The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the San Antonio Water System, conducted a 4-year study during 2001– 04 to identify major ground-water flow paths in the Edwards aquifer in northern Medina and northeastern Uvalde Counties, Texas. The study involved use of geologic structure, surfacewater and ground-water data, and geochemistry to identify ground-water flow paths. Relay ramps and associated faulting in northern Medina County appear to channel ground-water flow along four distinct flow paths that move water toward the southwest.
The northwestern Medina flow path is bounded on the north by the Woodard Cave fault and on the south by the Parkers Creek fault. Water moves downdip toward the southwest until the flow encounters a cross fault along Seco Creek. This barrier to flow might force part or most of the flow to the south. Departure hydrographs for two wells and discharge departure for a streamflow-gaging station provide evidence for flow in the northwestern Medina flow path. The north-central Medina flow path (northern part) is bounded by the Parkers Creek fault on the north and the Medina Lake fault on the south.
The adjacent north-central Medina flow path (southern part) is bounded on the north by the Medina Lake fault and on the south by the Diversion Lake fault. The north-central Medina flow path is separated into a northern and southern part because of water-level differences. Ground water in both parts of the northcentral Medina flow path moves downgradient (and down relay ramp) from eastern Medina County toward the southwest. The north-central Medina flow path is hypothesized to turn south in the vicinity of Seco Creek as it begins to be influenced by structural features. Departure hydrographs for four wells and Medina Lake and discharge departure for a streamflow-gaging station provide evidence for flow in the north-central Medina flow path.
The south-central Medina flow path is bounded on the north by the Seco Creek and Diversion Lake faults and on the south by the Haby Crossing fault. Because of bounding faults oriented northeast-southwest and adjacent flow paths directed south by other geologic structures, the south-central Medina flow path follows the configuration of the adjacent flow paths—oriented initially southwest and then south. Immediately after turning south, the south-central Medina flow path turns sharply east. Departure hydrographs for four wells and discharge departure for a streamflow-gaging station provide evidence for flow in the south-central Medina flow path. Statistical correlations between water-level departures for 11 continuously monitored wells provide additional evidence for the hypothesized flow paths.
Of the 55 combinations of departure dataset pairs, the stronger correlations (those greater than .6) are all among wells in the same flow path, with one exception. Simulations of compositional differences in water chemistry along a hypothesized flow path in the Edwards aquifer and between ground-water and surface-water systems near Medina Lake were developed using the geochemical model PHREEQC. Ground-water chemistry for samples from five wells in the Edwards aquifer in the northwestern Medina flow path were used to evaluate the evolution of ground-water chemistry in the northwestern Medina flow path. Seven simulations were done for samples from pairs of these wells collected during 2001–03; three of the seven yielded plausible models.
Ground-water samples from 13 wells were used to evaluate the evolution of ground-water chemistry in the north-central Medina flow path (northern and southern parts). Five of the wells in the most upgradient part of the flow path were completed in the Trinity aquifer; the remaining eight were completed in the Edwards aquifer. Nineteen simulations were done for samples from well pairs collected during 1995–2003; eight of the 19 yielded plausible models. Ground-water samples from seven wells were used to evaluate the evolution of ground-water chemistry in the south-central Medina flow path. One well was the Trinity aquifer end-member well upgradient from all flow paths, and another was a Trinity aquifer well in the most upgradient part of the flow path; all other wells were completed in the Edwards aquifer. Nine simulations were done for samples from well pairs collected during 1996–2003; seven of the nine yielded plausible models. The plausible models demonstrate that the four hypothesized flow paths can be partially supported geochemically.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20065200","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the San Antonio Water System","usgsCitation":"Clark, A.K., and Journey, C.A., 2006, Flow paths in the Edwards aquifer, northern Medina and northeastern Uvalde Counties, Texas, based on hydrologic identification and geochemical characterization and simulation: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5200, vi, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065200.","productDescription":"vi, 48 p.","numberOfPages":"54","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":430299,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_78676.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":8953,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5200/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":191319,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20065200.PNG"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","county":"Medina County, Uvalde County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -99.6,\n 29.3\n ],\n [\n -99.6,\n 29.7\n ],\n [\n -98.9,\n 29.7\n ],\n [\n -98.9,\n 29.3\n ],\n [\n -99.6,\n 29.3\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d8e4b07f02db5df5c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, Allan K. 0000-0003-0099-1521 akclark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0099-1521","contributorId":1279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Allan","email":"akclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Journey, Celeste A. 0000-0002-2284-5851 cjourney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2284-5851","contributorId":2617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Journey","given":"Celeste","email":"cjourney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":289909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":79434,"text":"tm6B5 - 2006 - Section 5. Procedures for Developing Models To Predict Exceedances of Recreational Water-Quality Standards at Coastal Beaches","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:20","indexId":"tm6B5","displayToPublicDate":"2006-12-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"6-B5","title":"Section 5. Procedures for Developing Models To Predict Exceedances of Recreational Water-Quality Standards at Coastal Beaches","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Techniques and Methods Book 6, Chapter B","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/tm6B5","usgsCitation":"Francy, D.S., and Darner, R.A., 2006, Section 5. Procedures for Developing Models To Predict Exceedances of Recreational Water-Quality Standards at Coastal Beaches: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6-B5, iv, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tm6B5.","productDescription":"iv, 34 p.","numberOfPages":"38","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192190,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8949,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2006/tm6b5/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fc1ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Francy, Donna S. 0000-0001-9229-3557 dsfrancy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9229-3557","contributorId":1853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Francy","given":"Donna","email":"dsfrancy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Darner, Robert A. 0000-0003-1333-8265 radarner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1333-8265","contributorId":1972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Darner","given":"Robert","email":"radarner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":79428,"text":"ds225 - 2006 - Database for the east half of \"Preliminary Geologic Map of the Blythe 30' by 60' quadrangle, California and Arizona\"","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-17T18:24:31.762273","indexId":"ds225","displayToPublicDate":"2006-12-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"225","title":"Database for the east half of \"Preliminary Geologic Map of the Blythe 30' by 60' quadrangle, California and Arizona\"","docAbstract":"This digital map database was prepared from the published Preliminary Geologic Map of the Blythe 30' by 60' Quadrangle, California and Arizona (U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 90-497). This database represents the east half of the original published map. The database contains exactly the same scientific content as the original map; no data have been added to, subtracted from, or modified from the original map. Like the original paper map, this database represents the general distribution of bedrock and surficial deposits in the mapped area. It provides information on the geologic structure and stratigraphy of the area covered. The database delineates map units that are identified by general age and lithology following the stratigraphic nomenclature of the U.S. Geological Survey. The scale of the original published map limits the spatial resolution (scale) of the database to 1:100,000 or smaller.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds225","usgsCitation":"Stone, P., 2006, Database for the east half of \"Preliminary Geologic Map of the Blythe 30' by 60' quadrangle, California and Arizona\" (version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 225, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds225.","productDescription":"HTML Document","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":647,"text":"Western Earth Surface Processes","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192203,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":405264,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_78681.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":8934,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2006/225/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, California","otherGeospatial":"Blythe 30' by 60' quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.5,33.5 ], [ -114.5,34 ], [ -114,34 ], [ -114,33.5 ], [ -114.5,33.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abce4b07f02db672ccd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stone, Paul 0000-0002-1439-0156 pastone@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1439-0156","contributorId":273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"Paul","email":"pastone@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":79426,"text":"sir20065296 - 2006 - Simulation of constituent transport in the Red River of the North basin, North Dakota and Minnesota, during unsteady-flow conditions, 1977 and 2003-04","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-14T14:24:17","indexId":"sir20065296","displayToPublicDate":"2006-12-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5296","title":"Simulation of constituent transport in the Red River of the North basin, North Dakota and Minnesota, during unsteady-flow conditions, 1977 and 2003-04","docAbstract":"The Bureau of Reclamation identified eight water-supply alternatives for the Red River Valley Water Supply Project. Of those alternatives, six were considered for this study. Those six alternatives include a no-action alternative, two in-basin alternatives, and three interbasin alternatives. To address concerns of stakeholders and to provide information for an environmental impact statement, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation, developed and applied a water-quality model to simulate the transport of total dissolved solids, sulfate, chloride, sodium, and total phosphorus during unsteady-flow conditions and to simulate the effects of the water-supply alternatives on water quality in the Red River and the Sheyenne River. The physical domain of the model, hereinafter referred to as the Red River model, includes the Red River from Wahpeton, North Dakota, to Emerson, Manitoba, and the Sheyenne River from below Baldhill Dam, North Dakota, to the confluence with the Red River.\r\n\r\nBoundary conditions were specified for May 15 through October 31, 2003, and January 15 through June 30, 2004. Measured streamflow data were available for August 1 through October 31, 2003, and April 1 through June 30, 2004, but water-quality data were available only for September 15 through 16, 2003, and May 10 through 13, 2004. The water-quality boundary conditions were assumed to be time invariant for the entire calibration period and to be equal to the measured value.\r\n\r\nThe average difference between the measured and simulated streamflows was less than 4 percent for both calibration periods, and most differences were less than 2 percent. The average differences are considered to be acceptable because the differences are less than 5 percent, or the same as the error that would be expected in a typical streamflow measurement. Simulated total dissolved solids, sulfate, chloride, and sodium concentrations generally were less than measured concentrations for both calibration periods. The average absolute differences generally were less than 25 percent. Total phosphorus was simulated as a nonconservative constituent by assuming that concentrations change according to a first-order decay rate. The average difference between the measured and simulated total phosphorus concentrations was 6.2 percent for the 2003 calibration period and -24 percent for the 2004 calibration period. The Red River model demonstrates sensitivity to changes in boundary conditions so a reasonable assumption is that the model can be used to compare relative effects of the various water-supply alternatives.\r\n\r\nThe calibrated Red River model was used to simulate the effects of the six water-supply alternatives by using measured streamflows for September 1, 1976, through August 31, 1977, when streamflows throughout the Red River Basin were relatively low. Streamflows for the Red River at Fargo, North Dakota, were less than 17.9 cubic feet per second on 159 days of that 12-month period, and monthly average streamflows for the Red River at Grand Forks, North Dakota, and the Red River at Emerson, Manitoba, were less than 30 percent of the respective long-term average monthly streamflows for 11 of the 12 months during September 1976 through August 1977.\r\n\r\nWater-quality boundary conditions were generated using a stochastic approach in which probability distributions derived from all available historical data on instream concentrations were used to produce daily concentrations at model boundaries. Return flow concentrations were estimated from source concentrations and current (2006) wastewater-treatment technology. Because no historical information on ungaged local inflow constituent concentrations is available to estimate those boundary conditions, time-invariant concentrations for the low-flow 2003 calibration period were used as the ungaged local inflow boundary conditions. The effects of the water-supply alternatives on water quality in the Red River and ","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20065296","usgsCitation":"Nustad, R.A., and Bales, J.D., 2006, Simulation of constituent transport in the Red River of the North basin, North Dakota and Minnesota, during unsteady-flow conditions, 1977 and 2003-04: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5296, vi, 58 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065296.","productDescription":"vi, 58 p.","numberOfPages":"64","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"1977-01-01","temporalEnd":"2004-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123131,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2006_5296.jpg"},{"id":8932,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5296/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota, North Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Red River of the North basin","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49b4e4b07f02db5ca58d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nustad, Rochelle A. 0000-0002-4713-5944 ranustad@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4713-5944","contributorId":1811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nustad","given":"Rochelle","email":"ranustad@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bales, Jerad D. 0000-0001-8398-6984 jdbales@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8398-6984","contributorId":683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bales","given":"Jerad","email":"jdbales@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":5058,"text":"Office of the Chief Scientist for Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70006625,"text":"70006625 - 2006 - A review of methods to estimate cause-specific mortality in presence of competing risks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-05T22:08:31.662303","indexId":"70006625","displayToPublicDate":"2006-12-01T15:09:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A review of methods to estimate cause-specific mortality in presence of competing risks","docAbstract":"Estimating cause-specific mortality is often of central importance for understanding the dynamics of wildlife populations. Despite such importance, methodology for estimating and analyzing cause-specific mortality has received little attention in wildlife ecology during the past 20 years. The issue of analyzing cause-specific, mutually exclusive events in time is not unique to wildlife. In fact, this general problem has received substantial attention in human biomedical applications within the context of biostatistical survival analysis. Here, we consider cause-specific mortality from a modern biostatistical perspective. This requires carefully defining what we mean by cause-specific mortality and then providing an appropriate hazard-based representation as a competing risks problem. This leads to the general solution of cause-specific mortality as the cumulative incidence function (CIF). We describe the appropriate generalization of the fully nonparametric staggered-entry Kaplan–Meier survival estimator to cause-specific mortality via the nonparametric CIF estimator (NPCIFE), which in many situations offers an attractive alternative to the Heisey–Fuller estimator. An advantage of the NPCIFE is that it lends itself readily to risk factors analysis with standard software for Cox proportional hazards model. The competing risks–based approach also clarifies issues regarding another intuitive but erroneous “cause-specific mortality” estimator based on the Kaplan–Meier survival estimator and commonly seen in the life sciences literature.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[1544:AROMTE]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Heisey, D.M., and Patterson, B.R., 2006, A review of methods to estimate cause-specific mortality in presence of competing risks: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 70, no. 6, p. 1544-1555, https://doi.org/10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[1544:AROMTE]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1544","endPage":"1555","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":257956,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"70","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e554e4b0c8380cd46cb4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heisey, Dennis M. dheisey@usgs.gov","contributorId":2455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heisey","given":"Dennis","email":"dheisey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Patterson, Brent R.","contributorId":33570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patterson","given":"Brent","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70259377,"text":"70259377 - 2006 - Perspectives on LANDFIRE Prototype Project accuracy assessment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-04T16:38:38.716829","indexId":"70259377","displayToPublicDate":"2006-12-01T11:30:27","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":32,"text":"General Technical Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"RMRS-GTR-175","chapter":"13","title":"Perspectives on LANDFIRE Prototype Project accuracy assessment","docAbstract":"The purpose of this chapter is to provide a general overview of the many aspects of accuracy assessment pertinent to the Landscape Fire and Resource Management Planning Tools Prototype Project (LANDFIRE Prototype Project). The LANDFIRE Prototype formed a large and complex research and development project with many broad-scale data sets and products developed throughout its various stages. The scope of the project was defined as mapping and modeling vegetation, wildland fuel, and fire regime characteristics (Rollins and others, Ch. 2). Because of the breadth of the investigation, it is important to base our expectations for accuracy on a clear understanding of the intricacies, interdependencies, and scope of mapping and modeling LANDFIRE products. Our goals in this chapter are to: 1) provide relevant background information regarding accuracies and what was realistically achievable in the LANDFIRE Prototype, 2) provide background regarding our strategies for LANDFIRE National, 3) describe our actual LANDFIRE Prototype accuracy results in broad terms, and 4) provide recommendations for the national implementation of LANDFIRE. This chapter is not intended to provide an exhaustive list and description of all of the various accuracy-related issues and conclusions resulting from the LANDFIRE Prototype (for specific details, the reader will be referred to the appropriate chapters). Rather, this chapter is intended to be broad in scope and to place the many accuracy components within the context of the LANDFIRE Prototype and LANDFIRE National projects. Please note that Lunetta and Lyon (2004) provide an in-depth discussion of the current state of accuracy assessment within the science community.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The LANDFIRE Prototype Project: Nationally consistent and locally relevant geospatial data for wildland fire management General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-175","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"USDA Forest Service","usgsCitation":"Vogelmann, J., Zhu, Z., Kost, J.R., Tolk, B.L., and Ohlen, D.O., 2006, Perspectives on LANDFIRE Prototype Project accuracy assessment: General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-175, 15 p.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"397","endPage":"411","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":462613,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://research.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/24708","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":462614,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vogelmann, James 0000-0002-0804-5823 vogel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0804-5823","contributorId":192352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vogelmann","given":"James","email":"vogel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5055,"text":"Land Change Science","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":915087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zhu, Zhiliang 0000-0002-6860-6936 zzhu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6860-6936","contributorId":150078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhu","given":"Zhiliang","email":"zzhu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":411,"text":"National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5055,"text":"Land Change Science","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":505,"text":"Office of the AD Climate and Land-Use Change","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":915088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kost, Jay R. jkost@usgs.gov","contributorId":3931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kost","given":"Jay","email":"jkost@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":915089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tolk, Brian L. 0000-0002-9060-0266 tolk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9060-0266","contributorId":2992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tolk","given":"Brian","email":"tolk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":915090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ohlen, Donald O. ohlen@usgs.gov","contributorId":3779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ohlen","given":"Donald","email":"ohlen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":915091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70258918,"text":"70258918 - 2006 - Mapping existing vegetation composition and structure for the LANDFIRE Prototype Project","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-04T18:04:02.029348","indexId":"70258918","displayToPublicDate":"2006-12-01T11:02:53","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":32,"text":"General Technical Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"RMRS-GTR-175","chapter":"8","title":"Mapping existing vegetation composition and structure for the LANDFIRE Prototype Project","docAbstract":"The Landscape Fire and Resource Management Planning Tools Prototype Project, or LANDFIRE Prototype Project, required the mapping of existing vegetation composition (cover type) and structural stages at a 30-m spatial resolution to provide baseline vegetation data for the development of wildland fuel maps and for comparison to simulated historical vegetation reference conditions to develop indices of ecological departure. For the LANDFIRE Prototype Project, research was conducted to develop a vegetation mapping methodology that could meet the following general requirements:
Cover types (species composition) must be characterized at a scale suitable for subsequent mapping of wildland fuel and fire regime condition class (FRCC). The vegetation map unit classification used for mapping cover types must be based on existing national systems, such as the United States National Vegetation Classification System (NVCS; Grossman and others 1998). The alliance (a community with multiple dominant species) or association (a community with a single dominant species) levels of this standard must provide a clearly defined list of map units that can be used as a basis for mapping vegetation classes that are both scaleable and representative of suitable units for modeling historical fire regimes (see Long and others, Ch. 6 for details on the LANDFIRE vegetation map units).
The mapping of existing vegetation structure must be based on the relative composition of forest, shrub, and herbaceous canopy cover and average forest, shrub, and herbaceous canopy height. Although structural stages are discrete map units describing unique combinations of canopy cover and canopy height by life form, mapping individual canopy cover and height variables as continuous variables is desired to provide additional information for mapping and modeling vegetation and flexibility for setting threshold values.
Federal Clean Water Act requires that states develop Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) for water bodies. Once the state has developed an inventory of TMDLs, it is required to provide public notice of the report and have it approved by the Environmental Protection Agency. The South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) is using the USDA’s annualized Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution Model to determine what land use changes are required to meet TMDL goals (South Dakota DENR, 2006). Of the approximately 450 parameters required for running the model, several are related to the condition of range and pasture sites and their respective management practices. Range condition is highly correlated with the nature of runoff occurring in a site. In addition to assisting the DENR, USGS is interested in improving its overall ability to monitor Northern Plains range condition with particular emphasis on the seven state study area (Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming) being addressed by the Drought Monitoring, Carbon Cycle Research, Phenological Trends and other projects. It is understood than no one project can develop tools that adequately characterize the dynamics of the region’s rangelands, but by developing a suite of tools brought together from a number of projects there exists the opportunity to provide state, regional, and tribal land managers with the ability to address their particular needs.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Prospecting for geospatial information integration","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"ASPRS 2006 Annual Conference","conferenceDate":"May 1-5, 2006","conferenceLocation":"Reno, NV","language":"English","publisher":"ASPRS","usgsCitation":"Wood, E.C., Wylie, B.K., Brown, J.F., Meyer, D.J., Maxwell, S., and Reed, B.C., 2006, Range condition as input to water quality monitoring in the northern Plains, in Prospecting for geospatial information integration, Reno, NV, May 1-5, 2006, 8 p.","productDescription":"8 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":462341,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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Specifically, high-resolution satellite imagery and three-dimensional laser scanning (LIDAR) can provide important observations of earthquake damage that supplement traditional observations from field reconnaissance. The 2004 Niigata Ken Chuetsu earthquake provided an opportunity to use remote sensing to document the distribution of landslides in the epicentral region through the use of high-resolution satellite imagery and to document the detailed three-dimensional geometries of several failures using LIDAR. The satellite imagery was acquired the day after the earthquake, but at very large acquisition angles that resulted in image distortion. Nonetheless, the satellite imagery accurately identified the landslide distribution in the epicentral region, although the total area of landslides was underestimated by about 25% as compared with traditional aerial reconnaissance because of the large acquisition angle for the satellite imagery. Terrestrial LIDAR was used to collect three-dimensional data at several failure sites, including two large rock slides and a railroad tunnel portal affected by ground deformation. The LIDAR data allowed for precise measurement of failure deformations and geometries, and provided digital terrain models that could be archived and used in future analyses. In the future, satellite imagery and LIDAR, as well as other remote sensing technologies, will play an increasing role in documenting and understanding the effects of earthquakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.3208/sandf.46.831","usgsCitation":"Rathje, E.M., Kayen, R., and Woo, K., 2006, Remote sensing observations of landslides and ground deformation from the 2004 Niigata Ken Chuetsu earthquake: Soils and Foundations, v. 46, no. 6, p. 831-842, https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.46.831.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"831","endPage":"842","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477302,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.46.831","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":415711,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Japan","state":"Niigata Prefecture","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 138.766667,\n 37.3583\n ],\n [\n 138.766667,\n 37.25\n ],\n [\n 138.916667,\n 37.25\n ],\n [\n 138.916667,\n 37.3583\n ],\n [\n 138.766667,\n 37.3583\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"46","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rathje, Ellen M.","contributorId":9544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rathje","given":"Ellen","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":869426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kayen, Robert E. 0000-0002-0356-072X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0356-072X","contributorId":261195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kayen","given":"Robert E.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":869427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Woo, Kyu-Seok","contributorId":304142,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Woo","given":"Kyu-Seok","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":869428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70184341,"text":"70184341 - 2006 - Denitrification across landscapes and waterscapes: A synthesis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-01T16:16:52","indexId":"70184341","displayToPublicDate":"2006-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Denitrification across landscapes and waterscapes: A synthesis","docAbstract":"Denitrification is a critical process regulating the removal of bioavailable nitrogen (N) from natural and human-altered systems. While it has been extensively studied in terrestrial, freshwater, and marine systems, there has been limited communication among denitrification scientists working in these individual systems. Here, we compare rates of denitrification and controlling factors across a range of ecosystem types. We suggest that terrestrial, freshwater, and marine systems in which denitrification occurs can be organized along a continuum ranging from (1) those in which nitrification and denitrification are tightly coupled in space and time to (2) those in which nitrate production and denitrification are relatively decoupled.
In aquatic ecosystems, N inputs influence denitrification rates whereas hydrology and geomorphology influence the proportion of N inputs that are denitrified. Relationships between denitrification and water residence time and N load are remarkably similar across lakes, river reaches, estuaries, and continental shelves.
Spatially distributed global models of denitrification suggest that continental shelf sediments account for the largest portion (44%) of total global denitrification, followed by terrestrial soils (22%) and oceanic oxygen minimum zones (OMZs; 14%). Freshwater systems (groundwater, lakes, rivers) account for about 20% and estuaries 1% of total global denitrification. Denitrification of land-based N sources is distributed somewhat differently. Within watersheds, the amount of land-based N denitrified is generally highest in terrestrial soils, with progressively smaller amounts denitrified in groundwater, rivers, lakes and reservoirs, and estuaries. A number of regional exceptions to this general trend of decreasing denitrification in a downstream direction exist, including significant denitrification in continental shelves of N from terrestrial sources. Though terrestrial soils and groundwater are responsible for much denitrification at the watershed scale, per-area denitrification rates in soils and groundwater (kg N·km−2·yr−1) are, on average, approximately one-tenth the per-area rates of denitrification in lakes, rivers, estuaries, continental shelves, or OMZs. A number of potential approaches to increase denitrification on the landscape, and thus decrease N export to sensitive coastal systems exist. However, these have not generally been widely tested for their effectiveness at scales required to significantly reduce N export at the whole watershed scale.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[2064:DALAWA]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Seitzinger, S., Harrison, J., Böhlke, J., Bouwman, A., Lowrance, R., Peterson, B., Tobias, C., and Van Drecht, G., 2006, Denitrification across landscapes and waterscapes: A synthesis: Ecological Applications, v. 16, no. 6, p. 2064-2090, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[2064:DALAWA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"27 p. ","startPage":"2064","endPage":"2090","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477306,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1912/4707","text":"External Repository"},{"id":336966,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58bfd4fbe4b014cc3a3ba507","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Seitzinger, S.","contributorId":187618,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Seitzinger","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harrison, J. A.","contributorId":73434,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harrison","given":"J. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Böhlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":96696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Böhlke","given":"J.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bouwman, A.F.","contributorId":182430,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bouwman","given":"A.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lowrance, R.","contributorId":6198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowrance","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Peterson, B.","contributorId":95412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Tobias, C.","contributorId":101435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tobias","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Van Drecht, G.","contributorId":187617,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Van Drecht","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70176689,"text":"70176689 - 2006 - Conceptual ecological model for management of breeding shrubland birds in the Mid-Atlantic Region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-28T11:13:48","indexId":"70176689","displayToPublicDate":"2006-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":91,"text":"Technical Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"NPS/NER/NRTR--2006/043","title":"Conceptual ecological model for management of breeding shrubland birds in the Mid-Atlantic Region","docAbstract":"While grassland birds have become the focus of increased conservation activities, the status of birds occupying shrubland habitats has received relatively little attention (Hunter et al. 2001). Yet, in eastern North America, shrubland birds exhibited consistent population declines during the past 40 years, based on data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey (Pardieck and Sauer 2001). These population declines primarily reflect large-scale changes in land use patterns during the previous century (Lorimer 2001). Large areas of marginal farmland were abandoned and underwent secondary succession during the first half of the twentieth century, producing abundant successional habitats favored by shrubland birds. As these habitats matured, combined with strict fire-suppression policies (Hunter et al. 2001), shrublands succeeded into mature forests, and shrubland bird communities were replaced by woodland birds (Irland 1982; Askins 1993). For example, while nearly 29% of New England forests were classified as sapling stage in 1950, only 8% remained at that stage in the 1980s (Askins 1993). The trend towards forest maturation and loss of shrubland habitats continues, yet concerted conservation activities have not been directed to benefit declining shrubland bird populations.
The National Park Service (NPS) could contribute to shrubland bird conservation in the Mid- Atlantic Region. The NPS maintains a number of historic sites and former battlefields managed for their cultural significance but also support wildlife populations. Many of these “cultural parks” maintain open landscapes, recreating land use patterns existing at the times of the historical events. While these open landscapes are frequently managed grasslands, some parks also support successional habitats that could be managed to benefit shrubland birds.
In 2005, the NPS initiated a project exploring the potential of “cultural parks” to support significant breeding grassland and shrubland bird communities. This project involved parks within three NPS Inventory and Monitoring Program (I&M) networks, Mid-Atlantic, National Capital, and Eastern Rivers and Mountains. Five parks were selected for the initial focus of this study, all of which maintain open landscapes for interpreting historic events. Most parks were selected because they contain the most extensive grassland habitats within their networks, although some also support shrubby successional habitats. The five parks included in this study are Antietam National Battlefield, Fort Necessity National Battlefield, Gettysburg National Battlefield, Manassas National Battlefield, and Monocacy National Battlefield.
This conceptual ecological model is one product of this project. The information presented below allows NPS network coordinators to understand which factors should be considered when making decisions concerning shrubland management within their networks. This model provides park resource managers with information on shrubland ecology in the Mid-Atlantic Region, the ecological requirements of shrubland birds likely to occur in their parks, and management issues influencing whether significant breeding populations can occupy shrublands created and maintained in the parks. Resource managers can then make informed decisions concerning their ability to create and maintain shrubland habitats. The emphasis of this conceptual model is restricted to management of breeding shrubland birds. Additional species occur during migration and winter, and habitat requirements of shrubland birds during nonbreeding seasons may differ from those described for the breeding season.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service","publisherLocation":"Philadelphia, PA","usgsCitation":"Peterjohn, B.G., 2006, Conceptual ecological model for management of breeding shrubland birds in the Mid-Atlantic Region: Technical Report NPS/NER/NRTR--2006/043, vii, 61 p.","productDescription":"vii, 61 p.","numberOfPages":"74","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":329065,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":329064,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://irma.nps.gov/DataStore/DownloadFile/150917","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57ed5314e4b090825011d515","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterjohn, Bruce G. bpeterjohn@usgs.gov","contributorId":4493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterjohn","given":"Bruce","email":"bpeterjohn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":649846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70207877,"text":"70207877 - 2006 - Bottom instrumented tripods: History, applications, and impacts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-16T12:48:38","indexId":"70207877","displayToPublicDate":"2006-11-30T12:39:45","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":" Bottom instrumented tripods: History, applications, and impacts","docAbstract":"Instrumented bottom tripods have provided important data on sediment transport processes on continental shelves and in estuaries for four decades. Since the initial deployment in a tidal channel in Puget Sound, WA, in 1965 numerous tripods have been constructed to investigate bottom boundary layer and sediment dynamics worldwide. Tripod data have led to new understanding of near-bottom wave and current flows in the coastal ocean, and have been crucial to the development of shelf circulation and sediment transport models. Calculations of bottom stress, bottom roughness, and sediment flux that resulted directly from tripod data have been compared to bottom boundary layer model results. Where these have differed, new or revised model components have been developed to improve the skill of the models. The many discoveries that have been made from tripod experiments include dense, near-bottom fluid mud layers that transport large quantities of suspended sediment offshore into deeper regions of the continental shelf. This process has been linked to the seaward progradation of subaqueous deltas and to the boundaries of mid-shelf mud deposits off rivers with high fine-sediment discharge.
","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.csr.2006.07.027","issn":"02784343","usgsCitation":"Cacchione, D., Sternberg, R., and Ogston, A.S., 2006, Bottom instrumented tripods: History, applications, and impacts: Continental Shelf Research, v. 26, no. 17-18, p. 2319-2334, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2006.07.027.","productDescription":"16 p. ","startPage":"2319","endPage":"2334","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":371314,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"17-18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cacchione, D.A.","contributorId":65448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cacchione","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":779612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sternberg, R.W.","contributorId":90872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sternberg","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ogston, A S","contributorId":220184,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ogston","given":"A","email":"","middleInitial":"S","affiliations":[{"id":40141,"text":"University of Washington, School of Oceanography, Box 357940, Seattle, Washington, 98195","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":779614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":79424,"text":"ofr20061291 - 2006 - Soil Data from a Moderately Well and Somewhat Poorly Drained Fire Chronosequence near Thompson, Manitoba, Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-13T17:16:49","indexId":"ofr20061291","displayToPublicDate":"2006-11-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1291","title":"Soil Data from a Moderately Well and Somewhat Poorly Drained Fire Chronosequence near Thompson, Manitoba, Canada","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey project Fate of Carbon in Alaskan Landscapes (FOCAL) is studying the effect of fire and soil drainage on soil carbon storage in the boreal forest. As such this group was invited to be a part of a NSF-funded project (Fire, Ecosystem and Succession - Experiment Boreal or FIRES-ExB) to study the carbon balance of sites that varied in age (time since fire) and soil drainage in the Thompson, Manitoba, Canada region. This report describes the location of our FIRES-ExB sampling sites as well as the procedures used to describe, sample, and analyze the soils. This report also contains data tables with sample related information including, but not limited to, field descriptions, bulk density, particle size distribution, moisture content, carbon (C) concentration, nitrogen (N) concentration, isotopic data for C, and major, minor and trace elemental concentration.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061291","usgsCitation":"Manies, K., Harden, J., Veldhuis, H., and Trumbore, S., 2006, Soil Data from a Moderately Well and Somewhat Poorly Drained Fire Chronosequence near Thompson, Manitoba, Canada (Version 1.1): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1291, iv, 13 p. report; 13 p. site descriptions; 5 excel files; Revised 2012, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061291.","productDescription":"iv, 13 p. report; 13 p. site descriptions; 5 excel files; Revised 2012","numberOfPages":"30","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":190717,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8931,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1291/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db6985a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manies, K.L.","contributorId":23228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manies","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harden, J.W. 0000-0002-6570-8259","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6570-8259","contributorId":38585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harden","given":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Veldhuis, Hugo","contributorId":62294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Veldhuis","given":"Hugo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Trumbore, Sue","contributorId":57160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trumbore","given":"Sue","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":79422,"text":"pp1725 - 2006 - Statistical characteristics of storm interevent time, depth, and duration for eastern New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-24T15:20:37","indexId":"pp1725","displayToPublicDate":"2006-11-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1725","title":"Statistical characteristics of storm interevent time, depth, and duration for eastern New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas","docAbstract":"The design of small runoff-control structures, from simple floodwater-detention basins to sophisticated best-management practices, requires the statistical characterization of rainfall as a basis for cost-effective, risk-mitigated, hydrologic engineering design. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Texas Department of Transportation, has developed a framework to estimate storm statistics including storm interevent times, distributions of storm depths, and distributions of storm durations for eastern New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas. The analysis is based on hourly rainfall recorded by the National Weather Service. The database contains more than 155 million hourly values from 774 stations in the study area. Seven sets of maps depicting ranges of mean storm interevent time, mean storm depth, and mean storm duration, by county, as well as tables listing each of those statistics, by county, were developed. The mean storm interevent time is used in probabilistic models to assess the frequency distribution of storms. The Poisson distribution is suggested to model the distribution of storm occurrence, and the exponential distribution is suggested to model the distribution of storm interevent times. The four-parameter kappa distribution is judged as an appropriate distribution for modeling the distribution of both storm depth and storm duration. Preference for the kappa distribution is based on interpretation of L-moment diagrams. Parameter estimates for the kappa distributions are provided. Separate dimensionless frequency curves for storm depth and duration are defined for eastern New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas. Dimension is restored by multiplying curve ordinates by the mean storm depth or mean storm duration to produce quantile functions of storm depth and duration. Minimum interevent time and location have slight influence on the scale and shape of the dimensionless frequency curves. Ten example problems and solutions to possible applications are provided.\r\n\r\n","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1725","isbn":"1411310411","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Texas Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Asquith, W.H., Roussel, M.C., Cleveland, T., Fang, X., and Thompson, D.B., 2006, Statistical characteristics of storm interevent time, depth, and duration for eastern New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1725, viii, 299 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1725.","productDescription":"viii, 299 p.","numberOfPages":"307","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194760,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp1725.PNG"},{"id":8941,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roussel, Meghan C. mroussel@usgs.gov","contributorId":1578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roussel","given":"Meghan","email":"mroussel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":289857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cleveland, Theodore G.","contributorId":88029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cleveland","given":"Theodore G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fang, Xing","contributorId":27134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fang","given":"Xing","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Thompson, David B.","contributorId":79954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":79421,"text":"sir20065238 - 2006 - Water-quality trend analysis and sampling design for the Devils Lake Basin, North Dakota, January 1965 through September 2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-15T11:18:52","indexId":"sir20065238","displayToPublicDate":"2006-11-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5238","title":"Water-quality trend analysis and sampling design for the Devils Lake Basin, North Dakota, January 1965 through September 2003","docAbstract":"This report presents the results of a study conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the North Dakota State Water Commission, the Devils Lake Basin Joint Water Resource Board, and the Red River Joint Water Resource District, to analyze historical water-quality trends in three dissolved major ions, three nutrients, and one dissolved trace element for eight stations in the Devils Lake Basin in North Dakota and to develop an efficient sampling design to monitor the future trends.\r\n\r\nA multiple-regression model was used to detect and remove streamflow-related variability in constituent concentrations. To separate the natural variability in concentration as a result of variability in streamflow from the variability in concentration as a result of other factors, the base-10 logarithm of daily streamflow was divided into four components-a 5-year streamflow anomaly, an annual streamflow anomaly, a seasonal streamflow anomaly, and a daily streamflow anomaly. The constituent concentrations then were adjusted for streamflow-related variability by removing the 5-year, annual, seasonal, and daily variability. Constituents used for the water-quality trend analysis were evaluated for a step trend to examine the effect of Channel A on water quality in the basin and a linear trend to detect gradual changes with time from January 1980 through September 2003.\r\n\r\nThe fitted upward linear trends for dissolved calcium concentrations during 1980-2003 for two stations were significant. The fitted step trends for dissolved sulfate concentrations for three stations were positive and similar in magnitude. Of the three upward trends, one was significant. The fitted step trends for dissolved chloride concentrations were positive but insignificant. The fitted linear trends for the upstream stations were small and insignificant, but three of the downward trends that occurred during 1980-2003 for the remaining stations were significant. The fitted upward linear trends for dissolved nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen concentrations during 1987-2003 for two stations were significant. However, concentrations during recent years appear to be lower than those for the 1970s and early 1980s but higher than those for the late 1980s and early 1990s. The fitted downward linear trend for dissolved ammonia concentrations for one station was significant. The fitted linear trends for total phosphorus concentrations for two stations were significant. Upward trends for total phosphorus concentrations occurred from the late 1980s to 2003 for most stations, but a small and insignificant downward trend occurred for one station. Continued monitoring will be needed to determine if the recent trend toward higher dissolved nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen and total phosphorus concentrations continues in the future.\r\n\r\nFor continued monitoring of water-quality trends in the upper Devils Lake Basin, an efficient sampling design consists of five major-ion, nutrient, and trace-element samples per year at three existing stream stations and at three existing lake stations. This sampling design requires the collection of 15 stream samples and 15 lake samples per year rather than 16 stream samples and 20 lake samples per year as in the 1992-2003 program. Thus, the design would result in a program that is less costly and more efficient than the 1992-2003 program but that still would provide the data needed to monitor water-quality trends in the Devils Lake Basin.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20065238","usgsCitation":"Ryberg, K.R., and Vecchia, A.V., 2006, Water-quality trend analysis and sampling design for the Devils Lake Basin, North Dakota, January 1965 through September 2003: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5238, v, 64 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065238.","productDescription":"v, 64 p.","numberOfPages":"69","temporalStart":"1965-01-01","temporalEnd":"2003-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125010,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2006_5238.jpg"},{"id":8937,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5238/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Devils Lake Basin","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db6981b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ryberg, Karen R. 0000-0002-9834-2046 kryberg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9834-2046","contributorId":1172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryberg","given":"Karen","email":"kryberg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vecchia, Aldo V. 0000-0002-2661-4401","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2661-4401","contributorId":41810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vecchia","given":"Aldo","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":79425,"text":"pp1650D - 2006 - Atlas of relations between climatic parameters and distributions of important trees and shrubs in North America - Alaska species and ecoregions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-31T13:22:20.331678","indexId":"pp1650D","displayToPublicDate":"2006-11-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1650","chapter":"D","title":"Atlas of relations between climatic parameters and distributions of important trees and shrubs in North America - Alaska species and ecoregions","docAbstract":"Climate is the primary factor in controlling the continental-scale distribution of plant species, although the relations between climatic parameters and species' ranges is only now beginning to be quantified. Preceding volumes of this atlas explored the continental-scale relations between climatic parameters and the distributions of woody plant species across all of the continent of North America. This volume presents similar information for important woody species, groups of species, and ecoregions in more detail for the State of Alaska. For these analyses, we constructed a 25-kilometer equal-area grid of modern climatic and bioclimatic parameters for North America from instrumental weather records. We obtained a digital representation of the geographic distribution of each species or ecoregion, either from a published source or by digitizing the published distributions ourselves. The presence or absence of each species or ecoregion was then determined for each point on the 25-kilometer grid, thus providing a basis for comparison of the climatic data with the geographic distribution of each species or ecoregion. The relations between climate and these distributions are presented in graphical and tabular form.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1650D","isbn":"9781411310407","usgsCitation":"Thompson, R.S., Anderson, K.H., Strickland, L.E., Shafer, S., Pelltier, R.T., and Bartlein, P.J., 2006, Atlas of relations between climatic parameters and distributions of important trees and shrubs in North America - Alaska species and ecoregions (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1650, Report: iv, 342 p.; Data Release, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1650D.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 342 p.; Data Release","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":419972,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9FPD80E","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"A gridded database of the modern distributions of climate, woody plant taxa, and ecoregions for the continental United States and Canada"},{"id":12000,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/p1650-d/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":124715,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1650_d.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -172,51 ], [ -172,72 ], [ -130,72 ], [ -130,51 ], [ -172,51 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db6694b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, Robert S. 0000-0001-9287-2954 rthompson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9287-2954","contributorId":891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Robert","email":"rthompson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, Katherine H. 0000-0003-2677-6109","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2677-6109","contributorId":52556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Katherine","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":289872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Strickland, Laura E. 0000-0002-1958-7273 lstrickland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1958-7273","contributorId":4682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strickland","given":"Laura","email":"lstrickland@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shafer, Sarah L.","contributorId":32623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shafer","given":"Sarah L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pelltier, Richard T. 0000-0001-8322-7961 rtpelltier@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8322-7961","contributorId":4683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pelltier","given":"Richard","email":"rtpelltier@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bartlein, Patrick J.","contributorId":106879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartlein","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":79417,"text":"ofr20061298 - 2006 - Selected Well Data Used in Determining Ground-Water Availability in the North and South Carolina Atlantic Coastal Plain Aquifer Systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-08T09:17:21","indexId":"ofr20061298","displayToPublicDate":"2006-11-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1298","title":"Selected Well Data Used in Determining Ground-Water Availability in the North and South Carolina Atlantic Coastal Plain Aquifer Systems","docAbstract":"The data presented in this report are for selected wells in North and South Carolina that are located in the Atlantic Coastal Plain aquifer system. The data represent a partial inventory of wells in the study area and are to be used to update a regional flow model for North and South Carolina. This inventory includes a total of 813 wells in North Carolina and 461 wells in South Carolina.\r\n\r\nThe well data include well-identification numbers, well locations by latitude and longitude, land-surface elevations, hole depths, well depths, open or screened interval(s), well diameters, depth to water, dates of water-level measurements, and aquifer assignment and transmissivity. Ground-water data presented in this report were obtained from field investigations and compiled from existing well records, both published and unpublished.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061298","usgsCitation":"Harrelson, L.G., and Fine, J.M., 2006, Selected Well Data Used in Determining Ground-Water Availability in the North and South Carolina Atlantic Coastal Plain Aquifer Systems (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1298, iv, 81 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061298.","productDescription":"iv, 81 p.","numberOfPages":"85","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":8929,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1298/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":194759,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South 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Carolina\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fa7ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harrelson, Larry G.","contributorId":70059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrelson","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fine, Jason M. 0000-0002-6386-256X jmfine@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6386-256X","contributorId":2238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fine","given":"Jason","email":"jmfine@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70176948,"text":"70176948 - 2006 - Long-term population monitoring: Lessons learned from an endangered passerine in Hawai‘i","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-13T13:25:01","indexId":"70176948","displayToPublicDate":"2006-11-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Long-term population monitoring: Lessons learned from an endangered passerine in Hawai‘i","docAbstract":"Obtaining reliable population estimates is crucial to monitoring endangered species and developing recovery strategies. The palila (Loxioides bailleui) is an endangered seed-eating Hawaiian honeycreeper restricted to the subalpine forests of Mauna Kea, a volcano on the island of Hawai‘i, USA. The species is vulnerable to extinction primarily because >90% of the population is concentrated in <30 km2 of habitat on the western slope of this high, dormant volcano. Annual surveys of the palila population have been conducted for ecological, legal, and other purposes since 1980. Because refinements to sampling protocols and analytical methods have evolved, we examined means of adapting the monitoring program to produce comparable estimates of abundance over the past 25-year period and into the future. We conducted variable circular plot surveys during the nonbreeding season (Jan–Mar) and this used data to obtain estimates of effective detection radius and annual density with Distance 4.0, Release 2. For comparability over the time-series, we excluded from analysis the data from new transects. We partitioned the 25-year data set (1980–1996 and 1997–2004) into 2 separate analyses because, beginning in 1997, observers received more training to reduce their tendency to estimate distances to 5-m intervals. We used geographic strata in the analysis of recent surveys because changes in habitat may have invalidated the density-based strata used previously. By adding observer and year and observer and time of day as co-variables, we improved the model fit to the 2 data sets, respectively. Annual estimates were confounded by changes in sampling methodology and analytical procedures over time. However, the addition of new transects, increased training for observers, and use of exact distance estimates instead of rounding also improved model fit. Habitat characteristics and behavior of palila that potentially influenced detection probability, sampling, analysis, and interpretation were regeneration of trees in response to reduced numbers of introduced browsing mammals, seasonally variable rates of vocalization, non-territoriality, and resource-tracking along an elevation gradient. We believe our adaptive approach to analysis and interpretation of 25 years of annual variable circular plot data could help guide similar long-term monitoring efforts.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34[1055:LPMLLF]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Johnson, L., Camp, R., Brinck, K., and Banko, P.C., 2006, Long-term population monitoring: Lessons learned from an endangered passerine in Hawai‘i: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 34, no. 4, p. 1055-1063, https://doi.org/10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34[1055:LPMLLF]2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"1055","endPage":"1063","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":329535,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"34","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57ffdf00e4b0824b2d179d0a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Luanne","contributorId":140108,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"Luanne","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13385,"text":"University of Hawaii at Hilo Cooperative Studies Unit","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":650835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Camp, Richard J. rick_camp@usgs.gov","contributorId":2952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Camp","given":"Richard J.","email":"rick_camp@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5049,"text":"Pacific Islands Ecosys Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":650836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brinck, Kevin W. 0000-0001-7581-2482 kbrinck@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7581-2482","contributorId":3847,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brinck","given":"Kevin W.","email":"kbrinck@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":650837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Banko, Paul C. 0000-0002-6035-9803 pbanko@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6035-9803","contributorId":3179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banko","given":"Paul","email":"pbanko@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5049,"text":"Pacific Islands Ecosys Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":650838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":79411,"text":"sir20065288 - 2006 - Land-Cover Trends of the Central Basin and Range Ecoregion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:44","indexId":"sir20065288","displayToPublicDate":"2006-11-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5288","title":"Land-Cover Trends of the Central Basin and Range Ecoregion","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Land Cover Trends research project is focused on understanding the amounts, rates, trends, causes, and implications of contemporary land-use and land-cover (LU/LC) change in the United States. This project is supported by the USGS Geographic Analysis and Monitoring Program in collaboration with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). \r\n\r\nLU/LC change is a pervasive process that modifies landscape characteristics and affects a broad range of socioeconomic, biologic, and hydrologic systems. Understanding the impacts and feedbacks of LU/LC change on environmental systems requires an understanding of the rates, patterns, and driving forces of past, present, and future LU/LC change. The objectives of the Land Cover Trends project are to (1) determine and describe the amount, rates, and trends of contemporary LU/LC change by ecoregion for the period 1973-2000 for the conterminous United States, (2) document the causes, driving forces, and implications of change, and (3) synthesize individual ecoregion results into a national assessment of LU/LC change. \r\n\r\nThe Land Cover Trends research team includes staff from the USGS National Center for Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS), Rocky Mountain Geographic Science Center, Eastern Geographic Science Center, Mid-Continent Geographic Science Center, and the Western Geographic Science Center. Other partners include researchers at South Dakota State University, University of Southern Mississippi, and State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry. \r\n\r\nThis report presents an assessment of LU/LC change in the Central Basin and Range ecoregion for the period 1973-2000. The Central Basin and Range ecoregion is one of 84 Level-III ecoregions as defined by the Environmental Protection Agency. Ecoregions have served as a spatial framework for environmental resource management and to denote areas that contain a geographically distinct assemblage of biotic and abiotic phenomena including geology, physiography, vegetation, climate, soils, land use, wildlife, and hydrology. The established Land Cover Trends methodology generates estimates of LU/LC change using a probability sampling approach and change-detection analysis of thematic land-cover images derived from Landsat satellite imagery.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20065288","usgsCitation":"Soulard, C.E., 2006, Land-Cover Trends of the Central Basin and Range Ecoregion: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5288, iii, 20 p.; 10 figs.; 4 tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065288.","productDescription":"iii, 20 p.; 10 figs.; 4 tables","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[{"id":293,"text":"Geographic Analysis and Monitoring Program","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194758,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8922,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5288/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -121,35 ], [ -121,45 ], [ -112,45 ], [ -112,35 ], [ -121,35 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6adf4b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Soulard, Christopher E. 0000-0002-5777-9516 csoulard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5777-9516","contributorId":2642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soulard","given":"Christopher","email":"csoulard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":79408,"text":"sir20065172 - 2006 - Hydrogeologic framework and ground-water Flow in quaternary deposits at the U.S. Army Atterbury Joint Maneuver Training Center near Edinburgh, Indiana, 2002-2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-08T11:05:14","indexId":"sir20065172","displayToPublicDate":"2006-11-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5172","title":"Hydrogeologic framework and ground-water Flow in quaternary deposits at the U.S. Army Atterbury Joint Maneuver Training Center near Edinburgh, Indiana, 2002-2003","docAbstract":"A hydrogeologic framework was developed for unconsolidated Quaternary deposits at the U.S. Army Atterbury Joint Maneuver Training Center. The framework describes the potential for the occurrence of ground water on the basis of physiography and the distribution of geologic materials within the study area. Four geologic units-the Jessup, Trafalgar, Atherton, and Martinsville Formations-were identified, and their distribution was mapped as four hydrogeologic regions. The Jessup and Trafalgar Formations are fine-grained, poorly sorted tills. At least two facies of the Atherton Formation, the lacustrine and outwash facies, are in the study area. The Martinsville Formation includes materials deposited or reworked since the glacial period. With the exception of the Atherton Formation outwash facies, the Quaternary deposits are primarily fine-grained, silt- and clay-rich sediments that function as confining layers or aquitards. The Atherton Formation out-wash facies includes sand and gravel deposits that constitute the primary aquifers in the study area. The four hydrogeologic regions mapped in this investigation are designated as the Bedrock, Jessup Till, Trafalgar Till, and Atherton Outwash Regions. Each region represents an area with a distinctive physiographic expression and vertical sequence of Quaternary deposits. The Bedrock Region in the western and southwestern part of the study area commonly is underlain by 0 to 15 feet of Martinsville Formation resting directly on bedrock. Potential ground-water yields are limited. The Jessup Till Region in the southeastern part of the study area includes the uplands on either side of the stream valleys. Sediments commonly range from 30 to 90 feet in thickness. This region includes clay-rich till of the Jessup Formation and sand and gravel deposits of the Atherton Formation outwash facies; the Atherton Formation outwash facies tends to be thin, and ground-water yields will be moderate. The Trafalgar Till Region in the north and northwest-central part of the study area commonly is underlain by 10 to 30 feet of Trafalgar till or Trafalgar till over 25 to 50 feet of Jessup till. Within, separating, and beneath these tills are deposits of the Atherton Formation outwash facies-the sand and gravel deposits with the best potential to support a water-supply well. Generally, the outwash facies in this region are thin sand and gravel lenses, except in a few locations that are in excess of 30 feet thick. The Atherton Outwash Region is the lowland area associated with the major valleys in all but the far southwestern part of the study area. This region has the greatest thickness of outwash facies sands and gravels (often in excess of 20 feet), which are the primary aquifers. In the Atterbury Joint Maneuver Training Center, the combined Atherton Outwash Region and the Trafalgar Till Region have the greatest potential as infiltration areas because of low topographic relief and(or) sandy soils. From water-level data collected in July and August 2003, horizontal ground-water flow was determined generally to be toward the Atherton Outwash Region and the valley of the Drift-wood River to the east. Vertical hydraulic gradients were documented at nested well pairs. At two sites, upwardly directed gradients are reflected by flowing wells. Ground-water discharge to surface water is likely in some eastern reaches of the valleys of Nineveh and Lick Creeks. In the valley of Nineveh Creek, potential for ground-water discharge is indicated by the presence of a flowing well, upwardly directed vertical hydraulic gradients, and ground-water heads that were higher than surface-water elevations. In the valley of Lick Creek, ground-water discharge also is indicated by the presence of flowing wells and ground-water heads that were higher than surface-water elevations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20065172","collaboration":"Prepared in Cooperation with the Indiana Army National Guard","usgsCitation":"Robinson, B.A., and Risch, M.R., 2006, Hydrogeologic framework and ground-water Flow in quaternary deposits at the U.S. Army Atterbury Joint Maneuver Training Center near Edinburgh, Indiana, 2002-2003: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5172, v, 58 p.; 11 figs.; 5 tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065172.","productDescription":"v, 58 p.; 11 figs.; 5 tables","startPage":"1","endPage":"52","numberOfPages":"58","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2002-01-01","temporalEnd":"2003-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324905,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20065172.GIF"},{"id":8920,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5172/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","otherGeospatial":"Camp Atterbury","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.98861694335938,\n 39.39640774949963\n ],\n [\n -86.08406066894531,\n 39.39640774949963\n ],\n [\n -86.16439819335938,\n 39.39587712612034\n ],\n [\n -86.25778198242188,\n 39.35659979720227\n ],\n [\n -86.26258850097655,\n 39.24980258296657\n ],\n [\n -86.2591552734375,\n 39.1987374726247\n ],\n [\n -86.18705749511719,\n 39.19660895352297\n ],\n [\n -86.15135192871094,\n 39.13272339930891\n ],\n [\n -86.06208801269531,\n 39.128462299490046\n ],\n [\n -85.98861694335938,\n 39.13165814852468\n ],\n [\n -85.968017578125,\n 39.138581990583525\n ],\n [\n -85.96939086914062,\n 39.26734763353102\n ],\n [\n -85.97282409667969,\n 39.31623792008409\n ],\n [\n -85.97694396972656,\n 39.38101803294523\n ],\n [\n -85.97557067871094,\n 39.39640774949963\n ],\n [\n -85.98861694335938,\n 39.39640774949963\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a50e4b07f02db628cdd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, Bret A. barobins@usgs.gov","contributorId":3897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"Bret","email":"barobins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":289832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Risch, Martin R. 0000-0002-7908-7887 mrrisch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7908-7887","contributorId":2118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Risch","given":"Martin","email":"mrrisch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":27231,"text":"Indiana-Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":79372,"text":"ofr20061337 - 2006 - Polar Bear Population Status in the Southern Beaufort Sea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-29T18:16:02","indexId":"ofr20061337","displayToPublicDate":"2006-11-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1337","title":"Polar Bear Population Status in the Southern Beaufort Sea","docAbstract":"Polar bears depend entirely on sea ice for survival. In recent years, a warming climate has caused major changes in the Arctic sea ice environment, leading to concerns regarding the status of polar bear populations. Here we present findings from long-term studies of polar bears in the southern Beaufort Sea (SBS) region of the U.S. and Canada, which are relevant to these concerns. We applied open population capture-recapture models to data collected from 2001 to 2006, and estimated there were 1,526 (95% CI = 1,211; 1,841) polar bears in the SBS region in 2006. The number of polar bears in this region was previously estimated to be approximately 1,800. Because precision of earlier estimates was low, our current estimate of population size and the earlier ones cannot be statistically differentiated. For the 2001-06 period, the best fitting capture-recapture model provided estimates of total apparent survival of 0.43 for cubs of the year (COYs), and 0.92 for all polar bears older than COYs. Because the survival rates for older polar bears included multiple sex and age strata, they could not be compared to previous estimates. Survival rates for COYs, however, were significantly lower than estimates derived in earlier studies (P = 0.03). The lower survival of COYs was corroborated by a comparison of the number of COYs per adult female for periods before (1967-89) and after (1990-2006) the winter of 1989-90, when warming temperatures and altered atmospheric circulation caused an abrupt change in sea ice conditions in the Arctic basin. In the latter period, there were significantly more COYs per adult female in the spring (P = 0.02), and significantly fewer COYs per adult female in the autumn (P < 0.001). Apparently, cub production was higher in the latter period, but fewer cubs survived beyond the first 6 months of life. Parallel with declining survival, skull measurements suggested that COYs captured from 1990 to 2006 were smaller than those captured before 1990. Similarly, both skull measurements and body weights suggested that adult males captured from 1990 to 2006 were smaller than those captured before 1990. The smaller stature of males was especially notable because it corresponded with a higher mean age of adult males. Male polar bears continue to grow into their teens, and if adequately nourished, the older males captured in the latter period should have been larger than those captured earlier. In western Hudson Bay, Canada, a significant decline in population size was preceded by observed declines in cub survival and physical stature. The evidence of declining recruitment and body size reported here, therefore, suggests vigilance regarding the future of polar bears in the SBS region.
","language":"English","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061337","usgsCitation":"Regehr, E.V., Amstrup, S.C., and Stirling, I., 2006, Polar Bear Population Status in the Southern Beaufort Sea: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1337, vi, 20 p.; 2 figs.; 7 tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061337.","productDescription":"vi, 20 p.; 2 figs.; 7 tables","numberOfPages":"26","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194776,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8867,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1337/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ee4b07f02db660c50","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Regehr, Eric V. 0000-0003-4487-3105","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4487-3105","contributorId":66364,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Regehr","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":12428,"text":"U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":289724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Amstrup, Steven C.","contributorId":67034,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amstrup","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13182,"text":"Polar Bears International","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":289723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stirling, Ian","contributorId":72079,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stirling","given":"Ian","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6962,"text":"Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":289725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":79338,"text":"sir20065222 - 2006 - Hydrologic Characteristics of a Managed Wetland and a Natural Riverine Wetland along the Kankakee River in Northwestern Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-09T11:06:35","indexId":"sir20065222","displayToPublicDate":"2006-11-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5222","title":"Hydrologic Characteristics of a Managed Wetland and a Natural Riverine Wetland along the Kankakee River in Northwestern Indiana","docAbstract":"Characteristics of ground-water/surface-water interactions were identified at a managed wetland (Hog Marsh) and a natural riverine wetland (LaSalle) located on the north and south sides, respectively, of the Kankakee River in northwestern Indiana. Hog Marsh covers about 390 hectares of the Grand Kankakee Marsh County Park. LaSalle covers about 100 hectares of the LaSalle State Fish and Wildlife Area, and is about 20 kilometers downstream of Hog Marsh. Hydrologic characteristics of the two wetlands were investigated using data from 1997 to 1999 for 22 wells adjacent to the Kankakee River in northwestern Indiana. Surface-water levels at the managed wetland were controlled by a system of channels, levees, and managed flooding. Surface-water levels at the natural riverine wetland were not controlled. Ground-water levels in the unconfined surficial aquifer beneath the two wetlands were analyzed by assessing water-level fluctuations. Fifteen wells at Hog Marsh and seven wells at LaSalle were monitored. The interquartile range in ground-water levels away from the river at Hog Marsh fluctuated less (from 0.4 to 0.7 meters) than all ground-water levels in the same aquifer beneath LaSalle (from 0.9 to 1.0 meters). The difference in the range of water-level fluctuation probably is attributable to the managed flooding of Hog Marsh units, which tends to maintain somewhat uniform water levels in that wetland. Ground-water-flow directions along a vertical section through the unconfined surficial aquifer at the managed wetland were more variable than those at the natural riverine wetland. During winter and spring, when flow in the Kankakee River is high, flow is from the Kankakee River into the adjacent surficial aquifer and towards a 2-meter-wide Brown Ditch on the north side of Hog Marsh. Water levels in Brown Ditch remain lower than those in the Kankakee River during this period. From June to December, when flow in the Kankakee River is moderate to low, a flow divide developed near the center of the managed wetland. Ground-water flow south of the divide is to the Kankakee River; north of the divide, it is toward Brown Ditch. Slight ground-water mounding near the center of the managed wetland is accentuated by water-management practices that intentionally flood that area. Ground-water flow in the surficial aquifer at the natural riverine wetland was not impeded by ditches or managed flooding, and a simple flow-through system from areas south of the Kankakee River to the river was observed. A ground-water flow model was constructed along a representative cross section through the surficial aquifer at the managed wetland and calibrated using data collected at the site. A no-flow boundary was used beneath the Kankakee River, and head-dependent boundaries were used along the north end of the model and at the base of the model. The model simulations indicated that artificial controls on the managed-wetland hydrology create sites of recharge to and discharge from the surficial aquifer that are absent at the natural riverine wetland. The steady-state flow simulation represented flow conditions following a 4-month period of no changes in hydrologic stresses. The simulation results indicated that flow paths originating from flooded areas near the center of the managed wetland are sources of aquifer recharge during the managed-flooding period. Brown Ditch captured almost all of the ground water north of the managed wetland. The simulated water budget along a well transect indicated that 88 percent of inflow to the surficial aquifer beneath the managed wetland was from a distribution channel and from flooding in the management units. These modeling results identify differences in flow patterns between the managed and natural riverine wetlands in addition to those identified by the water-level data. Results of transient simulations indicated that surface water from the Kankakee River penetrated only about 2 to 3 meters into the surficial aquif
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20065222","usgsCitation":"Arihood, L.D., Bayless, E.R., and Sidle, W.C., 2006, Hydrologic Characteristics of a Managed Wetland and a Natural Riverine Wetland along the Kankakee River in Northwestern Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5222, vi, 78 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065222.","productDescription":"vi, 78 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"78","numberOfPages":"84","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195561,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20065222.GIF"},{"id":8830,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5222/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.27762222290039,\n 41.21750015595371\n ],\n [\n -87.27762222290039,\n 41.226086473772526\n ],\n [\n -87.2720217704773,\n 41.226086473772526\n ],\n [\n -87.2720217704773,\n 41.21750015595371\n ],\n [\n -87.27762222290039,\n 41.21750015595371\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db688a64","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arihood, Leslie D. 0000-0001-5792-3699 larihood@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5792-3699","contributorId":2357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arihood","given":"Leslie","email":"larihood@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bayless, E. Randall 0000-0002-0357-3635","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0357-3635","contributorId":42586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bayless","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"Randall","affiliations":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sidle, William C.","contributorId":47885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sidle","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}