Zinc deficiency has been shown to impair cognitive functioning, but little work has been done on the effects of elevated zinc. This research examined the effect on memory of raising Sprague–Dawley rats on enhanced levels of zinc (10 ppm ZnCO3; 0.153 mM) in the drinking water for periods of 3 or 9 months, both pre- and postnatally. Controls were raised on lab water. Memory was tested in a series of Morris Water Maze (MWM) experiments, and zinc-treated rats were found to have impairments in both reference and working memory. They were significantly slower to find a stationary platform and showed greater thigmotaxicity, a measure of anxiety. On a working memory task, where the platform was moved each day, zinc-treated animals had longer latencies over both trials and days, swam further from the platform, and showed greater thigmotaxicity. On trials using an Atlantis platform, which remained in one place but was lowered on probe trials, the zinc-treated animals had significantly fewer platform crossings, spent less time in the target quadrant, and did not swim as close to the platform position. They had significantly greater latency on nonprobe trials. Microprobe synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (μSXRF) confirmed that brain zinc levels were increased by adding ZnCO3 to the drinking water. These data show that long-term dietary administration of zinc can lead to impairments in cognitive function.
In the evolution of methods for calculating synthetic time histories of ground motion for postulated earthquakes, kinematic source models have dominated to date because of their ease of application. Dynamic models, however, which incorporate a physical relationship between important faulting parameters of stress drop, slip, rupture velocity, and rise time, are becoming more accessible. This article compares a class of kinematic models based on the summation of a fractal distribution of subevent sizes with a dynamic model based on the slip-weakening friction law. Kinematic modeling is done for the frequency band 0.2 to 10.0. Hz, dynamic models are calculated from 0.2 to 2.0. Hz. The strong motion data set for the 1994 Northridge earthquake is used to evaluate and compare the synthetic time histories. Source models are propagated to the far field by convolution with 1D and 3D theoretical Green’s functions. In addition, the kinematic model is used to evaluate the importance of propagation path effects: velocity structure, scattering, and nonlinearity. At present, the kinematic model gives a better broadband fit to the Northridge ground motion than the simple slip-weakening dynamic model. In general, the dynamic model overpredicts rise times and produces insufficient shorter-period energy. Within the context of the slip-weakening model, the Northridge ground motion requires a short slip-weakening distance, on the order of 0.15 m or less. A more complex dynamic model including rate weakening or one that allows shorter rise times near the hypocenter may fit the data better.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Stanford","doi":"10.1785/0120040136","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Hartzell, S., Guatteri, M., Mai, P., Liu, P., and Fisk, M.R., 2005, Calculation of broadband time histories of ground motion, Part II: Kinematic and dynamic modeling using theoretical Green's functions and comparison with the 1994 northridge earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 95, no. 2, p. 614-645, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120040136.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"614","endPage":"645","numberOfPages":"32","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236419,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209724,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120040136"}],"volume":"95","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f301e4b0c8380cd4b53f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hartzell, S.","contributorId":12603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartzell","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Guatteri, Mariagiovanna","contributorId":29979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guatteri","given":"Mariagiovanna","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mai, P.M.","contributorId":32712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mai","given":"P.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Liu, P.-C.","contributorId":25339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"P.-C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fisk, M. R.","contributorId":17031,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fisk","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":6680,"text":"Oregon State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":421060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70029184,"text":"70029184 - 2005 - Generation and validation of characteristic spectra from EO1 Hyperion image data for detecting the occurrence of the invasive species, Chinese tallow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:48","indexId":"70029184","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2068,"text":"International Journal of Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Generation and validation of characteristic spectra from EO1 Hyperion image data for detecting the occurrence of the invasive species, Chinese tallow","docAbstract":"Chinese tallow (Triadica sebifera) is an invasive tree that is spreading throughout the south-eastern United States and now into the west, and in many places causing extensive change to native habitat and associated wildlife. Detecting and mapping the relative distribution of this species is important to its control and eradication. To map the relative distribution of Chinese tallow within a southwestern Louisiana coastal wetland to upland environment, Earth Observing 1 (EO1) satellite Hyperion sensor hyperspectral image data were combined with a subpixel extraction method that modelled characteristic spectra from the image data without requiring a priori characteristic spectra. Because of the low percentage occurrences of Chinese tallow and high spectral covariation in the environment, unique validation and verification methods were implemented, relying on simultaneous collection of field canopy reflectance spectra and subsequent classification of canopy compositions. The subpixel extraction method produced five characteristic spectra, which we further refined to four that adequately represented the field spectra, as well as the Hyperion imaged canopy reflectance datasets. Characteristic spectra were designated as senescing foliage, cypress-tupelo trees, and trees without leaves; shadows and green vegetation; senescing Chinese tallow with yellow leaves and yellowing foliage; and senescing Chinese tallow with red leaves ('red tallow'). About 81% (n=34) of the field and 78% (n=33) of the Hyperion imaged characteristic spectra associated with 'red tallow' were explained by the compositions generated in the field slide classifications. ?? 2005 US Government.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Remote Sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1080/01431160512331326710","issn":"01431161","usgsCitation":"Ramsey, E., Rangoonwala, A., Nelson, G., Ehrlich, R., and Martella, K., 2005, Generation and validation of characteristic spectra from EO1 Hyperion image data for detecting the occurrence of the invasive species, Chinese tallow: International Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 26, no. 8, p. 1611-1636, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160512331326710.","startPage":"1611","endPage":"1636","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210859,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431160512331326710"},{"id":237906,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-02-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1550e4b0c8380cd54d54","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ramsey, Elijah W. III 0000-0002-4518-5796","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4518-5796","contributorId":72769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramsey","given":"Elijah W.","suffix":"III","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":421663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rangoonwala, A. 0000-0002-0556-0598","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0556-0598","contributorId":95248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rangoonwala","given":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":421664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nelson, G.","contributorId":101072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ehrlich, R.","contributorId":72192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ehrlich","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Martella, K.","contributorId":42417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martella","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70028790,"text":"70028790 - 2005 - Physical controls on total and methylmercury concentrations in streams and lakes of the northeastern USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:45","indexId":"70028790","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1479,"text":"Ecotoxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Physical controls on total and methylmercury concentrations in streams and lakes of the northeastern USA","docAbstract":"The physical factors controlling total mercury (HgT) and methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations in lakes and streams of northeastern USA were assessed in a regional data set containing 693 HgT and 385 corresponding MeHg concentrations in surface waters. Multiple regression models using watershed characteristics and climatic variables explained 38% or less of the variance in HgT and MeHg. Land cover percentages and soil permeability generally provided modest predictive power. Percent wetlands alone explained 19% of the variance in MeHg in streams at low-flow, and it was the only significant (p < 0.02) predictor for MeHg in lakes, albeit explaining only 7% of the variance. When stream discharge was added as a variable it became the dominant predictor for HgT in streams, improving the model r 2 from 0.19 to 0.38. Stream discharge improved the MeHg model more modestly, from r 2 of 0.25 to 0.33. Methylation efficiency (MeHg/HgT) was modeled well (r 2 of 0.78) when a seasonal term was incorporated (sine wave with annual period). Physical models explained 18% of the variance in fish Hg concentrations in 134 lakes and 55% in 20 reservoirs. Our results highlight the important role of seasonality and short-term hydrologic changes to the delivery of Hg to water bodies. ?? 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecotoxicology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10646-004-6264-z","issn":"09639292","usgsCitation":"Shanley, J.B., Kamman, N., Clair, T., and Chalmers, A., 2005, Physical controls on total and methylmercury concentrations in streams and lakes of the northeastern USA: Ecotoxicology, v. 14, no. 1-2, p. 125-134, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-004-6264-z.","startPage":"125","endPage":"134","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209872,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10646-004-6264-z"},{"id":236615,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7aa4e4b0c8380cd78ffc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shanley, J. B.","contributorId":52226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shanley","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kamman, N.C.","contributorId":51079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kamman","given":"N.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clair, T.A.","contributorId":84529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clair","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chalmers, A.","contributorId":96858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chalmers","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70455,"text":"fs20053021 - 2005 - Taking the pulse of Colorado's Front Range: Developing regional indicators of environmental and quality of life condition","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-31T13:41:28","indexId":"fs20053021","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-3021","title":"Taking the pulse of Colorado's Front Range: Developing regional indicators of environmental and quality of life condition","docAbstract":"Indicators are routinely used to report the status and trends of human health, economy, educational achievement, and quality of life. Some environmental indicators, such as for water and air quality, are routinely reported and used to inform personal, management, or policy decisions. Other environmental indicators, particularly those that do not relate directly to human well-being, have been harder to define, interpret, or use. These indicators may be just as useful and important in describing the ability to provide ecosystem good and services, or less tangible quality of life measures, but they may be suspect because of the quality of data or even the source of the information.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20053021","usgsCitation":"Baron, J., 2005, Taking the pulse of Colorado's Front Range: Developing regional indicators of environmental and quality of life condition: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2005-3021, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20053021.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121141,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2005_3021.jpg"},{"id":320269,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2005/3021/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adde4b07f02db686f56","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baron, Jill S. 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill S.","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":282474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70028783,"text":"70028783 - 2005 - Characterization of gas chemistry and noble-gas isotope ratios of inclusion fluids in magmatic-hydrothermal and magmatic-steam alunite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:55","indexId":"70028783","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterization of gas chemistry and noble-gas isotope ratios of inclusion fluids in magmatic-hydrothermal and magmatic-steam alunite","docAbstract":"Chemical and isotope data were obtained for the active gas and noble gas of inclusion fluids in coarse-grained samples of magmatic-hydrothermal and magmatic-steam alunite from well-studied deposits (Marysvale, Utah; Tambo, Chile; Tapajo??s, Brazil; Cactus, California; Pierina, Peru), most of which are discussed in this Volume. Primary fluid inclusions in the alunite typically are less than 0.2 ??m but range up to several micrometers. Analyses of the active-gas composition of these alunite-hosted inclusion fluids released in vacuo by both crushing and heating indicate consistent differences in the compositions of magmatic-hydrothermal and magmatic-steam fluids. The compositions of fluids released by crushing were influenced by contributions from significant populations of secondary inclusions that trapped largely postdepositional hydrothermal fluids. Thermally released fluids gave the best representation of the fluids that formed primary alunite. The data are consistent with current models for the evolution of magmatic-hydrothermal and magmatic-steam fluids. Magmatic-steam fluids are vapor-dominant, average about 49 mol% H2O, and contain N2, H2, CH4, CO, Ar, He, HF, and HCl, with SO2 the dominant sulfur gas (average SO2/ H2S=202). In contrast, magmatic-hydrothermal fluids are liquid-dominant, average about 88 mol% H2O, and N2, H2, CO2, and HF, with H2S about as abundant as SO2 (average SO2/H2 S=0.7). The low SO2/H2S and N2/Ar ratios, and the near-absence of He in magmatic-hydrothermal fluids, are consistent with their derivation from degassed condensed magmatic fluids whose evolution from reduced-to-oxidized aqueous sulfur species was governed first by rock and then by fluid buffers. The high SO2/H2S and N2/Ar with significant concentrations of He in magmatic-steam fluids are consistent with derivation directly from a magma. None of the data supports the entrainment of atmospheric gases or mixing of air-saturated gases in meteoric water in either magmatic-hydrothermal or magmatic-steam fluids. Thus, the oxidation of SO2 to aqueous sulfate in the magmatic-steam fluids did not result from mixing with atmospheric oxygen. Both of the fluid types are characterized by high H2 contents that range from 0.2 mol% to the extraordinarily large amounts (66 mol%) observed in some magmatic-steam fluids. Modeling of gas speciation using SOLVGAS requires most of the gas species to have been in disequilibrium at the time of their trapping in the fluid inclusions. The origin of such extreme H2 concentrations, although problematic, is thought to be largely related to accumulation of H2 from the reaction of water with ferrous iron during the rise of magma and probably even after exsolution of fluid from a magma. The large contents of reduced gases in the inclusion fluids are far in excess of those observed in volcanic emanations, and are thought to reflect the close \"sampling position\" of the host alunite relative to the location of the magma. Isotope ratios of He and Ne indicate largely crustal sources for these gases in the alunite parental fluids derived from Tertiary magmas, but a greater mantle component for the gases in alunite parental fluids derived from Proterozoic magmas.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.06.037","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Landis, G.P., and Rye, R.O., 2005, Characterization of gas chemistry and noble-gas isotope ratios of inclusion fluids in magmatic-hydrothermal and magmatic-steam alunite: Chemical Geology, v. 215, no. 1-4 SPEC. ISS., p. 155-184, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.06.037.","startPage":"155","endPage":"184","numberOfPages":"30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236546,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209820,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.06.037"}],"volume":"215","issue":"1-4 SPEC. ISS.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f4c9e4b0c8380cd4befe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landis, G. P.","contributorId":102846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landis","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rye, R. O.","contributorId":66208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70184409,"text":"70184409 - 2005 - Biogeochemical controls on diel cycling of stable isotopes of dissolved 02 and dissolved inorganic carbon in the Big Hole River, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-23T09:30:52","indexId":"70184409","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Biogeochemical controls on diel cycling of stable isotopes of dissolved 02 and dissolved inorganic carbon in the Big Hole River, Montana","docAbstract":"Rivers with high biological productivity typically show substantial increases in pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration during the day and decreases at night, in response to changes in the relative rates of aquatic photosynthesis and respiration. These changes, coupled with temperature variations, may impart diel (24-h) fluctuations in the concentration of trace metals, nutrients, and other chemical species. A better understanding of diel processes in rivers is needed and will lead to improved methods of data collection for both monitoring and research purposes. Previous studies have used stable isotopes of dissolved oxygen (DO) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) as tracers of geochemical and biological processes in streams, lakes, and marine systems. Although seasonal variation in δ18O of DO in rivers and lakes has been documented, no study has investigated diel changes in this parameter. Here, we demonstrate large (up to 13‰) cycles in δ18O-DO for two late summer sampling periods in the Big Hole River of southwest Montana and illustrate that these changes are correlated to variations in the DO concentration, the C-isotopic composition of DIC, and the primary productivity of the system. The magnitude of the diel cycle in δ18O-DO was greater in August versus September because of the longer photoperiod and warmer water temperatures. This study provides another biogeochemical tool for investigating the O2 and C budgets in rivers and may also be applicable to lake and groundwater systems.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es0505595","usgsCitation":"Parker, S.R., Poulson, S.R., Gammons, C.H., and DeGrandpre, M.D., 2005, Biogeochemical controls on diel cycling of stable isotopes of dissolved 02 and dissolved inorganic carbon in the Big Hole River, Montana: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 39, no. 18, p. 7134-7140, https://doi.org/10.1021/es0505595.","productDescription":"7 p. ","startPage":"7134","endPage":"7140","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337095,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana ","otherGeospatial":"Big Hole River ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.35992431640625,\n 45.57944511437787\n ],\n [\n -112.5933837890625,\n 45.47265128615832\n ],\n [\n -112.73895263671874,\n 45.786679041363726\n ],\n [\n -113.05618286132812,\n 45.91198865118152\n ],\n [\n -113.2415771484375,\n 45.90338862522072\n ],\n [\n -113.50936889648438,\n 45.73014967964109\n ],\n [\n -113.53271484375,\n 45.54098421805075\n ],\n [\n -113.50250244140624,\n 45.37433766041358\n ],\n [\n -113.47640991210938,\n 45.33284041773058\n ],\n [\n -113.39126586914062,\n 45.335736561593784\n ],\n [\n -113.39950561523438,\n 45.45531426347788\n ],\n [\n -113.41598510742188,\n 45.57656146038471\n ],\n [\n -113.34869384765625,\n 45.703302146999036\n ],\n [\n -113.20037841796875,\n 45.82497145796607\n ],\n [\n -113.12347412109375,\n 45.81348649679973\n ],\n [\n -112.91885375976562,\n 45.741651816445376\n ],\n [\n -112.79937744140625,\n 45.651488335713594\n ],\n [\n -112.73757934570312,\n 45.50153447596235\n ],\n [\n -112.64419555664062,\n 45.38784182444948\n ],\n [\n -112.50823974609375,\n 45.41966030640988\n ],\n [\n -112.33245849609375,\n 45.55925642651572\n ],\n [\n -112.35992431640625,\n 45.57944511437787\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"39","issue":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c12640e4b014cc3a3d34d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parker, Stephen R.","contributorId":140802,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Parker","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":13574,"text":"Montana Tech of the University of Montana, Butte, MT","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":681355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poulson, Simon R.","contributorId":187411,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Poulson","given":"Simon","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":33648,"text":"Department of Geological Sciences and Engineering, University of Nevada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":681356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gammons, Chris","contributorId":140801,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gammons","given":"Chris","affiliations":[{"id":13574,"text":"Montana Tech of the University of Montana, Butte, MT","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":681357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"DeGrandpre, Michael D.","contributorId":187412,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"DeGrandpre","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70179760,"text":"70179760 - 2005 - Measuring nighttime spawning behavior of chum salmon using a dual-frequency identification sonar (DIDSON)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-17T12:35:49","indexId":"70179760","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Measuring nighttime spawning behavior of chum salmon using a dual-frequency identification sonar (DIDSON)","docAbstract":"The striking body coloration and morphology that Pacific salmon display during spawning coupled with elaborate courtship behaviors suggest that visual cues are important during their reproductive period. To date, virtually all existing information on chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) spawning behavior has been derived from studies conducted during the daytime, and has contributed to the assumption that salmon do not spawn at night. We tested this assumption using a new technology - a dual-frequency identification sonar (DIDSON) - to describe and measure nighttime spawning behavior of wild chum salmon in the Columbia River. The DIDSON produces detailed, video-like images using sound, which enabled us to collect behavioral information at night in complete darkness. The display of DIDSON images enabled fish movements and behaviors to be spatially quantified. We collected continuous observational data on 14 pairs of chum salmon in a natural spawning channel during the daytime and nighttime. Spawners of both genders were observed chasing intruders during nighttime and daytime as nests were constructed. Regardless of diel period, females were engaged in digging to both construct nests and cover eggs, and courting males exhibited the pre-spawning behavior of tail crossing. We observed a total of 13 spawning events, of which nine occurred at night and four occurred during the day. The behaviors we observed at night suggest the assumption that chum salmon do not spawn at night is false. Once chum salmon begin nest construction, visual cues are apparently not required for courtship, nest defense, and spawning. We speculate that non-visual cues (e.g. tactile and auditory) enable chum salmon to carry out most spawning behaviors at night. Our findings have implications for how nighttime flows from hydroelectric dams on the Columbia River are managed for power production and protection of imperiled salmon stocks.
","conferenceTitle":"5th International Conference on Methods and Techniques in Behavioral Research","conferenceDate":"30 August - 2 September 2005","conferenceLocation":"Wageningen, Netherlands","language":"English","publisher":"Noldus Information Technology","usgsCitation":"Tiffan, K., and Rondorf, D., 2005, Measuring nighttime spawning behavior of chum salmon using a dual-frequency identification sonar (DIDSON), 5th International Conference on Methods and Techniques in Behavioral Research, Wageningen, Netherlands, 30 August - 2 September 2005.","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":333253,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"587f3dbbe4b0d96de2564573","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tiffan, K.F.","contributorId":19327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tiffan","given":"K.F.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":658576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rondorf, D.W.","contributorId":80789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rondorf","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":658577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70027327,"text":"70027327 - 2005 - Integrating habitat status, human population pressure, and protection status into biodiversity conservation priority setting","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-23T12:52:37","indexId":"70027327","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1321,"text":"Conservation Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Integrating habitat status, human population pressure, and protection status into biodiversity conservation priority setting","docAbstract":"Priority setting is an essential component of biodiversity conservation. Existing methods to identify priority areas for conservation have focused almost entirely on biological factors. We suggest a new relative ranking method for identifying priority conservation areas that integrates both biological and social aspects. It is based on the following criteria: the habitat's status, human population pressure, human efforts to protect habitat, and number of endemic plant and vertebrate species. We used this method to rank 25 hotspots, 17 megadiverse countries, and the hotspots within each megadiverse country. We used consistent, comprehensive, georeferenced, and multiband data sets and analytical remote sensing and geographic information system tools to quantify habitat status, human population pressure, and protection status. The ranking suggests that the Philippines, Atlantic Forest, Mediterranean Basin, Caribbean Islands, Caucasus, and Indo-Burma are the hottest hotspots and that China, the Philippines, and India are the hottest megadiverse countries. The great variation in terms of habitat, protected areas, and population pressure among the hotspots, the megadiverse countries, and the hotspots within the same country suggests the need for hotspot- and country-specific conservation policies.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00225.x","issn":"08888892","usgsCitation":"Shi, H., Singh, A., Kant, S., Zhu, Z., and Waller, E., 2005, Integrating habitat status, human population pressure, and protection status into biodiversity conservation priority setting: Conservation Biology, v. 19, no. 4, p. 1273-1285, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00225.x.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1273","endPage":"1285","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235422,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209181,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00225.x"}],"volume":"19","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-07-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3c79e4b0c8380cd62d7d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shi, Hua 0000-0001-7013-1565 hshi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7013-1565","contributorId":646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shi","given":"Hua","email":"hshi@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":413192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Singh, Ashbindu singh@usgs.gov","contributorId":5410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singh","given":"Ashbindu","email":"singh@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":413191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kant, S.","contributorId":104685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kant","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zhu, Zhiliang 0000-0002-6860-6936 zzhu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6860-6936","contributorId":150078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhu","given":"Zhiliang","email":"zzhu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5055,"text":"Land Change Science","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":505,"text":"Office of the AD Climate and Land-Use Change","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":411,"text":"National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":413189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Waller, E.","contributorId":54389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waller","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":85665,"text":"85665 - 2005 - Diseases of amphibian eggs and embryos","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-07T12:15:20","indexId":"85665","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"6","title":"Diseases of amphibian eggs and embryos","docAbstract":"Amphibians generally are prolific egg producers. In tropical and semi-tropical regions, deposition of eggs may occur year-round or may coincide with rainy seasons, while in temperate regions, deposition of eggs usually occurs immediately after emergence from hibernation. Numbers of eggs produced by each species may vary from a few dozen to thousands. Accordingly, some eggs may be infertile and wastage of embryos is to be expected.\r\nFertility, viability and decomposition of eggs and embryos must be considered before it is assumed that diseases are present. An important consideration in the evaluation of egg masses is the fact that some will contain infertile and non-viable eggs. These infertile and nonviable eggs will undergo decomposition and they may appear similar to eggs that are infected by a pathogen. Evaluation of egg masses and embryos for the presence of disease may require repeated observations in a given breeding season as well as continued monitoring of egg masses during their growth and development and over successive breeding seasons. Amphibian eggs rarely are subjected to a comprehensive health (diagnostic) examination; hence, there is scant literature on the diseases of this life stage. Indeed, the eggs of some North American amphibians have yet to be described. Much basic physiology and normal biomedical baseline data on amphibian eggs is lacking. For example, it is known that the aquatic eggs of some species of shrimp quickly are coated by a protective and commensal bacterium that effectively impedes invasion of the eggs by other environmental organisms and potential pathogens. In the absence of this bacterium, shrimp eggs are rapidly killed by other bacteria and fungi (Green, 2001). The possibility that amphibian eggs also have important symbiotic or commensal bacteria needs to be investigated. Furthermore, the quantity and types of chemicals in the normal gelatinous capsules of amphibian eggs have scarcely been examined. Abnormalities of the female oviduct, either due to infectious disease, nutritional status, hormonal imbalances, or sublethal intoxications, could affect the quality of secreted gelatinous capsules on eggs, thus rendering an egg mass susceptible to other stressors. Diseases of amphibian eggs and embryos presented in this chapter are\r\nLucke frog herpesvirus\r\nRanavirus (iridovirus) infection\r\nBacteria\r\nWatermold infection (saprolegniasis)\r\nAlgae\r\nMicrosporidia","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Diseases: Landscape Epidemiology, Spatial Distribution and Utilization of Remote Sensing Technology.","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"The Pennsylvania Academy of Science","publisherLocation":"Easton, PA","usgsCitation":"Green, D.E., and Converse, K.A., 2005, Diseases of amphibian eggs and embryos, chap. 6 of Wildlife Diseases: Landscape Epidemiology, Spatial Distribution and Utilization of Remote Sensing Technology., p. 62-71.","productDescription":"p. 62-71","startPage":"62","endPage":"71","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128526,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15364,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/isbn/0945809190","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4494.000000000000000"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db6493de","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Majumdar, S.K.","contributorId":93419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Majumdar","given":"S.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504670,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Huffman, J.E.","contributorId":114005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huffman","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504673,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brenner, F.J.","contributorId":111614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brenner","given":"F.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504671,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Panah, A.I.","contributorId":113671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Panah","given":"A.I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504672,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Green, D. E. 0000-0002-7663-1832","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7663-1832","contributorId":58971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Converse, K. A.","contributorId":81436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Converse","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70231034,"text":"70231034 - 2005 - Spatial data acquisition and integration","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70231034,"text":"70231034 - 2005 - Spatial data acquisition and integration","indexId":"70231034","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"chapter":"2","title":"Spatial data acquisition and integration"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70231025,"text":"70231025 - 2005 - A research agenda for geographic information science","indexId":"70231025","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"title":"A research agenda for geographic information science"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70231025,"text":"70231025 - 2005 - A research agenda for geographic information science","indexId":"70231025","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"title":"A research agenda for geographic information science"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-29T14:52:58.220014","indexId":"70231034","displayToPublicDate":"2004-08-30T09:46:50","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"2","title":"Spatial data acquisition and integration","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"A research agenda for geographic information science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"CRC Press","usgsCitation":"Jensen, J., Saalfeld, A., Broome, F., Cowen, D., Price, K., Ramsey, D., Lapine, L., and Usery, E.L., 2005, Spatial data acquisition and integration, chap. 2 of A research agenda for geographic information science, p. 17-60.","productDescription":"44 p.","startPage":"17","endPage":"60","costCenters":[{"id":5074,"text":"Center for Geospatial Information Science (CEGIS)","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":399897,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jensen, J.","contributorId":25047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jensen","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":841779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Saalfeld, A.","contributorId":290894,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Saalfeld","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":841780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Broome, F.","contributorId":290895,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Broome","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":841781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cowen, D.","contributorId":290896,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cowen","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":841782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Price, K.","contributorId":290897,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Price","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":841783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ramsey, D.","contributorId":290898,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ramsey","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":841784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Lapine, L.","contributorId":290899,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lapine","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":841785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Usery, E. Lynn 0000-0002-2766-2173 usery@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2766-2173","contributorId":231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Usery","given":"E.","email":"usery@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Lynn","affiliations":[{"id":423,"text":"National Geospatial Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":841786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70157051,"text":"70157051 - 2005 - Ecoregions and ecoregionalization: geographical and ecological perspectives","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-03T11:01:03","indexId":"70157051","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ecoregions and ecoregionalization: geographical and ecological perspectives","docAbstract":"Ecoregions, i.e., areas exhibiting relative homogeneity of ecosystems, are units of analysis that are increasingly important in environmental assessment and management. Ecoregions provide a holistic framework for flexible, comparative analysis of complex environmental problems. Ecoregions mapping has intellectual foundations in both geography and ecology. However, a hallmark of ecoregions mapping is that it is a truly interdisciplinary endeavor that demands the integration of knowledge from a multitude of sciences. Geographers emphasize the role of place, scale, and both natural and social elements when delineating and characterizing regions. Ecologists tend to focus on environmental processes with special attention given to energy flows and nutrient cycling. Integration of disparate knowledge from the many key sciences has been one of the great challenges of ecoregions mapping, and may lie at the heart of the lack of consensus on the “optimal” approach and methods to use in such work. Through a review of the principal existing US ecoregion maps, issues that should be addressed in order to advance the state of the art are identified. Research related to needs, methods, data sources, data delivery, and validation is needed. It is also important that the academic system foster education so that there is an infusion of new expertise in ecoregion mapping and use.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00267-003-5181-x","usgsCitation":"Loveland, T., and Merchant, J.W., 2005, Ecoregions and ecoregionalization: geographical and ecological perspectives: Environmental Management, v. 34, no. 1, p. S1-S13, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-003-5181-x.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"S1","endPage":"S13","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307905,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-07-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55e96f34e4b0dacf699e7875","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Loveland, Thomas R. 0000-0003-3114-6646 loveland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3114-6646","contributorId":3005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loveland","given":"Thomas R.","email":"loveland@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":571352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Merchant, James W.","contributorId":7858,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Merchant","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":571353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50813,"text":"ofr0382 - 2005 - Evaluating water management strategies with the Systems Impact Assessment Model: SIAM version 4","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-24T10:22:29","indexId":"ofr0382","displayToPublicDate":"2003-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-82","title":"Evaluating water management strategies with the Systems Impact Assessment Model: SIAM version 4","docAbstract":"Water from many of California's coastal rivers has been used for a wide variety of development ventures, including major agricultural diversions, hydropower generation, and contaminant assimilation from industry, agriculture and logging. Anthropogenic impacts often degrade water quality and decrease the quantity and quality of aquatic habitat. Reallocating streamflow away from uses that degrade water quality to uses that foster higher water quality is a critical step in restoring riverine habitat and the anadromous fish that rely on that habitat for a portion of their life cycle. Reallocation always brings with it the need to examine the economic efficiency of the proposed changes. If the dollar benefits of improving water quality are greater than the costs, the criterion of improving economic efficiency is satisfied, a fact that can be highly persuasive to decision makers contemplating reallocation.
\nPrevious related studies have examined nonmarket benefits of the Trinity River in northern California (Douglas and Taylor, 1998; Douglas and Taylor, 1999abc) but nothing of this kind had been done on the Klamath River, another system with numerous uses for and competition over water in times of drought. An economic survey is nearing completion for the mid- to lower Klamath River, including the Scott, Shasta, and Salmon Rivers, but excluding the Trinity River. This survey provides valuable insights about the magnitude of the benefits and nature of the costs of reallocating water from market uses to instream flows that improve water quality and assist in the recovery of Klamath River fish stocks.
\nPreliminary survey results (Douglas and Johnson, 2002; Douglas and Sleeper, In Prep.) indicate that about 234,000 California, Oregon, and Nevada households made recreation trips to the Klamath River Basin 1997-1998 and that these users spent about $372 million on trip related expenditures. Clearly the prosperity of the region is closely linked to the demand for mid- and lower Klamath River Basin recreation trips. Further, respondents indicated that they would make roughly 36% more recreational trips per annum to the Klamath if the water quality and the fishery were restored to an unspoiled condition. Using two distinct types of survey data, these additional trips would yield benefits with a present value of approximately $9.6 billion (at a discount rate of 7.5%).
\nCalculating costs to restore the fishery and raise water quality involved five major hypothetical restoration activities: (1) purchasing Klamath project farmland and environmentally sensitive forest lands, (2) allocating more water down the Trinity River to enhance the quantity and quality of Klamath flows below the confluence, (3) removing four mainstem dams along the Klamath River and losing their associated hydropower production, (4) eliminating all harvest of Klamath-Trinity fish stocks for a 12-year period including the acquisition of fishing rights from both tribal and commercial marine fishermen, and (5) operating all Klamath-Trinity fish hatcheries to restore self-reproducing stocks. In total, restoration costs were estimated to be about $1.7 to $2.3 billion. If the assumptions used in this study are valid, it is clear that the benefits ($9.6B) outweigh the costs of restoring water quality and the fishery.
\nThe apparent disparity between restoration benefits and costs for the Klamath River may suggest to some that water resources on the Klamath be reallocated to environmentally friendly nonmarket uses. The economic analysis rests in part on the information made available to the survey designers by the biological, hydrologic, and water quality data incorporated in The System Impact Assessment Model (SIAM). It is our hope that SIAM can be used to improve the river's water quality and fishery, and strengthen the important regional economy.
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Each chapter of the National Field Manual is published separately and revised periodically. Newly published and revised chapters are posted on the World Wide Web on the USGS page \"National Field Manual for the Collection of Water-Quality Data.\" The URL for this page is http://pubs.water.usgs.gov/twri9A/ (accessed Jan. 31, 2005).
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Handbooks for Water-Resources Investigations (Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations Book 9)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/twri09A1","usgsCitation":"Wilde, F., 2005, Preparations for water sampling (Version 2.0 (2005)): U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations 9-A1, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/twri09A1.","productDescription":"46 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":650,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/owq/FieldManual/chapter1/pdffiles/Ch1.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.76 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"TM 9-A1"},{"id":359103,"rank":4,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/09/a1/versionHist.txt","text":"Version History","size":"2.74 MB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}},{"id":139884,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/09/a1/coverthb.jpg"}],"edition":"Version 2.0 (2005)","publicComments":"The 2018 release in the Techniques and Methods series supersedes two earlier editions in the Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations series. Version 1 was released in 1998 and version 2 was released in 2005. More details are in the version history document.","contact":"Chief, Office of Quality Assurance
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Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
This study documented the effects of wing-dike notching on the availability of shallow water habitat in the Lower Missouri River. Five wing dikes were surveyed in late May 2004 after they were notched in early May as part of shallow-water habitat (SWH) rehabilitation activities undertaken by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Surveys included high-resolution hydroacoustic depth, velocity, and substrate mapping. Relations of bottom elevations within the wing dike fields to index discharges and water-surface elevations indicate that little habitat meeting the SWH definition was created immediately following notching. This result is not unexpected, as significant geomorphic adjustment may require large flow events. Depth, velocity, and substrate measurements in the post-rehabilitation time period provide baseline data for monitoring ongoing changes. Differences in elevation and substrate were noted at all sites. Most dike fields showed substantial aggradation and replacement of mud substrate with sandier sediment, although the changes did not result in increased availability of SWH at the index discharge. It is not known how much of the elevation and substrate changes can be attributed directly to notching and how much would result from normal sediment transport variation.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041409","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Jacobson, R.B., Elliott, C.M., and Johnson, III, H.E., 2004, Assessment of shallow-water habitat availability in modified dike structures, Lower Missouri River, 2004: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004—1409, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041409.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 18 p.; Appendix: 45 p.","numberOfPages":"18","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2004-01-01","temporalEnd":"2004-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":191038,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1409/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":6697,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1409/ofr20041409.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.41 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2004-1409"},{"id":319572,"rank":301,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1409/ofr20041409_appendix.pdf","text":"Appendix","size":"10.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","otherGeospatial":"lower Missouri River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.515380859375,\n 37.76202988573211\n ],\n [\n -91.900634765625,\n 37.76202988573211\n ],\n [\n -91.900634765625,\n 39.985538414809746\n ],\n [\n -94.515380859375,\n 39.985538414809746\n ],\n [\n -94.515380859375,\n 37.76202988573211\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Columbia Environmental Research Center
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Cross-borehole radar methods were used to monitor a field-scale biostimulation pilot project at the Anoka County Riverfront Park (ACP), located downgradient of the Naval Industrial Reserve Ordnance Plant, in Fridley, Minnesota. The goal of the pilot project is to evaluate biostimulation using emulsified vegetable oil to treat ground water contaminated with chlorinated hydrocarbons. Vegetable oil is intended to serve as substrate to naturally occurring microbes, which ultimately break down chlorinated hydrocarbons into chloride, carbon dioxide, and water through oxidation-reduction reactions. In support of this effort, cross-borehole radar data were acquired by the U.S Geological Survey in five site visits over 1.5 years. This paper presents level-run (zero-offset profile) and time-lapse radar tomography data collected in multiple planes. Comparison of pre- and post-injection data sets provides valuable insights into the spatial and temporal distribution of both emulsified vegetable oil and also the extent of ground water with altered chemistry resulting from injections — information important for understanding microbial degradation of chlorinated hydrocarbons at the site.
In order to facilitate data interpretation and test the effectiveness of radar for monitoring oil-emulsion placement and movement, three injection mixtures with different radar signatures were used: (1) vegetable oil emulsion, (2) vegetable oil emulsion with a colloidal iron tracer, and (3) vegetable oil emulsion with a magnetite tracer. Based on petrophysical modeling, mixture (1) is expected to increase radar velocity and decrease radar attenuation relative to background — a water-saturated porous medium; mixtures (2) and (3) are expected to increase radar velocity and also increase radar attenuation due to their greater electrical conductivity compared to native ground water.
Radar slowness (inverse radar velocity) tomograms and level-run profiles show decreases in slowness in the vicinity of injection wells. Slowness anomalies are observed only in planes connected to injection wells, indicating that the emplaced emulsified vegetable oil does not migrate far after injection. In contrast to the localization of slowness anomalies, attenuation anomalies are observed in all level-run profiles, particularly those downgradient of the injection wells. Despite the expected signatures of different tracers, increases in attenuation are observed downgradient of all three injections; thus, we infer that the attenuation changes do not result from the iron tracers. One viable explanation for the observed attenuation changes is that products of oil-enhanced biodegradation (for example, ferrous iron) increase electrical conductivity of ground water and thus radar attenuation.
Application of radar methods to data from the ACP demonstrated the utility of radar for monitoring biostimulation. Results of level-run and tomographic surveys identified (1) the distribution of emulsified vegetable oil, and (2) the distribution of ground water with oil-affected chemistry. Ongoing research efforts include simultaneous tomographic inversion of radar data from multiple planes, petrophysical modeling, geostatistical interpolation, and development of an integrated interpretation considering conventional borehole logs and surface-to-borehole radar data.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings: Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems (SAGEEP)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems (SAGEEP)","conferenceDate":"February 22-26, 2004","conferenceLocation":"Colorado Springs, CO","language":"English","publisher":"Environmental and Engineering Geophysical Society","usgsCitation":"Lane, J., Day-Lewis, F.D., Roelof J. Versteeg, Casey, C., and Joesten, P.K., 2004, Application of cross-borehole radar to monitor fieldscale vegetable old injection experiments for biostimulation, in Proceedings: Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems (SAGEEP), Colorado Springs, CO, February 22-26, 2004, 20 p.","productDescription":"20 p.","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":368762,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":368761,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/ogw/bgas/publications/SAGEEP04_Lane/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","city":"Fridley","otherGeospatial":"Anoka County Riverfront Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.2783031463623,\n 45.0509679238146\n ],\n [\n -93.27581405639648,\n 45.050786011177486\n ],\n [\n -93.28079223632812,\n 45.05927465105115\n ],\n [\n -93.28001976013184,\n 45.06539781596832\n ],\n [\n -93.27589988708496,\n 45.071944633095136\n ],\n [\n -93.28062057495117,\n 45.07103539777965\n ],\n [\n -93.28353881835938,\n 45.06606465571417\n ],\n [\n -93.28482627868652,\n 45.05957779345641\n ],\n [\n -93.28293800354004,\n 45.05357527469864\n ],\n [\n -93.2783031463623,\n 45.0509679238146\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lane, John W. 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The pilot project was undertaken to evaluate biostimulation using emulsified vegetable oil for treatment of ground water contaminated with chlorinated hydrocarbons. The objectives of the geophysical investigations were to delineate the distribution of vegetable oil injected at NIROP, and evaluate the utility of adding geophysical tracers to the vegetable oil emulsions. Geophysical data were acquired by the U.S Geological Survey in five site visits over 1.5 years. This paper presents (1) level-run radar traveltime and amplitude data; (2) radar cross-hole traveltime tomograms; (3) vertical-radar profile diffraction tomograms; and (4) borehole electromagnetic induction logs. Based on comparison of pre- and postinjection data sets, a conceptual model was developed to define the distribution of emulsified vegetable oil and the extent of ground water having altered chemistry resulting from injections and, possibly, enhanced microbial degradation of chlorinated hydrocarbons. Radar slowness (reciprocal velocity) anomalies indicate that the emplaced oil emulsion remained close to the injection wells, whereas attenuation anomalies indicate changes in ground-water chemistry downgradient of all three injections.
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Versteeg, 2004, Use of borehole radar methods and borehole geophysical logs to monitor a field-scale vegetable oil biostimulation pilot project at Fridley, Minnesota, in Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, Monterrey CA, May 24-27, 2004, 9 p.","productDescription":"9 p.","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":368759,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":368758,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/ogw/bgas/publications/Battelle_2004/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","city":"Fridley","otherGeospatial":"Anoka County Riverfront Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.28092098236084,\n 45.05148333981098\n ],\n [\n -93.27770233154297,\n 45.05148333981098\n ],\n [\n -93.27770233154297,\n 45.053878447319406\n ],\n [\n -93.28092098236084,\n 45.053878447319406\n ],\n [\n -93.28092098236084,\n 45.05148333981098\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lane, John W. 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The map is provided in the Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc. (ESRI) ArcMap and ArcReader GIS formats, as well as in Adobe Acrobat Portable Document Format (PDF). On this CD-ROM, ESRI ArcReader and Adobe Acrobat Reader software provide a way to view and interact with the maps.
The organization and user-friendly navigation of this CD-ROM ensure easy access to its maps and data by using the links on the right side of each page. A link to the USGS World Energy Project website is also provided to access the latest information, updates, and interactive maps, as they relate to this and other world energy products. In addition, system requirements, permission, and contact information can be found in the readme section of this product.
Navigation of this product can be fully utilized with most web browsers (Internet Explorer 6.0/Netscape Navigator 7.1 or later recommended). Note: an Internet connection is necessary to view USGS website links, World Energy website, and the Caribbean Internet Map Service.
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The success at historical urban growth reproduction of the two approaches used in this work was quantified for comparison. The performance of each method is described, as well as the utility of each model in re-creating the history of Santa Barbara. Additionally, the models’ assumptions about space are contrasted. As a consequence, we propose that both approaches are useful in historical urban simulations, yet the cellular approach is more flexible as it can be extended for spatio-temporal extrapolation.
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","conferenceTitle":"Second International Symposium on GIS/Spatial Analyses in Fishery and Aquatic Sciences","conferenceDate":"September 3-6, 2002","conferenceLocation":"Brighton, UK","language":"English","publisher":"Fishery/Aquatic GIS Research Group","usgsCitation":"Torgersen, C.E., Gresswell, R.E., and Bateman, D.S., 2004, Pattern detection in stream networks: Quantifying spatial variability in fish distribution, Second International Symposium on GIS/Spatial Analyses in Fishery and Aquatic Sciences, v. 2, Brighton, UK, September 3-6, 2002, p. 405-420.","productDescription":"16 p","startPage":"405","endPage":"420","numberOfPages":"16","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science 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