The ground-water and surface-water system in the Yuma area in southwestern Arizona and southeastern California is managed intensely to meet water-delivery requirements of customers in the United States, to manage high ground-water levels in the valleys, and to maintain treaty-mandated water-quality and quantity requirements of Mexico. The following components in this report, which were identified to be useful in the development of a ground-water management model, are: (1) refinement of the hydrogeologic framework; (2) updated water-level maps, general ground-water flow patterns, and an estimate of the amount of ground water stored in the mound under Yuma Mesa; (3) review and documentation of the ground-water budget calculated by the Bureau of Reclamation, U.S. Department of the Interior (Reclamation); and (4) water-chemistry characterization to identify the spatial distribution of water quality, information on sources and ages of ground water, and information about the productive-interval depths of the aquifer.
A refined three-dimensional digital hydrogeologic framework model includes the following hydrogeologic units from bottom to top: (1) the effective hydrologic basement of the basin aquifer, which includes the Pliocene Bouse Formation, Tertiary volcanic and sedimentary rocks, and pre-Tertiary metamorphic and plutonic rocks; (2) undifferentiated lower units to represent the Pliocene transition zone and wedge zone; (3) coarse-gravel unit; (4) lower, middle, and upper basin fill to represent the upper, fine-grained zone between the top of the coarse-gravel unit and the land surface; and (5) clay A and clay B. Data for the refined model includes digital elevation models, borehole lithology data, geophysical data, and structural data to represent the geometry of the hydrogeologic units. The top surface of the coarse-gravel unit, defined by using borehole and geophysical data, varies similarly to terraces resulting from the down cutting of the Colorado River. Clay A is nearly the same as the previous conceptual hydrogeologic model definition (Olmsted and others, 1973), except for a minor westward extension from the city of Yuma. Clay B is extended to the southerly international boundary and increased in areal extent by about two-thirds of the original extent (Olmsted and others, 1973). The other hydrogeologic units generally are the same as in the previous conceptual hydrogeologic model.
Before development, the Colorado and Gila Rivers were the sources of nearly all the ground water in the Yuma area through direct infiltration of water from river channels and annual overbank flooding. After construction of upstream reservoirs and clearing and irrigation of the floodplains, the rivers now act as drains for the ground water. Ground-water levels in most of the Yuma area are higher now than they were in predevelopment time. A general gradient of ground-water flow toward the natural discharge area south of the Yuma area still exists, but many other changes in flow are evident. Ground water in Yuma Valley once flowed away from the Colorado River, but now has a component of flow towards the river and Mexicali Valley. A ground-water mound has formed under Yuma Mesa from long-term surface-water irrigation; about 600,000 to 800,000 acre-ft of water are stored in the mound. Ground-water withdrawals adjacent to the southerly international boundary have resulted in water-level declines in that area.
The reviewed and documented water budget includes the following components: (1) recharge in irrigated areas, (2) evapotranspiration by irrigated crops and phreatophytes, (3) ground-water return flow to the Colorado River, and (4) ground-water withdrawals (including those in Mexicali Valley). Recharge components were calculated by subtracting the amount of water used by crops from the amount of water delivered. Evapotranspiration rates were calculated on the basis of established methods, thus were appropriate for input to the ground-water flow model developed by the Bureau of Reclamation (William Greer, hydrologist, Bureau of Reclamation, written commun., 2005). Evapotranspiration by crops and phreatophytes were calculated by using crop coefficient methods and meteorological data. Other methods of calculating evapotranspiration rates by using combinations of satellite imagery and ground-based data could be used for higher spatial and temporal resolution. Ground-water return flow during years of low flow on the Colorado River (1972–82, 1987–92, and 1994–96) averaged 79,000 acre-ft per year. Ground-water withdrawal data for 1970–99 were similar to other estimates made by the U.S. Geological Survey for the Yuma area.
New water-chemistry data were collected in 12 wells and 8 canals/drains to characterize spatial patterns in chemical constituents, determine isotopic ages of water, infer possible sources of ground water, and locate the vertical intervals of the aquifer that contribute most water to wells. Depth-dependent samples were collected at one of the wells (YM-10). A large quantity of water-quality data were compiled from Bureau of Reclamation and U.S. Geological Survey records and merged into the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information System database. New samples were analyzed for major ions, nutrients, stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen, tritium (3H), and carbon-14 (14C) (along with C13/C12 ratios). Light values of oxygen-18 (18O) and deuterium (2H, D) in well 242-2 indicate recharge from the Colorado River. Heavy water samples from wells 242-22, CADC, and Mesa del Sol indicate local recharge sources. Tritium data indicate there is young water in wells in the valleys and near the edge of Yuma Mesa, while older water is found far from the Colorado River. 14C data indicate that water from wells near the southerly international boundary is at least several thousand years old.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20065135","usgsCitation":"Dickinson, J.E., Land, M., Faunt, C., Leake, S.A., Reichard, E.G., Fleming, J.B., and Pool, D.R., 2006, Hydrogeologic framework refinement, ground-water flow and storage, water-chemistry analyses, and water-budget components of the Yuma area, southwestern Arizona and southeastern California: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5135, ix, 88 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065135.","productDescription":"ix, 88 p.","numberOfPages":"97","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192267,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":411509,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_77428.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":8483,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2006-5135/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, California","city":"Yuma","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115,\n 32.8653\n ],\n [\n -115,\n 32.4833 \n ],\n [\n -114.25,\n 32.4833\n ],\n [\n -114.25,\n 32.8653\n ],\n [\n -115,\n 32.8653\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db627994","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dickinson, Jesse E. 0000-0002-0048-0839 jdickins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0048-0839","contributorId":152545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickinson","given":"Jesse","email":"jdickins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Land, Michael 0000-0001-5141-0307","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5141-0307","contributorId":56613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Land","given":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Faunt, Claudia C. 0000-0001-5659-7529 ccfaunt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5659-7529","contributorId":1491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faunt","given":"Claudia C.","email":"ccfaunt@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":288933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Leake, S. A.","contributorId":52164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leake","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Reichard, Eric G. 0000-0002-7310-3866 egreich@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7310-3866","contributorId":1207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reichard","given":"Eric","email":"egreich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":288932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Fleming, John B.","contributorId":33788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleming","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Pool, D. R.","contributorId":75581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pool","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":78571,"text":"ofr20061236 - 2006 - Scoping of flood hazard mapping needs for Carroll County, New Hampshire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:18","indexId":"ofr20061236","displayToPublicDate":"2006-08-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1236","title":"Scoping of flood hazard mapping needs for Carroll County, New Hampshire","docAbstract":"This report was prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) New Hampshire/Vermont Water Science Center for scoping of flood-hazard mapping needs for Carroll County, New Hampshire, under Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Inter-Agency agreement Number HSFE01-05X-0018. FEMA is embarking on a map modernization program nationwide to:\r\n1. \tGather and develop updated data for all flood prone areas in support of flood plain management.\r\n2. \tProvide maps and data in a digital format for the improvement in the efficiency and precision of the mapping program.\r\n3. \tIntegrate FEMA's community and state partners into the mapping process\r\n\r\nOne of the priorities for FEMA, Region 1, is to develop updated Digital Flood Insurance Rate Maps (DFIRMs) and Flood Insurance Studies (FIS) for Carroll County, New Hampshire. The information provided in this report will be used to develop the scope for the first phase of a multiyear project that will ultimately result in the production of new DFIRMs and FIS for the communities and flooding sources in Carroll County.\r\n\r\nThe average age of the FEMA flood plain maps in Carroll County, New Hampshire is 18 years. Most of these studies were computed in the late 1970s to the mid 1980s. However, in the ensuing 20-30 years, development has occurred in many of the watersheds, and the rivers and streams and their flood plains have changed as a result. In addition, as development has occurred, peak flooding has increased downstream of the development from increased flows across impervious surfaces. Therefore, many of the older studies may not depict current conditions nor accurately estimate risk in terms of flood heights.\r\n\r\nCarroll County gained 3,773 residents between 2000 and 2005. This represents a growth of 8.6 percent compared to 6.0 percent for the state as a whole. Carroll County ranks second (from highest to lowest) out of New Hampshire's 10 counties in terms of rate of population increase. Since 1990, Carroll County has gained 12,029 residents (University of New Hampshire, 2006).","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061236","usgsCitation":"Flynn, R.H., 2006, Scoping of flood hazard mapping needs for Carroll County, New Hampshire: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1236, 73 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061236.","productDescription":"73 p.","numberOfPages":"73","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":468,"text":"New Hampshire-Vermont Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":191676,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8487,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1236/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fcda4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flynn, Robert H. rflynn@usgs.gov","contributorId":2137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flynn","given":"Robert","email":"rflynn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":78567,"text":"sir20055288 - 2006 - Rates of evapotranspiration, recharge from precipitation beneath selected areas of native vegetation, and streamflow gain and loss in Carson Valley, Douglas County, Nevada, and Alpine County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:19","indexId":"sir20055288","displayToPublicDate":"2006-08-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5288","title":"Rates of evapotranspiration, recharge from precipitation beneath selected areas of native vegetation, and streamflow gain and loss in Carson Valley, Douglas County, Nevada, and Alpine County, California","docAbstract":"Rapid growth and development in Carson Valley is causing concern over the continued availability of water resources to sustain such growth into the future. A study to address concerns over water resources and to update estimates of water-budget components in Carson Valley was begun in 2003 by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with Douglas County, Nevada. This report summarizes micrometeorologic, soil-chloride, and streambed-temperature data collected in Carson Valley from April 2003 through November 2004. Using these data, estimates of rates of discharge by evapotranspiration (ET), rates of recharge from precipitation in areas of native vegetation on the eastern and northern sides of the valley, and rates of recharge and discharge from streamflow infiltration and seepage on the valley floor were calculated. These rates can be used to develop updated water budgets for Carson Valley and to evaluate potential effects of land- and water-use changes on the valley's water budget.\r\n\r\nData from eight ET stations provided estimates of annual ET during water year 2004, the sixth consecutive year of a drought with average or below average precipitation since 1999. Estimated annual ET from flood-irrigated alfalfa where the water table was from 3 to 6 feet below land surface was 3.1 feet. A similar amount of ET, 3.0 feet, was estimated from flood-irrigated alfalfa where the water table was about 40 feet below land surface. Estimated annual ET from flood-irrigated pasture ranged from 2.8 to 3.2 feet where the water table ranged from 2 to 5 feet below land surface, and was 4.4 feet where the water table was within 2 feet from land surface. Annual ET estimated from nonirrigated pasture was 1.7 feet. Annual ET estimated from native vegetation was 1.9 feet from stands of rabbitbrush and greasewood near the northern end of the valley, and 1.5 feet from stands of native bitterbrush and sagebrush covering alluvial fans along the western side of the valley. Uncertainty in most ET estimates is about 12 percent, but ranged from +30 and +50 percent to -20 and -40 percent for nonirrigated pasture and native bitterbrush and sagebrush. Estimated rates for water year 2004 likely are less than those during years of average, or above average precipitation when the water table would be closer to land surface.\r\n\r\nTest holes drilled in areas of native vegetation on the northern and eastern sides of Carson Valley had high concentrations of soil chloride at depths ranging from 4 to 18 feet below land surface at six locations on the eastern side of the valley. The high chloride concentrations indicate that modern-day precipitation at the six locations does not percolate deeper than the root zone of native vegetation. Estimates of the time required to accumulate the measured amount of chloride to depths of about 30 feet below land surface at the six test holes ranged from about 3,000 to 12,000 years.\r\n\r\nLow concentrations of soil chloride in two test holes on the northern end of Carson Valley and in a test hole on the eastern side of Fish Spring Flat indicate that a small amount of recharge from modern-day precipitation is taking place. Estimated annual recharge from precipitation at the two locations was 0.03 and 0.04 foot on the northern end of the valley and 0.02 foot on the eastern side of Fish Spring Flat. Uncertainty in the estimated recharge rates was about ?0.01 foot. Estimates of the time required to accumulate the measured amount of chloride to depths of about 30 feet below land surface at the three test holes ranged from about 100 to 700 years. The two test holes near the northern end of the valley are in gravel and eolian sand deposits and recharge from precipitation may be taking place at similar rates in other areas with gravel and eolian sand deposits. Based on results from other test holes, recharge at the rate estimated for the test hole on the eastern side of Fish Spring Flat is not likely applicable to a large area.\r\n\r\nData from 37 site","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20055288","usgsCitation":"Maurer, D.K., Berger, D.L., Tumbusch, M.L., and Johnson, M.J., 2006, Rates of evapotranspiration, recharge from precipitation beneath selected areas of native vegetation, and streamflow gain and loss in Carson Valley, Douglas County, Nevada, and Alpine County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5288, vi, 70 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055288.","productDescription":"vi, 70 p.","numberOfPages":"76","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":8482,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2005-5288/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":192330,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -120,38 ], [ -120,42 ], [ -118,42 ], [ -118,38 ], [ -120,38 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db648829","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maurer, Douglas K. dkmaurer@usgs.gov","contributorId":2308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maurer","given":"Douglas","email":"dkmaurer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":288929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berger, David L. dlberger@usgs.gov","contributorId":1861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berger","given":"David","email":"dlberger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":288927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tumbusch, Mary L.","contributorId":37377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tumbusch","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, Michael J. johnsonm@usgs.gov","contributorId":2282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Michael","email":"johnsonm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":77984,"text":"sim2928 - 2006 - Rebuilding Mount St. Helens","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-15T11:18:11","indexId":"sim2928","displayToPublicDate":"2006-08-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2928","title":"Rebuilding Mount St. Helens","docAbstract":"On May 18, 1980, Mount St. Helens, Washington exploded in a spectacular and devastating eruption that shocked the world. The eruption, one of the most powerful in the history of the United States, removed 2.7 cubic kilometers of rock from the volcano's edifice, the bulk of which had been constructed by nearly 4,000 years of lava-dome-building eruptions. In seconds, the mountain's summit elevation was lowered from 2,950 meters to 2,549 meters, leaving a north-facing, horseshoe-shaped crater over 2 kilometers wide.\r\n\r\nFollowing the 1980 eruption, Mount St. Helens remained active. A large lava dome began episodically extruding in the center of the volcano's empty crater. This dome-building eruption lasted until 1986 and added about 80 million cubic meters of rock to the volcano. During the two decades following the May 18, 1980 eruption, Crater Glacier formed tongues of ice around the east and west sides of the lava dome in the deeply shaded niche between the lava dome and the south crater wall.\r\n\r\nLong the most active volcano in the Cascade Range with a complex 300,000-year history, Mount St. Helens erupted again in the fall of 2004 as a new period of dome building began within the 1980 crater. Between October 2004 and February 2006, about 80 million cubic meters of dacite lava erupted immediately south of the 1980-86 lava dome. The erupting lava separated the glacier into two parts, first squeezing the east arm of the glacier against the east crater wall and then causing equally spectacular crevassing and broad uplift of the glacier's west arm.\r\n\r\nVertical aerial photographs document dome growth and glacier deformation. These photographs enabled photogrammetric construction of a series of high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) showing changes from October 4, 2004 to February 9, 2006. From the DEMs, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) applications were used to estimate extruded volumes and growth rates of the new lava dome. The DEMs were also used to quantify dome height variations, size of the magma conduit opening, and the mechanics of dome emplacement.\r\n\r\nPrevious lava-dome-building eruptions at the volcano have persisted intermittently for years to decades. Over time, such events constructed much of the cone-shaped mountain seen prior to the May 18, 1980 eruption. Someday, episodic dome growth may eventually rebuild Mount St. Helens to its pre-1980 form. ","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sim2928","isbn":"1411310527","usgsCitation":"Schilling, S.P., Ramsey, D.W., Messerich, J.A., and Thompson, R.A., 2006, Rebuilding Mount St. Helens: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2928, 1 poster sheet, 38 x 25 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/sim2928.","productDescription":"1 poster sheet, 38 x 25 in.","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195513,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8450,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2006/2928/version_history.txt","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}},{"id":110668,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_77414.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"77414"},{"id":8449,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2006/2928/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.31777777777778,46.18388888888889 ], [ -122.31777777777778,46.316944444444445 ], [ -122.18416666666667,46.316944444444445 ], [ -122.18416666666667,46.18388888888889 ], [ -122.31777777777778,46.18388888888889 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a58e4b07f02db62f2be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schilling, Steve P. sschilli@usgs.gov","contributorId":634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schilling","given":"Steve","email":"sschilli@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ramsey, David W. 0000-0003-1698-2523 dramsey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1698-2523","contributorId":3819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramsey","given":"David","email":"dramsey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Messerich, James A. jmesser@usgs.gov","contributorId":2535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Messerich","given":"James","email":"jmesser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":288872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thompson, Ren A. 0000-0002-3044-3043 rathomps@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3044-3043","contributorId":1265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Ren","email":"rathomps@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":78043,"text":"tm6B3 - 2006 - Section 3. The SPARROW Surface Water-Quality Model—Theory, application and user documentation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-20T10:59:08","indexId":"tm6B3","displayToPublicDate":"2006-08-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"6-B3","title":"Section 3. The SPARROW Surface Water-Quality Model—Theory, application and user documentation","docAbstract":"SPARROW (SPAtially Referenced Regressions On Watershed attributes) is a watershed modeling technique for relating water-quality measurements made at a network of monitoring stations to attributes of the watersheds containing the stations. The core of the model consists of a nonlinear regression equation describing the non-conservative transport of contaminants from point and diffuse sources on land to rivers and through the stream and river network. The model predicts contaminant flux, concentration, and yield in streams and has been used to evaluate alternative hypotheses about the important contaminant sources and watershed properties that control transport over large spatial scales.
This report provides documentation for the SPARROW modeling technique and computer software to guide users in constructing and applying basic SPARROW models. The documentation gives details of the SPARROW software, including the input data and installation requirements, and guidance in the specification, calibration, and application of basic SPARROW models, as well as descriptions of the model output and its interpretation. The documentation is intended for both researchers and water-resource managers with interest in using the results of existing models and developing and applying new SPARROW models.
The documentation of the model is presented in two parts. Part 1 provides a theoretical and practical introduction to SPARROW modeling techniques, which includes a discussion of the objectives, conceptual attributes, and model infrastructure of SPARROW. Part 1 also includes background on the commonly used model specifications and the methods for estimating and evaluating parameters, evaluating model fit, and generating water-quality predictions and measures of uncertainty. Part 2 provides a user's guide to SPARROW, which includes a discussion of the software architecture and details of the model input requirements and output files, graphs, and maps. The text documentation and computer software are available on the Web at http://usgs.er.gov/sparrow/sparrow-mod.html.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Section B: Ground-water techniques in Book 3: Applications of hydraulics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/tm6B3","usgsCitation":"Schwarz, G., Hoos, A.B., Alexander, R.B., and Smith, R.A., 2006, Section 3. The SPARROW Surface Water-Quality Model—Theory, application and user documentation: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6-B3, 248 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tm6B3.","productDescription":"248 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":359664,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2006/tm6b3/PDF/tm6b3_contents.pdf","text":"Report ","size":"2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"- Table of Contents"},{"id":359662,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2006/tm6b3/PDF/tm6b3_titlepages.pdf","text":"Report ","size":"1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"TM 6-B3 ","linkHelpText":"- Title Pages"},{"id":359665,"rank":6,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2006/tm6b3/PDF/tm6b3_part1b.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"- Part 1 (continued, p. 30-68)"},{"id":359663,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2006/tm6b3/PDF/tm6b3_part1a.pdf","text":"Report ","size":"1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"- Abstract and Part 1 (p. 1-29)"},{"id":359667,"rank":11,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2006/tm6b3/PDF/tm6b3_part1d.pdf","text":"Report ","size":".7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"- Part 1 (continued, p. 98-122)"},{"id":359668,"rank":12,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2006/tm6b3/PDF/tm6b3_part2.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"- Part 2 (p. 123-202)"},{"id":9892,"rank":9998,"type":{"id":12,"text":"Errata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2006/tm6b3/errata.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":359669,"rank":9,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2006/tm6b3/PDF/tm6b3_appendix.pdf","text":"Appendix A. ","size":".8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"- Determination of the Bootstrap Confidence Interval Quantiles"},{"id":190713,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2006/tm6b3/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":359666,"rank":10,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2006/tm6b3/PDF/tm6b3_part1c.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"- Part 1 (continued, p. 69-97)"},{"id":8461,"rank":9998,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/sparrow/sparrow-mod.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"contact":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program
U.S. Geological Survey
413 National Center
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, Virginia 20192
https://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/
Ebullition of gas bubbles through saturated sediments can enhance the migration of gases through the subsurface, affect the rate of biogeochemical processes, and potentially enhance the emission of important greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. To better understand the parameters controlling ebullition, methanogenic conditions were produced in a column experiment and ebullition through the column was monitored and quantified through dissolved gas analysis and reactive transport modeling. Dissolved gas analysis showed rapid transport of CH4 vertically through the column at rates several times faster than the bromide tracer and the more soluble gas CO2, indicating that ebullition was the main transport mechanism for CH4. An empirically derived formulation describing ebullition was integrated into the reactive transport code MIN3P allowing this process to be investigated on the REV scale in a complex geochemical framework. The simulations provided insights into the parameters controlling ebullition and show that, over the duration of the experiment, 36% of the CH4 and 19% of the CO2 produced were transported to the top of the column through ebullition.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es0602501","usgsCitation":"Amos, R.T., and Mayer, K.U., 2006, Investigating ebullition in a sand column using dissolved gas analysis and reactive transport modeling: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 40, no. 17, p. 5361-5367, https://doi.org/10.1021/es0602501.","productDescription":"7 p. ","startPage":"5361","endPage":"5367","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336954,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58bfd4fce4b014cc3a3ba514","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Amos, Richard T.","contributorId":69081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amos","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mayer, K. Ulrich","contributorId":151069,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mayer","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"Ulrich","affiliations":[{"id":18176,"text":"Department of Earth and Ocean Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":681018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":77631,"text":"ofr20061004 - 2006 - A Semi-Implicit, Three-Dimensional Model for Estuarine Circulation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:11","indexId":"ofr20061004","displayToPublicDate":"2006-08-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1004","title":"A Semi-Implicit, Three-Dimensional Model for Estuarine Circulation","docAbstract":"A semi-implicit, finite-difference method for the numerical solution of the three-dimensional equations for circulation in estuaries is presented and tested. The method uses a three-time-level, leapfrog-trapezoidal scheme that is essentially second-order accurate in the spatial and temporal numerical approximations. The three-time-level scheme is shown to be preferred over a two-time-level scheme, especially for problems with strong nonlinearities. The stability of the semi-implicit scheme is free from any time-step limitation related to the terms describing vertical diffusion and the propagation of the surface gravity waves. The scheme does not rely on any form of vertical/horizontal mode-splitting to treat the vertical diffusion implicitly. At each time step, the numerical method uses a double-sweep method to transform a large number of small tridiagonal equation systems and then uses the preconditioned conjugate-gradient method to solve a single, large, five-diagonal equation system for the water surface elevation. The governing equations for the multi-level scheme are prepared in a conservative form by integrating them over the height of each horizontal layer. The layer-integrated volumetric transports replace velocities as the dependent variables so that the depth-integrated continuity equation that is used in the solution for the water surface elevation is linear. Volumetric transports are computed explicitly from the momentum equations. The resulting method is mass conservative, efficient, and numerically accurate.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061004","usgsCitation":"Smith, P.E., 2006, A Semi-Implicit, Three-Dimensional Model for Estuarine Circulation: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1004, xi, 176 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061004.","productDescription":"xi, 176 p.","numberOfPages":"187","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":192242,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8383,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1004/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4968e4b0b290850ef237","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Peter E.","contributorId":50609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":77630,"text":"sir20065066 - 2006 - Present and Reference Concentrations and Yields of Suspended Sediment in Streams in the Great Lakes Region and Adjacent Areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-06T12:30:46","indexId":"sir20065066","displayToPublicDate":"2006-08-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5066","title":"Present and Reference Concentrations and Yields of Suspended Sediment in Streams in the Great Lakes Region and Adjacent Areas","docAbstract":"In-stream suspended sediment and siltation and downstream sedimentation are common problems in surface waters throughout the United States. The most effective way to improve surface waters impaired by sediments is to reduce the contributions from human activities rather than try to reduce loadings from natural sources. Total suspended sediment/solids (TSS) concentration data were obtained from 964 streams in the Great Lakes, Ohio, Upper Mississippi, and Souris-Red-Rainy River Basins from 1951 to 2002. These data were used to estimate median concentrations, loads, yields, and volumetrically (flow) weighted (VW) concentrations where streamflow data were available. SPAtial Regression-Tree Analysis (SPARTA) was applied to land-use-adjusted (residualized) TSS data and environmental-characteristic data to determine the natural factors that best described the distribution of median and VW TSS concentrations and yields and to delineate zones with similar natural factors affecting TSS, enabling reference or natural concentrations and yields to be estimated.\r\n\r\nSoil properties (clay and organic-matter content, erodibility, and permeability), basin slope, and land use (percentage of agriculture) were the factors most strongly related to the distribution of median and VW TSS concentrations. TSS yields were most strongly related to amount of precipitation and the resulting runoff, and secondarily to the factors related to high TSS concentrations. Reference median TSS concentrations ranged from 5 to 26 milligrams per liter (mg/L), reference median annual VW TSS concentrations ranged from 10 to 168 mg/L, and reference TSS yields ranged from about 980 to 90,000 kilograms per square kilometer per year.\r\n\r\nIndependent streams (streams with no overlapping drainage areas) with TSS data were ranked by how much their water quality exceeded reference concentrations and yields. Most streams exceeding reference conditions were in the central part of the study area, where agricultural activities are the most intensive; however, other sites exceeding reference conditions were identified outside of this area. Whether concentrations or yields should be considered in guiding rehabilitation efforts depends on whether in-stream or downstream effects are more important. Although this study attempted to obtain all available water-quality data for the study area, any actual prioritization of sites for remediation would need to rely on more extensive data collection or numerical models that can accurately simulate the effects of various human activities in a range of environmental settings. \r\n\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20065066","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Robertson, D.M., Saad, D.A., and Heisey, D.M., 2006, Present and Reference Concentrations and Yields of Suspended Sediment in Streams in the Great Lakes Region and Adjacent Areas (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5066, ii, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065066.","productDescription":"ii, 35 p.","numberOfPages":"43","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192375,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8801,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5066/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -104,35 ], [ -104,49.5 ], [ -72,49.5 ], [ -72,35 ], [ -104,35 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db668ece","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robertson, Dale M. 0000-0001-6799-0596 dzrobert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6799-0596","contributorId":150760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"Dale","email":"dzrobert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Saad, David A. dasaad@usgs.gov","contributorId":121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saad","given":"David","email":"dasaad@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Heisey, Dennis M. dheisey@usgs.gov","contributorId":2455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heisey","given":"Dennis","email":"dheisey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":77641,"text":"sir20065087 - 2006 - BLM Density Management and Riparian Buffer Study: Establishment Report and Study Plan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:10","indexId":"sir20065087","displayToPublicDate":"2006-08-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5087","title":"BLM Density Management and Riparian Buffer Study: Establishment Report and Study Plan","docAbstract":"The Bureau of Land Management (BLM), Pacific Northwest Research Station (PNW), U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), and Oregon State University (OSU) established the BLM Density Management and Riparian Buffer Study (DMS) in 1994 to demonstrate and test options for young stand management to meet Northwest Forest Plan objectives in western Oregon. The primary objectives of the DMS are to evaluate the effects of alternative forest density management treatments in young stands on the development of important late-successional forest habitat attributes and to assess the combined effects of density management and alternative riparian buffer widths on aquatic and riparian ecosystems.\r\n\r\nThe DMS consists of three integrated studies: initial thinning, rethinning, and riparian buffer widths. The initial thinning study was installed in 50- to 80-year-old stands that had never been commercially thinned. Four stand treatments of 30-60 acres each were established at each of seven study sites: (1) unthinned control, (2) high density retention [120 trees per acre (TPA)], (3) moderate density retention (80 TPA), and (4) variable density retention (40-120 TPA). Small (1/4 to 1 acre in size) leave islands were included in all treatments except the control, and small patch cuts (1/4 to 1 acre in size) were included in the moderate and variable density treatments. An eighth site, Callahan Creek, contains a partial implementation of the study design.\r\n\r\nThe rethinning study was installed in four 70- to 90-year-old stands that previously had been commercially thinned. Each study stand was split into two parts: one part as an untreated control and the other part as a rethinning (30-60 TPA).\r\n\r\nThe riparian buffer study was nested within the moderate density retention treatment at each of the eight initial thinning study sites and two rethinning sites. Alternative riparian buffer widths included: (1) streamside retention (one tree canopy width, or 20-25 feet), (2) variable width (follows topographic and vegetative breaks, 50 feet slope distance minimum), (3) one full site-potential tree height (approximately 220 feet), and (4) two full tree heights (approximately 440 feet).\r\n\r\nA second round of density management manipulations are now being planned for implementation beginning in 2009. Stem density will be reduced in the high, moderate, and variable density treatments and most existing riparian buffers, leave islands, and patch cuts will remain in place.\r\n\r\nRemeasurement, data management, and analysis are ongoing for three long-term, core components of the DMS: vegetation, microclimate, and aquatic vertebrates. In addition, several short-term collaborative studies have been completed on these sites, including leave island effectiveness as refugia, treatment response of terrestrial and aquatic arthropods, and smaller-scale studies of fungal, lichen, and bryophyte community response. Additional collaborative studies are encouraged on DMS sites.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20065087","usgsCitation":"Cissel, J.H., Anderson, P.D., Olson, D.H., Puettmann, K., Berryman, S., Chan, S., and Thompson, C., 2006, BLM Density Management and Riparian Buffer Study: Establishment Report and Study Plan: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5087, 151 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065087.","productDescription":"151 p.","numberOfPages":"151","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":192229,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8634,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5087/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64ae55","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cissel, John H.","contributorId":24035,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cissel","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, P. D.","contributorId":91189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Olson, Deanna H.","contributorId":60332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Deanna","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Puettmann, Klaus","contributorId":54687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puettmann","given":"Klaus","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Berryman, Shanti","contributorId":99237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berryman","given":"Shanti","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Chan, Samuel","contributorId":45013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chan","given":"Samuel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Thompson, Charley","contributorId":73687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Charley","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70155967,"text":"70155967 - 2006 - Spectral mixture analyses of hyperspectral data acquired using a tethered balloon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-05T22:03:27.995652","indexId":"70155967","displayToPublicDate":"2006-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spectral mixture analyses of hyperspectral data acquired using a tethered balloon","docAbstract":"Tethered balloon remote sensing platforms can be used to study radiometric issues in terrestrial ecosystems by effectively bridging the spatial gap between measurements made on the ground and those acquired via airplane or satellite. In this study, the Short Wave Aerostat-Mounted Imager (SWAMI) tethered balloon-mounted platform was utilized to evaluate linear and nonlinear spectral mixture analysis (SMA) for a grassland-conifer forest ecotone during the summer of 2003. Hyperspectral measurement of a 74-m diameter ground instantaneous field of view (GIFOV) attained by the SWAMI was studied. Hyperspectral spectra of four common endmembers, bare soil, grass, tree, and shadow, were collected in situ, and images captured via video camera were interpreted into accurate areal ground cover fractions for evaluating the mixture models. The comparison between the SWAMI spectrum and the spectrum derived by combining in situ spectral data with video-derived areal fractions indicated that nonlinear effects occurred in the near infrared (NIR) region, while nonlinear influences were minimal in the visible region. The evaluation of hyperspectral and multispectral mixture models indicated that nonlinear mixture model-derived areal fractions were sensitive to the model input data, while the linear mixture model performed more stably. Areal fractions of bare soil were overestimated in all models due to the increased radiance of bare soil resulting from side scattering of NIR radiation by adjacent grass and trees. Unmixing errors occurred mainly due to multiple scattering as well as close endmember spectral correlation. In addition, though an apparent endmember assemblage could be derived using linear approaches to yield low residual error, the tree and shade endmember fractions calculated using this technique were erroneous and therefore separate treatment of endmembers subject to high amounts of multiple scattering (i.e. shadows and trees) must be done with caution. Including the short wave infrared (SWIR) region in the hyperspectral and multispectral endmember data significantly reduced the Pearson correlation coefficient values among endmember spectra. Therefore, combination of visible, NIR, and SWIR information is likely to further improve the utility of SMA in understanding ecosystem structure and function and may help narrow uncertainties when utilizing remotely sensed data to extrapolate trace glas flux measurements from the canopy scale to the landscape scale.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.rse.2005.05.023","usgsCitation":"Chen, X., and Vierling, L., 2006, Spectral mixture analyses of hyperspectral data acquired using a tethered balloon: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 103, no. 3, p. 338-350, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2005.05.023.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"338","endPage":"350","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306464,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"103","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57fe8df8e4b0824b2d14b46f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chen, Xuexia","contributorId":14213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"Xuexia","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":567457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vierling, Lee","contributorId":17022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vierling","given":"Lee","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":567458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70258492,"text":"70258492 - 2006 - State-parameter estimation of ecosystem models using a smoothed ensemble Kalman filter","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-17T15:16:03.834156","indexId":"70258492","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-31T10:11:14","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"State-parameter estimation of ecosystem models using a smoothed ensemble Kalman filter","docAbstract":"Much of the effort in data assimilation methods for carbon dynamics analysis has focused on estimating optimal values for either model parameters or state variables. The main weakness of estimating parameter values alone (i.e., without considering state variables) is that all errors from input, output, and model structure are attributed to model parameter uncertainties. On the other hand, the accuracy of estimating state variables may be reduced if the temporal evolution of parameter values is not incorporated. This research develops a smoothed ensemble Kalman filter (SEnKF) to estimate simultaneously the system states and model parameters of an eddy flux partition model. The approach is used to assimilate observed fluxes of carbon and major driving forces at an AmeriFlux forest station: Howland, Maine, USA. The aim of applying a kernel-smoothing algorithm to an ensemble Kalman filter is to overcome the dramatic, sudden change of parameter values in time and the loss of continuity between two consecutive points in time. Our analysis demonstrates that model parameters, such as light use efficiency, respiration coefficients, minimum and optimum temperatures for photosynthetic activity, and so on, are highly constrained by eddy flux data at daily-to-seasonal time scales. The SEnKF stabilizes parameter values quickly regardless of the initial values of the parameters. Potential ecosystem light use efficiency demonstrates a strong seasonality. Results show that the simultaneous parameter estimation procedure significantly improves model predictions. Results also show that the SEnKF can dramatically reduce variance in state variables stemming from the uncertainty of parameters and driving variables. The SEnKF is a robust and effective algorithm in evaluating and developing ecosystem models and in improving understanding and quantification of carbon cycle parameters and processes.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the iEMSs 2006 conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"International Environmental Modelling & Software","usgsCitation":"Chen, M., Liu, S., and Tieszen, L.L., 2006, State-parameter estimation of ecosystem models using a smoothed ensemble Kalman filter, in Proceedings of the iEMSs 2006 conference, 7 p.","productDescription":"7 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":434833,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":434832,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://iemss.org/publications/conference/proceedings-iemss2006/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chen, M.","contributorId":73417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":913314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liu, Shuguang 0000-0002-6027-3479 sliu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6027-3479","contributorId":147403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Shuguang","email":"sliu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":913315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tieszen, Larry L. tieszen@usgs.gov","contributorId":2831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tieszen","given":"Larry","email":"tieszen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":913316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":77524,"text":"ofr20051403 - 2006 - Volcanic hazards at Atitlan volcano, Guatemala","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:18","indexId":"ofr20051403","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-1403","title":"Volcanic hazards at Atitlan volcano, Guatemala","docAbstract":"Atitlan Volcano is in the Guatemalan Highlands, along a west-northwest trending chain of volcanoes parallel to the mid-American trench. The volcano perches on the southern rim of the Atitlan caldera, which contains Lake Atitlan. Since the major caldera-forming eruption 85 thousand years ago (ka), three stratovolcanoes--San Pedro, Toliman, and Atitlan--have formed in and around the caldera. Atitlan is the youngest and most active of the three volcanoes. Atitlan Volcano is a composite volcano, with a steep-sided, symmetrical cone comprising alternating layers of lava flows, volcanic ash, cinders, blocks, and bombs.\r\n\r\nEruptions of Atitlan began more than 10 ka [1] and, since the arrival of the Spanish in the mid-1400's, eruptions have occurred in six eruptive clusters (1469, 1505, 1579, 1663, 1717, 1826-1856). Owing to its distance from population centers and the limited written record from 200 to 500 years ago, only an incomplete sample of the volcano's behavior is documented prior to the 1800's. The geologic record provides a more complete sample of the volcano's behavior since the 19th century. Geologic and historical data suggest that the intensity and pattern of activity at Atitlan Volcano is similar to that of Fuego Volcano, 44 km to the east, where active eruptions have been observed throughout the historical period.\r\n\r\nBecause of Atitlan's moderately explosive nature and frequency of eruptions, there is a need for local and regional hazard planning and mitigation efforts. Tourism has flourished in the area; economic pressure has pushed agricultural activity higher up the slopes of Atitlan and closer to the source of possible future volcanic activity. This report summarizes the hazards posed by Atitlan Volcano in the event of renewed activity but does not imply that an eruption is imminent. However, the recognition of potential activity will facilitate hazard and emergency preparedness.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20051403","usgsCitation":"Haapala, J., Escobar Wolf, R., Vallance, J.W., Rose, W.I., Griswold, J., Schilling, S., Ewert, J., and Mota, M., 2006, Volcanic hazards at Atitlan volcano, Guatemala (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1403, 19 p.; 2 plates, 36 x 36 in., 34 x 24 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20051403.","productDescription":"19 p.; 2 plates, 36 x 36 in., 34 x 24 in.","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":194498,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8378,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1403/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":8414,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1403/of2005-1403_plate1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":8415,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1403/of2005-1403_plate2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd7a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haapala, J.M.","contributorId":91194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haapala","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Escobar Wolf, R.","contributorId":41098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Escobar Wolf","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vallance, James W. 0000-0002-3083-5469 jvallance@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3083-5469","contributorId":547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vallance","given":"James","email":"jvallance@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rose, William I. Jr.","contributorId":71556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"William","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Griswold, J.P.","contributorId":97211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griswold","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schilling, S. P.","contributorId":42606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schilling","given":"S. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ewert, J.W.","contributorId":91885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ewert","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Mota, M.","contributorId":76835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mota","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":77385,"text":"ofr20051427 - 2006 - Extracting shorelines from NASA airborne topographic lidar-derived digital elevation models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:23","indexId":"ofr20051427","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-1427","title":"Extracting shorelines from NASA airborne topographic lidar-derived digital elevation models","docAbstract":"This report documents part of the National Park Service (NPS)/U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)/National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Aerial Data Collection and Creation of Products for Park Vital Signs Project. This report is one in a series that describes methods for extracting topographic features from aerial survey data as part of a joint project among the NPS Inventory and Monitoring (IM) Program, the NASA Observational Sciences Branch, and the USGS Center for Coastal and Watershed Studies (CCWS).","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20051427","collaboration":"Metadata in Appendix 1","usgsCitation":"Harris, M., Brock, J., Nayegandhi, A., and Duffy, M., 2006, Extracting shorelines from NASA airborne topographic lidar-derived digital elevation models (Revised and reprinted): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1427, iv, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20051427.","productDescription":"iv, 32 p.","numberOfPages":"36","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":159,"text":"Center for Coastal and Watershed Studies","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195557,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8360,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1427/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Revised and reprinted","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a06e4b07f02db5f8a0e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harris, M.","contributorId":28207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brock, J. 0000-0002-5289-9332","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5289-9332","contributorId":71658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brock","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nayegandhi, A.","contributorId":95578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nayegandhi","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Duffy, M.","contributorId":62702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duffy","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":77384,"text":"ofr20051048 - 2006 - Geological interpretation of bathymetric and backscatter imagery of the sea floor off eastern Cape Cod, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-01T13:08:21.938564","indexId":"ofr20051048","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-1048","displayTitle":"Geological Interpretation of Bathymetric and Backscatter Imagery of the Sea Floor off Eastern Cape Cod, Massachusetts","title":"Geological interpretation of bathymetric and backscatter imagery of the sea floor off eastern Cape Cod, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"The imagery, interpretive data layers, and data presented herein were derived from multibeam echo-sounder data collected off Eastern Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and from the stations occupied to verify these acoustic data. The basic data layers show sea-floor topography, sun-illuminated shaded relief, and backscatter intensity; interpretive layers show the distributions of surficial sediment and sedimentary environments. Presented verification data include new and historical sediment grain-size analyses and a gallery of still photographs of the seabed.
The multibeam data, which cover a narrow band of the sea floor extending from Provincetown around the northern tip of Cape Cod and south southeastward to off Monomoy Island, were collected during transits between concurrent mapping projects in the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary (Valentine and others, 2001; Butman and others, 2004; and Valentine, 2005) and Great South Channel (Valentine and others, 2003a, b, c, d). Although originally collected to maximize the use of time aboard ship, these data provide a fundamental framework for research and management activities in this part of the Gulf of Maine (Noji and others, 2004), show the composition and terrain of the seabed, and provide information on sediment transport and benthic habitat. These data and interpretations also support ongoing modeling studies of the lower Cape’s aquifer system (Masterson, 2004) and of erosional hotspots along the Cape Cod National Seashore (List and others, 2006).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20051048","isbn":"0607971746","usgsCitation":"Poppe, L.J., Paskevich, V.F., Butman, B., Ackerman, S.D., Danforth, W.W., Foster, D.S., and Blackwood, D.S., 2006, Geological interpretation of bathymetric and backscatter imagery of the sea floor off eastern Cape Cod, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1048, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20051048.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":8359,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1048/","text":"Index Page","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":194609,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"projection":"Mercator WGS 84","country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod","geographicExtents":"{\"crs\": {\"type\": \"name\", \"properties\": {\"name\": \"urn:ogc:def:crs:OGC:1.3:CRS84\"}}, \"geometry\": {\"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [[[-70.20693076362545, 42.09428635936738], [-70.24006610430234, 42.08205026605975], [-70.24887609148374, 42.0629619605001], [-70.23566111071159, 42.0443630986726], [-70.20727337423807, 42.022338130718914], [-70.18475896255222, 42.01891202459283], [-70.16322343833092, 42.03261644909723], [-70.18035396896153, 42.04534198613719], [-70.15343456368481, 42.04044754881418], [-70.14560346396803, 42.02919034297114], [-70.18573785001684, 41.99933427530071], [-70.2009106057182, 41.99835538783611], [-70.23468222324699, 42.00961259367898], [-70.26258051598818, 42.03065867416801], [-70.30026768337547, 42.07764527246906], [-70.29977823964316, 42.08988136577652], [-70.28166882154801, 42.076666385004486], [-70.25768607866519, 42.10211745908418], [-70.24104499176696, 42.10701189640718], [-70.08344410996568, 42.11337466492704], [-70.06092969827972, 42.11190633373018], [-69.93073766548743, 42.0673669540908], [-70.06141914201214, 42.109459115068645], [-70.19307950600131, 42.105054121478005], [-70.13341631503373, 42.09575469056432], [-70.04874254934543, 42.064430291697036], [-70.0228020315335, 42.04044754881418], [-70.00713983209977, 42.03800033015249], [-69.95330102154651, 41.98367207586717], [-69.93029716612841, 41.93228048397541], [-69.83681341325872, 41.61512094544357], [-69.85834893748, 41.62148371396369], [-69.94850447297, 41.9254282717231], [-69.97836054064038, 41.98611929452846], [-70.05177710048577, 42.05757807944462], [-70.13351420378011, 42.09086025324132], [-70.20693076362545, 42.09428635936738]]]}, \"properties\": {\"extentType\": \"Custom\", \"code\": \"\", \"name\": \"\", \"notes\": \"\", \"promotedForReuse\": false, \"abbreviation\": \"\", \"shortName\": \"\", \"description\": \"\"}, \"bbox\": [-70.30026768337547, 41.61512094544357, -69.83681341325872, 42.11337466492704], \"type\": \"Feature\", \"id\": \"3091871\"}","contact":"","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db687fd6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poppe, Larry J.","contributorId":55913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poppe","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Paskevich, Valerie F.","contributorId":81907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paskevich","given":"Valerie","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Butman, Bradford 0000-0002-4174-2073 bbutman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4174-2073","contributorId":943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butman","given":"Bradford","email":"bbutman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ackerman, Seth D. 0000-0003-0945-2794 sackerman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0945-2794","contributorId":178676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ackerman","given":"Seth","email":"sackerman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":288516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Danforth, William W. 0000-0002-6382-9487 bdanforth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6382-9487","contributorId":3292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danforth","given":"William","email":"bdanforth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Foster, Dave S.","contributorId":80371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"Dave","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Blackwood, Dann S. dblackwood@usgs.gov","contributorId":2457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blackwood","given":"Dann","email":"dblackwood@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":77365,"text":"sim2926 - 2006 - Topographic map of the western region of Dao Vallis in Hellas Planitia, Mars; MTM 500k -40/082E OMKT","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-30T16:08:50","indexId":"sim2926","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2926","title":"Topographic map of the western region of Dao Vallis in Hellas Planitia, Mars; MTM 500k -40/082E OMKT","docAbstract":"This map, compiled photogrammetrically from Viking Orbiter stereo image pairs, is part of a series of topographic maps of areas of special scientific interest on Mars. Contours were derived from a digital terrain model (DTM) compiled on a digital photogrammetric workstation using Viking Orbiter stereo image pairs with orientation parameters derived from an analytic aerotriangulation. The image base for this map employs Viking Orbiter images from orbits 406 and 363. An orthophotomosaic was created on the digital photogrammetric workstation using the DTM compiled from stereo models.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sim2926","usgsCitation":"Rosiek, M.R., Redding, B.L., and Galuszka, D.M., 2006, Topographic map of the western region of Dao Vallis in Hellas Planitia, Mars; MTM 500k -40/082E OMKT: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2926, HTML, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim2926.","productDescription":"HTML","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192625,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8342,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2006/2926/version_history.txt","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}},{"id":8341,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2006/2926/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a03e4b07f02db5f822f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rosiek, Mark R. mrosiek@usgs.gov","contributorId":824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosiek","given":"Mark","email":"mrosiek@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":288494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Redding, Bonnie L. 0000-0001-8178-1467 bredding@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8178-1467","contributorId":4798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Redding","given":"Bonnie","email":"bredding@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Galuszka, Donna M. 0000-0003-1870-1182 dgaluszka@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1870-1182","contributorId":3186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galuszka","given":"Donna","email":"dgaluszka@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70176133,"text":"70176133 - 2006 - Dynamics of diffusive bubble growth and pressure recovery in a bubbly rhyolitic melt embedded in an elastic solid","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-26T09:48:56","indexId":"70176133","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-26T06:30:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1816,"text":"Geosciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dynamics of diffusive bubble growth and pressure recovery in a bubbly rhyolitic melt embedded in an elastic solid","docAbstract":"We present a model of gas exsolution and bubble expansion in a melt supersaturated in response to a sudden pressure drop. In our model, the melt contains a suspension of gas bubbles of identical sizes and is encased in a penny-shaped crack embedded in an elastic solid. The suspension is modeled as a three-dimensional lattice of spherical cells with slight overlap, where each elementary cell consists of a gas bubble surrounded by a shell of volatile-rich melt. The melt is then subjected to a step drop in pressure, which induces gas exsolution and bubble expansion, resulting in the compression of the melt and volumetric expansion of the crack. The dynamics of diffusion-driven bubble growth and volumetric crack expansion span 9 decades in time. The model demonstrates that the speed of the crack response depends strongly on volatile diffusivity in the melt and bubble number density and is markedly sensitive to the ratio of crack thickness to crack radius and initial bubble radius but is relatively insensitive to melt viscosity. The net drop in gas concentration in the melt after pressure recovery represents only a small fraction of the initial concentration prior to the drop, suggesting the melt may undergo numerous pressure transients before becoming significantly depleted of gases. The magnitude of pressure and volume recovery in the crack depends sensitively on the size of the input-pressure transient, becoming relatively larger for smaller-size transients in a melt containing bubbles with initial radii less than 10-5 m. Amplification of the input transient may be large enough to disrupt the crack wall and induce brittle failure in the rock matrix surrounding the crack. Our results provide additional basis for the interpretation of volume changes in the magma conduit under Popocatépetl Volcano during Vulcanian degassing bursts in its eruptive activity in April–May 2000.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2005JB004174","usgsCitation":"Chouet, B.A., Dawson, P.B., and Nakano, M., 2006, Dynamics of diffusive bubble growth and pressure recovery in a bubbly rhyolitic melt embedded in an elastic solid: Geosciences, v. 111, no. B7, B07310, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB004174.","productDescription":"B07310, 20 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":328001,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"111","issue":"B7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57c55cb3e4b0f2f0cebcf24e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chouet, Bernard A. 0000-0001-5527-0532 chouet@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5527-0532","contributorId":3304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"Bernard","email":"chouet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":647405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dawson, Phillip B. dawson@usgs.gov","contributorId":2751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"Phillip","email":"dawson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":647406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nakano, Masaru","contributorId":174115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nakano","given":"Masaru","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":379,"text":"Menlo Park Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":647407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70179068,"text":"70179068 - 2006 - Aftershock decay, productivity, and stress rates in Hawaii: Indicators of temperature and stress from magma sources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-14T13:51:01","indexId":"70179068","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aftershock decay, productivity, and stress rates in Hawaii: Indicators of temperature and stress from magma sources","docAbstract":"We examined dozens of aftershock sequences in Hawaii in terms of Gutenberg-Richter and modified Omori law parameters. We studied p, the rate of aftershock decay; Ap, the aftershock productivity, defined as the observed divided by the expected number of aftershocks; and c, the time delay when aftershock rates begin to fall. We found that for earthquakes shallower than 20 km, p values >1.2 are near active magma centers. We associate this high decay rate with higher temperatures and faster stress relaxation near magma reservoirs. Deep earthquakes near Kilauea's inferred magma transport path show a range of p values, suggesting the absence of a large, deep magma reservoir. Aftershock productivity is >4.0 for flank earthquakes known to be triggered by intrusions but is normal (0.25 to 4.0) for isolated main shocks. We infer that continuing, post-main shock stress from the intrusion adds to the main shock's stress step and causes higher Ap. High Ap in other zones suggests less obvious intrusions and pulsing magma pressure near Kilauea's feeding conduit. We calculate stress rates and stress rate changes from pre-main shock and aftershock rates. Stress rate increased after many intrusions but decreased after large M7–8 earthquakes. Stress rates are highest in the seismically active volcano flanks and lowest in areas far from volcanic centers. We found sequences triggered by intrusions tend to have high Ap, high (>0.10 day) c values, a stress rate increase, and sometimes a peak in aftershock rate hours after the main shock. We interpret these values as indicating continuing intrusive stress after the main shock.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2005JB003949","usgsCitation":"Klein, F.W., Wright, T., and Nakata, J., 2006, Aftershock decay, productivity, and stress rates in Hawaii: Indicators of temperature and stress from magma sources: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 111, no. B7, B07307; 26 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB003949.","productDescription":"B07307; 26 p.","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477319,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jb003949","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":332132,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -155.55679321289062, 20.128155311797183 ], [ -155.58425903320312, 20.117839630491634 ], [ -155.64056396484375, 20.153941536577403 ], [ -155.65841674804688, 20.168122145270342 ], [ -155.68862915039062, 20.179723502765153 ], [ -155.73394775390625, 20.204212422008773 ], [ -155.73394775390625, 20.218388457307814 ], [ 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-155.55679321289062, 20.128155311797183 ] ] ] } } ] }\n","volume":"111","issue":"B7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"585268e4e4b0e2663625ec9c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klein, Fred W. klein@usgs.gov","contributorId":4417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klein","given":"Fred","email":"klein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":655914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wright, Tom","contributorId":177475,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wright","given":"Tom","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":655915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nakata, Jennifer","contributorId":41542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nakata","given":"Jennifer","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":655916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":77062,"text":"sir20065148 - 2006 - Pesticide toxicity index for freshwater aquatic organisms, 2nd edition","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":77062,"text":"sir20065148 - 2006 - Pesticide toxicity index for freshwater aquatic organisms, 2nd edition","indexId":"sir20065148","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"title":"Pesticide toxicity index for freshwater aquatic organisms, 2nd edition"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70128273,"text":"70128273 - 2014 - Pesticide Toxicity Index: a tool for assessing potential toxicity of pesticide mixtures to freshwater aquatic organisms","indexId":"70128273","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"title":"Pesticide Toxicity Index: a tool for assessing potential toxicity of pesticide mixtures to freshwater aquatic organisms"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":70128273,"text":"70128273 - 2014 - Pesticide Toxicity Index: a tool for assessing potential toxicity of pesticide mixtures to freshwater aquatic organisms","indexId":"70128273","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"title":"Pesticide Toxicity Index: a tool for assessing potential toxicity of pesticide mixtures to freshwater aquatic organisms"},"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-13T11:05:17","indexId":"sir20065148","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5148","title":"Pesticide toxicity index for freshwater aquatic organisms, 2nd edition","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program is designed to assess current water-quality conditions, changes in water quality over time, and the effects of natural and human factors on water quality for the Nation's streams and ground-water resources. For streams, one of the most difficult parts of the assessment is to link chemical conditions to effects on aquatic biota, particularly for pesticides, which tend to occur in streams as complex mixtures with strong seasonal patterns. A Pesticide Toxicity Index (PTI) was developed that combines pesticide exposure of aquatic biota (measured concentrations of pesticides in stream water) with acute toxicity estimates (standard endpoints from laboratory bioassays) to produce a single index value for a sample or site. The development of the PTI was limited to pesticide compounds routinely measured in NAWQA studies and to toxicity data readily available from existing databases. Qualifying toxicity data were found for one or more types of test organisms for 124 of the 185 pesticide compounds measured in NAWQA samples, but with a wide range of available bioassays per compound (1 to 232). In the databases examined, there were a total of 3,669 bioassays for the 124 compounds, including 398 48-hour EC50 values (concentration at which 50 percent of test organisms exhibit a sublethal response) for freshwater cladocerans, 699 96-hour LC50 values (concentration lethal to 50 percent of test organisms) for freshwater benthic invertebrates, and 2,572 96-hour LC50 values for freshwater fish. The PTI for a particular sample is the sum of toxicity quotients (measured concentration divided by the median toxicity concentration from bioassays) for each detected pesticide, and thus, is based on the concentration addition model of pesticide toxicity. The PTI can be calculated for specific groups of pesticides and for specific taxonomic groups. Although the PTI does not determine whether water in a sample is toxic to aquatic organisms, its values can be used to rank or compare the toxicity of samples or sites on a relative basis for use in further analysis or additional assessments. The PTI approach may be useful as a basis for comparing the potential significance of pesticides in different streams on a common basis, for evaluating relations between pesticide exposure and observed biological conditions, and for prioritizing where further studies are most needed.
","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20065148","collaboration":"See WRI 2001-4077 for Index 1st edition","usgsCitation":"Munn, M.D., Gilliom, R.J., Moran, P.W., and Nowell, L.H., 2006, Pesticide toxicity index for freshwater aquatic organisms, 2nd edition (2nd edition): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5148, vi, 81 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065148.","productDescription":"vi, 81 p.","numberOfPages":"87","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192671,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8317,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5148/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"2nd edition","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db688360","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Munn, Mark D. 0000-0002-7154-7252 mdmunn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7154-7252","contributorId":976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Munn","given":"Mark","email":"mdmunn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gilliom, Robert J. rgilliom@usgs.gov","contributorId":488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilliom","given":"Robert","email":"rgilliom@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moran, Patrick W. 0000-0002-2002-3539 pwmoran@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2002-3539","contributorId":489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moran","given":"Patrick","email":"pwmoran@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nowell, Lisa H. 0000-0001-5417-7264 lhnowell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5417-7264","contributorId":490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nowell","given":"Lisa","email":"lhnowell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":77042,"text":"sir20065114 - 2006 - Simulation of proposed increases in ground-water withdrawals on the Atlantic City 800-foot sand, New Jersey Coastal Plain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-06T21:26:55.850337","indexId":"sir20065114","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5114","title":"Simulation of proposed increases in ground-water withdrawals on the Atlantic City 800-foot sand, New Jersey Coastal Plain","docAbstract":"The confined Atlantic City 800-foot sand and the unconfined Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system (surficial aquifer) are major sources of water for southeastern New Jersey. Because of recent concerns about streamflow depletion resulting from ground-water withdrawals and the potential ecological effects on stream habitat in the area, the focus on future withdrawals has been shifted away from the surficial aquifer to the confined Atlantic City 800-foot sand until the effects of increased withdrawals from the surficial aquifer can be investigated. A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of seven proposed increases in ground-water withdrawals from the Atlantic City 800-foot sand and the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system on the Atlantic City 800-foot sand. The proposed withdrawals are increases above the 2004 allocated rates (full allocation). The effects of full-allocation ground-water withdrawals and the cumulative effect of withdrawals for each of seven proposed increases in withdrawals were simulated using three previously published ground-water flow models: the New Jersey Coastal Plain Regional Aquifer System Analysis model, the Coastal Plain Optimization model, and a model of the Atlantic City 800-foot sand in Atlantic County, New Jersey. These models were used to simulate changes in water levels, the source supplying the increased ground-water flow, and the effects on saltwater movement towards production wells in Cape May County as a result of the proposed increased withdrawals at proposed or existing wells.\r\n\r\nThe results of the simulations represent the effects of the proposed increase from full-allocation withdrawals to an additional 1,825 Mgal/yr (million gallons per year) from the Atlantic City 800-foot sand and an additional 1,045 Mgal/yr from the deep part of the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system near the updip limit of the Atlantic City 800-foot sand. Most of the simulated decline in water levels in Atlantic County occurred as the result of the proposed increased withdrawals simulated for the New Jersey American Water Company wells. Simulated declines in water levels in Cape May were caused mainly by the simulated increased withdrawals for the Cape May City Desalination Plant wells. The additional water to supply the proposed increases in the scenarios was primarily horizontal flow from the unconfined updip part of the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system, which accounted for 63 percent of the inflow, and flow from the overlying Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system into the Atlantic City 800-foot sand, which supplied 27 percent of the additional water. Because the withdrawals were made from the confined aquifer and the deeper part of the unconfined aquifer, the effect on streamflow was substantially less than would have occurred had the withdrawals been made directly from the shallower parts of the unconfined aquifer. The travel times from the 250-mg/L isochlor to production wells in Stone Harbor were longer as a result of all the additional withdrawals. For some scenarios, withdrawals in Atlantic County caused the saltwater to move slightly faster towards the production wells. These effects were offset by the increase in travel time caused by the potential increased withdrawals simulated for the Cape May City desalination wells, which either diverted water towards the desalination wells or increased the travel time towards production wells.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20065114","usgsCitation":"Pope, D.A., 2006, Simulation of proposed increases in ground-water withdrawals on the Atlantic City 800-foot sand, New Jersey Coastal Plain: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5114, vi, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065114.","productDescription":"vi, 17 p.","numberOfPages":"23","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194728,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":410119,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_76964.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":8199,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5114/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","city":"Atlantic City","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.97379758829241,\n 38.893325795375034\n ],\n [\n -74.19635824404139,\n 38.893325795375034\n ],\n [\n -74.19635824404139,\n 39.811384165634934\n ],\n [\n -74.97379758829241,\n 39.811384165634934\n ],\n [\n -74.97379758829241,\n 38.893325795375034\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e478fe4b07f02db489fe5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pope, Daryll A. dpope@usgs.gov","contributorId":3796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pope","given":"Daryll","email":"dpope@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":288395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":77021,"text":"ofr20061139 - 2006 - Shallow-landslide hazard map of Seattle, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-11T10:38:00","indexId":"ofr20061139","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1139","title":"Shallow-landslide hazard map of Seattle, Washington","docAbstract":"Landslides, particularly debris flows, have long been a significant cause of damage and destruction to people and property in the Puget Sound region. Following the years of 1996 and 1997, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) designated Seattle as a 'Project Impact' city with the goal of encouraging the city to become more disaster resistant to the effects of landslides and other natural hazards. A major recommendation of the Project Impact council was that the city and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) collaborate to produce a landslide hazard map of the city. An exceptional data set archived by the city, containing more than 100 years of landslide data from severe storm events, allowed comparison of actual landslide locations with those predicted by slope-stability modeling. We used an infinite-slope analysis, which models slope segments as rigid friction blocks, to estimate the susceptibility of slopes to shallow landslides which often mobilize into debris flows, water-laden slurries that can form from shallow failures of soil and weathered bedrock, and can travel at high velocities down steep slopes. Data used for analysis consisted of a digital slope map derived from recent Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) imagery of Seattle, recent digital geologic mapping, and shear-strength test data for the geologic units in the surrounding area. The combination of these data layers within a Geographic Information System (GIS) platform allowed the preparation of a shallow landslide hazard map for the entire city of Seattle.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061139","usgsCitation":"Harp, E.L., Michael, J.A., and Laprade, W.T., 2006, Shallow-landslide hazard map of Seattle, Washington (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1139, Report: iii, 20 p.; 1 Plate: 36 x 48 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061139.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 20 p.; 1 Plate: 36 x 48 inches","numberOfPages":"23","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":363,"text":"Landslide Hazards Program","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192915,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8165,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1139/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":110660,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_76929.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"76929"}],"scale":"25000","projection":"Washington State Plane, FIPS zone 4601, NAD83","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.41666666666667,47.5 ], [ -122.41666666666667,47.666666666666664 ], [ -122.25,47.666666666666664 ], [ -122.25,47.5 ], [ -122.41666666666667,47.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fae4b07f02db5f3dae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harp, Edwin L. harp@usgs.gov","contributorId":1290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harp","given":"Edwin","email":"harp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":288343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Michael, John A. jmichael@usgs.gov","contributorId":1877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michael","given":"John","email":"jmichael@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":288344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Laprade, William T.","contributorId":39023,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Laprade","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":77027,"text":"ofr20051430 - 2006 - Sensitivity of potential evapotranspiration and simulated flow to varying meteorological inputs, Salt Creek watershed, DuPage County, Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-13T19:45:35.815747","indexId":"ofr20051430","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-1430","title":"Sensitivity of potential evapotranspiration and simulated flow to varying meteorological inputs, Salt Creek watershed, DuPage County, Illinois","docAbstract":"The Lamoreux Potential Evapotranspiration (LXPET) Program computes potential evapotranspiration (PET) using inputs from four different meteorological sources: temperature, dewpoint, wind speed, and solar radiation. PET and the same four meteorological inputs are used with precipitation data in the Hydrological Simulation Program-Fortran (HSPF) to simulate streamflow in the Salt Creek watershed, DuPage County, Illinois. Streamflows from HSPF are routed with the Full Equations (FEQ) model to determine water-surface elevations. Consequently, variations in meteorological inputs have potential to propagate through many calculations. Sensitivity of PET to variation was simulated by increasing the meteorological input values by 20, 40, and 60 percent and evaluating the change in the calculated PET. Increases in temperatures produced the greatest percent changes, followed by increases in solar radiation, dewpoint, and then wind speed. Additional sensitivity of PET was considered for shifts in input temperatures and dewpoints by absolute differences of ?10, ?20, and ?30 degrees Fahrenheit (degF). Again, changes in input temperatures produced the greatest differences in PET. Sensitivity of streamflow simulated by HSPF was evaluated for 20-percent increases in meteorological inputs. These simulations showed that increases in temperature produced the greatest change in flow. Finally, peak water-surface elevations for nine storm events were compared among unmodified meteorological inputs and inputs with values predicted 6, 24, and 48 hours preceding the simulated peak. Results of this study can be applied to determine how errors specific to a hydrologic system will affect computations of system streamflow and water-surface elevations.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20051430","usgsCitation":"Whitbeck, D.E., 2006, Sensitivity of potential evapotranspiration and simulated flow to varying meteorological inputs, Salt Creek watershed, DuPage County, Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1430, vi, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20051430.","productDescription":"vi, 18 p.","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194612,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":408280,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_76921.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":8170,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1430/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","county":"DuPage County","otherGeospatial":"Salt Creek watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.125,\n 41.925\n ],\n [\n -87.8833,\n 41.925\n ],\n [\n -87.8833,\n 41.9889\n ],\n [\n -88.125,\n 41.9889\n ],\n [\n -88.125,\n 41.925\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dde4b07f02db5e233c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Whitbeck, David E.","contributorId":42314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitbeck","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":77036,"text":"ofr20061071 - 2006 - delta 15N and non-carbonate delta 13C values for two petroleum source rock reference materials and a marine sediment reference material","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:22","indexId":"ofr20061071","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1071","title":"delta 15N and non-carbonate delta 13C values for two petroleum source rock reference materials and a marine sediment reference material","docAbstract":"Samples of United States Geological Survey (USGS) Certified Reference Materials USGS Devonian Ohio Shale (SDO-1), and USGS Eocene Green River Shale (SGR-1), and National Research Council Canada (NRCC) Certified Marine Sediment Reference Material (PACS-2), were sent for analysis to four separate analytical laboratories as blind controls for organic rich sedimentary rock samples being analyzed\r\nfrom the Red Dog mine area in Alaska. The samples were analyzed for stable isotopes of carbon (delta13Cncc) and nitrogen (delta15N), percent non-carbonate carbon (Wt % Cncc) and percent nitrogen (Wt % N).\r\n\r\nSDO-1, collected from the Huron Member of the Ohio Shale, near Morehead, Kentucky, and SGR-1, collected from the Mahogany zone of the Green River Formation are petroleum source rocks used as reference materials for chemical analyses of sedimentary rocks. PACS-2 is modern marine sediment collected from the Esquimalt, British Columbia harbor.\r\n\r\nThe results presented in this study are, with the exceptions noted below, the first published for these reference materials. There are published information values for the elemental concentrations of 'organic' carbon (Wt % Corg measured range is 8.98 - 10.4) and nitrogen (Wt % Ntot 0.347 with SD 0.043) only for SDO-1. The suggested values presented here should be considered 'information values' as defined by the NRCC Institute for National Measurement Reference Materials and should be useful for the analysis of 13C, 15N, C and N in organic material in sedimentary rocks. ","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061071","usgsCitation":"Dennen, K., Johnson, C.A., Otter, M.L., Silva, S.R., and Wandless, G.A., 2006, delta 15N and non-carbonate delta 13C values for two petroleum source rock reference materials and a marine sediment reference material: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1071, 17 p. (some unnumbered), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061071.","productDescription":"17 p. (some unnumbered)","numberOfPages":"17","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":8187,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1071/508files/of2006-1071.doc"},{"id":8188,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1071/508files/tables1-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":8189,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1071/508files/figs1-3.zip"},{"id":8186,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1071/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":194693,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4784e4b07f02db483df9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dennen, Kristin O.","contributorId":61437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dennen","given":"Kristin O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Craig A. 0000-0002-1334-2996 cjohnso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1334-2996","contributorId":909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Craig","email":"cjohnso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Otter, Marshall L.","contributorId":61917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Otter","given":"Marshall","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Silva, Steven R. srsilva@usgs.gov","contributorId":3162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silva","given":"Steven","email":"srsilva@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wandless, Gregory A. gwandless@usgs.gov","contributorId":4782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wandless","given":"Gregory","email":"gwandless@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":288380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":77033,"text":"sir20065032 - 2006 - Determination of canal leakage potential using continuous resistivity profiling techniques, Interstate and Tri-State Canals, western Nebraska and eastern Wyoming, 2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-07T20:09:32.09741","indexId":"sir20065032","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5032","title":"Determination of canal leakage potential using continuous resistivity profiling techniques, Interstate and Tri-State Canals, western Nebraska and eastern Wyoming, 2004","docAbstract":"In the North Platte River Basin, a ground-water model is being developed to evaluate the effectiveness of using water leakage from selected irrigation canal systems to enhance ground-water recharge. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the North Platte Natural Resources District, used land-based capacitively coupled and water-borne direct-current continuous resistivity profiling techniques to map the lithology of the upper 8 meters and to interpret the relative canal leakage potential of 110 kilometers of the Interstate and Tri-State Canals in western Nebraska and eastern Wyoming. Lithologic descriptions from 25 test holes were used to evaluate the effectiveness of both techniques for indicating relative grain size. An interpretive color scale was developed that symbolizes contrasting resistivity features indicative of different grain-size categories. The color scale was applied to the vertically averaged resistivity and used to classify areas of the canals as having either high, moderate, or low canal leakage potential.\r\n\r\nWhen results were compared with the lithologic descriptions, both land-based and water-borne continuous resistivity profiling techniques were determined to be effective at differentiating coarse-grained from fine-grained sediment. Both techniques were useful for producing independent, similar interpretations of canal leakage potential.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20065032","usgsCitation":"Ball, L.B., Kress, W.H., Steele, G.V., Cannia, J.C., and Andersen, M.J., 2006, Determination of canal leakage potential using continuous resistivity profiling techniques, Interstate and Tri-State Canals, western Nebraska and eastern Wyoming, 2004: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5032, vi, 53 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065032.","productDescription":"vi, 53 p.","numberOfPages":"59","temporalStart":"2004-01-01","temporalEnd":"2004-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124957,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2006_5032.jpg"},{"id":415463,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_76930.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":8179,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5032/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nebraska, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Interstate and Tri-State Canals","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.1453,\n 41.8667\n ],\n [\n -104.1453,\n 42.0519\n ],\n [\n -103.5967,\n 42.0519\n ],\n [\n -103.5967,\n 41.8667\n ],\n [\n -104.1453,\n 41.8667\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db66786b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ball, Lyndsay B. 0000-0002-6356-4693 lbball@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6356-4693","contributorId":1138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ball","given":"Lyndsay","email":"lbball@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kress, Wade H.","contributorId":100475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kress","given":"Wade","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Steele, Gregory V. gvsteele@usgs.gov","contributorId":783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steele","given":"Gregory","email":"gvsteele@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cannia, James C.","contributorId":94356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannia","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Andersen, Michael J. 0009-0006-5600-6032 mjanders@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5600-6032","contributorId":1442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andersen","given":"Michael","email":"mjanders@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}