We automated a method for mapping Hammond's landforms over large landscapes using digital elevation data. We compared our results against Hammond's published landform maps, derived using manual interpretation procedures. We found general agreement in landform patterns mapped by the manual and the automated approaches, and very close agreement in characterization of local topographic relief. The two approaches produced different interpretations of intermediate landforms, which relied upon quantification of the proportion of landscape having gently sloping terrain. This type of computation is more efficiently and consistently applied by computer than human. Today's ready access to digital data and computerized geospatial technology provides a good foundation for mapping terrain features, but the mapping criteria guiding manual techniques in the past may not be appropriate for automated approaches. We suggest that future efforts center on the advantages offered by digital advancements in refining an approach to better characterize complex landforms.
","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1109/LGRS.2005.848529","issn":"1545598X","usgsCitation":"Gallant, A.L., Brown, D., and Hoffer, R., 2005, Automated mapping of hammond's landforms: IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, v. 2, no. 4, p. 384-388, https://doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2005.848529.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"384","endPage":"388","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":238514,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211257,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2005.848529"}],"volume":"2","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eef5e4b0c8380cd4a07a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gallant, Alisa L. 0000-0002-3029-6637","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3029-6637","contributorId":23508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gallant","given":"Alisa","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, D.D.","contributorId":42026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hoffer, R.M.","contributorId":6861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffer","given":"R.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70027884,"text":"70027884 - 2005 - Net alkalinity and net acidity 2: Practical considerations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-11T16:40:39","indexId":"70027884","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Net alkalinity and net acidity 2: Practical considerations","docAbstract":"The pH, alkalinity, and acidity of mine drainage and associated waters can be misinterpreted because of the chemical instability of samples and possible misunderstandings of standard analytical method results. Synthetic and field samples of mine drainage having various initial pH values and concentrations of dissolved metals and alkalinity were titrated by several methods, and the results were compared to alkalinity and acidity calculated based on dissolved solutes. The pH, alkalinity, and acidity were compared between fresh, unoxidized and aged, oxidized samples. Data for Pennsylvania coal mine drainage indicates that the pH of fresh samples was predominantly acidic (pH 2.5-4) or near neutral (pH 6-7); ??? 25% of the samples had pH values between 5 and 6. Following oxidation, no samples had pH values between 5 and 6. The Standard Method Alkalinity titration is constrained to yield values >0. Most calculated and measured alkalinities for samples with positive alkalinities were in close agreement. However, for low-pH samples, the calculated alkalinity can be negative due to negative contributions by dissolved metals that may oxidize and hydrolyze. The Standard Method hot peroxide treatment titration for acidity determination (Hot Acidity) accurately indicates the potential for pH to decrease to acidic values after complete degassing of CO2 and oxidation of Fe and Mn, and it indicates either the excess alkalinity or that required for neutralization of the sample. The Hot Acidity directly measures net acidity (= -net alkalinity). Samples that had near-neutral pH after oxidation had negative Hot Acidity; samples that had pH < 6.3 after oxidation had positive Hot Acidity. Samples with similar pH values before oxidation had dissimilar Hot Acidities due to variations in their alkalinities and dissolved Fe, Mn, and Al concentrations. Hot Acidity was approximately equal to net acidity calculated based on initial pH and dissolved concentrations of Fe, Mn, and Al minus the initial alkalinity. Acidity calculated from the pH and dissolved metals concentrations, assuming equivalents of 2 per mole of Fe and Mn and 3 per mole of Al, was equivalent to that calculated based on complete aqueous speciation of FeII/FeIII. Despite changes in the pH, alkalinity, and metals concentrations, the Hot Acidities were comparable for fresh and most aged samples. A meaningful \"net\" acidity can be determined from a measured Hot Acidity or by calculation from the pH, alkalinity, and dissolved metals concentrations. The use of net alkalinity = (Alkalinitymeasured - Hot Aciditymeasured) to design mine drainage treatment can lead to systems with insufficient Alkalinity to neutralize metal and H+ acidity and is not recommended. The use of net alkalinity = -Hot Acidity titration is recommended for the planning of mine drainage treatment. The use of net alkalinity = (Alkalinitymeasured - Aciditycalculated) is recommended with some cautions. ?? 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkTitle":"Applied Geochemistry","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2005.07.003","usgsCitation":"Kirby, C., and Cravotta, C., 2005, Net alkalinity and net acidity 2: Practical considerations: Applied Geochemistry, v. 20, no. 10, p. 1941-1964, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2005.07.003.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"1941","endPage":"1964","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":238437,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a64eae4b0c8380cd72a9b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kirby, C.S.","contributorId":22484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirby","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cravotta, C.A. III","contributorId":18405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cravotta","given":"C.A.","suffix":"III","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70027874,"text":"70027874 - 2005 - Effects of Hurricane Georges on habitat use by captive-reared Hispaniolan Parrots (Amazona ventralis) released in the Dominican Republic","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:50","indexId":"70027874","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2967,"text":"Ornitologia Neotropical","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of Hurricane Georges on habitat use by captive-reared Hispaniolan Parrots (Amazona ventralis) released in the Dominican Republic","docAbstract":"We radio-tagged and released 49 captive-reared Hispaniolan Parrots (Amazona ventralis) in Parque Nacional del Este (PNE), Dominican Republic, during 1997 and 1998. Our primary objective was to develop a restoration program centered on using aviary-reared birds to further the recovery of the critically endangered Puerto Rican Parrot (A. vittata). Hurricane Georges made landfall over the release area on 22 September 1998 with sustained winds of 224 km/h, providing us with a unique opportunity to quantify responses of parrots to such disturbances. Quantitative data on such responses by any avian species are scarce, particularly for Amazona species, many of which are in peril and occur in hurricane-prone areas throughout the Caribbean. Mean home ranges of 18 parrots monitored both before and after the hurricane increased (P = 0.08) from 864 ha (CI = 689-1039 ha) pre-hurricane to 1690 ha (CI = 1003-2377 ha) post-hurricane. The total area traversed by all parrots increased > 300%, from 4884 ha pre-hurricane to 15,490 ha post-hurricane. Before Hurricane Georges, parrot activity was concentrated in coastal scrub, tall broadleaf forest, and abandoned agriculture (conucos). After the hurricane, parrots concentrated their activities in areas of tall broadleaf forest and abandoned conucos. Topographic relief, primarily in the form of large sinkholes, resulted in \"resource refugia\" where parrots and other frugivores foraged after the hurricane. Habitat use and movement patterns exhibited by released birds highlight the importance of carefully considering effects of season, topography, and overall size of release areas when planning psittacine restorations in hurricane-prone areas. ?? The Neotropical Ornithological Society.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ornitologia Neotropical","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"10754377","usgsCitation":"White, T., Collazo, J., Vilella, F., and Guerrero, S., 2005, Effects of Hurricane Georges on habitat use by captive-reared Hispaniolan Parrots (Amazona ventralis) released in the Dominican Republic: Ornitologia Neotropical, v. 16, no. 3, p. 405-417.","startPage":"405","endPage":"417","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":238250,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0655e4b0c8380cd511e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, T.H. Jr.","contributorId":55618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"T.H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Collazo, J.A.","contributorId":35039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collazo","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vilella, F. J.","contributorId":82025,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vilella","given":"F. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Guerrero, S.A.","contributorId":19749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guerrero","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70027873,"text":"70027873 - 2005 - Comparison of methods used to estimate conventional undiscovered petroleum resources: World examples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:46","indexId":"70027873","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Comparison of methods used to estimate conventional undiscovered petroleum resources: World examples","docAbstract":"Various methods for assessing undiscovered oil, natural gas, and natural gas liquid resources were compared in support of the USGS World Petroleum Assessment 2000. Discovery process, linear fractal, parabolic fractal, engineering estimates, PETRIMES, Delphi, and the USGS 2000 methods were compared. Three comparisons of these methods were made in: (1) the Neuquen Basin province, Argentina (different assessors, same input data); (2) provinces in North Africa, Oman, and Yemen (same assessors, different methods); and (3) the Arabian Peninsula, Arabian (Persian) Gulf, and North Sea (different assessors, different methods). A fourth comparison (same assessors, same assessment methods but different geologic models), between results from structural and stratigraphic assessment units in the North Sea used only the USGS 2000 method, and hence compared the type of assessment unit rather than the method. In comparing methods, differences arise from inherent differences in assumptions regarding: (1) the underlying distribution of the parent field population (all fields, discovered and undiscovered), (2) the population of fields being estimated; that is, the entire parent distribution or the undiscovered resource distribution, (3) inclusion or exclusion of large outlier fields; (4) inclusion or exclusion of field (reserve) growth, (5) deterministic or probabilistic models, (6) data requirements, and (7) scale and time frame of the assessment. Discovery process, Delphi subjective consensus, and the USGS 2000 method yield comparable results because similar procedures are employed. In mature areas such as the Neuquen Basin province in Argentina, the linear and parabolic fractal and engineering methods were conservative compared to the other five methods and relative to new reserve additions there since 1995. The PETRIMES method gave the most optimistic estimates in the Neuquen Basin. In less mature areas, the linear fractal method yielded larger estimates relative to other methods. A geologically based model, such as one using the total petroleum system approach, is preferred in that it combines the elements of petroleum source, reservoir, trap and seal with the tectono-stratigraphic history of basin evolution with petroleum resource potential. Care must be taken to demonstrate that homogeneous populations in terms of geology, geologic risk, exploration, and discovery processes are used in the assessment process. The USGS 2000 method (7th Approximation Model, EMC computational program) is robust; that is, it can be used in both mature and immature areas, and provides comparable results when using different geologic models (e.g. stratigraphic or structural) with differing amounts of subdivisions, assessment units, within the total petroleum system. ?? 2005 International Association for Mathematical Geology.","largerWorkTitle":"Natural Resources Research","language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s11053-005-8076-0","issn":"15207439","usgsCitation":"Ahlbrandt, T., and Klett, T., 2005, Comparison of methods used to estimate conventional undiscovered petroleum resources: World examples, in Natural Resources Research, v. 14, no. 3, p. 187-210, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11053-005-8076-0.","startPage":"187","endPage":"210","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211057,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11053-005-8076-0"},{"id":238218,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f877e4b0c8380cd4d10e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ahlbrandt, Thomas S.","contributorId":58279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ahlbrandt","given":"Thomas S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Klett, T. R. 0000-0001-9779-1168","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9779-1168","contributorId":83067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klett","given":"T. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70027866,"text":"70027866 - 2005 - Soil organic carbon dynamics as related to land use history in the northwestern Great Plains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-11T09:52:13","indexId":"70027866","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1836,"text":"Global Biogeochemical Cycles","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Soil organic carbon dynamics as related to land use history in the northwestern Great Plains","docAbstract":"Strategies for mitigating the global greenhouse effect must account for soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics at both spatial and temporal scales, which is usually challenging owing to limitations in data and approach. This study was conducted to characterize the SOC dynamics associated with land use change history in the northwestern Great Plains ecoregion. A sampling framework (40 sample blocks of 10 × 10 km2 randomly located in the ecoregion) and the General Ensemble Biogeochemical Modeling System (GEMS) were used to quantify the spatial and temporal variability in the SOC stock from 1972 to 2001. Results indicate that C source and sink areas coexisted within the ecoregion, and the SOC stock in the upper 20-cm depth increased by 3.93 Mg ha−1 over the 29 years. About 17.5% of the area was evaluated as a C source at 122 kg C ha−1 yr−1. The spatial variability of SOC stock was attributed to the dynamics of both slow and passive fractions, while the temporal variation depended on the slow fraction only. The SOC change at the block scale was positively related to either grassland proportion or negatively related to cropland proportion. We concluded that the slow C pool determined whether soils behaved as sources or sinks of atmospheric CO2, but the strength depended on antecedent SOC contents, land cover type, and land use change history in the ecoregion.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/2005GB002536","issn":"08866236","usgsCitation":"Tan, Z., Liu, S., Johnston, C., Loveland, T., Tieszen, L., Liu, J., and Kurtz, R., 2005, Soil organic carbon dynamics as related to land use history in the northwestern Great Plains: Global Biogeochemical Cycles, v. 19, no. 3, p. 1-10, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GB002536.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"10","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477932,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gb002536","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":210989,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GB002536"},{"id":238112,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9211e4b08c986b319c98","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tan, Z.","contributorId":60831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tan","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liu, S.","contributorId":93170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnston, C.A.","contributorId":42175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Loveland, Thomas R. 0000-0003-3114-6646","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3114-6646","contributorId":106125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loveland","given":"Thomas R.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":415604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tieszen, L.L.","contributorId":24046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tieszen","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Liu, J.","contributorId":23672,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Liu","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kurtz, R.","contributorId":29203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kurtz","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70027864,"text":"70027864 - 2005 - U-Pb zircon geochronology of Mesoproterozoic postorogenic rocks and implications for post-Ottawan magmatism and metallogenesis, New Jersey Highlands and contiguous areas, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:46","indexId":"70027864","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3112,"text":"Precambrian Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"U-Pb zircon geochronology of Mesoproterozoic postorogenic rocks and implications for post-Ottawan magmatism and metallogenesis, New Jersey Highlands and contiguous areas, USA","docAbstract":"Postorogenic rocks are widespread in Grenville terranes of the north-central Appalachians where they form small, discordant, largely pegmatitic felsic intrusive bodies, veins, and dikes, and also metasomatic calcic skarns that are unfoliated and postdate the regional 1090 to 1030 Ma upper amphibolite- to granulite-facies metamorphism related to the Grenville (Ottawan) Orogeny. Zircons from magmatic and nonmagmatic rocks from northern New Jersey and southern New York were dated to provide information on the regional tectonomagmatic and metallogenic history following Ottawan orogenesis. We obtained U-Th-Pb zircon ages of 1004 ?? 3 Ma for pegmatite associated with the 1020 ?? 4 Ma Mount Eve Granite near Big Island, New York, 986 ?? 4 Ma for unfoliated, discordant pegmatite that intrudes supracrustal marble at the Buckwheat open cut, Franklin, New Jersey, ???990 Ma for a silicate-borate skarn layer in the Franklin Marble at Rudeville, New Jersey, and 940 ?? 2 Ma for a calc-silicate skarn layer at Lower Twin Lake, New York. This new data, together with previously published ages of 1020 ?? 4 to 965 ?? 10 Ma for postorogenic rocks from New Jersey and southern New York, provide evidence of magmatic activity that lasted for up to 60 Ma past the peak of high-grade metamorphism. Postorogenic magmatism was almost exclusively felsic and involved relatively small volumes of metaluminous to mildly peraluminous melt that fractionated from an A-type granite parent source. Field relationships suggest the melts were emplaced along lithosphere-scale fault zones in the Highlands that were undergoing extension and that emplacement followed orogenic collapse by least 30 Ma. Postorogenic felsic intrusions correspond to the niobium-yttrium-fluorine (NYF) class of pegmatites of C??erny?? (1992a). Geochronologic data provide a temporal constraint on late-stage hydrothermal activity and a metallogenic event in New Jersey at ???990 to 940 Ma that mineralized pegmatites with subeconomic to economic deposits of magnetite ?? U ?? Th ?? rare earth element (REE) and formed metasomatic calcic skarn bodies in marble and reactive carbonate rocks. Mineralization associated with this event overlaps the timing of pegmatite emplacement, suggesting a petrogenetic relationship. Coeval metallogeny at 975 to 950 Ma in the New York Hudson Highlands and 980 to 937 Ma in the Canadian Grenville Province implies that this event was widespread following the Ottawan phase of the Grenville Orogeny. ?? 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Precambrian Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.precamres.2005.06.003","issn":"03019268","usgsCitation":"Volkert, R., Zartman, R., and Moore, P., 2005, U-Pb zircon geochronology of Mesoproterozoic postorogenic rocks and implications for post-Ottawan magmatism and metallogenesis, New Jersey Highlands and contiguous areas, USA: Precambrian Research, v. 139, no. 1-2, p. 1-19, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2005.06.003.","startPage":"1","endPage":"19","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":238078,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210967,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2005.06.003"}],"volume":"139","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb9d5e4b08c986b327e3c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Volkert, R.A.","contributorId":90799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Volkert","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zartman, R. E.","contributorId":15632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zartman","given":"R. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moore, P.B.","contributorId":37527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"P.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70027862,"text":"70027862 - 2005 - Using fish biomarkers to monitor improvements in environmental quality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:46","indexId":"70027862","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2177,"text":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using fish biomarkers to monitor improvements in environmental quality","docAbstract":"The percentage of splenic tissue occupied by macrophage aggregates and hepatosomatic index (HSI) were evaluated in rock bass Ambloplites rupestris from Burlington Harbor, Vermont. In 1992, fish collected from the inner Burlington Harbor area had a significantly greater percentage of splenic tissue occupied by macrophage aggregates and greater HSI than did fish from reference sites. These biomarkers often are correlated with exposure to various contaminants (e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and some heavy metals, which were found in Burlington Harbor sediments during surveys in 1990 and 1991). Contaminants are believed to have entered Burlington Harbor through the city's main sewage treatment plant, which discharged effluent into the harbor for many years. In 1994, the city completed a significant upgrade of this treatment plant, which included an extension of the effluent pipe beyond the inner harbor area. In 1999, rock bass were again collected from Burlington Harbor as an index of whether there was any improvement in environmental quality. Our data showed a significantly lower percentage of splenic tissue occupied by macrophage aggregates and significantly lower HSI among nine age-4 rock bass in 1999 than among six age-4 rock bass in 1992. The significant changes in these biomarkers suggest decreased exposure to contaminants. Our study reinforces the value of macrophage aggregates and HSI as biomarkers of environmental contamination, and the correlation with remedial action shows their potential utility in documenting improvements in environmental conditions. ?? Copyright by the American Fisheries Society 2005.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/H04-055.1","issn":"08997659","usgsCitation":"Facey, D., Blazer, V., Gasper, M., and Turcotte, C., 2005, Using fish biomarkers to monitor improvements in environmental quality: Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, v. 17, no. 3, p. 263-266, https://doi.org/10.1577/H04-055.1.","startPage":"263","endPage":"266","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210945,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/H04-055.1"},{"id":238040,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-09-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc04ee4b08c986b32a04e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Facey, D.E.","contributorId":62168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Facey","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blazer, V. S. 0000-0001-6647-9614","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6647-9614","contributorId":56991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blazer","given":"V. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gasper, M.M.","contributorId":43967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gasper","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Turcotte, C.L.","contributorId":105908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turcotte","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70027853,"text":"70027853 - 2005 - Stream pH as an abiotic gradient influencing distributions of trout in Pennsylvania streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:19","indexId":"70027853","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stream pH as an abiotic gradient influencing distributions of trout in Pennsylvania streams","docAbstract":"Elevation and stream slope are abiotic gradients that limit upstream distributions of brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis and brown trout Salmo trutta in streams. We sought to determine whether another abiotic gradient, base-flow pH, may also affect distributions of these two species in eastern North America streams. We used historical data from the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission's fisheries management database to explore the effects of reach elevation, slope, and base-flow pH on distributional limits to brook trout and brown trout in Pennsylvania streams in the Appalachian Plateaus and Ridge and Valley physiographic provinces. Discriminant function analysis (DFA) was used to calculate a canonical axis that separated allopatric brook trout populations from allopatric brown trout populations and allowed us to assess which of the three independent variables were important gradients along which communities graded from allopatric brook trout to allopatric brown trout. Canonical structure coefficients from DFA indicated that in both physiographic provinces, stream base-flow pH and slope were important factors in distributional limits; elevation was also an important factor in the Ridge and Valley Province but not the Appalachian Plateaus Province. Graphs of each variable against the proportion of brook trout in a community also identified apparent zones of allopatry for both species on the basis of pH and stream slope. We hypothesize that pH-mediated interspecific competition that favors brook trout in competition with brown trout at lower pH is the most plausible mechanism for segregation of these two species along pH gradients. Our discovery that trout distributions in Pennsylvania are related to stream base-flow pH has important implications for brook trout conservation in acidified regions. Carefully designed laboratory and field studies will be required to test our hypothesis and elucidate the mechanisms responsible for the partitioning of brook trout and brown trout along pH gradients. ?? Copyright by the American Fisheries Society 2005.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/T04-177.1","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Kocovsky, P., and Carline, R., 2005, Stream pH as an abiotic gradient influencing distributions of trout in Pennsylvania streams: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 134, no. 5, p. 1299-1312, https://doi.org/10.1577/T04-177.1.","startPage":"1299","endPage":"1312","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211234,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/T04-177.1"},{"id":238473,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"134","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-01-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9a7fe4b08c986b31c98d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kocovsky, P.M.","contributorId":78447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kocovsky","given":"P.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carline, R.F.","contributorId":107444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carline","given":"R.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70027846,"text":"70027846 - 2005 - Transboundary impacts on regional ground water modeling in Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:18","indexId":"70027846","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Transboundary impacts on regional ground water modeling in Texas","docAbstract":"Recent legislation required regional grassroots water resources planning across the entire state of Texas. The Texas Water Development Board (TWDB), the state's primary water resource planning agency, divided the state into 16 planning regions. Each planning group developed plans to manage both ground water and surface water sources and to meet future demands of various combinations of domestic, agricultural, municipal, and industrial water consumers. This presentation describes the challenges in developing a ground water model for the Llano Estacado Regional Water Planning Group (LERWPG), whose region includes 21 counties in the Southern High Plains of Texas. While surface water is supplied to several cities in this region, the vast majority of the regional water use comes from the High Plains aquifer system, often locally referred to as the Ogallala Aquifer. Over 95% of the ground water demand is for irrigated agriculture. The LERWPG had to predict the impact of future TWDB-projected water demands, as provided by the TWDB, on the aquifer for the period 2000 to 2050. If detrimental impacts were noted, alternative management strategies must be proposed. While much effort was spent on evaluating the current status of the ground water reserves, an appropriate numerical model of the aquifer system was necessary to demonstrate future impacts of the predicted withdrawals as well as the effects of the alternative strategies. The modeling effort was completed in the summer of 2000. This presentation concentrates on the political, scientific, and nontechnical issues in this planning process that complicated the modeling effort. Uncertainties in data, most significantly in distribution and intensity of recharge and withdrawals, significantly impacted the calibration and predictive modeling efforts. Four predictive scenarios, including baseline projections, recurrence of the drought of record, precipitation enhancement, and reduced irrigation demand, were simulated to identify counties at risk of low final ground water storage volume or low levels of satisfied demand by 2050. Copyright ?? 2005 National Ground Water Association.","largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water","language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.00068.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Rainwater, K., Stovall, J., Frailey, S., and Urban, L., 2005, Transboundary impacts on regional ground water modeling in Texas, in Ground Water, v. 43, no. 5, p. 706-716, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.00068.x.","startPage":"706","endPage":"716","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211150,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.00068.x"},{"id":238359,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb6bbe4b08c986b326e45","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rainwater, K.","contributorId":61633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rainwater","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stovall, J.","contributorId":43165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stovall","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Frailey, S.","contributorId":66054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frailey","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Urban, L.","contributorId":9062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Urban","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70027843,"text":"70027843 - 2005 - Effects of suburban development on runoff generation in the Croton River basin, New York, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-05T14:26:53","indexId":"70027843","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of suburban development on runoff generation in the Croton River basin, New York, USA","docAbstract":"The effects of impervious area, septic leach-field effluent, and a riparian wetland on runoff generation were studied in three small (0.38–0.56 km2) headwater catchments that represent a range of suburban development (high density residential, medium density residential, and undeveloped) within the Croton River basin, 70 km north of New York City. Precipitation, stream discharge, and groundwater levels were monitored at 10–30 min intervals for 1 year, and stream water and groundwater samples were collected biweekly for δ18O, NO3−, and SO42− analysis for more than 2 years during an overlapping period in 2000–2002. Data from 27 storms confirmed that peak magnitudes increased and recession time decreased with increasing development, but lags in peak arrival and peak discharge/mean discharge were greatest in the medium density residential catchment, which contains a wetland in which storm runoff is retained before entering the stream. Baseflow during a dry period from Aug. 2001–Feb. 2002 was greatest in the high-density residential catchment, presumably from the discharge of septic effluent through the shallow groundwater system and into the stream. In contrast, moderate flows during a wet period from Mar.–Aug. 2002 were greatest in the undeveloped catchment, possibly as a result of greater subsurface storage or greater hydraulic conductivity at this site. The mean residence time of baseflow was about 30 weeks at all three catchments, indicating that human influence was insufficient to greatly affect the groundwater recharge and discharge properties that determine catchment residence time. These results suggest that while suburban development and its associated impervious surfaces and storm drains accelerate the transport of storm runoff into streams, the combined effects of remnant natural landscape features such as wetlands and human alterations such as deep groundwater supply and septic systems can change the expected effects of human development on storm runoff and groundwater recharge.
Knowledge of Yellowstone bison (Bison bison) parturition patterns allows managers to refine risk assessments and manage to reduce the potential for transmission of brucellosis between bison and cattle. We used historical (1941) and contemporary (1989–2002) weights and morphometric measurements of Yellowstone bison fetuses to describe fetal growth and to predict timing and synchrony of parturition. Our method was supported by agreement between our predicted parturition pattern and observed birth dates for bison that were taken in to captivity while pregnant. The distribution of parturition dates in Yellowstone bison is generally right-skewed with a majority of births in April and May and few births in the following months. Predicted timing of parturition was consistently earlier for bison of Yellowstone's northern herd than central herd. The predicted median parturition date for northern herd bison in the historical period was 3 to 12 days earlier than for 2 years in the contemporary period, respectively. Median predicted birth dates and birthing synchrony differed within herds and years in the contemporary period. For a single year of paired data, the predicted median birth date for northern herd bison was 14 days earlier than for central herd bison. This difference is coincident with an earlier onset of spring plant growth on the northern range. Our findings permit refinement of the timing of separation between Yellowstone bison and cattle intended to reduce the probability of transmission of brucellosis from bison to cattle.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","publisherLocation":"Washington","doi":"10.2193/0022-541X(2005)69[1716:YBFDAP]2.0.CO;2","issn":"0022541X","usgsCitation":"Gogan, P., Podruzny, K., Olexa, E., Pac, H., and Frey, K., 2005, Yellowstone bison fetal development and phenology of parturition: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 69, no. 4, p. 1716-1730, https://doi.org/10.2193/0022-541X(2005)69[1716:YBFDAP]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1716","endPage":"1730","numberOfPages":"15","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":238110,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210987,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2193/0022-541X(2005)69[1716:YBFDAP]2.0.CO;2"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Montana, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.346435546875,\n 44.11716972942086\n ],\n [\n -111.346435546875,\n 45.222677199620094\n ],\n [\n -109.79736328125,\n 45.222677199620094\n ],\n [\n -109.79736328125,\n 44.11716972942086\n ],\n [\n -111.346435546875,\n 44.11716972942086\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"69","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd218e4b08c986b32f649","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gogan, P.J.P.","contributorId":53337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gogan","given":"P.J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Podruzny, K.M.","contributorId":54154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Podruzny","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Olexa, E.M.","contributorId":108063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olexa","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pac, H.I.","contributorId":98102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pac","given":"H.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Frey, K.L.","contributorId":95014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frey","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70027833,"text":"70027833 - 2005 - Stress distribution along the Fairweather-Queen Charlotte transform fault system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:50","indexId":"70027833","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stress distribution along the Fairweather-Queen Charlotte transform fault system","docAbstract":"Tectonic loading and Coulomb stress transfer are modeled along the right-lateral Fairweather-Queen Charlotte transform fault system using a threedimensional boundary element program. The loading model includes slip below 12 km along the transform as well as motion of the Pacific plate, and it is consistent with most available Global Positioning System (GPS) displacement rate data. Coulomb stress transfer is shown to have been a weak contributing factor in the failure of the southeastern (Sitka) segment of the Fairweather fault in 1972, hastening the occurrence of the earthquake by only about 8 months. Failure of the Sitka segment was enhanced by a combination of cumulative loading from below (95%) by slip of about 5 cm/yr since 1848, by stress transfer (about 1%) from major earthquakes on straddling segments of the Queen Charlotte fault (M 8.1 in 1949) and the Fairweather fault (M 7.8 in 1958), and by viscoelastic relaxation (about 4%) following the great 1964 Alaska earthquake, modeled by Pollitz et al. (1998). Cumulative stress increases in excess of 7 MPa at a depth of 8 km are projected prior to the M 7.6 earthquake. Coulomb stress transferred by the rupture of the great M 9.2 Alaska earthquake in 1964 (Bufe, 2004a) also hastened the occurrence of the 1972 event, but only by a month or two. Continued tectonic loading over the last half century and stress transfer from the M 7.6 Sitka event has resulted in restressing of the adjacent segments by about 3 MPa at 8 km depth. The occurrence of a M 6.8 earthquake on the northwestern part of the Queen Charlotte fault on 28 June 2004, the largest since 1949, also suggests increased stress. The Cape St. James segment of the fault immediately southeast of the 1949 Queen Charlotte rupture has accumulated about 6 MPa at 8 km through loading since 1900 and stress transfer in 1949. A continued rise in earthquake hazard is indicated for the Alaska panhandle and Queen Charlotte Islands region in the decades ahead as the potential for damaging earthquakes increases.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0120040171","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Bufe, C., 2005, Stress distribution along the Fairweather-Queen Charlotte transform fault system: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 95, no. 5, p. 2001-2008, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120040171.","startPage":"2001","endPage":"2008","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210986,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120040171"},{"id":238109,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9b55e4b08c986b31cdef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bufe, C. G.","contributorId":79443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bufe","given":"C. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70027832,"text":"70027832 - 2005 - Geospatial decision support systems for societal decision making","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:45","indexId":"70027832","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1065,"text":"Boletin Geologico y Minero","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geospatial decision support systems for societal decision making","docAbstract":"While science provides reliable information to describe and understand the earth and its natural processes, it can contribute more. There are many important societal issues in which scientific information can play a critical role. Science can add greatly to policy and management decisions to minimize loss of life and property from natural and man-made disasters, to manage water, biological, energy, and mineral resources, and in general, to enhance and protect our quality of life. However, the link between science and decision-making is often complicated and imperfect. Technical language and methods surround scientific research and the dissemination of its results. Scientific investigations often are conducted under different conditions, with different spatial boundaries, and in different timeframes than those needed to support specific policy and societal decisions. Uncertainty is not uniformly reported in scientific investigations. If society does not know that data exist, what the data mean, where to use the data, or how to include uncertainty when a decision has to be made, then science gets left out -or misused- in a decision making process. This paper is about using Geospatial Decision Support Systems (GDSS) for quantitative policy analysis. Integrated natural -social science methods and tools in a Geographic Information System that respond to decision-making needs can be used to close the gap between science and society. The GDSS has been developed so that nonscientists can pose \"what if\" scenarios to evaluate hypothetical outcomes of policy and management choices. In this approach decision makers can evaluate the financial and geographic distribution of potential policy options and their societal implications. Actions, based on scientific information, can be taken to mitigate hazards, protect our air and water quality, preserve the planet's biodiversity, promote balanced land use planning, and judiciously exploit natural resources. Applications using the GDSS have demonstrated the benefits of utilizing science for policy decisions. Investment in science reduces decision-making uncertainty and reducing that uncertainty has economic value.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Boletin Geologico y Minero","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03660176","usgsCitation":"Bernknopf, R., 2005, Geospatial decision support systems for societal decision making: Boletin Geologico y Minero, v. 116, no. 4, p. 325-330.","startPage":"325","endPage":"330","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":238076,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"116","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a28ace4b0c8380cd5a2e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bernknopf, R. L.","contributorId":46082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bernknopf","given":"R. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70027830,"text":"70027830 - 2005 - Foraging and nesting habitat of breeding male northern goshawks in the laurentian mixed forest province, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:46","indexId":"70027830","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Foraging and nesting habitat of breeding male northern goshawks in the laurentian mixed forest province, Minnesota","docAbstract":"We used radiotelemetry to examine foraging habitat preferences of 17 breeding, male northern goshawks (Accipiter gentilis) in Minnesota from 1998-2000. We assessed habitat preference using radio relocation points and 50-m radius buffers of radio relocation points. Our data suggested that foraging male goshawks used early-successional upland conifer stands (???25 yrs old), early-successional upland deciduous stands (???50 yrs old), late-successional upland conifer stands (???50 yrs old), and late-successional upland deciduous stands (???50 yrs old) more frequently than expected based on the abundance of these vegetation types in the landscape. The 2 most available stand types, early-successional upland deciduous (<25 yrs old) and all ages of late-successional lowland conifer stands, were used less than expected by foraging goshawks. Late-successional lowland deciduous stands (???50 yrs old) were used in proportion to availability. Although analysis of relocation points suggested early-successional upland deciduous stands (25-49 yrs old) and late-successional upland conifer stands (???50 yrs old) were used in proportion to availability, analysis of buffers around relocation points indicated that these stand types were also used more than expected by foraging goshawks. Regardless of vegetation community type, stands used by goshawks were structurally similar with high canopy and understory stem densities, high canopy closure, substantial shrub cover, and large amounts of woody debris. Nest stands consisted of taller and larger diameter canopy trees and fewer understory trees than foraging stands, but stands were otherwise similar in structural features, suggesting goshawks used similar stands for nesting and foraging but that they tended to select the most mature stands for nesting. A commonality among nesting and foraging stands was the presence of open spaces between the canopy and understory foliage, and between understory and shrub layer foliage. In our study area, these spaces may have served as relatively unobstructed flight paths where foraging and nesting stands possessed stem densities at the upper end of that reported for goshawk habitat.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Wildlife Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2193/0022-541X(2005)69[1516:FANHOB]2.0.CO;2","issn":"0022541X","usgsCitation":"Boal, C.W., Andersen, D., and Kennedy, P., 2005, Foraging and nesting habitat of breeding male northern goshawks in the laurentian mixed forest province, Minnesota: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 69, no. 4, p. 1516-1527, https://doi.org/10.2193/0022-541X(2005)69[1516:FANHOB]2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"1516","endPage":"1527","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210944,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2193/0022-541X(2005)69[1516:FANHOB]2.0.CO;2"},{"id":238038,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"69","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a12f3e4b0c8380cd5446e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boal, C. W.","contributorId":102614,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boal","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andersen, D. E.","contributorId":27816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andersen","given":"D. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kennedy, P.L.","contributorId":78680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70027829,"text":"70027829 - 2005 - Biotic interactions as determinants of ecosystem structure in prairie wetlands: An example using fish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:46","indexId":"70027829","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Biotic interactions as determinants of ecosystem structure in prairie wetlands: An example using fish","docAbstract":"Wetlands are abundant throughout the prairie pothole region (PPR), an area comprising over 700,000 km2 in central North America. Prairie wetland communities are strongly influenced by regional physiography and climate, resulting in extreme spatial and temporal variability relative to other aquatic ecosystems. Given the strong influence of abiotic factors, PPR wetland communities have been viewed traditionally in the context of their responses to chemical and physical features of landscape and climate. Although useful, this physical-chemical paradigm may fail to account for ecosystem variability due to biotic influences, particularly those associated with presence of fish. Spatial and temporal variability in fish populations, in turn, may reflect anthropogenic activities, landscape characteristics, and climate-mediated effects on water levels, surface connectivity, and hydroperiods. We reviewed studies assessing influences of fish on prairie wetlands and examined precipitation patterns and biological data from PPR wetlands in east-central North Dakota and western Minnesota, USA. Our review and analysis indicated that native fish influence many characteristics of permanently flooded prairie wetlands, including water clarity and abundance of phytoplankton, submerged macrophytes, and aquatic invertebrates. We suggest that ecologists and managers will benefit from conceptual paradigms that better meld biotic interactions associated with fish, and perhaps other organisms, with chemical and physical influences on prairie wetland communities. ?? 2005, The Society of Wetland Scientists.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wetlands","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1672/0277-5212(2005)025[0764:BIADOE]2.0.CO;2","issn":"02775212","usgsCitation":"Hanson, M., Zimmer, K., Butler, M.G., Tangen, B., Herwig, B., and Euliss, N., 2005, Biotic interactions as determinants of ecosystem structure in prairie wetlands: An example using fish: Wetlands, v. 25, no. 3, p. 764-775, https://doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2005)025[0764:BIADOE]2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"764","endPage":"775","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210943,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2005)025[0764:BIADOE]2.0.CO;2"},{"id":238037,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f1a3e4b0c8380cd4ad61","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanson, M.A.","contributorId":61393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zimmer, K.D.","contributorId":79435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmer","given":"K.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Butler, Malcolm G.","contributorId":56188,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Butler","given":"Malcolm","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":12813,"text":"Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":415422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tangen, B.A.","contributorId":102687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tangen","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Herwig, B.R.","contributorId":13032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herwig","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Euliss, N.H. Jr.","contributorId":54917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Euliss","given":"N.H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70027828,"text":"70027828 - 2005 - Percolation and transport in a sandy soil under a natural hydraulic gradient","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-31T08:23:09","indexId":"70027828","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Percolation and transport in a sandy soil under a natural hydraulic gradient","docAbstract":"Unsaturated flow and transport under a natural hydraulic gradient in a Mediterranean climate were investigated with a field tracer experiment combined with laboratory analyses and numerical modeling. Bromide was applied to the surface of a sandy soil during the dry season. During the subsequent rainy season, repeated sediment sampling tracked the movement of bromide through the profile. Analysis of data on moisture content, matric pressure, unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, bulk density, and soil texture and structure provides insights into parameterization and use of the advective‐dispersive modeling approach. Capturing the gross features of tracer and moisture movement with model simulations required an order‐of‐magnitude increase in laboratory‐measured hydraulic conductivity. Wetting curve characteristics better represented field results, calling into question the routine estimation of hydraulic characteristics based only on drying conditions. Measured increases in profile moisture exceeded cumulative precipitation in early winter, indicating that gains from dew drip can exceed losses from evapotranspiration during periods of heavy (“Tule”) fog. A single‐continuum advective‐dispersive modeling approach could not reproduce a peak of bromide that was retained near the soil surface for over 3 years. Modeling of this feature required slow exchange of solute at a transfer rate of 0.5–1 × 10−4 d−1 with an immobile volume approaching the residual moisture content.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2005WR004061","usgsCitation":"Green, C.T., Stonestrom, D.A., Bekins, B.A., Akstin, K.C., and Schulz, M., 2005, Percolation and transport in a sandy soil under a natural hydraulic gradient: Water Resources Research, v. 41, no. 10, W10414; 17 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2005WR004061.","productDescription":"W10414; 17 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":238000,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-10-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7674e4b0c8380cd7810f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Green, Christopher T. 0000-0002-6480-8194 ctgreen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6480-8194","contributorId":1343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"Christopher","email":"ctgreen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":415416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stonestrom, David A. 0000-0001-7883-3385 dastones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7883-3385","contributorId":2280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stonestrom","given":"David","email":"dastones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":415417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bekins, Barbara A. 0000-0002-1411-6018 babekins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1411-6018","contributorId":1348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bekins","given":"Barbara","email":"babekins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":415418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Akstin, Katherine C.","contributorId":88023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Akstin","given":"Katherine","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schulz, Marjorie S. 0000-0001-5597-6447 mschulz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5597-6447","contributorId":3720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulz","given":"Marjorie S.","email":"mschulz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":415415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70027827,"text":"70027827 - 2005 - Sub-seafloor acoustic characterization of seamounts near the Ogasawara Fracture Zone in the western Pacific using chirp (3-7 kHz) subbottom profiles","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:46","indexId":"70027827","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1370,"text":"Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sub-seafloor acoustic characterization of seamounts near the Ogasawara Fracture Zone in the western Pacific using chirp (3-7 kHz) subbottom profiles","docAbstract":"A detailed analysis of chirp (3-7 kHz) subbottom profiles and bathymetry was performed on data collected from seamounts near the Ogasawara Fracture Zone (OFZ) in the western Pacific. The OFZ, which is a 150 km wide rift zone showing 600 km of right-lateral movement in a NW-SE direction, is unique among the fracture zones of the Pacific in that it includes many old seamounts (e.g., Magellan Seamounts and seamounts on Dutton Ridge). Sub-seafloor acoustic echoes on the seamounts are classified into nine specific types based on the nature and continuity of the echoes, subbottom structure, and morphology of the seafloor: (1) distinct echoes (types I-1, I-2, I-3), (2) indistinct echoes (types II-1, II-2, II-3), and (3) hyperbolic echoes (types III-1, III-2, III-3). Type I-2 pelagic sediments, characterized by thin and intermittent coverage, were probably deposited in topographically sheltered areas when bottom currents were strong, whereas type I-1 pelagic sediments accumulated during continuous and widespread sedimentation. Development of seamount flank rift zones in the OFZ may have been influenced by preexisting structures in the transform fracture zone at the time of volcanism, whereas those on Ita Mai Tai seamount in the Pigafetta Basin originated solely by edifice-building processes. Flank rift zones that formed by dike intrusions and eruptions played an important role in mass wasting. Mass-wasting processes included block faulting or block slides around the summit margin, sliding/slumping, debris flows, and turbidites, which may have been triggered by faulting, volcanism, dike injection, and weathering during various stages in the evolution of the seamounts. ?? 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.dsr.2005.04.009","issn":"09670637","usgsCitation":"Lee, T., Hein, J., Lee, K., Moon, J., and Ko, Y., 2005, Sub-seafloor acoustic characterization of seamounts near the Ogasawara Fracture Zone in the western Pacific using chirp (3-7 kHz) subbottom profiles: Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, v. 52, no. 10, p. 1932-1956, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2005.04.009.","startPage":"1932","endPage":"1956","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210919,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2005.04.009"},{"id":237999,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9cf7e4b08c986b31d56d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, T.-G.","contributorId":80895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"T.-G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hein, J.R. 0000-0002-5321-899X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-899X","contributorId":61429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hein","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lee, Kenneth","contributorId":61064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Kenneth","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Moon, J.-W.","contributorId":47968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moon","given":"J.-W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ko, Y.-T.","contributorId":103463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ko","given":"Y.-T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70027825,"text":"70027825 - 2005 - Skeletal morphology of the forefoot in shrews (Mammalia: Soricidae) of the genus Cryptotis, as revealed by digital x-rays","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:46","indexId":"70027825","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2394,"text":"Journal of Morphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Skeletal morphology of the forefoot in shrews (Mammalia: Soricidae) of the genus Cryptotis, as revealed by digital x-rays","docAbstract":"Variation in the forefoot skeleton of small-eared shrews (family Soricidae, genus Cryptotis) has been previously documented, but the paucity of available skeletons for most taxa makes assessment of the degrees of intraspecific and interspecific variation difficult. We used a digital X-ray system to extract images of the forefoot skeleton from 101 dried skins of eight taxa (seven species, including two subspecies of one species) of these shrews. Lengths and widths of each of the four bones of digit III were measured directly from the digital images, and we used these data to quantify variation within and among taxa. Analysis of the images and measurements showed that interspecific variation exceeds intraspecific variation. In fact, most taxa could be distinguished in multivariate and some bivariate plots. Our quantitative data helped us define a number of specific forefoot characters that we subsequently used to hypothesize evolutionary relationships among the taxa using the exhaustive search option in PAUP, a computer program for phylogenetic analysis. The resulting trees generally concur with previously published evolutionary hypotheses for small-eared shrews. Cryptotis meridensis, a taxon not previously examined in recent phylogenies, is rooted at the base of the branch leading to the C. mexicana group of species. The position of this species suggests that the mostly South American C. thomasi group shares an early ancestor with the C. mexicana group.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Morphology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/jmor.10367","issn":"03622525","usgsCitation":"Woodman, N., and Morgan, J., 2005, Skeletal morphology of the forefoot in shrews (Mammalia: Soricidae) of the genus Cryptotis, as revealed by digital x-rays: Journal of Morphology, v. 266, no. 1, p. 60-73, https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.10367.","startPage":"60","endPage":"73","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":237964,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210893,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.10367"}],"volume":"266","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9127e4b08c986b31978f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woodman, N. 0000-0003-2689-7373","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2689-7373","contributorId":104176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodman","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morgan, J.J.P.","contributorId":66052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"J.J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70027824,"text":"70027824 - 2005 - Regulation of sand transport in the Colorado River by changes in the surface grain size of eddy sandbars over multi-year timescales","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:18","indexId":"70027824","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3369,"text":"Sedimentology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regulation of sand transport in the Colorado River by changes in the surface grain size of eddy sandbars over multi-year timescales","docAbstract":"In settings where the transport of sand is partially or fully supply limited, changes in the upstream supply of sand are coupled to changes in the grain size of sand on the bed. In this manner, the transport of sand under the supply-limited case is 'grain-size regulated'. Since the closure of Glen Canyon Dam in 1963, the downstream reach of the Colorado River in Marble and Grand Canyons has exhibited evidence of sand-supply limitation. Sand transport in the river is now approximately equally regulated by changes in the discharge of water and changes in the grain sizes of sand on the channel bed and eddy sandbars. Previous work has shown that changes in the grain size of sand on the bed of the channel (driven by changes in the upstream supply of sand owing to both tributary floods and high dam releases) are important in regulating sand transport over timescales of days to months. In this study, suspended-sand data are analysed in conjunction with bed grain-size data to determine whether changes in the grain size of sand on the bed of the channel or changes in the grain size of sand on the surface of eddy sandbars have been more important in regulating sand transport in the post-dam Colorado River over longer, multi-year timescales. The results of this study show that this combined theory- and field-based approach can be used to deduce which environments in a complicated setting are the most important environments for regulating sediment transport. In the case of the regulated Colorado River in Marble and Upper Grand Canyons, suspended-sand transport has been regulated mostly by changes in the surface grain size of eddy sandbars. ?? 2005 International Association of Sedimentologists.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Sedimentology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-3091.2005.00738.x","issn":"00370746","usgsCitation":"Topping, D., Rubin, D.M., and Schmidt, J.C., 2005, Regulation of sand transport in the Colorado River by changes in the surface grain size of eddy sandbars over multi-year timescales: Sedimentology, v. 52, no. 5, p. 1133-1153, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.2005.00738.x.","startPage":"1133","endPage":"1153","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211253,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.2005.00738.x"},{"id":238509,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-09-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a5f8e4b0e8fec6cdc040","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Topping, D.J. 0000-0002-2104-4577","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2104-4577","contributorId":53927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Topping","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rubin, D. M.","contributorId":103689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schmidt, J. C.","contributorId":60245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70027819,"text":"70027819 - 2005 - Combined use of 15N and 18O of nitrate and 11B to evaluate nitrate contamination in groundwater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:18","indexId":"70027819","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Combined use of 15N and 18O of nitrate and 11B to evaluate nitrate contamination in groundwater","docAbstract":"Isotopic composition of NO3 (??15NNO3 and ??18ONO3) and B (??11B) were used to evaluate NO3 contamination and identify geochemical processes occurring in a hydrologically complex Basin and Range valley in northern Nevada with multiple potential sources of NO3. Combined use of these isotopes may be a useful tool in identifying NO3 sources because NO3 and B co-migrate in many environmental settings, their isotopes are fractionated by different environmental processes, and because wastewater and fertilizers may have distinct isotopic signatures for N and B. The principal cause of elevated NO3 concentrations in residential parts of the study area is wastewater and not natural NO3 or fertilizers. This is indicated by some samples with elevated NO3 concentrations plotting along ??15NNO3 and NO3 mixing lines between natural NO3 from the study area and theoretical septic-system effluent. This conclusion is supported by the presence of caffeine in one sample and the absence of samples with elevated NO3 concentrations that fall along mixing lines between natural NO3 and theoretical percolate below fertilized lawns. Nitrogen isotopes alone could not be used to determine NO3 sources in several wells because denitrification blurred the original isotopic signatures. The range of ??11B values in native ground water in the study area (-8.2??? to +21.2???) is large. The samples with the low ??11B values have a geochemical signature characteristic of hydrothermal systems. Physical and chemical data suggest B is not being strongly fractionated by adsorption onto clays. ??11B values from local STP effluent (-2.7???) and wash water from a domestic washing machine (-5.7???) were used to plot mixing lines between wastewater and native ground water. In general, wells with elevated NO3 concentrations fell along mixing lines between wastewater and background water on plots of ??11B against 1/B and Cl/B. Combined use of ??15N and ??11B in the study area was generally successful in identifying contaminant sources and processes that are occurring, however, it is likely to be more successful in simpler settings with a well-characterized ??11B value for background wells.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Applied Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2005.04.007","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Seiler, R.L., 2005, Combined use of 15N and 18O of nitrate and 11B to evaluate nitrate contamination in groundwater: Applied Geochemistry, v. 20, no. 9, p. 1626-1636, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2005.04.007.","startPage":"1626","endPage":"1636","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":238433,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211205,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2005.04.007"}],"volume":"20","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f7dbe4b0c8380cd4cd2d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Seiler, R. L.","contributorId":87546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seiler","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70027816,"text":"70027816 - 2005 - Digital elevation model of King Edward VII Peninsula, West Antarctica, from SAR interferometry and ICESat laser altimetry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T13:58:26","indexId":"70027816","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1940,"text":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Digital elevation model of King Edward VII Peninsula, West Antarctica, from SAR interferometry and ICESat laser altimetry","docAbstract":"We present a digital elevation model (DEM) of King Edward VII Peninsula, Sulzberger Bay, West Antarctica, developed using 12 European Remote Sensing (ERS) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) scenes and 24 Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) laser altimetry profiles. We employ differential interferograms from the ERS tandem mission SAR scenes acquired in the austral fall of 1996, and four selected ICESat laser altimetry profiles acquired in the austral fall of 2004, as ground control points (GCPs) to construct an improved geocentric 60-m resolution DEM over the grounded ice region. We then extend the DEM to include two ice shelves using ICESat profiles via Kriging. Twenty additional ICESat profiles acquired in 2003-2004 are used to assess the accuracy of the DEM. After accounting for radar penetration depth and predicted surface changes, including effects due to ice mass balance, solid Earth tides, and glacial isostatic adjustment, in part to account for the eight-year data acquisition discrepancy, the resulting difference between the DEM and ICESat profiles is -0.57 ?? 5.88 m. After removing the discrepancy between the DEM and ICESat profiles for a final combined DEM using a bicubic spline, the overall difference is 0.05 ?? 1.35 m. ?? 2005 IEEE.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1109/LGRS.2005.853623","issn":"1545598X","usgsCitation":"Baek, S., Kwoun, O., Braun, A., Lu, Z., and Shum, C., 2005, Digital elevation model of King Edward VII Peninsula, West Antarctica, from SAR interferometry and ICESat laser altimetry: IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, v. 2, no. 4, p. 413-417, https://doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2005.853623.","startPage":"413","endPage":"417","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":238358,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211149,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2005.853623"}],"otherGeospatial":"King Edward VII Peninsula, Antarctica","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -209.53125,\n -79.23718500609334\n ],\n [\n -209.53125,\n -66.65297740055277\n ],\n [\n -98.61328125,\n -66.65297740055277\n ],\n [\n -98.61328125,\n -79.23718500609334\n ],\n [\n -209.53125,\n -79.23718500609334\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a014ee4b0c8380cd4fb76","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baek, S.","contributorId":39557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baek","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kwoun, Oh-Ig","contributorId":41945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kwoun","given":"Oh-Ig","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Braun, Andreas","contributorId":80877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Braun","given":"Andreas","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lu, Z.","contributorId":106241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Shum, C. K.","contributorId":85373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shum","given":"C. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70027810,"text":"70027810 - 2005 - Inhibition of calcite precipitation by natural organic material: Kinetics, mechanism, and thermodynamics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:50","indexId":"70027810","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Inhibition of calcite precipitation by natural organic material: Kinetics, mechanism, and thermodynamics","docAbstract":"The inhibition of calcite precipitation by natural organic material (NOM) in solutions seeded with calcite was investigated using a pH-stat system. Experiments were carried out using three NOMs with different physical/chemical properties. For each of the materials, inhibition was found to be more effective at lower carbonate/calcium ratios and lower pH values. The reduction in the precipitation rate could be explained by a Langmuir adsorption model using a conditional equilibrium constant. By identification of the type of site on the NOM molecules that is involved in the adsorption reaction, the \"conditional\" equilibrium constants obtained at different solution compositions converged to a single \"nonconditional\" value. The thermodynamic data determined at 25??C and 1 atm suggest that the interaction between NOM molecules and the calcite surface is chemisorptive in nature and that adsorption is an endothermic reaction driven by the entropy change. The greatest degree of inhibition was observed for the NOM with the highest molecular weight and aromatic carbon content. For a given type of NOM, the degree of inhibition of calcite precipitation was dictated by the balance between the enthalpy change and the entropy change of the adsorption reaction. ?? 2005 American Chemical Society.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Science and Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1021/es050470z","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Lin, Y., Singer, P., and Aiken, G., 2005, Inhibition of calcite precipitation by natural organic material: Kinetics, mechanism, and thermodynamics: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 39, no. 17, p. 6420-6428, https://doi.org/10.1021/es050470z.","startPage":"6420","endPage":"6428","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211101,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es050470z"},{"id":238284,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-07-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3bd6e4b0c8380cd62872","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lin, Y.-P.","contributorId":62822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lin","given":"Y.-P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Singer, P.C.","contributorId":80424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"P.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aiken, G. R. 0000-0001-8454-0984","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8454-0984","contributorId":14452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aiken","given":"G. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70027807,"text":"70027807 - 2005 - Long-term analysis of survival, fertility, and population growth rate of black bears in North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:49","indexId":"70027807","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2373,"text":"Journal of Mammalogy","onlineIssn":"1545-1542","printIssn":"0022-2372","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Long-term analysis of survival, fertility, and population growth rate of black bears in North Carolina","docAbstract":"We estimated survival, fertility, and realized and asymptotic population growth rates from 1981 to 2002 for a protected population of black bears (Ursus americanus) in the southern Appalachian Mountains. We used Akaike's information criterion to assess the time interval for averaging observations that was best for estimating vital rates for our study, given our yearly sample sizes. The temporal symmetry approach allowed us to directly assess population growth and to address all losses and gains to the population by using only capture data, offering an alternative to the logistically intensive collection of reproductive data. Models that averaged survival and fertility across 5- and 7-year time intervals were best supported by our data. Studies of black bear populations with annual sample sizes similar to ours should be of at least 5 years in duration to estimate vital rates reliably, and at least 10 years in duration to evaluate changes in population growth rate (??). We also hypothesized that survival would not track changes in ?? because ?? is influenced by both survival and fertility. The 5-year model supported our hypothesis, but the 7-year model did not. Where long-term dynamics of large, relatively stable bear populations are of interest, monitoring survival is likely to be sufficient for evaluating trends in ??. For rapidly changing, small populations, however, failure to incorporate fertility into assessments of ?? could be misleading. ?? 2005 American Society of Mammalogists.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Mammalogy","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1644/1545-1542(2005)86[1029:LAOSFA]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00222372","usgsCitation":"Brongo, L., Mitchell, M., and Grand, J., 2005, Long-term analysis of survival, fertility, and population growth rate of black bears in North Carolina: Journal of Mammalogy, v. 86, no. 5, p. 1029-1035, https://doi.org/10.1644/1545-1542(2005)86[1029:LAOSFA]2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"1029","endPage":"1035","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211074,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1644/1545-1542(2005)86[1029:LAOSFA]2.0.CO;2"},{"id":238246,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4976e4b0c8380cd68612","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brongo, L.L.","contributorId":100604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brongo","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mitchell, M.S.","contributorId":26724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mitchell","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grand, J.B.","contributorId":11150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grand","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70027803,"text":"70027803 - 2005 - Seasonal variability of aerosol optical depth over Indian subcontinent","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:49","indexId":"70027803","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Seasonal variability of aerosol optical depth over Indian subcontinent","docAbstract":"Ganga basin extends 2000 km E-W and about 400 km N-S and is bounded by Himalayas in the north. This basin is unequivocally found to be affected by high aerosols optical depth (AOD) (>0.6) throughout the year. Himalayas restricts movement of aerosols toward north and as a result dynamic nature of aerosol is seen over the Ganga basin. High AOD in this region has detrimental effects on health of more than 460 million people living in this part of India besides adversely affecting clouds formation, monsoonal rainfall pattern and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Severe drought events (year 2002) in Ganga basin and unexpected failure of monsoon several times, occurred in different parts of Indian subcontinent. Significant rise in AOD (18.7%) over the central part of basin (Kanpur region) have been found to cause substantial decrease in NDVI (8.1%) since 2000. A negative relationship is observed between AOD and NDVI, magnitude of which differs from region to region. Efforts have been made to determine general distribution of AOD and its dominant departure in recent years spatially using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data. The seasonal changes in aerosol optical depth over the Indo-Gangetic basin is found to very significant as a result of the increasing dust storm events in recent years. ?? 2005 IEEE.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on the Analysis of Multi-Temporal Remote Sensing Images 2005","conferenceTitle":"3rd International Workshop on the Analysis of Multi-Temporal Remote Sensing Images 2005","conferenceDate":"16 May 2005 through 18 May 2005","conferenceLocation":"Biloxi, MS","language":"English","doi":"10.1109/AMTRSI.2005.1469835","isbn":"0780391187; 9780780391185","usgsCitation":"Prasad, A., Singh, R., Singh, A., and Kafatos, M., 2005, Seasonal variability of aerosol optical depth over Indian subcontinent, in Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on the Analysis of Multi-Temporal Remote Sensing Images 2005, v. 2005, Biloxi, MS, 16 May 2005 through 18 May 2005, p. 35-38, https://doi.org/10.1109/AMTRSI.2005.1469835.","startPage":"35","endPage":"38","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211052,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/AMTRSI.2005.1469835"},{"id":238211,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2005","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b88e4e4b08c986b316c0d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prasad, A.K.","contributorId":86956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prasad","given":"A.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Singh, R.P.","contributorId":68095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singh","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Singh, A.","contributorId":61211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singh","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kafatos, M.","contributorId":23753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kafatos","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}