations, such as different slip models, fault rake, dip, and friction are, tracked. For interactions among large faults, calculated peak stress changes may be localized, with most of the receiving fault area changed less than the mean. Thus, to avoid overstating probability change on segments, stress change values should be drawn from a distribution reflecting the spatial pattern rather than using the segment mean. Disparity resulting from interaction probability methodology is also examined. For a fault with a well-understood earthquake history, a minimum stress change to stressing rate ratio of 10:1 to 20:1 is required to significantly skew probabilities with >80-85% confidence. That ratio must be closer to 50:1 to exceed 90-95% confidence levels. Thus revision to earthquake probability is achievable when a perturbing event is very close to the fault in question or the tectonic stressing rate is low.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2004JB003190","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Parsons, T., 2005, Significance of stress transfer in time-dependent earthquake probability calculations: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 110, no. 5, p. 1-20, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JB003190.","startPage":"1","endPage":"20","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477878,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2004jb003190","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":237530,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210567,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004JB003190"}],"volume":"110","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-03-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8f1de4b08c986b318d32","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parsons, T.","contributorId":48288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70029519,"text":"70029519 - 2005 - NCWin — A Component Object Model (COM) for processing and visualizing NetCDF data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-11T09:43:10","indexId":"70029519","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1187,"text":"Cartographic Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"NCWin — A Component Object Model (COM) for processing and visualizing NetCDF data","docAbstract":"NetCDF (Network Common Data Form) is a data sharing protocol and library that is commonly used in large-scale atmospheric and environmental data archiving and modeling. The NetCDF tool described here, named NCWin and coded with Borland C + + Builder, was built as a standard executable as well as a COM (component object model) for the Microsoft Windows environment. COM is a powerful technology that enhances the reuse of applications (as components). Environmental model developers from different modeling environments, such as Python, JAVA, VISUAL FORTRAN, VISUAL BASIC, VISUAL C + +, and DELPHI, can reuse NCWin in their models to read, write and visualize NetCDF data. Some Windows applications, such as ArcGIS and Microsoft PowerPoint, can also call NCWin within the application. NCWin has three major components: 1) The data conversion part is designed to convert binary raw data to and from NetCDF data. It can process six data types (unsigned char, signed char, short, int, float, double) and three spatial data formats (BIP, BIL, BSQ); 2) The visualization part is designed for displaying grid map series (playing forward or backward) with simple map legend, and displaying temporal trend curves for data on individual map pixels; and 3) The modeling interface is designed for environmental model development by which a set of integrated NetCDF functions is provided for processing NetCDF data. To demonstrate that the NCWin can easily extend the functions of some current GIS software and the Office applications, examples of calling NCWin within ArcGIS and MS PowerPoint for showing NetCDF map animations are given.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1179/000870405X57301","issn":"00087041","usgsCitation":"Liu, J., Chen, J., Price, D., and Liu, S., 2005, NCWin — A Component Object Model (COM) for processing and visualizing NetCDF data: Cartographic Journal, v. 42, no. 1, p. 69-77, https://doi.org/10.1179/000870405X57301.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"69","endPage":"77","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":237492,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210540,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1179/000870405X57301"}],"volume":"42","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-07-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a613ce4b0c8380cd71873","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Liu, Jinxun 0000-0003-0561-8988 jxliu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0561-8988","contributorId":3414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Jinxun","email":"jxliu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":423079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chen, J.M.","contributorId":70178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Price, D.T.","contributorId":6651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Price","given":"D.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Liu, S.","contributorId":93170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70029238,"text":"70029238 - 2005 - Nitrogen transport and transformations in a coastal plain watershed: Influence of geomorphology on flow paths and residence times ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-03T16:46:32","indexId":"70029238","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nitrogen transport and transformations in a coastal plain watershed: Influence of geomorphology on flow paths and residence times ","docAbstract":"Nitrogen transport and groundwater‐surface water interactions were examined in a coastal plain watershed in the southeastern United States. Groundwater age dates, calculated using chlorofluorocarbon and tritium concentrations, along with concentrations of nitrogen species and other redox‐active constituents, were used to evaluate the fate and transport of nitrate. Nitrate is stable only in recently recharged (<10 years) water found in the upper few meters of saturated thickness in the upland portion of a surficial aquifer. Groundwater with a residence time between 10 and 30 years typically has low nitrate and elevated excess N2 concentrations, indications that denitrification has reduced nitrate concentrations. Groundwater older than 30 years also has low nitrate concentrations but contains little or no excess N2, suggesting that this water did not contain elevated concentrations of nitrate along its flow path. Nitrate transport to streams varies between first‐ and third‐order streams. Hydrologic, lithologic, and chemical data suggest that the surficial aquifer is the dominant source of flow and nitrate to a first‐order stream. Iron‐reducing conditions occur in groundwater samples from the bed and banks of the first‐order stream, suggesting that direct groundwater discharge is denitrified prior to entering the stream. However, nitrogen from the surficial aquifer is transported directly to the stream via a tile drain that bypasses these reduced zones. In the alluvial valley of a third‐order stream the erosion of a confining layer creates a much thicker unconfined alluvial aquifer with larger zones of nitrate stability. Age dating and chemical information (SiO2, Na/K ratios) suggest that water in the alluvial aquifer is derived from short flow paths through the riparian zone and/or from adjacent streams during high‐discharge periods.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2003WR002953","usgsCitation":"Tesoriero, A.J., Spruill, T.B., Mew, H., Farrell, K.M., and Harden, S.L., 2005, Nitrogen transport and transformations in a coastal plain watershed: Influence of geomorphology on flow paths and residence times : Water Resources Research, v. 41, no. 2, p. 1-15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003WR002953.","productDescription":"Article W02008; 15 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"15","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477716,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2003wr002953","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":237588,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-02-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a66f4e4b0c8380cd730cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tesoriero, Anthony J. 0000-0003-4674-7364 tesorier@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4674-7364","contributorId":2693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tesoriero","given":"Anthony","email":"tesorier@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":421878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spruill, Timothy B.","contributorId":51724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spruill","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mew, H.E. Jr.","contributorId":28669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mew","given":"H.E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Farrell, Kathleen M.","contributorId":64476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farrell","given":"Kathleen","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Harden, Stephen L. 0000-0001-6886-0099 slharden@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6886-0099","contributorId":2212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harden","given":"Stephen","email":"slharden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":421875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70029339,"text":"70029339 - 2005 - Slicing up the San Francisco Bay Area: Block kinematics and fault slip rates from GPS-derived surface velocities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:50","indexId":"70029339","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Slicing up the San Francisco Bay Area: Block kinematics and fault slip rates from GPS-derived surface velocities","docAbstract":"Observations of surface deformation allow us to determine the kinematics of faults in the San Francisco Bay Area. We present the Bay Area velocity unification (BA??VU??, \"bay view\"), a compilation of over 200 horizontal surface velocities computed from campaign-style and continuous Global Positioning System (GPS) observations from 1993 to 2003. We interpret this interseismic velocity field using a three-dimensional block model to determine the relative contributions of block motion, elastic strain accumulation, and shallow aseismic creep. The total relative motion between the Pacific plate and the rigid Sierra Nevada/Great Valley (SNGV) microplate is 37.9 ?? 0.6 mm yr-1 directed toward N30.4??W ?? 0.8?? at San Francisco (??2??). Fault slip rates from our preferred model are typically within the error bounds of geologic estimates but provide a better fit to geodetic data (notable right-lateral slip rates in mm yr-1: San Gregorio fault, 2.4 ?? 1.0; West Napa fault, 4.0 ?? 3.0; zone of faulting along the eastern margin of the Coast Range, 5.4 ?? 1.0; and Mount Diablo thrust, 3.9 ?? 1.0 of reverse slip and 4.0 ?? 0.2 of right-lateral strike slip). Slip on the northern Calaveras is partitioned between both the West Napa and Concord/ Green Valley fault systems. The total convergence across the Bay Area is negligible. Poles of rotation for Bay Area blocks progress systematically from the North America-Pacific to North America-SNGV poles. The resulting present-day relative motion cannot explain the strike of most Bay Area faults, but fault strike does loosely correlate with inferred plate motions at the time each fault initiated. Copyright 2005 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2004JB003496","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"d'Alessio, M., Johanson, I., Burgmann, R., Schmidt, D., and Murray, M., 2005, Slicing up the San Francisco Bay Area: Block kinematics and fault slip rates from GPS-derived surface velocities: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 110, no. 6, p. 1-19, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JB003496.","startPage":"1","endPage":"19","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477941,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2004jb003496","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":210558,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004JB003496"},{"id":237518,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"110","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-06-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9138e4b08c986b3197ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"d'Alessio, M. A.","contributorId":43159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"d'Alessio","given":"M. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johanson, I.A.","contributorId":36735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johanson","given":"I.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burgmann, R.","contributorId":10167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burgmann","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schmidt, D.A.","contributorId":75749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Murray, M.H.","contributorId":50171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70029409,"text":"70029409 - 2005 - Development of ground-motion prediction equations relevant to shallow-mining-induced seismicity in the Trial Mountain area, Emery County, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:51","indexId":"70029409","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development of ground-motion prediction equations relevant to shallow-mining-induced seismicity in the Trial Mountain area, Emery County, Utah","docAbstract":"To provide a basis for assessing the seismic hazard to the Joes Valley Dam due to future coal mining in the nearby Cottonwood Tract, central Utah, we developed ground-motion prediction relations using data recorded by a seismic network, established and operated by the University of Utah Seismograph Stations. The network was centered on the Trail Mountain coal mine, located adjacent to the Cottonwood Tract. From late 2000 until early 2001, this network recorded numerous mining-induced events with magnitudes as large as 2.17. The ground motion from these events, recorded at hypocentral distances ranging from about 500 m to approximately 10 km, were well suited to developing new ground-motion prediction relations, especially when augmented by data from a M 4.2 earthquake in the Willow Creek mine, about 50 km north of Trail Mountain. Using a two-stage regression analysis, we determined prediction relations for peak acceleration, peak velocity, and pseudovelocity response spectra, at 5% damping, for periods of 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 s. To illustrate the potential seismic hazard at the Joes Valley dam, we used these ground-motion relations to predict a peak velocity of 6.8 cm/s due to an earthquake with the probable maximum magnitude of 3.9, at a hypocentral distance of 1 km, recorded at a rock site typical for this region. This result does not take into account the site response at the dam.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0120040046","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"McGarr, A., and Fletcher, J.B., 2005, Development of ground-motion prediction equations relevant to shallow-mining-induced seismicity in the Trial Mountain area, Emery County, Utah: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 95, no. 1, p. 31-47, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120040046.","startPage":"31","endPage":"47","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210537,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120040046"},{"id":237485,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0056e4b0c8380cd4f6e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGarr, Art 0000-0001-9769-4093","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9769-4093","contributorId":43491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGarr","given":"Art","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fletcher, Joe B.","contributorId":8850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fletcher","given":"Joe","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70029168,"text":"70029168 - 2005 - Relation of baseflow to row crop intensity in Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:54","indexId":"70029168","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":682,"text":"Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relation of baseflow to row crop intensity in Iowa","docAbstract":"Increasing baseflow and baseflow percentage over the second half of the 20th century in Iowa has contributed to increasing nitrate-nitrogen concentrations measured in Iowa rivers because nitrate is primarily delivered to streams as baseflow and tile drainage. The relation of baseflow and baseflow percentage to row crop land use was evaluated for 11 Iowa rivers and their watersheds for their period of streamflow record (58-73 years period). Results indicated increasing baseflow in Iowa's rivers is significantly related to increasing row crop intensity. A 13-52% increase in row crop percentage in many Iowa watersheds has contributed to an increase of 33-135 mm increase in baseflow and 7-31% increase in baseflow percentage. Limited historical water quality data from two larger Iowa rivers (Cedar and Raccoon rivers) suggest that increasing row crop land use over the 20th century has produced more baseflow and contributed to increasing nitrate concentrations in Iowa's rivers. ?? 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.agee.2004.02.008","issn":"01678809","usgsCitation":"Schilling, K.E., 2005, Relation of baseflow to row crop intensity in Iowa: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, v. 105, no. 1-2, p. 433-438, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2004.02.008.","startPage":"433","endPage":"438","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210662,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2004.02.008"},{"id":237655,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"105","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a676e4b0e8fec6cdc1a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schilling, K. E.","contributorId":61982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schilling","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70029405,"text":"70029405 - 2005 - A method for the use of landscape metrics in freshwater research and management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-31T09:14:37","indexId":"70029405","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2602,"text":"Landscape Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A method for the use of landscape metrics in freshwater research and management","docAbstract":"Freshwater research and management efforts could be greatly enhanced by a better understanding of the relationship between landscape-scale factors and water quality indicators. This is particularly true in urban areas, where land transformation impacts stream systems at a variety of scales. Despite advances in landscape quantification methods, several studies attempting to elucidate the relationship between land use/land cover (LULC) and water quality have resulted in mixed conclusions. However, these studies have largely relied on compositional landscape metrics. For urban and urbanizing watersheds in particular, the use of metrics that capture spatial pattern may further aid in distinguishing the effects of various urban growth patterns, as well as exploring the interplay between environmental and socioeconomic variables. However, to be truly useful for freshwater applications, pattern metrics must be optimized based on characteristic watershed properties and common water quality point sampling methods. Using a freely available LULC data set for the Santa Clara Basin, California, USA, we quantified landscape composition and configuration for subwatershed areas upstream of individual sampling sites, reducing the number of metrics based on: (1) sensitivity to changes in extent and (2) redundancy, as determined by a multivariate factor analysis. The first two factors, interpreted as (1) patch density and distribution and (2) patch shape and landscape subdivision, explained approximately 85% of the variation in the data set, and are highly reflective of the heterogeneous urban development pattern found in the study area. Although offering slightly less explanatory power, compositional metrics can provide important contextual information.
Assessment of contaminant impacts to federally identified endangered, threatened and candidate, and state-identified endangered species (collectively referred to as \"listed\" species) requires understanding of a species' sensitivities to particular chemicals. The most direct approach would be to determine the sensitivity of a listed species to a particular contaminant or perturbation. An indirect approach for aquatic species would be application of toxicity data obtained from standard test procedures and species commonly used in laboratory toxicity tests. Common test species (fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas; sheepshead minnow, Cyprinodon variegatus; and rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss) and 17 listed or closely related species were tested in acute 96-hour water exposures with five chemicals (carbaryl, copper, 4-nonylphenol, pentachlorophenol, and permethrin) representing a broad range of toxic modes of action. No single species was the most sensitive to all chemicals. For the three standard test species evaluated, the rainbow trout was more sensitive than either the fathead minnow or sheepshead minnow and was equal to or more sensitive than listed and related species 81% of the time. To estimate an LC50 for a listed species, a factor of 0.63 can be applied to the geometric mean LC50 of rainbow trout toxicity data, and more conservative factors can be determined using variance estimates (0.46 based on 1 SD of the mean and 0.33 based on 2 SD of the mean). Additionally, a low- or no-acute effect concentration can be estimated by multiplying the respective LC50 by a factor of approximately 0.56, which supports the United States Environmental Protection Agency approach of multiplying the final acute value by 0.5 (division by 2). When captive or locally abundant populations of listed fish are available, consideration should be given to direct testing. When direct toxicity testing cannot be performed, approaches for developing protective measures using common test species toxicity data are available. ?? 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00244-003-3038-1","issn":"00904341","usgsCitation":"Dwyer, F., Mayer, F., Sappington, L., Buckler, D., Bridges, C., Greer, I., Hardesty, D., Henke, C., Ingersoll, C., Kunz, J., Whites, D., Augspurger, T., Mount, D., Hattala, K., and Neuderfer, G., 2005, Assessing contaminant sensitivity of endangered and threatened aquatic species: Part I. Acute toxicity of five chemicals: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 48, no. 2, p. 143-154, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-003-3038-1.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"143","endPage":"154","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":237919,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210868,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00244-003-3038-1"}],"volume":"48","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059edcfe4b0c8380cd49a05","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dwyer, F.J.","contributorId":107818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dwyer","given":"F.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mayer, F.L.","contributorId":79418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mayer","given":"F.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sappington, L.C.","contributorId":76907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sappington","given":"L.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Buckler, D.R.","contributorId":54699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buckler","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bridges, C.M.","contributorId":104652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bridges","given":"C.M.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":422598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Greer, I.E.","contributorId":70182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greer","given":"I.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hardesty, D.K.","contributorId":43935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hardesty","given":"D.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Henke, C.E.","contributorId":102264,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henke","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Ingersoll, C.G. 0000-0003-4531-5949","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-5949","contributorId":56338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"C.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Kunz, J.L.","contributorId":7872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunz","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Whites, D.W.","contributorId":52367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whites","given":"D.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Augspurger, T.","contributorId":81844,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Augspurger","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Mount, D.R.","contributorId":13774,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mount","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Hattala, K.","contributorId":20619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hattala","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Neuderfer, G.N.","contributorId":49250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neuderfer","given":"G.N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15}]}} ,{"id":70029178,"text":"70029178 - 2005 - Life history trade-offs and community dynamics of small fishes in a seasonally pulsed wetland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:48","indexId":"70029178","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Life history trade-offs and community dynamics of small fishes in a seasonally pulsed wetland","docAbstract":"We used a one-dimensional, spatially explicit model to simulate the community of small fishes in the freshwater wetlands of southern Florida, USA. The seasonality of rainfall in these wetlands causes annual fluctuations in the amount of flooded area. We modeled fish populations that differed from each other only in efficiency of resource utilization and dispersal ability. The simulations showed that these trade-offs, along with the spatial and temporal variability of the environment, allow coexistence of several species competing exploitatively for a common resource type. This mechanism, while sharing some characteristics with other mechanisms proposed for coexistence of competing species, is novel in detail. Simulated fish densities resembled patterns observed in Everglades empirical data. Cells with hydroperiods less than 6 months accumulated negligible fish biomass. One unique model result was that, when multiple species coexisted, it was possible for one of the coexisting species to have both lower local resource utilization efficiency and lower dispersal ability than one of the other species. This counterintuitive result is a consequence of stronger effects of other competitors on the superior species. ?? 2005 NRC.","largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","language":"English","doi":"10.1139/f05-050","issn":"0706652X","usgsCitation":"DeAngelis, D., Trexler, J., and Loftus, W., 2005, Life history trade-offs and community dynamics of small fishes in a seasonally pulsed wetland, in Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 62, no. 4, p. 781-790, https://doi.org/10.1139/f05-050.","startPage":"781","endPage":"790","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210805,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f05-050"},{"id":237832,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4765e4b0c8380cd67851","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeAngelis, D.L. 0000-0002-1570-4057","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1570-4057","contributorId":32470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeAngelis","given":"D.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trexler, J.C.","contributorId":23108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trexler","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Loftus, W.F.","contributorId":29363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loftus","given":"W.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70029212,"text":"70029212 - 2005 - A model for wave control on coral breakage and species distribution in the Hawaiian Islands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:49","indexId":"70029212","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1338,"text":"Coral Reefs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A model for wave control on coral breakage and species distribution in the Hawaiian Islands","docAbstract":"The fringing reef off southern Molokai, Hawaii, is currently being studied as part of a multi-disciplinary project led by the US Geological Survey. As part of this study, modeling and field observations were utilized to help understand the physical controls on reef morphology and the distribution of different coral species. A model was developed that calculates wave-induced hydrodynamic forces on corals of a specific form and mechanical strength. From these calculations, the wave conditions under which specific species of corals would either be stable or would break due to the imposed wave-induced forces were determined. By combining this hydrodynamic force-balance model with various wave model output for different oceanographic conditions experienced in the study area, we were able to map the locations where specific coral species should be stable (not subject to frequent breakage) in the study area. The combined model output was then compared with data on coral species distribution and coral cover at 12 sites along Molokai's south shore. Observations and modeling suggest that the transition from one coral species to another may occur when the ratio of the coral colony's mechanical strengths to the applied (wave-induced) forces may be as great as 5:1, and not less than 1:1 when corals would break. This implies that coral colony's mechanical strength and wave-induced forces may be important in defining gross coral community structure over large (orders of 10's of meters) spatial scales. ?? Springer-Verlag 2004.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Coral Reefs","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00338-004-0430-x","issn":"07224028","usgsCitation":"Storlazzi, C., Brown, E., Field, M., Rodgers, K., and Jokiel, P., 2005, A model for wave control on coral breakage and species distribution in the Hawaiian Islands: Coral Reefs, v. 24, no. 1, p. 43-55, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-004-0430-x.","startPage":"43","endPage":"55","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210775,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00338-004-0430-x"},{"id":237798,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-11-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e47ee4b0c8380cd46674","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Storlazzi, C. D. 0000-0001-8057-4490","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8057-4490","contributorId":98905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storlazzi","given":"C. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, E.K.","contributorId":97311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"E.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Field, M.E.","contributorId":27052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"M.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rodgers, K.","contributorId":85391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodgers","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jokiel, P. L.","contributorId":80367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jokiel","given":"P. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70035499,"text":"70035499 - 2005 - Palynology in coal systems analysis-The key to floras, climate, and stratigraphy of coal-forming environments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:50","indexId":"70035499","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3459,"text":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Palynology in coal systems analysis-The key to floras, climate, and stratigraphy of coal-forming environments","docAbstract":"Palynology can be effectively used in coal systems analysis to understand the nature of ancient coal-forming peat mires. Pollen and spores preserved in coal effectively reveal the floristic composition of mires, which differed substantially through geologic time, and contribute to determination of depositional environment and paleo- climate. Such applications are most effective when integrated with paleobotanical and coal-petrographic data. Examples of previous studies of Miocene, Carboniferous, and Paleogene coal beds illustrate the methods and results. Palynological age determinations and correlations of deposits are also important in coal systems analysis to establish stratigraphic setting. Application to studies of coalbed methane generation shows potential because certain kinds of pollen are associated with gas-prone lithotypes. ??2005 Geological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-2387-6.51","issn":"00721077","usgsCitation":"Nichols, D.J., 2005, Palynology in coal systems analysis-The key to floras, climate, and stratigraphy of coal-forming environments: Special Paper of the Geological Society of America, no. 387, p. 51-58, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2387-6.51.","startPage":"51","endPage":"58","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216235,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2387-6.51"},{"id":244094,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"387","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a749ce4b0c8380cd77722","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, D. J.","contributorId":55466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70029206,"text":"70029206 - 2005 - Topographic, bioclimatic, and vegetation characteristics of three ecoregion classification systems in North America: Comparisons along continent-wide transects","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:54","indexId":"70029206","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Topographic, bioclimatic, and vegetation characteristics of three ecoregion classification systems in North America: Comparisons along continent-wide transects","docAbstract":"Ecoregion classification systems are increasingly used for policy and management decisions, particularly among conservation and natural resource managers. A number of ecoregion classification systems are currently available, with each system defining ecoregions using different classification methods and different types of data. As a result, each classification system describes a unique set of ecoregions. To help potential users choose the most appropriate ecoregion system for their particular application, we used three latitudinal transects across North America to compare the boundaries and environmental characteristics of three ecoregion classification systems [Ku??chler, World Wildlife Fund (WWF), and Bailey]. A variety of variables were used to evaluate the three systems, including woody plant species richness, normalized difference in vegetation index (NDVI), and bioclimatic variables (e.g., mean temperature of the coldest month) along each transect. Our results are dominated by geographic patterns in temperature, which are generally aligned north-south, and in moisture, which are generally aligned east-west. In the west, the dramatic changes in physiography, climate, and vegetation impose stronger controls on ecoregion boundaries than in the east. The Ku??chler system has the greatest number of ecoregions on all three transects, but does not necessarily have the highest degree of internal consistency within its ecoregions with regard to the bioclimatic and species richness data. In general, the WWF system appears to track climatic and floristic variables the best of the three systems, but not in all regions on all transects. ?? 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00267-003-7200-3","issn":"0364152X","usgsCitation":"Thompson, R., Shafer, S., Anderson, K.H., Strickland, L., Pelltier, R., Bartlein, P., and Kerwin, M., 2005, Topographic, bioclimatic, and vegetation characteristics of three ecoregion classification systems in North America: Comparisons along continent-wide transects: Environmental Management, v. 34, no. 1 SUPPL., https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-003-7200-3.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210694,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-003-7200-3"},{"id":237692,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"1 SUPPL.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-01-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb4dee4b08c986b3265c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, R.S.","contributorId":106516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shafer, S.L.","contributorId":26789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shafer","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, K. H.","contributorId":81527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Strickland, L.E.","contributorId":25350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strickland","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pelltier, R.T.","contributorId":83329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pelltier","given":"R.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bartlein, P. J.","contributorId":54566,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bartlein","given":"P. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kerwin, M.W.","contributorId":98929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kerwin","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70029183,"text":"70029183 - 2005 - Probabilistic liquefaction triggering based on the cone penetration test","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:48","indexId":"70029183","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Probabilistic liquefaction triggering based on the cone penetration test","docAbstract":"Performance-based earthquake engineering requires a probabilistic treatment of potential failure modes in order to accurately quantify the overall stability of the system. This paper is a summary of the application portions of the probabilistic liquefaction triggering correlations proposed recently proposed by Moss and co-workers. To enable probabilistic treatment of liquefaction triggering, the variables comprising the seismic load and the liquefaction resistance were treated as inherently uncertain. Supporting data from an extensive Cone Penetration Test (CPT)-based liquefaction case history database were used to develop a probabilistic correlation. The methods used to measure the uncertainty of the load and resistance variables, how the interactions of these variables were treated using Bayesian updating, and how reliability analysis was applied to produce curves of equal probability of liquefaction are presented. The normalization for effective overburden stress, the magnitude correlated duration weighting factor, and the non-linear shear mass participation factor used are also discussed.","largerWorkTitle":"Geotechnical Special Publication","conferenceTitle":"Geo-Frontiers 2005","conferenceDate":"24 January 2005 through 26 January 2005","conferenceLocation":"Austin, TX","language":"English","issn":"08950563","usgsCitation":"Moss, R., Seed, R., Kayen, R.E., Stewart, J., and Tokimatsu, K., 2005, Probabilistic liquefaction triggering based on the cone penetration test, in Geotechnical Special Publication, no. 130-142, Austin, TX, 24 January 2005 through 26 January 2005, p. 1227-1239.","startPage":"1227","endPage":"1239","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":237905,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"130-142","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8c91e4b0c8380cd7e772","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moss, R.E.S.","contributorId":71362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moss","given":"R.E.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Seed, R.B.","contributorId":34691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seed","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kayen, R. E.","contributorId":14424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kayen","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stewart, J.P.","contributorId":33514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tokimatsu, K.","contributorId":85756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tokimatsu","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70029360,"text":"70029360 - 2005 - Geographic variation in survival and migratory tendency among North American Common Mergansers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-23T21:44:28.697402","indexId":"70029360","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2284,"text":"Journal of Field Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geographic variation in survival and migratory tendency among North American Common Mergansers","docAbstract":"Movement ecology and demographic parameters for the Common Merganser (Mergus merganser americanus) in North America are poorly known. We used band-recovery data from five locations across North America spanning the years 1938–1998 to examine migratory patterns and estimate survival rates. We examined competing time-invariant, age-graduated models with program MARK to study sources of variation in survival and reporting probability. We considered age, sex, geographic location, and the use of nasal saddles on hatching year birds at one location as possible sources of variation. Year-of-banding was included as a covariate in a post-hoc analysis. We found that migratory tendency, defined as the average distance between banding and recovery locations, varied geographically. Similarly, all models accounting for the majority of variation in recovery and survival probabilities included location of banding. Models that included age and sex received less support, but we lacked sufficient data to adequately assess these parameters. Model-averaged estimates of annual survival ranged from 0.21 in Michigan to 0.82 in Oklahoma. Heterogeneity in migration tendency and survival suggests that demographic patterns may vary across geographic scales, with implications for the population dynamics of this species.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1648/0273-8570-76.2.109","usgsCitation":"Pearce, J.M., Reed, J.A., and Flint, P.L., 2005, Geographic variation in survival and migratory tendency among North American Common Mergansers: Journal of Field Ornithology, v. 76, no. 2, p. 109-118, https://doi.org/10.1648/0273-8570-76.2.109.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"109","endPage":"118","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":237843,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"76","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a178be4b0c8380cd55539","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pearce, John M. 0000-0002-8503-5485 jpearce@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8503-5485","contributorId":181766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearce","given":"John","email":"jpearce@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":422405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reed, John A. 0000-0002-3239-6906 jareed@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3239-6906","contributorId":127683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"John","email":"jareed@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":422404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Flint, Paul L. 0000-0002-8758-6993 pflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8758-6993","contributorId":3284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Paul","email":"pflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":422403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70029536,"text":"70029536 - 2005 - An updated global earthquake catalogue for stable continental regions: Reassessing the correlation with ancient rifts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-29T13:31:04.952543","indexId":"70029536","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1803,"text":"Geophysical Journal International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An updated global earthquake catalogue for stable continental regions: Reassessing the correlation with ancient rifts","docAbstract":"We present an updated global earthquake catalogue for stable continental regions (SCRs; i.e. intraplate earthquakes) that is available on the Internet. Our database contains information on location, magnitude, seismic moment and focal mechanisms for over 1300 M (moment magnitude) ≥ 4.5 historic and instrumentally recorded crustal events. Using this updated earthquake database in combination with a recently published global catalogue of rifts, we assess the correlation of intraplate seismicity with ancient rifts on a global scale. Each tectonic event is put into one of five categories based on location: (i) interior rifts/taphrogens, (ii) rifted continental margins, (iii) non-rifted crust, (iv) possible interior rifts and (v) possible rifted margins. We find that approximately 27 per cent of all events are classified as interior rifts (i), 25 per cent are rifted continental margins (ii), 36 per cent are within non-rifted crust (iii) and 12 per cent (iv and v) remain uncertain. Thus, over half (52 per cent) of all events are associated with rifted crust, although within the continental interiors (i.e. away from continental margins), non-rifted crust has experienced more earthquakes than interior rifts. No major change in distribution is found if only large (M ≥ 6.0) earthquakes are considered. The largest events (M ≥ 7.0) however, have occurred predominantly within rifts (50 per cent) and continental margins (43 per cent). Intraplate seismicity is not distributed evenly. Instead several zones of concentrated seismicity seem to exist. This is especially true for interior rifts/taphrogens, where a total of only 12 regions are responsible for 74 per cent of all events and as much as 98 per cent of all seismic moment released in that category. Of the four rifts/taphrogens that have experienced the largest earthquakes, seismicity within the Kutch rift, India, and the East China rift system, may be controlled by diffuse plate boundary deformation more than by the presence of the ancient rifts themselves. The St. Lawrence depression, Canada, besides being an ancient rift, is also the site of a major collisional suture. Thus only at the Reelfoot rift (New Madrid seismic zone, NMSZ, USA), is the presence of features associated with rifting itself the sole candidate for causing seismicity. Our results suggest that on a global scale, the correlation of seismicity within SCRs and ancient rifts has been overestimated in the past. Because the majority of models used to explain intraplate seismicity have focused on seismicity within rifts, we conclude that a shift in attention more towards non-rifted as well as rifted crust is in order.
","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02554.x","issn":"0956540X","usgsCitation":"Schulte, S., and Mooney, W.D., 2005, An updated global earthquake catalogue for stable continental regions: Reassessing the correlation with ancient rifts: Geophysical Journal International, v. 161, no. 3, p. 707-721, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02554.x.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"707","endPage":"721","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477691,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.2005.02554.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":237749,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"161","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eab5e4b0c8380cd48a1c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schulte, S.M.","contributorId":22568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulte","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":423156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70142630,"text":"70142630 - 2005 - Rural land-use trends in the conterminous United States, 1950-2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-10T15:52:20","indexId":"70142630","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rural land-use trends in the conterminous United States, 1950-2000","docAbstract":"In order to understand the magnitude, direction, and geographic distribution of land-use changes, we evaluated land-use trends in U.S. counties during the latter half of the 20th century. Our paper synthesizes the dominant spatial and temporal trends in population, agriculture, and urbanized land uses, using a variety of data sources and an ecoregion classification as a frame of reference. A combination of increasing attractiveness of nonmetropolitan areas in the period 1970–2000, decreasing household size, and decreasing density of settlement has resulted in important trends in the patterns of developed land. By 2000, the area of low-density, exurban development beyond the urban fringe occupied nearly 15 times the area of higher density urbanized development. Efficiency gains, mechanization, and agglomeration of agricultural concerns has resulted in data that show cropland area to be stable throughout the Corn Belt and parts of the West between 1950 and 2000, but decreasing by about 22% east of the Mississippi River. We use a regional case study of the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern regions to focus in more detail on the land-cover changes resulting from these dynamics. Dominating were land-cover changes associated with the timber practices in the forested plains ecoregions and urbanization in the piedmont ecoregions. Appalachian ecoregions show the slowest rates of land-cover change. The dominant trends of tremendous exurban growth, throughout the United States, and conversion and abandonment of agricultural lands, especially in the eastern United States, have important implications because they affect large areas of the country, the functioning of ecological systems, and the potential for restoration.