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The report also contains a summary of nuisance grizzly bear (<i>Ursus arctos horribilis</i>) management actions.</p>\n<p>The study team continues to work on issues associated with counts of unduplicated females with cubs-of-the-year (COY). These counts are used to establish a minimum population size, which is then used to establish mortality thresholds for the Recovery Plan (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service [USFWS] 1993). A computer program that defines the rule set used by Knight et al. (1995) to differentiate unique family groups is currently under development. Once complete, we intend to use it to verify the accuracy of the rules using known bears and their telemetry locations in test runs. We hope to have this work complete by summer 2004.</p>\n<p>The grizzly bear recovery plan (USFWS 1993) established mortality quotas at 4% of the minimum population estimate derived from female with COY data and no more than 30% of the 4% (1.2%) could be female bears. Simulation modeling (Harris 1984) established sustainable mortality at around 6% of the population. We used the latest information on reproduction and survival to estimate population trajectory in the same simulation model originally used by Harris. A Wildlife Monograph has been drafted and submitted for consideration as a publication. We anticipate final word sometime during winter 2005.</p>\n<p>Our project addressing the potential application of stable isotopes and trace elements to quantify consumption rates of whitebark pine (<i>Pinus albicaulis</i>) and cutthroat trout (<i>Oncorhynchus clarki</i>) by grizzly bears was completed. Our manuscript on consumption rates of whitebark pine has been published (Canadian Journal of Zoology 81:763-770). A copy can be found on the Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team (IGBST) website http://www.nrmsc.usgs.gov/research/igbst-home.htm. The manuscript on fish consumption is in final review and should be published in 2004.</p>\n<p>We began a new study in Grand Teton National Park evaluating habitat use both temporally and spatially between grizzly and black (<i>Ursus americanus</i>) bears. We will employ a new form of Global Positioning System (GPS) technology that incorporates a spread spectrum communication system. Spread spectrum allows for transfer of stored GPS locations from the collar to a remote receiving station. We tested 2 collars during the fall of 2003 and provide a summary of the results. We will attempt to deploy several of these collars during the 2004 field season.</p>\n<p>The annual reports of the IGBST summarize annual data collection. Because additional information can be obtained after publication, data summaries are subject to change. For that reason, data analyses and summaries presented in this report supersede all previously published data. The study area and sampling techniques are reported by Blanchard (1985), Mattson et al. (1991a), and Haroldson et al. (1998).</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"2004, Yellowstone grizzly bear investigations: Annual report of the Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team, 2003 (2003): Annual Report, 65 p.","productDescription":"65 p.","numberOfPages":"69","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312066,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":312065,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.nrmsc.usgs.gov/products/IGBST"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n     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,{"id":70160040,"text":"70160040 - 2004 - Geospatial techniques for developing a sampling frame of watersheds across a region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-15T14:56:17","indexId":"70160040","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-10T08:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Geospatial techniques for developing a sampling frame of watersheds across a region","docAbstract":"<p>Current land-management decisions that affect the persistence of native salmonids are often influenced by studies of individual sites that are selected based on judgment and convenience. Although this approach is useful for some purposes, extrapolating results to areas that were not sampled is statistically inappropriate because the sampling design is usually biased. Therefore, in recent investigations of coastal cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki clarki) located above natural barriers to anadromous salmonids, we used a methodology for extending the statistical scope of inference. The purpose of this paper is to apply geospatial tools to identify a population of watersheds and develop a probability-based sampling design for coastal cutthroat trout in western Oregon, USA. The population of mid-size watersheds (500-5800 ha) west&nbsp;of the Cascade Range divide was derived from watershed delineations based on digital elevation models. Because a database with locations of isolated populations of coastal cutthroat trout did not exist, a sampling frame of isolated watersheds containing cutthroat trout had to be developed. After the sampling frame of watersheds was established, isolated watersheds with coastal cutthroat trout were stratified by ecoregion and erosion potential based on dominant bedrock lithology (i.e., sedimentary and igneous). A stratified random sample of 60 watersheds was selected with proportional allocation in each stratum. By comparing watershed drainage areas of streams in the general population to those in the sampling frame and the resulting sample (n = 60), we were able to evaluate the how representative the subset of watersheds was in relation to the population of watersheds. Geospatial tools provided a relatively inexpensive means to generate the information necessary to develop a statistically robust, probability-based sampling design.</p>","conferenceTitle":"Second International Symposium on GIS/Spatial Analyses in Fishery and Aquatic Sciences","conferenceDate":"September 3-6, 2002","conferenceLocation":"Brighton, UK","language":"English","publisher":"Fishery/Aquatic GIS Research Group","usgsCitation":"Gresswell, R.E., Bateman, D.S., Lienkaemper, G., and Guy, T., 2004, Geospatial techniques for developing a sampling frame of watersheds across a region, Second International Symposium on GIS/Spatial Analyses in Fishery and Aquatic Sciences, Brighton, UK, September 3-6, 2002, p. 515-528.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"515","endPage":"528","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312081,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56695ed3e4b08895842a1c84","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gresswell, Robert E. 0000-0003-0063-855X bgresswell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0063-855X","contributorId":147914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gresswell","given":"Robert","email":"bgresswell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":581694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bateman, Douglas S. 0000-0002-5609-2085 doug_bateman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5609-2085","contributorId":4016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bateman","given":"Douglas","email":"doug_bateman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":581695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lienkaemper, George","contributorId":106211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lienkaemper","given":"George","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Guy, T.J.","contributorId":38087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guy","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70160108,"text":"70160108 - 2004 - Integrating association data and disease dynamics: an illustration using African Buffalo in Kruger National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-11T11:34:48","indexId":"70160108","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-03T08:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":783,"text":"Annales Zoologici Fennici","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Integrating association data and disease dynamics: an illustration using African Buffalo in Kruger National Park","docAbstract":"<p><span>Recognition is a prerequisite for non-random association amongst individuals. We explore how non-random association patterns (i.e. who spends time with whom) affect disease dynamics. We estimated the amount of time individuals spent together per month using radio-tracking data from African buffalo and incorporated these data into a dynamic social network model. The dynamic nature of the network has a strong influence on simulated disease dynamics particularly for diseases with shorter infectious periods. Cluster analyses of the association data demonstrated that buffalo herds were not as well defined as previously thought. Associations were more tightly clustered in 2002 than 2003, perhaps due to drier conditions in 2003. As a result, diseases may spread faster during drought conditions due to increased population mixing. Association data are often collected but this is the first use of empirical data in a network disease model in a wildlife population.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board 2004","usgsCitation":"Cross, P.C., Lloyd-Smith, J.O., Bowers, J.A., Hay, C.T., Hofmeyr, M., and Getz, W.M., 2004, Integrating association data and disease dynamics: an illustration using African Buffalo in Kruger National Park: Annales Zoologici Fennici, v. 41, no. 6, p. 879-892.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"879","endPage":"892","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":312161,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":312160,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/23736148?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents"}],"country":"South Africa","otherGeospatial":"Kruger National Park","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[31.521,-29.25739],[31.32556,-29.40198],[30.90176,-29.90996],[30.62281,-30.42378],[30.05572,-31.14027],[28.92555,-32.17204],[28.21976,-32.77195],[27.46461,-33.22696],[26.41945,-33.61495],[25.90966,-33.66704],[25.78063,-33.94465],[25.17286,-33.79685],[24.67785,-33.98718],[23.59404,-33.79447],[22.98819,-33.91643],[22.57416,-33.86408],[21.5428,-34.25884],[20.68905,-34.41718],[20.07126,-34.79514],[19.61641,-34.81917],[19.19328,-34.4626],[18.85531,-34.44431],[18.42464,-33.99787],[18.37741,-34.13652],[18.2445,-33.86775],[18.25008,-33.28143],[17.92519,-32.61129],[18.24791,-32.42913],[18.22176,-31.66163],[17.56692,-30.72572],[17.06442,-29.87864],[17.06292,-29.87595],[16.34498,-28.57671],[16.82402,-28.08216],[17.21893,-28.35594],[17.3875,-28.78351],[17.83615,-28.85638],[18.4649,-29.04546],[19.00213,-28.97244],[19.89473,-28.4611],[19.89577,-24.76779],[20.16573,-24.91796],[20.75861,-25.86814],[20.66647,-26.47745],[20.88961,-26.82854],[21.6059,-26.72653],[22.10597,-26.28026],[22.57953,-25.97945],[22.82427,-25.50046],[23.3121,-25.26869],[23.73357,-25.39013],[24.21127,-25.67022],[25.02517,-25.71967],[25.66467,-25.48682],[25.76585,-25.17485],[25.94165,-24.69637],[26.48575,-24.61633],[26.78641,-24.24069],[27.11941,-23.57432],[28.01724,-22.82775],[29.43219,-22.09131],[29.83904,-22.10222],[30.32288,-22.27161],[30.65987,-22.15157],[31.19141,-22.25151],[31.6704,-23.65897],[31.93059,-24.36942],[31.75241,-25.48428],[31.83778,-25.84333],[31.33316,-25.66019],[31.04408,-25.73145],[30.94967,-26.02265],[30.67661,-26.39808],[30.68596,-26.74385],[31.28277,-27.28588],[31.86806,-27.17793],[32.07167,-26.73382],[32.83012,-26.74219],[32.58026,-27.47016],[32.46213,-28.30101],[32.20339,-28.7524],[31.521,-29.25739]]],[[[28.5417,-28.6475],[28.97826,-28.9556],[29.32517,-29.25739],[29.01842,-29.74377],[28.8484,-30.07005],[28.29107,-30.22622],[28.1072,-30.54573],[27.7494,-30.64511],[26.99926,-29.87595],[27.53251,-29.24271],[28.07434,-28.85147],[28.5417,-28.6475]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"South Africa\"}}]}","volume":"41","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"566c01dae4b09cfe53ca5ad3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cross, Paul C. 0000-0001-8045-5213 pcross@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8045-5213","contributorId":2709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cross","given":"Paul","email":"pcross@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":581919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lloyd-Smith, James O.","contributorId":124537,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lloyd-Smith","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":5095,"text":"Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":581920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bowers, Justin A.","contributorId":150504,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bowers","given":"Justin","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hay, Craig T.","contributorId":150505,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hay","given":"Craig","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hofmeyr, Markus","contributorId":150506,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hofmeyr","given":"Markus","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Getz, Wayne M.","contributorId":64563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Getz","given":"Wayne","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70160027,"text":"70160027 - 2004 - Natural avalanches and transportation: A case study from Glacier National Park, Montana, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-10T17:59:31","indexId":"70160027","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-14T13:15:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Natural avalanches and transportation: A case study from Glacier National Park, Montana, USA","docAbstract":"<p>In January 2004, two natural avalanches (destructive class 3) derailed a freight train in John F. Stevens Canyon, on the southern boundary of Glacier National Park. The railroad tracks were closed for 29 hours due to cleanup and lingering avalanche hazard, backing up 112km of trains and shutting down Amtrak’s passenger service. The incident marked the fourth time in three winters that natural avalanches have disrupted transportation in the canyon, which is also the route of U.S. Highway 2. It was the latest in a 94-year history of accidents that includes three fatalities and the destruction of a major highway bridge. Despite that history and the presence of over 40 avalanche paths in the 16km canyon, mitigation is limited to nine railroad snow sheds and occasional highway closures. This case study examines natural avalanche cycles of the past 28 winters using data from field observations, a Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) SNOTEL station, and data collected since 2001 at a high-elevation weather station. The avalanches occurred when storms with sustained snowfall buried a persistent near-surface faceted layer and/or were followed by rain-on-snow or dramatic warming (as much as 21<sup>o</sup>C in 30 minutes). Natural avalanche activity peaked when temperatures clustered near freezing (mean of -1.5<sup>o</sup>C at 1800m elev.). Avalanches initiated through rapid loading, rain falling on new snow, and/ or temperature-related changes in the mechanical properties of slabs. Lastly, the case study describes how recent incidents have prompted a unique partnership of land management agencies, private corporations and non-profit organizations to develop an avalanche mitigation program for the transportation corridor.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of The International Snow Science Workshop","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"The International Snow Science Workshop","conferenceDate":"September 19-24, 2004","conferenceLocation":"Jackson, WY","language":"English","publisher":"International Snow Science Workshop Canada","usgsCitation":"Reardon, B., Fagre, D.B., and Steiner, R., 2004, Natural avalanches and transportation: A case study from Glacier National Park, Montana, USA, <i>in</i> Proceedings of The International Snow Science Workshop, Jackson, WY, September 19-24, 2004, p. 582-597.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"582","endPage":"597","numberOfPages":"16","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312072,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":312071,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.issw.net/2004.php"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Glacier National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -114.76318359375,\n              48.111099041065366\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.0987548828125,\n              48.111099041065366\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.0987548828125,\n              48.99463598353405\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.76318359375,\n              48.99463598353405\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.76318359375,\n              48.111099041065366\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56695ed9e4b08895842a1c8d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reardon, B.A.","contributorId":51497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reardon","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fagre, Daniel B. 0000-0001-8552-9461 dan_fagre@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8552-9461","contributorId":2036,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fagre","given":"Daniel","email":"dan_fagre@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":581623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Steiner, R.W.","contributorId":150425,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Steiner","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70160035,"text":"70160035 - 2004 - Modeling survival: application of the Andersen-Gill model to Yellowstone grizzly bears","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-09T12:41:01","indexId":"70160035","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-06T04:15:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling survival: application of the Andersen-Gill model to Yellowstone grizzly bears","docAbstract":"<p>&nbsp;Wildlife ecologists often use the Kaplan-Meier procedure or Cox proportional hazards model to estimate survival rates, distributions, and magnitude of risk factors. The Andersen-Gill formulation (A-G) of the Cox proportional hazards model has seen limited application to mark-resight data but has a number of advantages, including the ability to accommodate left-censored data, time-varying covariates, multiple events, and discontinuous intervals of risks. We introduce the A-G model including structure of data, interpretation of results, and assessment of assumptions. We then apply the model to 22 years of radiotelemetry data for grizzly bears (<i>Ursus arctos</i>) of the Greater Yellowstone Grizzly Bear Recovery Zone in Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming, USA. We used Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC<sub><i>c</i></sub>) and multi-model inference to assess a number of potentially useful predictive models relative to explanatory covariates for demography, human disturbance, and habitat. Using the most parsimonious models, we generated risk ratios, hypothetical survival curves, and a map of the spatial distribution of high-risk areas across the recovery zone. Our results were in agreement with past studies of mortality factors for Yellowstone grizzly bears. Holding other covariates constant, mortality was highest for bears that were subjected to repeated management actions and inhabited areas with high road densities outside Yellowstone National Park. Hazard models developed with covariates descriptive of foraging habitats were not the most parsimonious, but they suggested that high-elevation areas offered lower risks of mortality when compared to agricultural areas.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2193/0022-541X(2004)068[0966:MSAOTA]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Johnson, C.J., Boyce, M.S., Schwartz, C.C., and Haroldson, M.A., 2004, Modeling survival: application of the Andersen-Gill model to Yellowstone grizzly bears: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 68, no. 4, p. 966-978, https://doi.org/10.2193/0022-541X(2004)068[0966:MSAOTA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"966","endPage":"978","numberOfPages":"13","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312077,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":312076,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2193/0022-541X%282004%29068%5B0966:MSAOTA%5D2.0.CO;2/abstract"}],"volume":"68","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56695ed9e4b08895842a1c8b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Christopher J. cjjohnson@usgs.gov","contributorId":3491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Christopher","email":"cjjohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":581685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boyce, Mark S.","contributorId":113205,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boyce","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":12980,"text":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":581686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schwartz, Charles C.","contributorId":124574,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schwartz","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5119,"text":"Retired from U.S. Geological Survey, Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team, Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, 2327 University Way, suite 2, Bozeman, MT 59715","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":581687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Haroldson, Mark A. 0000-0002-7457-7676 mharoldson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7457-7676","contributorId":1773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haroldson","given":"Mark","email":"mharoldson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":581688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70160041,"text":"70160041 - 2004 - What limits the Serengeti zebra population?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-09T13:53:26","indexId":"70160041","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-15T08:15:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2932,"text":"Oecologia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"What limits the Serengeti zebra population?","docAbstract":"<p>The populations of the ecologically dominant ungulates in the Serengeti ecosystem (zebra, wildebeest and buffalo) have shown markedly different trends since the 1960s: the two ruminants both irrupted after the elimination of rinderpest in 1960, while the zebras have remained stable. The ruminants are resource limited (though parts of the buffalo population have been limited by poaching since the 1980s). The zebras' resource acquisition tactics should allow them to outcompete the ruminants, but their greater spatial dispersion makes them more available to predators, and it has been suggested that this population is limited by predation. To investigate the mechanisms involved in the population dynamics of Serengeti zebra, we compared population dynamics among the three species using demographic models based on age-class-specific survival and fecundity. The only major difference between zebra and the two ruminants occurred in the first-year survival. We show that wildebeest have a higher reproductive potential than zebra (younger age at first breeding and shorter generation time). Nevertheless, these differences in reproduction cannot account for the observed differences in the population trends between the zebra and the ruminants. On the other hand, among-species differences in first-year survival are great enough to account for the constancy of zebra population size. We conclude that the very low first-year survival of zebra limits this population. We provide new data on predation in the Serengeti and show that, as in other ecosystems, predation rates on zebras are high, so predation could hold the population in a \"predator pit\". However, lion and hyena feed principally on adult zebras, and further work is required to discover the process involved in the high mortality of foals.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00442-004-1567-6","usgsCitation":"Grange, S., Duncan, P., Gaillard, J., Sinclair, A.R., Gogan, P.J., Packer, C., Hofer, H., and Marion, E., 2004, What limits the Serengeti zebra population?: Oecologia, v. 140, no. 3, p. 523-532, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-004-1567-6.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"523","endPage":"532","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312084,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":312083,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/springer-journals/what-limits-the-serengeti-zebra-population-otBkDq5hIt"}],"country":"Kenya, Tanzania","otherGeospatial":"Serengeti","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[40.993,-0.85829],[41.58513,-1.68325],[40.88477,-2.08255],[40.63785,-2.49979],[40.26304,-2.57309],[40.12119,-3.27768],[39.80006,-3.68116],[39.60489,-4.34653],[39.20222,-4.67677],[38.74054,-5.90895],[38.79977,-6.47566],[39.44,-6.84],[39.47,-7.1],[39.19469,-7.7039],[39.25203,-8.00781],[39.18652,-8.48551],[39.53574,-9.11237],[39.9496,-10.0984],[40.31659,-10.3171],[39.521,-10.89688],[38.42756,-11.2852],[37.82764,-11.26879],[37.47129,-11.56876],[36.77515,-11.59454],[36.51408,-11.72094],[35.3124,-11.43915],[34.55999,-11.52002],[34.28,-10.16],[33.94084,-9.69367],[33.73972,-9.41715],[32.75938,-9.2306],[32.19186,-8.93036],[31.55635,-8.76205],[31.15775,-8.59458],[30.74,-8.34],[30.2,-7.08],[29.62,-6.52],[29.41999,-5.94],[29.51999,-5.41998],[29.34,-4.49998],[29.75351,-4.45239],[30.11632,-4.09012],[30.50554,-3.56858],[30.75224,-3.35931],[30.74301,-3.03431],[30.52766,-2.80762],[30.46967,-2.41383],[30.75831,-2.28725],[30.81613,-1.69891],[30.4191,-1.13466],[30.76986,-1.01455],[31.86617,-1.02736],[33.90371,-0.95],[33.89357,0.10981],[34.18,0.515],[34.6721,1.17694],[35.03599,1.90584],[34.59607,3.05374],[34.47913,3.5556],[34.005,4.24988],[34.6202,4.84712],[35.29801,5.506],[35.81745,5.33823],[35.81745,4.77697],[36.15908,4.44786],[36.85509,4.44786],[38.12091,3.59861],[38.43697,3.58851],[38.67114,3.61607],[38.89251,3.50074],[39.55938,3.42206],[39.85494,3.83879],[40.76848,4.25702],[41.1718,3.91909],[41.85508,3.91891],[40.98105,2.78452],[40.993,-0.85829]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Kenya\"}}]}","volume":"140","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-06-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56695eebe4b08895842a1ca1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grange, Sophie","contributorId":150444,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grange","given":"Sophie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Duncan, Patrick","contributorId":150445,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Duncan","given":"Patrick","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gaillard, Jean-Michel","contributorId":150446,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gaillard","given":"Jean-Michel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sinclair, Anthony R.E.","contributorId":150447,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sinclair","given":"Anthony","email":"","middleInitial":"R.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gogan, Peter J. 0000-0002-7821-133X peter_gogan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7821-133X","contributorId":1771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gogan","given":"Peter","email":"peter_gogan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":581702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Packer, Craig","contributorId":78592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Packer","given":"Craig","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hofer, Heribert","contributorId":150448,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hofer","given":"Heribert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Marion, East","contributorId":150449,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Marion","given":"East","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70159775,"text":"70159775 - 2004 - Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Brewer's sparrow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-17T08:37:39","indexId":"70159775","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-04T08:15:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Brewer's sparrow","docAbstract":"<p>Information on the habitat requirements and effects of habitat management on grassland birds were summarized from information in more than 5,500 published and unpublished papers. A range map is provided to indicate the relative densities of the species in North America, based on Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) data. Although birds frequently are observed outside the breeding range indicated, the maps are intended to show areas where managers might concentrate their attention. It may be ineffectual to manage habitat at a site for a species that rarely occurs in an area. The species account begins with a brief capsule statement, which provides the fundamental components or keys to management for the species. A section on breeding range outlines the current breeding distribution of the species in North America, including areas that could not be mapped using BBS data. The suitable habitat section describes the breeding habitat and occasionally microhabitat characteristics of the species, especially those habitats that occur in the Great Plains. Details on habitat and microhabitat requirements often provide clues to how a species will respond to a particular management practice. A table near the end of the account complements the section on suitable habitat, and lists the specific habitat characteristics for the species by individual studies. A special section on prey habitat is included for those predatory species that have more specific prey requirements. The area requirements section provides details on territory and home range sizes, minimum area requirements, and the effects of patch size, edges, and other landscape and habitat features on abundance and productivity. It may be futile to manage a small block of suitable habitat for a species that has minimum area requirements that are larger than the area being managed. The Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) is an obligate brood parasite of many grassland birds. The section on cowbird brood parasitism summarizes rates of cowbird parasitism, host responses to parasitism, and factors that influence parasitism, such as nest concealment and host density. The impact of management depends, in part, upon a species&rsquo; nesting phenology and biology. The section on breeding-season phenology and site fidelity includes details on spring arrival and fall departure for migratory populations in the Great Plains, peak breeding periods, the tendency to renest after nest failure or success, and the propensity to return to a previous breeding site. The duration and timing of breeding varies among regions and years. Species&rsquo; response to management summarizes the current knowledge and major findings in the literature on the effects of different management practices on the species. The section on management recommendations complements the previous section and summarizes specific recommendations for habitat management provided in the literature. If management recommendations differ in different portions of the species&rsquo; breeding range, recommendations are given separately by region. The literature cited contains references to published and unpublished literature on the management effects and habitat requirements of the species. This section is not meant to be a complete bibliography; a searchable, annotated bibliography of published and unpublished papers dealing with habitat needs of grassland birds and their responses to habitat management is posted at the Web site mentioned below.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Effects of management practices on grassland birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Research Center","publisherLocation":"Jamestown, ND","doi":"10.3133/70159775","usgsCitation":"Walker, B.L., 2004, Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Brewer's sparrow, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70159775.","productDescription":"32 p.","numberOfPages":"36","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311616,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70159775.PNG"},{"id":312402,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70159775/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56505244e4b0f162148c5cfd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walker, Brett L.","contributorId":82964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"Brett","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70121218,"text":"70121218 - 2004 - Late Quaternary evolution of channel and lobe complexes of Monterey Fan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-20T09:10:27","indexId":"70121218","displayToPublicDate":"2013-08-20T08:58:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Quaternary evolution of channel and lobe complexes of Monterey Fan","docAbstract":"The modern Monterey submarine fan, one of the largest deep-water deposits off the western US, is composed of two major turbidite systems: the Neogene Lower Turbidite System (LTS) and the late Quarternary Upper Turbidite System (UTS).  The areally extensive LTS is a distal deposit with low-relief, poorly defined channels, overbank, and lower-fan elements.  The younger UTS comprises almost half of the total fan volume and was initiated in the late Pleistocene from canyons in the Monterey Bay area.  Rapidly prograding high-relief, channel-levee complexes dominated deposition early in the UTS with periodic avulsion events.  In the last few 100 ka, much of the sediment bypassed the northern fan as a result of allocyclic controls, and deposition is simultaneously occuring on a sandy lobe with low-relief channels and on an adjacent detached muddier lobe built from reconfinement of overbank flow from the northern high-relief channels.  During the relatively short-lived UTS deposition, at least seven different channel types and two lobe types were formed.  This study provides a significant reinterpretation of the depositional history of  Monterey Fan by incorporating all available unpublished geophysical data.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.margeo.2004.03.001","usgsCitation":"Fildani, A., and Normark, W.R., 2004, Late Quaternary evolution of channel and lobe complexes of Monterey Fan: Marine Geology, v. 206, no. 1-4, p. 199-223, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2004.03.001.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"199","endPage":"223","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":292596,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":292595,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2004.03.001"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Monterey Fan","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -127.0,34.0 ], [ -127.0,36.0 ], [ -123.0,36.0 ], [ -123.0,34.0 ], [ -127.0,34.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"206","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f5b656e4b09d12e0e8e6f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fildani, Andrea","contributorId":45993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fildani","given":"Andrea","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Normark, William R.","contributorId":69570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Normark","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70120923,"text":"70120923 - 2004 - The LISST-SL streamlined isokinetic suspended-sediment profiler","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-18T13:34:20","indexId":"70120923","displayToPublicDate":"2013-08-18T13:25:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"The LISST-SL streamlined isokinetic suspended-sediment profiler","docAbstract":"The new manually deployed Laser In Situ Scattering Transmissometer-StreamLined profiler (LISST-SL) represents a major technological advance for suspended-sediment measurements in rivers.  The LISST-SL is being designed to provide real-time data on sediment concentrations and particle-size distributions.  A pressure sensor and current meter provide real-time depth and ambient velocity data, respectively.  The velocity data are also used to control pumpage across an internal laser so that the intake velocity is constantly adjusted to match the ambient stream velocity.  Such isokinetic withdrawal is necessary for obtaining representative sedimentary measurements in streamflow, and ensures compliance with established practices.  The velocity and sediment-concentration data are used to compute fluxes for up to 32 particle-size classes at points, verticals, or in the entire stream cross section.  All data are stored internally, as well as transmitted via a 2-wire conductor to the operator using a specially developed communication protocol.  The LISST-SL's performance will be measured and compared to published sedimentological accuracy criteria, and a performance summary will be placed on-line.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on River sedimentation: October 18-21, 2004 Yichang, China","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"Tsinghua University Press","usgsCitation":"Gray, J.R., Agrawal, Y.C., and Pottsmith, H.C., 2004, The LISST-SL streamlined isokinetic suspended-sediment profiler, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on River sedimentation: October 18-21, 2004 Yichang, China, v. IV, p. 2549-2555.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"2549","endPage":"2555","costCenters":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":292450,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":292448,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.irtces.org/old/irtces/report/9isrs/e_isrs06.htm#4"},{"id":292449,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/osw/techniques/Lisst_Gray_Agrawal_Pottsmith.pdf"}],"volume":"IV","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f25ff2e4b0333418718970","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gray, John R. 0000-0002-8817-3701 jrgray@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8817-3701","contributorId":1158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"John","email":"jrgray@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":5058,"text":"Office of the Chief Scientist for Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Agrawal, Yogesh C.","contributorId":92588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Agrawal","given":"Yogesh","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pottsmith, H. Charles","contributorId":84277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pottsmith","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"Charles","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70045841,"text":"70045841 - 2004 - Mineral resource of the month: feldspar","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-05-07T12:11:33","indexId":"70045841","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1829,"text":"Geotimes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mineral resource of the month: feldspar","docAbstract":"The United States is the third leading producer of feldspar worldwide, after Italy and Turkey, according to data published by the U.S. Geological Survey. Foreign analysts indicate that China is also a leading feldspar producer, but official production data are not available. Feldspars are aluminum silicate minerals that contain varying proportions of calcium, potassium and sodium. Usually occurring in igneous rocks, feldspars are estimated to constitute 60 percent of Earth’s crust.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geotimes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"AGI","usgsCitation":"Potter, M.J., 2004, Mineral resource of the month: feldspar: Geotimes, v. 2004, no. July, HTML Document.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":271969,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":271968,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.geotimes.org/july04/resources.html#mineral"}],"volume":"2004","issue":"July","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"518a2270e4b061e1bd5333fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Potter, Michael J.","contributorId":30124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Potter","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":478413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70039142,"text":"70039142 - 2004 - The Colorado Plateau: cultural, biological, and physical research","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-25T14:22:18","indexId":"70039142","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T20:55:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"title":"The Colorado Plateau: cultural, biological, and physical research","docAbstract":"Stretching from the four corners of Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and Utah, the Colorado Plateau is a natural laboratory for a wide range of studies. This volume presents 23 original articles drawn from more than 100 research projects presented at the Sixth Biennial Conference of Research on the Colorado Plateau. This scientific gathering revolved around research, inventory, and monitoring of lands in the region. The book's contents cover management techniques for cultural, biological, and physical resources, representing collaborative efforts among federal, university, and private sector scientists and land managers. Chapters on cultural concerns cover benchmarks of modern southwestern anthropological knowledge, models of past human activity and impact of modern visitation at newly established national monuments, challenges in implementing the 1964 Wilderness Act, and opportunities for increased federal research on Native American lands. The section on biological resources comprises sixteen chapters, with coverage that ranges from mammalian biogeography to responses of elk at the urban-wildland interface. Additional biological studies include the effects of fire and grazing on vegetation; research on bald eagles at Grand Canyon and tracking wild turkeys using radio collars; and management of palentological resources. Two final chapters on physical resources consider a proposed rerouting of the Rio de Flag River in urban Flagstaff, Arizona, and an examination of past climate patterns over the Plateau, using stream flow records and tree ring data. In light of similarities in habitat and climate across the Colorado Plateau, techniques useful to particular management units have been found to be applicable in many locations. This volume highlights an abundance of research that will prove useful for all of those working in the region, as well as for others seeking comparative studies that integrate research into land management actions.","language":"English","publisher":"University of Arizona Press","publisherLocation":"Tucson, AZ","usgsCitation":"Cole, K.L., 2004, The Colorado Plateau: cultural, biological, and physical research, 279 p. : ill., maps ; 27 cm.","productDescription":"279 p. : ill., maps ; 27 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":259048,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":259043,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.uapress.arizona.edu/Books/bid1540.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah;Colorado;Arizona;New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Colorado Plateau","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba6d9e4b08c986b3212be","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"van Riper, Charles III 0000-0003-1084-5843 charles_van_riper@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1084-5843","contributorId":169488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Riper","given":"Charles","suffix":"III","email":"charles_van_riper@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":509031,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Cole, Kenneth L.","contributorId":48533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5224404,"text":"5224404 - 2004 - Evaluating mallard adaptive management models with time series","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-29T17:54:36.595337","indexId":"5224404","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:56","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluating mallard adaptive management models with time series","docAbstract":"<p>Wildlife practitioners concerned with midcontinent mallard (<i>Anas platyrhynchos</i>) management in the United States have instituted a system of adaptive harvest management (AHM) as an objective format for setting harvest regulations. Under the AHM paradigm, predictions from a set of models that reflect key uncertainties about processes underlying population dynamics are used in coordination with optimization software to determine an optimal set of harvest decisions. Managers use comparisons of the predictive abilities of these models to gauge the relative truth of different hypotheses about density-dependent recruitment and survival, with better-predicting models giving more weight to the determination of harvest regulations. We tested the effectiveness of this strategy by examining convergence rates of 'predictor' models when the true model for population dynamics was known a priori. We generated time series for cases when the a priori model was 1 of the predictor models as well as for several cases when the a priori model was not in the model set. We further examined the addition of different levels of uncertainty into the variance structure of predictor models, reflecting different levels of confidence about estimated parameters. We showed that in certain situations, the model-selection process favors a predictor model that incorporates the hypotheses of additive harvest mortality and weakly density-dependent recruitment, even when the model is not used to generate data. Higher levels of predictor model variance led to decreased rates of convergence to the model that generated the data, but model weight trajectories were in general more stable. We suggest that predictive models should incorporate all sources of uncertainty about estimated parameters, that the variance structure should be similar for all predictor models, and that models with different functional forms for population dynamics should be considered for inclusion in predictor model sets. All of these suggestions should help lower the probability of erroneous learning in mallard ABM and adaptive management in general.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne Complete","doi":"10.2193/0022-541X(2004)068[1065:EMAMMW]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Conn, P., and Kendall, W., 2004, Evaluating mallard adaptive management models with time series: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 68, no. 4, p. 1065-1081, https://doi.org/10.2193/0022-541X(2004)068[1065:EMAMMW]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1065","endPage":"1081","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202140,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"68","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fb052","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Conn, P.B.","contributorId":73974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conn","given":"P.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kendall, W. L. 0000-0003-0084-9891","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0084-9891","contributorId":32880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"W. L.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":341573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5224387,"text":"5224387 - 2004 - Summer diet of the Peregrine Falcon in faunistically rich and poor zones of Arizona analyzed with capture-recapture modeling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-02T16:00:08.489687","indexId":"5224387","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:56","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Summer diet of the Peregrine Falcon in faunistically rich and poor zones of Arizona analyzed with capture-recapture modeling","docAbstract":"<p>We collected prey remains from 25 Peregrine Falcon (<i>Falco peregrinus</i>) territories across Arizona from 1977 to 1988 yielding 58 eyrie-years of data. Along with 793 individual birds (107 species and six additional genera), we found seven mammals and nine insects. In addition, two nestling peregrines were consumed. We found a larger dependence upon White-throated Swifts (<i>Aeronautes saxatalis</i>) and birds on migration in northern Arizona, while in southeastern and central Arizona average prey mass was greater and columbiforms formed the largest dietary component. In northern, central, and southeastern Arizona, 74, 66, and 56 avian prey taxa, respectively, were recorded. We used capture-recapture modeling to estimate totals of <span>111 ± 9.5, 113 ± 10.5, and 86 ± 7.9</span> (SE) avian taxa taken in these same three areas. These values are counterintuitive inasmuch as the southeast has the richest avifauna. For the entire study area, <span>156 ± 9.3</span> avian taxa were estimated to be taken by peregrines.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/condor/106.4.873","usgsCitation":"Ellis, D.H., Ellis, C.H., Sabo, B., Rea, A., Dawson, J., Fackler, J., LaRue, C., Grubb, T., Schmitt, J., Smith, D., and Kery, M., 2004, Summer diet of the Peregrine Falcon in faunistically rich and poor zones of Arizona analyzed with capture-recapture modeling: Condor, v. 106, no. 4, p. 873-886, https://doi.org/10.1093/condor/106.4.873.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"873","endPage":"886","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477979,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/condor/106.4.873","text":"Publisher Index 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,{"id":5224428,"text":"5224428 - 2004 - Demographic estimation methods for plants with dormancy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-27T11:43:05","indexId":"5224428","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:56","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":771,"text":"Animal Biodiversity and Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Demographic estimation methods for plants with dormancy","docAbstract":"<p><span>Demographic studies in plants appear simple because unlike animals, plants do not run away. Plant individuals can be marked with, e.g., plastic tags, but often the coordinates of an individual may be sufficient to identify it. Vascular plants in temperate latitudes have a pronounced seasonal life–cycle, so most plant demographers survey their study plots once a year often during or shortly after flowering. Life–states are pervasive in plants, hence the results of a demographic study for an individual can be summarized in a familiar encounter history, such as 0VFVVF000. A zero means that an individual was not seen in a year and a letter denotes its state for years when it was seen aboveground. V and F here stand for vegetative and flowering states, respectively. Probabilities of survival and state transitions can then be obtained by mere counting.</span><br><span>Problems arise when there is an unobservable dormant state, i.e., when plants may stay belowground for one or more growing seasons. Encounter histories such as 0VF00F000 may then occur where the meaning of zeroes becomes ambiguous. A zero can either mean a dead or a dormant plant. Various ad hoc methods in wide use among plant ecologists have made strong assumptions about when a zero should be equated to a dormant individual. These methods have never been compared among each other. In our talk and in Kéry et al. (submitted), we show that these ad hoc estimators provide spurious estimates of survival and should not be used.</span><br><span></span></p><p><span>In contrast, if detection probabilities for aboveground plants are known or can be estimated, capturerecapture (CR) models can be used to estimate probabilities of survival and state–transitions and the fraction of the population that is dormant. We have used this approach in two studies of terrestrial orchids, </span><i>Cleistes bifaria</i><span> (Kéry et al., submitted) and </span><i>Cypripedium reginae</i><span>(Kéry &amp; Gregg, submitted) in West Virginia, U.S.A. For Cleistes, our data comprised one population with a total of 620 marked ramets over 10 years, and for </span><i>Cypripedium</i><span>, two populations with 98 and 258 marked ramets over 11 years. We chose the ramet (= single stem or shoot) as the demographic unit of our study since there was no way distinguishing among genets (genet = genetical individual, i.e., the “individual” that animal ecologists are mostly concerned with). This will introduce some non–independence into the data, which can nevertheless be dealt with easily by correcting variances for overdispersion. Using ramets instead of genets has the further advantage that individuals can be assigned to a state such as flowering or vegetative in an unambiguous manner. This is not possible when genets are the demographic units. In all three populations, auxiliary data was available to show that detection probability of aboveground plants was m 0.995</span><br><span></span></p><p><span>We fitted multistate models in program MARK by specifying three states (D, V, F), even though the dormant state D does not occur in the encounter histories. Detection probability is fixed at 1 for the vegetative (V) and the flowering state (F) and at zero for the dormant state (D). Rates of survival and of state transitions as well as slopes of covariate relationships can be estimated and LRT or the AIC machinery be used to select among models. To estimate the fraction of the population in the unobservable</span><br><span>dormant state, the encounter histories are collapsed to 0 (plant not observed aboveground) and 1 (plant observed aboveground). The Cormack–Jolly–Seber model without constraints on detection probability is used to estimate detection probability, the complement of which is the estimated fraction of the population in the dormant state.</span><br><span>Parameter identifiability is an important issue in multi state models. We used the Catchpole–Morgan–Freeman approach to determine which parameters are estimable in principle in our multi state models. Most of 15 tested models were indeed estimable with the notable exception of the most general model, which has fully interactive state- and time-dependent survival and state transition rates. This model would become identifiable if at least some plants would be excavated in years when they do not show up aboveground.</span><br><span></span></p><p><span>Our analyses for three analyzed populations of Cleistes and Cypripedium yielded annual ramet survival rates ranging from 0.86–0.96. Estimates of the average fraction dormant ranged from 0.02–0.30, but with up to half a population in the dormant state in some years. Ultrastructural modeling enables interesting hypotheses to be tested about the relationships of demographic rates with climatic covariates for instance. Such covariate modeling makes the CR approach particularly interesting for evolutionary–ecological questions about, e.g., the adaptive significance of the dormant state.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Museu de Ciencies Naturals de Barcelona","usgsCitation":"Kery, M., and Gregg, K., 2004, Demographic estimation methods for plants with dormancy: Animal Biodiversity and Conservation, v. 27, no. 1, p. 129-131.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"129","endPage":"131","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196030,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":330502,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://abc.museucienciesjournals.cat/volum-27-1-2004-abc/demographic-estimation-methods-for-plants-with-dormancy/?lang=en"}],"volume":"27","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fee4b07f02db5f7541","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kery, M.","contributorId":46637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kery","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gregg, K.B.","contributorId":34224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gregg","given":"K.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5224345,"text":"5224345 - 2004 - Detection of Ehrlichia chaffeensis in adult and nymphal stage lone star ticks (Amblyomma americanum) from Long Island, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-10T17:43:44.718582","indexId":"5224345","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:54","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2385,"text":"Journal of Medical Entomology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Detection of <i>Ehrlichia chaffeensis</i> in adult and nymphal stage lone star ticks (<i>Amblyomma americanum</i>) from Long Island, New York","title":"Detection of Ehrlichia chaffeensis in adult and nymphal stage lone star ticks (Amblyomma americanum) from Long Island, New York","docAbstract":"<p>The lone star tick, <i>Amblyomma americanum</i> (L.), has increased in abundance in several regions of the northeastern United States, including areas of Long Island, NY. Adult and nymphal stage <i>A. americanum</i> collected from several sites on Long Island were evaluated for infection with <i>Ehrlichia chaffeensis</i>, the causative agent of human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME), by using a nested polymerase chain reaction assay. Fifty-nine (12.5%) of ,17.3 adults and eight of 11.3 pools of five nymphs each (estimated minimum prevalence of infection 1.4%) contained DNA of <i>E. chaffeensis</i>. These data, coupled with the documented expansion of lone star tick populations in the northeastern United States, confirm that <i>E. chaffeensis</i> is endemic to many areas of Long Island and that HME should be considered among the differential diagnoses of the many distinct tick-borne diseases that occur in this region.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne Complete","doi":"10.1603/0022-2585-41.6.1104","usgsCitation":"Mixson, T., Ginsberg, H., Campbell, S., Sumner, J., and Paddock, C., 2004, Detection of Ehrlichia chaffeensis in adult and nymphal stage lone star ticks (Amblyomma americanum) from Long Island, New York: Journal of Medical Entomology, v. 41, no. 6, p. 1104-1110, https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-2585-41.6.1104.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1104","endPage":"1110","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487130,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/pls_facpubs/168","text":"External Repository"},{"id":201910,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Long Island","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -73.9874267578125,\n              40.79925662005228\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.06982421875,\n              40.67438908251788\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.03411865234375,\n              40.56806745430726\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.94073486328125,\n              40.534676780615406\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.7347412109375,\n              40.549287249082035\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.15521240234375,\n              40.62437645591559\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.80389404296875,\n              41.054501963290505\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.17193603515625,\n              41.19932314127607\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.83111572265625,\n              41.00477542222947\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.54522705078125,\n              40.93011520598305\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.9874267578125,\n              40.79925662005228\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"41","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667a49","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mixson, T.R.","contributorId":49489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mixson","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ginsberg, H. S. 0000-0002-4933-2466","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4933-2466","contributorId":27576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ginsberg","given":"H. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Campbell, S.R.","contributorId":15721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sumner, J.W.","contributorId":46196,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sumner","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Paddock, C.D.","contributorId":63508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paddock","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":5224343,"text":"5224343 - 2004 - On the estimation of dispersal and movement of birds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-02T16:19:51.330679","indexId":"5224343","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:54","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On the estimation of dispersal and movement of birds","docAbstract":"The estimation of dispersal and movement is important to evolutionary and population ecologists, as well as to wildlife managers.  We review statistical methodology available to estimate movement probabilities.  We begin with cases where individual birds can be marked and their movements estimated with the use of multisite capture-recapture methods.  Movements can be monitored either directly, using telemetry, or by accounting for detection probability when conventional marks are used.  When one or more sites are unobservable, telemetry, band recoveries, incidental observations, a closed- or open-population robust design, or partial determinism in movements can be used to estimate movement.  When individuals cannot be marked, presence-absence data can be used to model changes in occupancy over time, providing indirect inferences about movement.  Where abundance estimates over time are available for multiple sites, potential coupling of their dynamics can be investigated using linear cross-correlation or nonlinear dynamic tools.","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/condor/106.4.720","usgsCitation":"Kendall, W., and Nichols, J., 2004, On the estimation of dispersal and movement of birds: Condor, v. 106, no. 4, p. 720-731, https://doi.org/10.1093/condor/106.4.720.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"720","endPage":"731","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477981,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/condor/106.4.720","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":198166,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"106","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b02e4b07f02db698c35","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kendall, W. L. 0000-0003-0084-9891","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0084-9891","contributorId":32880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"W. L.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":341352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5224346,"text":"5224346 - 2004 - Effects of rearing treatment on the behavior of captive whooping cranes (Grus americana)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:30","indexId":"5224346","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:54","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":827,"text":"Applied Animal Behaviour Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of rearing treatment on the behavior of captive whooping cranes (Grus americana)","docAbstract":"Small founder populations of whooping cranes are managed to maximize egg production for the purpose of reintroducing young to the wild.  This results in an excessive number of hatched chicks that cannot be naturally reared by parents. Hand-rearing techniques have been developed to raise the additional hatches.  However, hand rearing may affect the behavior of the birds and their chances of survival later in life.  The objectives of this study were to determine the impact of rearing practices on the behavior of whooping crane chicks.  The birds were reared under three commonly used rearing techniques: parent reared (PR), hand reared (HR), and hand reared with exercise (HRE).  Fifty-six whooping crane chicks were observed by focal animal sampling from hatch to 20 weeks of age.  During these observations, occurrences of comfort behavior, aggression, foraging, nonvigilance, sleep, vigilance, and other types of behavior were collected.  Data were analyzed using mixed models repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA).  Behavior was affected by rearing treatment, age, and time of day.  PR birds spent more time being vigilant than HR and HRE birds.  An inverse correlation was found between percentage of time foraging and vigilant (r = -0.686, P < 0.0001). However, there were no differences in the behavior of birds reared in HR or HRE programs.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Applied Animal Behaviour Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.applanim.2004.07.005","collaboration":"6214_Kreger.pdf","usgsCitation":"Kreger, M., Estevez, I., Hatfield, J., and Gee, G., 2004, Effects of rearing treatment on the behavior of captive whooping cranes (Grus americana): Applied Animal Behaviour Science, v. 89, no. 3-4, p. 243-261, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2004.07.005.","productDescription":"243-261","startPage":"243","endPage":"261","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201659,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":17536,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2004.07.005","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"89","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611984","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kreger, M.D.","contributorId":25664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kreger","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Estevez, I.","contributorId":98417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estevez","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hatfield, Jeff S.","contributorId":41372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatfield","given":"Jeff S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gee, G.F.","contributorId":70335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gee","given":"G.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":5224358,"text":"5224358 - 2004 - Movement behavior, dispersal, and the potential for localized management of deer in a suburban environment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-04T17:43:26.046779","indexId":"5224358","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:54","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Movement behavior, dispersal, and the potential for localized management of deer in a suburban environment","docAbstract":"<p>We examined the potential for localized management of white-tailed deer (<i>Odocoileus virginianus</i>) to be successful by measuring movements, testing site fidelity, and modeling the effects of dispersal. Fifty-nine females were radiomarked and tracked during 1997 through 2000 in Irondequoit, New York, USA, a suburb of Rochester. We constructed home ranges for those deer with A greater than or equal to 18 reclocations/season. Fifty percent minimum convex polygons (MCP) averaged 3.9 (SE = 0.53) ha in the summer and 5.3 (SE = 0.80) ha in the winter. Deer showed strong fidelity to both summer and winter home ranges, and 30 of 31 females showed overlap of summer and winter home ranges. Annual survival was 64%; the major cause of mortality was deer-automobile collisions. Average annual dispersal rates were &lt;15% for yearlings and adults. Using matrix population modeling, we explored the role of female dispersal in sustaining different management objectives in adjacent locales of approximately 1,000 ha. Modeling showed that if female dispersal was 8%, culling would have to reduce annual survival to 58% to maintain a population just under ecological carrying capacity and reduce survival to 42% to keel) the population at one-half carrying capacity. With the same dispersal, contraception Would need to be effective in 32% of females if the population is near carrying capacity and 68% if the population is at one-half of carrying capacity. Movement behavior data and modeling results lend support to the use of a localized approach to management of females that emphasizes neighborhood-scale manipulation of deer populations, but our research suggests that dispersal rates in females could be critical to long-term success.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne Complete","doi":"10.2193/0022-541X(2004)068[0247:MBDATP]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Porter, W., Underwood, H., and Woodard, J., 2004, Movement behavior, dispersal, and the potential for localized management of deer in a suburban environment: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 68, no. 2, p. 247-256, https://doi.org/10.2193/0022-541X(2004)068[0247:MBDATP]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"247","endPage":"256","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201912,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","county":"Monroe County","city":"Irondequoit","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -77.60467529296875,\n              43.206176810164784\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.5360107421875,\n              43.206176810164784\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.5360107421875,\n              43.248203680382346\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.60467529296875,\n              43.248203680382346\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.60467529296875,\n              43.206176810164784\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"68","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db640e29","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Porter, W.F.","contributorId":81597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porter","given":"W.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Underwood, H.B. 0000-0002-2064-9128","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2064-9128","contributorId":90849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Underwood","given":"H.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Woodard, J.L.","contributorId":36263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodard","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":5224348,"text":"5224348 - 2004 - The relationship between species detection probability and local extinction probability","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-15T14:36:21","indexId":"5224348","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:54","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2932,"text":"Oecologia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The relationship between species detection probability and local extinction probability","docAbstract":"In community-level ecological studies, generally not all species present in sampled areas are detected.  Many authors have proposed the use of estimation methods that allow detection probabilities that are &lt; 1 and that are heterogeneous among species.  These methods can also be used to estimate community-dynamic parameters such as species local extinction probability and turnover rates (Nichols et al. Ecol Appl 8:1213-1225; Conserv Biol 12:1390-1398).  Here, we present an ad hoc approach to estimating community-level vital rates in the presence of joint heterogeneity of detection probabilities and vital rates.  The method consists of partitioning the number of species into two groups using the detection frequencies and then estimating vital rates (e.g., local extinction probabilities) for each group.  Estimators from each group are combined in a weighted estimator of vital rates that accounts for the effect of heterogeneity.  Using data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey, we computed such estimates and tested the hypothesis that detection probabilities and local extinction probabilities were negatively related.  Our analyses support the hypothesis that species detection probability covaries negatively with local probability of extinction and turnover rates.  A simulation study was conducted to assess the performance of vital parameter estimators as well as other estimators relevant to questions about heterogeneity, such as coefficient of variation of detection probabilities and proportion of species in each group.  Both the weighted estimator suggested in this paper and the original unweighted estimator for local extinction probability performed fairly well and provided no basis for preferring one to the other.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00442-004-1641-0","usgsCitation":"Alpizar-Jara, R., Nichols, J., Hines, J., Sauer, J., Pollock, K.H., and Rosenberry, C., 2004, The relationship between species detection probability and local extinction probability: Oecologia, v. 141, no. 4, p. 652-660, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-004-1641-0.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"652","endPage":"660","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477982,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10174/6518","text":"External Repository"},{"id":202044,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"141","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-09-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db640f0d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alpizar-Jara, R.","contributorId":35434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpizar-Jara","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hines, J.E. 0000-0001-5478-7230","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":36885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":341370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sauer, J.R. 0000-0002-4557-3019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":66197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pollock, K. H.","contributorId":65184,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pollock","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rosenberry, C.S.","contributorId":22884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenberry","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":5224352,"text":"5224352 - 2004 - Influence of weather extremes on the water levels of glaciated prairie wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:32","indexId":"5224352","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:54","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of weather extremes on the water levels of glaciated prairie wetlands","docAbstract":"Orchid Meadows is a long-term wetland research and monitoring site on the Coteau des Prairie in extreme east-central South Dakota, USA.  It is a 65-ha Waterfowl Production Area with numerous temporary, seasonal, and semi-permanent wetlands.  Ground water and surface water have been monitored at the site from 1987 to 1989 and from 1993 to the present.  Vegetation has been monitored since 1993.  The monitoring record includes two nearly back-to-back weather extremes: a drought in the late 1980s and a deluge in the early- to mid-1990s.  Wetlands differed sharply in water levels between 3-yr dry and wet periods.  For example, the time of inundation ranged among semi-permanent wetlands from 13 to 71 percent during the dry years to 100 percent during the wet years, while for seasonal wetlands, it was 0-29 percent and 46-100 percent, respectively, during dry and wet periods.  Temporary wetlands had no surface water during the dry period but had standing water 0-67 percent of the time during the deluge years.  The highest ground-water levels during the dry period were lower than most levels during the wet period.  The difference in the water-table elevations of temporary wetlands between the periods was as much as 4 m.  Ground-water levels near semi-permanent wetlands were considerably more stable (annual range of 0.3-1.6 m) than those near temporary wetlands (1.3-2.5 m).  The results support the concept that weather extremes drive the wetland cover cycle and other key ecological processes in prairie wetlands.  The new data from Orchid Meadows, together with other long-term data sets from North Dakota and Saskatchewan, Canada, are useful for many research purposes, including the parameterization and testing of models that simulate the effects of climate variability and climate change on prairie wetland ecosystems. ","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wetlands","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"6220_Johnson.pdf","usgsCitation":"Johnson, W., Boettcher, S., Poiani, K., and Guntenspergen, G., 2004, Influence of weather extremes on the water levels of glaciated prairie wetlands: Wetlands, v. 24, no. 2, p. 385-398.","productDescription":"385-398","startPage":"385","endPage":"398","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201922,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":17541,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1672%2F0277-5212%282004%29024%5B0385%3AIOWEOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"24","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db698589","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, W.C.","contributorId":68003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boettcher, S.E.","contributorId":53919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boettcher","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Poiani, K.A.","contributorId":52690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poiani","given":"K.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Guntenspergen, G.","contributorId":88305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guntenspergen","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":5224337,"text":"5224337 - 2004 - Dynamic use of wetlands by black ducks and mallards: Evidence against competitive exclusion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-03T16:31:19.184085","indexId":"5224337","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:53","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dynamic use of wetlands by black ducks and mallards: Evidence against competitive exclusion","docAbstract":"<p>The decline of the American black duck (<i>Anas rubripes</i>) has been attributed to competition from mallards (<i>A. platyrhynchos</i>) that led to exclusive use of fertile wetlands by mallards. Data from annual breeding waterfowl surveys provide instantaneous, single observations of breeding pairs, which are used to estimate breeding population size and evaluate the condition of habitat. Data from these surveys have been used to document habitat use by black ducks and mallards. We used quiet-observation surveys from elevated platforms to study sympatric black ducks and mallards in northern Maine during the breeding season. Our objectives were to document occupancy of wetlands by breeding black ducks and mallards throughout the day during prenesting and early nesting periods to determine whether 1) wetlands were occupied by only a single species, 2) pairs of the same species occupied wetlands throughout the period, and 3) single observations of short duration adequately determine numbers and species using a wetland. We observed ducks at 5-minute intervals from elevated platforms on wetland margins to determine numbers and species of indicated pairs using each wetland over time. We visited 80% of the wetlands <span>≥2</span> times, with mean total time per wetland averaging 267 minutes. For each wetland we determined the most frequently observed grouping of black ducks and mallards from all combinations recorded during all intervals (e.g., 1 black duck [BO] pair during 9 intervals; 2 mallard [MA] pairs and 1 BO pair during 22 intervals; 0 pairs during 3 intervals). A single pair, a lone male, or no ducks were recorded during 34% of the 5-minute intervals. For wetlands with <i>&gt;2</i> hours of observations (<i>n</i><span>=65</span>), all but 2 were used by <span>≥2</span> different combinations of ducks. On most wetlands, the most frequent grouping was observed during &lt;40% of the intervals. To simulate aerial surveys, we randomly selected 1 5-minute interval for each wetland. On average, the number of indicated pairs recorded during random 5-minute intervals was less than half of the total black duck pairs (2.0 vs. 4.4, <i>P</i><span>= 0.009</span>), total mallard pairs (1.1 vs. 2.6, <i>P=</i>0.0001), and pairs of both species combined (3.2 vs. 7.0, <i>P=</i>0.0001) determined for each wetland based on total observations. On wetlands used by both species, random counts detected one or both species 49% of the time. Although 53 of the 65 wetlands observed <span>≥2</span> hours were used by both species, random visits detected both species on only 27 wetlands. Our data do not support assertions that the mallard has caused the decline of black ducks through interspecific competition for habitat, or that wetlands are occupied continuously by single pairs that aggressively exclude conspecifics. Our data indicated that single, short-duration visits with disturbance to wetlands are unreliable and inappropriate to document seasonal use of wetlands by breeding black ducks and mallards.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne Complete","doi":"10.2193/0091-7648(2004)32[465:DUOWBB]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"McAuley, D., Clugston, D., and Longcore, J.R., 2004, Dynamic use of wetlands by black ducks and mallards: Evidence against competitive exclusion: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 32, no. 2, p. 465-473, https://doi.org/10.2193/0091-7648(2004)32[465:DUOWBB]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"465","endPage":"473","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201617,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maine","county":"Aroostook County","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -69.466552734375,\n              47.23448963529916\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.54345703125,\n              47.05515408550348\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.466796875,\n              47.0177163539792\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.4228515625,\n              46.50595444552049\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.74169921875,\n              46.40756396630065\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.73071289062499,\n              47.04766864046083\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.18115234375,\n              47.4057852900587\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.521728515625,\n              47.301584511330795\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.90625,\n              47.18971246448421\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.01611328125,\n              47.27922900257082\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.04907226562499,\n              47.47266286861342\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.312744140625,\n              47.45037978769006\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.466552734375,\n              47.23448963529916\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"32","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db627c13","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McAuley, D.G. 0000-0003-3674-6392","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3674-6392","contributorId":15296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McAuley","given":"D.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clugston, D.A.","contributorId":19657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clugston","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Longcore, J. R. 0000-0003-4898-5438","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4898-5438","contributorId":43835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Longcore","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":5224335,"text":"5224335 - 2004 - Estimating population trends with a linear model:  Technical comments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-27T11:49:40","indexId":"5224335","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:53","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating population trends with a linear model:  Technical comments","docAbstract":"Controversy has sometimes arisen over whether there is a need to accommodate the limitations of survey design in estimating population change from the count data collected in bird surveys.  Analyses of surveys such as the North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) can be quite complex; it is natural to ask if the complexity is necessary, or whether the statisticians have run amok.  Bart et al. (2003) propose a very simple analysis involving nothing more complicated than simple linear regression, and contrast their approach with model-based procedures.  We review the assumptions implicit to their proposed method, and document that these assumptions are unlikely to be valid for surveys such as the BBS.  One fundamental limitation of a purely design-based approach is the absence of controls for factors that influence detection of birds at survey sites.  We show that failure to model observer effects in survey data leads to substantial bias in estimation of population trends from BBS data for the 20 species that Bart et al. (2003) used as the basis of their simulations.  Finally, we note that the simulations presented in Bart et al. (2003) do not provide a useful evaluation of their proposed method, nor do they provide a valid comparison to the estimating- equations alternative they consider.","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1650/7431","usgsCitation":"Sauer, J., Link, W., and Royle, J., 2004, Estimating population trends with a linear model:  Technical comments: Condor, v. 106, no. 2, p. 435-440, https://doi.org/10.1650/7431.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"435","endPage":"440","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477986,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1650/7431","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":202043,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"106","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc8bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sauer, John R. jrsauer@usgs.gov","contributorId":3737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"John R.","email":"jrsauer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":341322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Link, William A. wlink@usgs.gov","contributorId":3465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Link","given":"William A.","email":"wlink@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":341321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Royle, J. Andrew 0000-0003-3135-2167","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3135-2167","contributorId":96221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Royle","given":"J. Andrew","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":5224330,"text":"5224330 - 2004 - Contribution of natural history collection data to biodiversity assessment in national parks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-06T16:05:04.706768","indexId":"5224330","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:53","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1321,"text":"Conservation Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contribution of natural history collection data to biodiversity assessment in national parks","docAbstract":"<p>There has been mounting interest in the use of museum and herbaria collections to assess biodiversity; information is often difficult to locate and access, however, and few recommendations are available for effectively using natural history collections. As part of an effort to inventory vertebrates and vascular plants in U.S. national parks, we searched manually and by computer for specimens originating within or adjacent to 14 parks throughout the northeastern United States. We compared the number of specimens located to collection size to determine whether there was any effect on detection rate of specimens. We evaluated the importance of park characteristics (e.g., age since establishment, size, theme [natural vs. cultural]) for influencing the number of specimens found in a collection. We located &gt;31,000 specimens and compiled associated records (hereafter referred to as specimens) from 78 collections; &gt;9000 specimens were park-significant, originating either within park boundaries or in the local township where the park was located. We found &gt;2000 specimens by means of manual searches, which cost <span>$0.001–0.15</span> per specimen searched and <span>$0.81–151.95</span> per specimen found. Collection effort appeared relatively uniform between 1890 and 1980, with low periods corresponding to significant sociopolitical events. Detection rates for specimens were inversely related to collection size. Although specimens were most often located in collections within the region of interest, specimens can be found anywhere, particularly in large collections international in scope, suggesting that global searches will be necessary to evaluate historical biodiversity. Park characteristics indicated that more collecting effort occurred within or adjacent to larger parks established for natural resources than in smaller historical sites. Because many institutions have not yet established electronic databases for collections, manual searches can be useful for retrieving specimens. Our results show that thorough, systematic searching of natural history collections for park-significant specimens can provide a historical perspective on biodiversity for park managers.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley Online Library","doi":"10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00034.x-i1","usgsCitation":"O'Connell, A., Gilbert, A., and Hatfield, J., 2004, Contribution of natural history collection data to biodiversity assessment in national parks: Conservation Biology, v. 18, no. 5, p. 1254-1261, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00034.x-i1.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1254","endPage":"1261","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201658,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-09-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af3e4b07f02db69198a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O'Connell, A.F. Jr. 0000-0001-7032-7023","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7032-7023","contributorId":24055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Connell","given":"A.F.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gilbert, A.T.","contributorId":14547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilbert","given":"A.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hatfield, Jeff S.","contributorId":41372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatfield","given":"Jeff S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":5224325,"text":"5224325 - 2004 - Estimation of tiger densities in the tropical dry forests of Panna, Central India, using photographic capture-recapture sampling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-27T12:12:48","indexId":"5224325","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:52","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":774,"text":"Animal Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of tiger densities in the tropical dry forests of Panna, Central India, using photographic capture-recapture sampling","docAbstract":"<p><span>Tropical dry-deciduous forests comprise more than 45% of the tiger (</span><i>Panthera tigris</i><span>) habitat in India. However, in the absence of rigorously derived estimates of ecological densities of tigers in dry forests, critical baseline data for managing tiger populations are lacking. In this study tiger densities were estimated using photographic capture–recapture sampling in the dry forests of Panna Tiger Reserve in Central India. Over a 45-day survey period, 60 camera trap sites were sampled in a well-protected part of the 542-km</span><sup>2</sup><span> reserve during 2002. A total sampling effort of 914 camera-trap-days yielded photo-captures of 11 individual tigers over 15 sampling occasions that effectively covered a 418-km</span><sup>2</sup><span> area. The closed capture–recapture model M</span><sub>h</sub><span>, which incorporates individual heterogeneity in capture probabilities, fitted these photographic capture history data well. The estimated capture probability/sample, </span><i>p̂</i><span>= 0.04, resulted in an estimated tiger population size and standard error (</span><i>&amp;#x004e;̂</i><span>(</span><i>SÊ&amp;#x004e;̂</i><span>)) of 29 (9.65), and a density (</span><i>D̂</i><span>(</span><i>SÊD̂</i><span>)) of 6.94 (3.23) tigers/100 km</span><sup>2</sup><span>. The estimated tiger density matched predictions based on prey abundance. Our results suggest that, if managed appropriately, the available dry forest habitat in India has the potential to support a population size of about 9000 wild tigers.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1017/S1367943004001477","usgsCitation":"Karanth, K., Chundawat, R.S., Nichols, J., and Kumar, N.S., 2004, Estimation of tiger densities in the tropical dry forests of Panna, Central India, using photographic capture-recapture sampling: Animal Conservation, v. 7, no. 3, p. 285-290, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1367943004001477.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"285","endPage":"290","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203050,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-02-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb20b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Karanth, K.Ullas","contributorId":112954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karanth","given":"K.Ullas","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chundawat, Raghunandan S.","contributorId":81607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chundawat","given":"Raghunandan","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nichols, James D. jnichols@usgs.gov","contributorId":139082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"James D.","email":"jnichols@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":341288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kumar, N. Samba","contributorId":52701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kumar","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"Samba","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":5224303,"text":"5224303 - 2004 - Investigating species co-occurrence patterns when species are detected imperfectly","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-30T15:42:59.828089","indexId":"5224303","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:50","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2158,"text":"Journal of Animal Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Investigating species co-occurrence patterns when species are detected imperfectly","docAbstract":"<p>1. Over the last 30 years there has been a great deal of interest in investigating patterns of species co-occurrence across a number of locations, which has led to the development of numerous methods to determine whether there is evidence that a particular pattern may not have occurred by random chance. 2. A key aspect that seems to have been largely overlooked is the possibility that species may not always be detected at a location when present, which leads to 'false absences' in a species presence/absence matrix that may cause incorrect inferences to be made about co-occurrence patterns. Furthermore, many of the published methods for investigating patterns of species co-occurrence do not account for potential differences in the site characteristics that may partially (at least) explain non-random patterns (e.g. due to species having similar/different habitat preferences). 3. Here we present a statistical method for modelling co-occurrence patterns between species while accounting for imperfect detection and site characteristics. This method requires that multiple presence/absence surveys for the species be conducted over a reasonably short period of time at most sites. The method yields unbiased estimates of probabilities of occurrence, and is practical when the number of species is small (&lt; 4). 4. To illustrate the method we consider data collected on two terrestrial salamander species, <i>Plethodon jordani</i> and members of the <i>Plethodon glutinosus</i> complex, collected in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA. We find no evidence that the species do not occur independently at sites once site elevation has been allowed for, although we find some evidence of a statistical interaction between species in terms of detectability that we suggest may be due to changes in relative abundances.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.0021-8790.2004.00828.x","usgsCitation":"MacKenzie, D., Bailey, L., and Nichols, J., 2004, Investigating species co-occurrence patterns when species are detected imperfectly: Journal of Animal Ecology, v. 73, no. 3, p. 546-555, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-8790.2004.00828.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"546","endPage":"555","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477994,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-8790.2004.00828.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":199464,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina, Tennessee","otherGeospatial":"Great Smoky Mountains National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -83.968505859375,\n              35.29943548054545\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.0126953125,\n              35.29943548054545\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.0126953125,\n              35.746512259918504\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.968505859375,\n              35.746512259918504\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.968505859375,\n              35.29943548054545\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"73","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-04-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699fe6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"MacKenzie, D.I.","contributorId":69522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacKenzie","given":"D.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bailey, L.L. 0000-0002-5959-2018","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5959-2018","contributorId":61006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"L.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
]}