Hawaiian honeycreepers are renowned for adaptive radiation and diet specialization. Specialization arose from competition for the relatively few resources available in this remote archipelago and because arthropod prey sufficient to satisfy nestling protein requirements could only be captured by highly modified bills. Historically, most species fed their nestlings with larvae of the widespread geometrid moth genus, Scotorythra; but other invertebrates were important also. Thus the palila, Loxioides bailleui, a specialist on potentially toxic Sophora chrysophylla seeds, feeds its nestlings on Cydia moth larvae found inside Sophora seeds. Sophora seeds are also fed to the nestlings, and seed availability largely determines the timing and extent of breeding. By this and other means, food specialization contributed to reproductive isolation in Loxioides and possibly other honeycreepers. Alien threats to insect prey affect Loxioides populations and have hastened the extinction or decline of other specialized Hawaiian birds
","language":"English","publisher":"Academia Sinica","publisherLocation":"Peking, China","usgsCitation":"Banko, P.C., and Banko, W.E., 2006, Food specialization and radiation of Hawaiian honeycreepers: Acta Zoologica Sinica, v. 52, p. 253-256.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"253","endPage":"256","costCenters":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":331106,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"582ecff2e4b04d580bd43540","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Banko, Paul C. 0000-0002-6035-9803 pbanko@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6035-9803","contributorId":3179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banko","given":"Paul","email":"pbanko@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5049,"text":"Pacific Islands Ecosys Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":654037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Banko, Winston E.","contributorId":99200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banko","given":"Winston","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":654038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":77015,"text":"sim2917 - 2006 - Under the Golden Gate Bridge — Views of the sea floor near the entrance to San Francisco Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-15T21:25:44.366393","indexId":"sim2917","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2917","title":"Under the Golden Gate Bridge — Views of the sea floor near the entrance to San Francisco Bay, California","docAbstract":"San Francisco Bay in Northern California is one of the largest and most altered estuaries within the United States. The sea floor within the bay as well as at its entrance is constantly changing due to strong tidal currents, aggregate mining, dredge disposal, and the creation of new land using artificial fill. Understanding this dynamic sea floor is critical for addressing local environmental issues, which include defining pollution transport pathways, deciphering tectonics, and identifying benthic habitats. Mapping commercial interests such as safe ship navigation and dredge disposal is also significantly aided by such understanding.
\nOver the past decade, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and California State University, Monterey Bay (CSUMB) in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACOE) and the Center for Integrative Coastal Observation, Research and Education (CICORE) have partnered to map central San Francisco Bay and its entrance under the Golden Gate Bridge using multibeam echosounders. These sonar systems can continuously map to produce 100 percent coverage of the sea floor at meter-scale resolution and thus produce an unprecedented view of the floor of the bay.
\nThis poster shows views of the sea floor in west-central San Francisco Bay around Alcatraz and Angel Islands, underneath the Golden Gate Bridge, and through its entrance from the Pacific Ocean. The sea floor is portrayed as a shaded relief surface generated from the multibeam data color-coded for depth from light blues for the shallowest values to purples for the deepest. The land regions are portrayed by USGS digital orthophotographs (DOQs) overlaid on USGS digital elevation models (DEMs). The water depths have a 4x vertical exaggeration while the land areas have a 2x vertical exaggeration.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim2917","isbn":"1411309723","usgsCitation":"Dartnell, P., Barnard, P.L., Chin, J., Hanes, D., Kvitek, R.G., Iampietro, P.J., and Gardner, J.V., 2006, Under the Golden Gate Bridge — Views of the sea floor near the entrance to San Francisco Bay, California (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2917, 1 Plate: 33.50 × 32.50 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim2917.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 33.50 × 32.50 inches","costCenters":[{"id":645,"text":"Western Coastal and Marine Geology","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194426,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sim2917.jpg"},{"id":392970,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_76911.htm"},{"id":287662,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2006/2917/sim2917.pdf"},{"id":8154,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2006/2917/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.50717163085938,\n 37.78618210598413\n ],\n [\n -122.46219635009764,\n 37.78618210598413\n ],\n [\n -122.46219635009764,\n 37.835276322922695\n ],\n [\n -122.50717163085938,\n 37.835276322922695\n ],\n [\n -122.50717163085938,\n 37.78618210598413\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60f5c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dartnell, Peter 0000-0002-9554-729X pdartnell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9554-729X","contributorId":2688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dartnell","given":"Peter","email":"pdartnell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barnard, Patrick L. 0000-0003-1414-6476 pbarnard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1414-6476","contributorId":2880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnard","given":"Patrick","email":"pbarnard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":288305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chin, John L.","contributorId":98291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chin","given":"John L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hanes, Daniel","contributorId":73691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanes","given":"Daniel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kvitek, Rikk G.","contributorId":107804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvitek","given":"Rikk","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":288310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Iampietro, Pat J.","contributorId":85679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iampietro","given":"Pat","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Gardner, James V.","contributorId":93035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":77016,"text":"sir20065025 - 2006 - Physical habitat classification and instream flow modeling to determine habitat availability during low-flow periods, North Fork Shenandoah River, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:18","indexId":"sir20065025","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5025","title":"Physical habitat classification and instream flow modeling to determine habitat availability during low-flow periods, North Fork Shenandoah River, Virginia","docAbstract":"Increasing development and increasing water withdrawals for public, industrial, and agricultural water supply threaten to reduce streamflows in the Shenandoah River basin in Virginia. Water managers need more information to balance human water-supply needs with the daily streamflows necessary for maintaining the aquatic ecosystems. To meet the need for comprehensive information on hydrology, water supply, and instream-flow requirements of the Shenandoah River basin, the U.S. Geological Survey and the Northern Shenandoah Valley Regional Commission conducted a cooperative investigation of habitat availability during low-flow periods on the North Fork Shenandoah River. \r\n\r\nHistoric streamflow data and empirical data on physical habitat, river hydraulics, fish community structure, and recreation were used to develop a physical habitat simulation model. Hydraulic measurements were made during low, medium, and high flows in six reaches at a total of 36 transects that included riffles, runs, and pools, and that had a variety of substrates and cover types. Habitat suitability criteria for fish were developed from detailed fish-community sampling and microhabitat observations. Fish were grouped into four guilds of species and life stages with similar habitat requirements. Simulated habitat was considered in the context of seasonal flow regimes to show the availability of flows that sustain suitable habitat during months when precipitation and streamflow are scarce. \r\n\r\nThe North Fork Shenandoah River basin was divided into three management sections for analysis purposes: the upper section, middle section, and lower section. The months of July, August, and September were chosen to represent a low-flow period in the basin with low mean monthly flows, low precipitation, high temperatures, and high water withdrawals. Exceedance flows calculated from the combined data from these three months describe low-flow periods on the North Fork Shenandoah River. Long-term records from three streamflow-gaging stations were used to characterize the flow regime: North Fork Shenandoah River at Cootes Store, Va. (1925-2002), North Fork Shenandoah River at Mount Jackson, Va. (1943-2002), and North Fork Shenandoah River near Strasburg, Va. (1925-2002). \r\n\r\nThe predominant mesohabitat types (14 percent riffle, 67.3 percent run, and 18.7 percent pool) were classified along the entire river (100 miles) to assist in the selection of reaches for hydraulic and fish community data collection. The upper section has predominantly particle substrate, ranging in size from sand to boulders, and the shortest habitat units. The middle section is a transitional section with increased bedrock substrate and habitat unit length. The lower section has predominantly bedrock substrate and the longest habitat units in the river. \r\n\r\nThe model simulations show that weighted usable-habitat area in the upper management section is highest at flows higher than the 25-percent exceedance flow for July, August, and September. During these three months, total weighted usable-habitat area in this section is often less than the simulated maximum weighted usable-habitat area. Habitat area in the middle management section is highest at flows between the 25- and 75-percent exceedance flows for July, August, and September. In the middle section during these months, both the actual weighted usable-habitat area and the simulated maximum weighted usable-habitat area are associated with this flow range. Weighted usable-habitat area in the lower management section is highest at flows lower than the 75-percent exceedance flow for July, August, and September. In the lower section during these three months, some weighted usable-habitat area is available, but the normal range of flows does not include the simulated maximum weighted usable-habitat area.\r\n\r\nA time-series habitat analysis associated with the historic streamflow, zero water withdrawals, and doubled water withdrawals was completed. During s","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20065025","usgsCitation":"Krstolic, J.L., Hayes, D., and Ruhl, P.M., 2006, Physical habitat classification and instream flow modeling to determine habitat availability during low-flow periods, North Fork Shenandoah River, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5025, viii, 55 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065025.","productDescription":"viii, 55 p.","numberOfPages":"63","costCenters":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192914,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8155,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5025/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"0","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -79.41666666666667,38.416666666666664 ], [ -79.41666666666667,39.416666666666664 ], [ -78.16666666666667,39.416666666666664 ], [ -78.16666666666667,38.416666666666664 ], [ -79.41666666666667,38.416666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685b53","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krstolic, Jennifer L. 0000-0003-2253-9886 jkrstoli@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2253-9886","contributorId":3677,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krstolic","given":"Jennifer","email":"jkrstoli@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":37759,"text":"VA/WV Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hayes, Donald C.","contributorId":52945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"Donald C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ruhl, Peter M. 0000-0002-5032-6266 pmruhl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5032-6266","contributorId":4300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruhl","given":"Peter","email":"pmruhl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":77012,"text":"sir20065098 - 2006 - Land-cover trends in the Mojave basin and range ecoregion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:44","indexId":"sir20065098","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5098","title":"Land-cover trends in the Mojave basin and range ecoregion","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey's Land-Cover Trends Project aims to estimate the rates of contemporary land-cover change within the conterminous United States between 1972 and 2000. A random sampling approach was used to select a representative sample of 10-km by 10-km sample blocks and to estimate change within +/- 1 percent at an 85-percent confidence interval. Landsat Multispectral Scanner, Thematic Mapper, and Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus data were used, and each 60-m pixel was assigned to one of 11 distinct land-cover classes based upon a modified Anderson classification system. Upon completion of land-cover change mapping for five dates, land-cover change statistics were generated and analyzed. This paper presents estimates for the Mojave Basin and Range ecoregion located in the southwestern United States. Our research suggests land-cover change within the Mojave to be relatively rare and highly localized. The primary shift in land cover is unidirectional, with natural desert grass/shrubland being converted to development. We estimate that more than 1,300 km2 have been converted since 1973 and that the conversion is being largely driven by economic and recreational opportunities provided by the Mojave ecoregion. The time interval with the highest rate of change was 1986 to 1992, in which the rate was 0.21 percent (321.9 km2) per year total change.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20065098","usgsCitation":"Sleeter, B.M., and Raumann, C.G., 2006, Land-cover trends in the Mojave basin and range ecoregion: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5098, iii, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065098.","productDescription":"iii, 15 p.","numberOfPages":"18","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":295,"text":"Geography National Land-cover Trends Project","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194727,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8151,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5098/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"0","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118.5,33.75 ], [ -118.5,38 ], [ -113,38 ], [ -113,33.75 ], [ -118.5,33.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6adee8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sleeter, Benjamin M. 0000-0003-2371-9571 bsleeter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2371-9571","contributorId":3479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sleeter","given":"Benjamin","email":"bsleeter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Raumann, Christian G.","contributorId":65893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raumann","given":"Christian","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":76970,"text":"pp1646 - 2006 - Forecasting selenium discharges to the San Francisco Bay-Delta Estuary: Ecological effects of a proposed San Luis Drain extension","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":23771,"text":"ofr00416 - 2000 - Forecasting selenium discharges to the San Francisco Bay-Delta Estuary: Ecological effects of a proposed San Luis drain extension","indexId":"ofr00416","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Forecasting selenium discharges to the San Francisco Bay-Delta Estuary: Ecological effects of a proposed San Luis drain extension"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":76970,"text":"pp1646 - 2006 - Forecasting selenium discharges to the San Francisco Bay-Delta Estuary: Ecological effects of a proposed San Luis Drain extension","indexId":"pp1646","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"title":"Forecasting selenium discharges to the San Francisco Bay-Delta Estuary: Ecological effects of a proposed San Luis Drain extension"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-10T19:22:46.351685","indexId":"pp1646","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1646","title":"Forecasting selenium discharges to the San Francisco Bay-Delta Estuary: Ecological effects of a proposed San Luis Drain extension","docAbstract":"Selenium discharges to the San Francisco Bay-Delta Estuary (Bay-Delta) could change significantly if federal and state agencies (1) approve an extension of the San Luis Drain to convey agricultural drainage from the western San Joaquin Valley to the North Bay (Suisun Bay, Carquinez Strait, and San Pablo Bay); (2) allow changes in flow patterns of the lower San Joaquin River and Bay-Delta while using an existing portion of the San Luis Drain to convey agricultural drainage to a tributary of the San Joaquin River; or (3) revise selenium criteria for the protection of aquatic life or issue criteria for the protection of wildlife.
Understanding the biotransfer of selenium is essential to evaluating effects of selenium on Bay-Delta ecosystems. Confusion about selenium threats to fish and wildlife stem from (1) monitoring programs that do not address specific protocols necessary for an element that bioaccumulates; and (2) failure to consider the full complexity of the processes that result in selenium toxicity. Past studies show that predators are more at risk from selenium contamination than their prey, making it difficult to use traditional methods to predict risk from environmental concentrations alone. This report presents an approach to conceptualize and model the fate and effects of selenium under various load scenarios from the San Joaquin Valley. For each potential load, progressive forecasts show resulting (1) water-column concentration; (2) speciation; (3) transformation to particulate form; (4) particulate concentration; (5) bioaccumulation by invertebrates; (6) trophic transfer to predators; and (7) effects on those predators. Enough is known to establish a first-order understanding of relevant conditions, biological response, and ecological risks should selenium be discharged directly into the North Bay through a conveyance such as a proposed extension of the San Luis Drain.
The approach presented here, the Bay-Delta selenium model, determines the mass, fate, and effects of selenium released to the Bay-Delta through use of (1) historical land-use, drainage, alluvial-fill, and runoff databases; (2) existing knowledge concerning biogeochemical reactions and physiological parameters of selenium (e.g., speciation, partitioning between dissolved and particulate forms, and bivalve assimilation efficiency); and (3) site-specific data mainly from 1986 to 1996 for clams and bottom-feeding fish and birds. Selenium load scenarios consider effluents from North Bay oil refineries and discharges of agricultural drainage from the San Joaquin Valley to enable calculation of (a) a composite freshwater endmember selenium concentration at the head of the estuary; and (b) a selenium concentration at a selected seawater location (Carquinez Strait) as a foundation for modeling. Analysis of selenium effects also takes into account the mode of conveyance for agricultural drainage (i.e., the San Luis Drain or San Joaquin River); and flows of the Sacramento River and San Joaquin River on a seasonal or monthly basis.
Load scenarios for San Joaquin Valley mirror predictions made since 1955 of a worsening salt (and by inference, selenium) build-up exacerbated by an arid climate and massive irrigation. The reservoir of selenium in the San Joaquin Valley is sufficient to provide loading at an annual rate of approximately 42,500 pounds of selenium to a Bay-Delta disposal point for 63 to 304 years at the lower range of projections presented here, even if influx of selenium from the California Coast Ranges could be curtailed. Disposal of wastewaters on an annual basis outside of the San Joaquin Valley may slow the degradation of valley resources, but drainage alone cannot alleviate the salt and selenium build-up in the San Joaquin Valley, at least within a century.
Load scenarios also show the different proportions of selenium loading to the Bay-Delta. Oil refinery loads from 1986 to 1992 ranged from 8.5 to 20 pounds of selenium per day; with treatment and cleanup, loads decreased to 3.0 pounds of selenium per day in 1999. In contrast, San Joaquin Valley agricultural drainage loads disposed of in a San Luis Drain extension could range from 45 to 117 pounds of selenium per day across a set of historical and future conditions. Components of this valley-wide load include five source subareas (i.e., Grassland, Westlands, Tulare, Kern, and Northern) defined by water and drainage management. Loads vary per subarea mainly because of proximity of the subarea to geologic sources of selenium and irrigation history. Loads from the Sacramento River, depending on flow conditions, range from 0.8 to 10 pounds of selenium per day. Loads from the San Joaquin River vary depending on restoration and flow conditions, which are considered.
A consistent picture of ecological risk emerges under modeled selenium discharges from a proposed San Luis Drain extension. The threat to the estuary is greatest during low flow seasons and critically dry years. Where selenium undergoes reactions typical of low flow or longer residence time, highly problematic bioaccumulation in prey (food) is forecast. Surf scoter, greater and lesser scaup, and white sturgeon appear to be most at risk because these Bay-Delta predators feed on deposit and filter-feeding bivalves. Recent findings add Sacramento splittail and Dungeness crab to that list. During the low flow season of critically dry years, forecasted selenium concentrations in water, particulate matter, prey (diet), and predator tissue exceed guidelines with a high certainty of producing adverse effects under the most likely load scenario from a proposed San Luis Drain extension. High flows afford some protection under certain conditions in modeled San Joaquin River scenarios. However, meeting a combined goal of releasing a specific load during maximum flows and keeping selenium concentrations in the river below a certain objective to protect against bioaccumulation may not always be attainable. Management of the San Joaquin River on a constant concentration basis also could create problematic bioaccumulation during a wet year, especially during the low flow season, because high flows translate to high loads that are not always offset by seasonal river inflows.
Prior to refinery cleanup, selenium contamination was sufficient to threaten reproduction in key species within the Bay-Delta ecosystems and human health advisories were posted based on selenium concentrations in tissues of diving ducks. During this time, selenium concentrations in the Bay-Delta were well below the most stringent recommended water quality criterion [1 microgram per liter (1 µg/L)]. Enhanced biogeochemical transformations to bioavailable particulate selenium and efficient bioaccumulation by bivalves characterized the system. If these biogeochemical conditions continue to prevail and agricultural selenium sources replace or exceed refinery sources, ecological forecasts suggest the risk of adverse effects will be difficult to eliminate under an out-of-valley resolution to the selenium problem.
The Bay-Delta selenium model presented here is a systematic approach for conducting forecasts of the ecological effects from selenium on aquatic food webs. It is a new tool that links and models the major processes leading from loads through consumer organisms to predators. It also is a feasible approach for site-specific analysis and could provide a framework for developing new protective selenium foodweb guidelines and predator criteria. Model components that help ensure understanding ecosystems and the basis of environmental protection are (1) contaminant concentrations and speciation in sources, such as particulate material, that most influence bioavailability; (2) bioaccumulation models that calculate concentrations in diet, specifically in bivalves of the Bay-Delta that act as sensitive indicators of selenium contamination; (3) food-web type that determines what animals are threatened and when; and (4) multiple media concentrations (water, particulate material, and tissue of prey and predators) that, in-combination, determine risk or hazard.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1646","usgsCitation":"Presser, T.S., and Luoma, S.N., 2006, Forecasting selenium discharges to the San Francisco Bay-Delta Estuary: Ecological effects of a proposed San Luis Drain extension: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1646, x, 196 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1646.","productDescription":"x, 196 p.","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340326,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8811,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/p1646/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":415526,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_78260.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay-Delta estuary","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122,\n 36.3917\n ],\n [\n -119.8333,\n 36.3917\n ],\n [\n -119.8333,\n 38.0833\n ],\n [\n -122,\n 38.0833\n ],\n [\n -122,\n 36.3917\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae504","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Presser, Theresa S. 0000-0001-5643-0147 tpresser@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5643-0147","contributorId":2467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Presser","given":"Theresa","email":"tpresser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luoma, Samuel N. 0000-0001-5443-5091 snluoma@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5443-5091","contributorId":2287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"Samuel","email":"snluoma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":77006,"text":"sir20065113 - 2006 - Water-quality characteristics, including sodium-adsorption ratios, for four sites in the Powder River drainage basin, Wyoming and Montana, water years 2001-2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:19","indexId":"sir20065113","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5113","title":"Water-quality characteristics, including sodium-adsorption ratios, for four sites in the Powder River drainage basin, Wyoming and Montana, water years 2001-2004","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality, monitors streams throughout the Powder River structural basin in Wyoming and parts of Montana for potential effects of coalbed natural gas development. Specific conductance and sodium-adsorption ratios may be larger in coalbed waters than in stream waters that may receive the discharge waters. Therefore, continuous water-quality instruments for specific conductance were installed and discrete water-quality samples were collected to characterize water quality during water years 2001-2004 at four sites in the Powder River drainage basin: Powder River at Sussex, Wyoming; Crazy Woman Creek near Arvada, Wyoming; Clear Creek near Arvada, Wyoming; and Powder River at Moorhead, Montana.\r\n\r\nDuring water years 2001-2004, the median specific conductance of 2,270 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius (?S/cm) in discrete samples from the Powder River at Sussex, Wyoming, was larger than the median specific conductance of 1,930 ?S/cm in discrete samples collected downstream from the Powder River at Moorhead, Montana. The median specific conductance was smallest in discrete samples from Clear Creek (1,180 ?S/cm), which has a dilution effect on the specific conductance for the Powder River at Moorhead, Montana. The daily mean specific conductance from continuous water-quality instruments during the irrigation season showed the same spatial pattern as specific conductance values for the discrete samples.\r\n\r\nDissolved sodium, sodium-adsorption ratios, and dissolved solids generally showed the same spatial pattern as specific conductance. The largest median sodium concentration (274 milligrams per liter) and the largest range of sodium-adsorption ratios (3.7 to 21) were measured in discrete samples from the Powder River at Sussex, Wyoming. Median concentrations of sodium and sodium-adsorption ratios were substantially smaller in Crazy Woman Creek and Clear Creek, which tend to decrease sodium concentrations and sodium-adsorption ratios at the Powder River at Moorhead, Montana. Dissolved-solids concentrations in discrete samples were closely correlated with specific conductance values; Pearson's correlation coefficients were 0.98 or greater for all four sites.\r\n\r\nRegression equations for discrete values of specific conductance and sodium-adsorption ratios were statistically significant (p-values <0.001) at all four sites. The strongest relation (R2=0.92) was at the Powder River at Sussex, Wyoming. Relations on Crazy Woman Creek (R2=0.91) and Clear Creek (R2=0.83) also were strong. The relation between specific conductance and sodium-adsorption ratios was weakest (R2=0.65) at the Powder River at Moorhead, Montana; however, the relation was still significant. These data indicate that values of specific conductance are useful for estimating sodium-adsorption ratios.\r\n\r\nA regression model called LOADEST was used to estimate dissolved-solids loads for the four sites. The average daily mean dissolved-solids loads varied among the sites during water year 2004. The largest average daily mean dissolved-solids load was calculated for the Powder River at Moorhead, Montana. Although the smallest concentrations of dissolved solids were in samples from Clear Creek, the smallest average daily mean dissolved-solids load was calculated for Crazy Woman Creek. The largest loads occurred during spring runoff, and the smallest loads occurred in late summer, when streamflows typically were smallest. Dissolved-solids loads may be smaller than average during water years 2001-2004 because of smaller than average streamflow as a result of drought conditions.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20065113","usgsCitation":"Clark, M.L., and Mason, J., 2006, Water-quality characteristics, including sodium-adsorption ratios, for four sites in the Powder River drainage basin, Wyoming and Montana, water years 2001-2004: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5113, v, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065113.","productDescription":"v, 22 p.","numberOfPages":"27","temporalStart":"2000-10-01","temporalEnd":"2004-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":684,"text":"Wyoming Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124956,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2006_5113.jpg"},{"id":8137,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5113/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"0","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -107,43 ], [ -107,46.5 ], [ -105,46.5 ], [ -105,43 ], [ -107,43 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cce4b07f02db544106","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, Melanie L. mlclark@usgs.gov","contributorId":1827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Melanie","email":"mlclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mason, Jon P.","contributorId":26758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mason","given":"Jon P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":76997,"text":"ofr20041441 - 2006 - Sea floor topography and backscatter intensity of the Hudson Canyon region offshore of New York and New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-09T14:46:30","indexId":"ofr20041441","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1441","title":"Sea floor topography and backscatter intensity of the Hudson Canyon region offshore of New York and New Jersey","docAbstract":"These maps show the sea floor topography and backscatter intensity of the Hudson Canyon region on the continental slope and rise offshore of New Jersey and New York (fig. 1 and fig. 2). Sheet 1 shows sea floor topography as shaded relief. Sheet 2 shows sea floor topography as shaded relief with backscatter intensity superimposed in color. Both sheets are at a scale of 1:300,000 and also show smoothed topographic contours at selected intervals. The maps are based on new multibeam echo-sounder data collected on an 18-day cruise carried out aboard the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Ship Ronald H. Brown during August and September 2002. Additional multibeam data of the Hudson Canyon collected by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), on the continental shelf collected by the STRATAFORM project (Goff and others, 1999), and a survey of the Hudson Shelf Valley (Butman and others, 2003), and a compilation of bathymetric data from the National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) Coastal Relief Model provide coverage of areas surrounding Hudson Canyon (fig. 2). Interpretations of the surficial geology also utilize widely spaced 3.5- and 10-kiloHertz (kHz) high-resolution seismic profiles collected by the U.S. Geological Survey (fig.2).","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041441","isbn":"1411310438","usgsCitation":"Butman, B., Twichell, D.C., Rona, P.A., Tucholke, B.E., Middleton, T.J., and Robb, J.M., 2006, Sea floor topography and backscatter intensity of the Hudson Canyon region offshore of New York and New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1441, HTML Document; 2 Plates: 42.0 x 62.0 inches and 42.0 x 54.0 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041441.","productDescription":"HTML Document; 2 Plates: 42.0 x 62.0 inches and 42.0 x 54.0 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":680,"text":"Woods Hole Science 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C.","contributorId":37730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twichell","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":288265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rona, Peter A.","contributorId":14912,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rona","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tucholke, Brian E.","contributorId":96710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tucholke","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Middleton, Tammie J.","contributorId":27532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Middleton","given":"Tammie","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Robb, James M.","contributorId":60225,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robb","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":76980,"text":"ofr2003295 - 2006 - Trends of Abutment-Scour Prediction Equations Applied to 144 Field Sites in South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-07T16:17:20","indexId":"ofr2003295","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-295","title":"Trends of Abutment-Scour Prediction Equations Applied to 144 Field Sites in South Carolina","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey conducted a study in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration in which predicted abutment-scour depths computed with selected predictive equations were compared with field measurements of abutment-scour depth made at 144 bridges in South Carolina. The assessment used five equations published in the Fourth Edition of 'Evaluating Scour at Bridges,' (Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18), including the original Froehlich, the modified Froehlich, the Sturm, the Maryland, and the HIRE equations. An additional unpublished equation also was assessed. Comparisons between predicted and observed scour depths are intended to illustrate general trends and order-of-magnitude differences for the prediction equations. Field measurements were taken during non-flood conditions when the hydraulic conditions that caused the scour generally are unknown. The predicted scour depths are based on hydraulic conditions associated with the 100-year flow at all sites and the flood of record for 35 sites. Comparisons showed that predicted scour depths frequently overpredict observed scour and at times were excessive. The comparison also showed that underprediction occurred, but with less frequency. The performance of these equations indicates that they are poor predictors of abutment-scour depth in South Carolina, and it is probable that poor performance will occur when the equations are applied in other geographic regions. Extensive data and graphs used to compare predicted and observed scour depths in this study were compiled into spreadsheets and are included in digital format with this report. In addition to the equation-comparison data, Water-Surface Profile Model tube-velocity data, soil-boring data, and selected abutment-scour data are included in digital format with this report. The digital database was developed as a resource for future researchers and is especially valuable for evaluating the reasonableness of future equations that may be developed.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr2003295","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Benedict, S., Deshpande, N., Aziz, N.M., and Conrads, P., 2006, Trends of Abutment-Scour Prediction Equations Applied to 144 Field Sites in South Carolina (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-295, vi, 131 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr2003295.","productDescription":"vi, 131 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192491,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8797,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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Carolina\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697b95","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Benedict, Stephen T. benedict@usgs.gov","contributorId":3198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benedict","given":"Stephen T.","email":"benedict@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":288249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Deshpande, Nikhil","contributorId":82406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deshpande","given":"Nikhil","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aziz, Nadim M.","contributorId":56743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aziz","given":"Nadim","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Conrads, Paul 0000-0003-0408-4208 pconrads@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0408-4208","contributorId":764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conrads","given":"Paul","email":"pconrads@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":288248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70006390,"text":"70006390 - 2006 - Uncertainty management, spatial and temporal reasoning, and validation of intelligent environmental decision support systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-05T14:20:21","indexId":"70006390","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-01T14:12:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Uncertainty management, spatial and temporal reasoning, and validation of intelligent environmental decision support systems","docAbstract":"There are inherent open problems arising when developing and running Intelligent Environmental \nDecision Support Systems (IEDSS). During daily operation of IEDSS several open challenge problems \nappear. The uncertainty of data being processed is intrinsic to the environmental system, which is being \nmonitored by several on-line sensors and off-line data. Thus, anomalous data values at data gathering level \nor even uncertain reasoning process at later levels such as in diagnosis or decision support or planning can \nlead the environmental process to unsafe critical operation states. At diagnosis level or even at decision \nsupport level or planning level, spatial reasoning or temporal reasoning or both aspects can influence the \nreasoning processes undertaken by the IEDSS. Most of Environmental systems must take into account the \nspatial relationships between the environmental goal area and the nearby environmental areas and the \ntemporal relationships between the current state and the past states of the environmental system to state \naccurate and reliable assertions to be used within the diagnosis process or decision support process or \nplanning process. Finally, a related issue is a crucial point: are really reliable and safe the decisions proposed \nby the IEDSS? Are we sure about the goodness and performance of proposed solutions? How can we ensure \na correct evaluation of the IEDSS? Main goal of this paper is to analyse these four issues, review some \npossible approaches and techniques to cope with them, and study new trends for future research within the \nIEDSS field.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the iEMSs Third Biennial Meeting: \"Summit on Environmental Modelling and Software\"","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"International Environmental Modelling and Software Society","publisherLocation":"Burlington, VT","usgsCitation":"Sanchez-Marre, M., Gilbert, K., Sojda, R.S., Steyer, J.P., Struss, P., and Rodriguez-Roda, I., 2006, Uncertainty management, spatial and temporal reasoning, and validation of intelligent environmental decision support systems, in Proceedings of the iEMSs Third Biennial Meeting: \"Summit on Environmental Modelling and Software\", 26 p.","productDescription":"26 p.","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288116,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288115,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.iemss.org/iemss2006/sessions/all.html"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53919168e4b06f80638265ea","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Voinov, A.A.","contributorId":113598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voinov","given":"A.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508316,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jakeman, A.J.","contributorId":12639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jakeman","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508314,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rizzoli, A.E.","contributorId":113184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rizzoli","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508315,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Sanchez-Marre, Miquel","contributorId":91023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanchez-Marre","given":"Miquel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gilbert, Karina","contributorId":23448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilbert","given":"Karina","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sojda, Rick S.","contributorId":33628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sojda","given":"Rick","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Steyer, Jean Philippe","contributorId":67415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steyer","given":"Jean","email":"","middleInitial":"Philippe","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Struss, Peter","contributorId":75853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Struss","given":"Peter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rodriguez-Roda, Ignasi","contributorId":91408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodriguez-Roda","given":"Ignasi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70259551,"text":"70259551 - 2006 - Resolving model parameter values from C and N stock measurements in a wide range of tropical mature forests using nonlinear inversion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-11T16:45:12.625329","indexId":"70259551","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-01T11:35:25","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Resolving model parameter values from C and N stock measurements in a wide range of tropical mature forests using nonlinear inversion","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","conferenceTitle":"3rd International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software","conferenceDate":"July 9-13, 2006","conferenceLocation":"Burlington, VT","language":"English","publisher":"International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software","usgsCitation":"Liu, S., Anderson, P., Zhou, G., Kauffman, B., Hughes, F., Schimel, D., Watson, V., and Tosi, J., 2006, Resolving model parameter values from C and N stock measurements in a wide range of tropical mature forests using nonlinear inversion, 3rd International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software, Burlington, VT, July 9-13, 2006, 6 p.","productDescription":"6 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":462837,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/iemssconference/2006/all/306/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":462839,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Costa Rica","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-82.96578,8.22503],[-83.50844,8.44693],[-83.71147,8.65684],[-83.59631,8.83044],[-83.63264,9.05139],[-83.90989,9.2908],[-84.3034,9.48735],[-84.64764,9.61554],[-84.71335,9.90805],[-84.97566,10.08672],[-84.91137,9.79599],[-85.11092,9.55704],[-85.33949,9.83454],[-85.66079,9.93335],[-85.79744,10.13489],[-85.79171,10.43934],[-85.65931,10.75433],[-85.94173,10.89528],[-85.71254,11.08844],[-85.56185,11.21712],[-84.903,10.9523],[-84.67307,11.08266],[-84.35593,10.99923],[-84.19018,10.79345],[-83.89505,10.72684],[-83.65561,10.93876],[-83.40232,10.39544],[-83.01568,9.99298],[-82.5462,9.56613],[-82.93289,9.47681],[-82.92715,9.07433],[-82.71918,8.92571],[-82.86866,8.80727],[-82.82977,8.6263],[-82.91318,8.42352],[-82.96578,8.22503]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Costa Rica\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Liu, Shuguang 0000-0002-6027-3479 sliu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6027-3479","contributorId":147403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Shuguang","email":"sliu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":915726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, Pamela","contributorId":345119,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anderson","given":"Pamela","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zhou, Guoyi","contributorId":199385,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zhou","given":"Guoyi","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kauffman, Boone","contributorId":345120,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kauffman","given":"Boone","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hughes, Flint","contributorId":216575,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hughes","given":"Flint","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":37389,"text":"U.S. Forest Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":915730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schimel, David","contributorId":146637,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schimel","given":"David","affiliations":[{"id":7023,"text":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":915731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Watson, Vicente","contributorId":31992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watson","given":"Vicente","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Tosi, Joseph","contributorId":67302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tosi","given":"Joseph","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70259550,"text":"70259550 - 2006 - Dealing with uncertainty and sensitivity issues in process-based models of carbon and nitrogen cycles in northern forest ecosystems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-11T16:26:28.068244","indexId":"70259550","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-01T11:18:58","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Dealing with uncertainty and sensitivity issues in process-based models of carbon and nitrogen cycles in northern forest ecosystems","docAbstract":"Many process-based models on carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles have been developed for northern forest ecosystems. These models are widely used to evaluate the long-term decisions in forest management dealing with effects like particulate pollution, productivity and climate change. Regarding climate change, one of the key questions that have sensitive political implications is whether northern forests will sequester atmospheric C or not. Whilst many process-based models have been tested for accuracy by evaluating or validating against observed data, few have dealt with the complexity of the incorporated procedures to estimate uncertainties associated with model predictions or the sensitivity of these predictions to input factors in a systematic, inter-model comparison fashion. In general, models differ in their underlying attempts to match natural complexities with assumed or imposed model structure and process formulations to estimate model parameters, to gather data and to address issues on scope, scale and natural variations. Uncertainties may originate from model structure, estimation of model parameters, data input, representation of natural variation and scaling exercises. Model structure relates to the mathematical representation of the processes modelled and the type of state variables that a model contains. The modelling of partitioning among above- and below-ground C and N pools and the interdependence among these pools remain a major source of uncertainty in model structure and error propagation. Most soil C models use at least three state variables to represent the different types of soil organic matter (SOM). This approach results in creating three artificial SOM pools, assuming that each one contains C compounds with same turnover rate. In reality, SOM consists of many different types of C compounds with widely different turnover rates. Uncertainty in data and parameter estimates are closely linked. Data uncertainties are associated with high variations in estimating forest biomass, productivity and soil organic matter and may be incomplete for model initialization, calibration, validation and sensitivity analysis of generalized predictor models. The scale at which a model is being used also affects the level of uncertainty, as the errors in the prediction of the C and N dynamics differ from the site to the landscape levels and across climatic regions. If the spatial or temporal scale of a model application is changed, additional uncertainty arises from neglecting natural variability in system variables in time and space. Uncertainty issues are also intimately related to model validation and sensitivity analysis. The estimation of uncertainties is needed to inform decision process, in order to detect the possible corridor of development. Uncertainty in this context is an essential measure of quality for stakeholder and decision makers.
","conferenceTitle":"3rd International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software","conferenceDate":"July 9-13, 2006","conferenceLocation":"Burlington, VT","language":"English","publisher":"International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software","usgsCitation":"Larocque, G.R., Bhatti, J.S., Gordon, A., Luckai, N., Liu, J., Liu, S., Arp, P., Zhang, C., Komarov, A., Grabarnik, P., Wattenbach, M., Peng, C., Sun, J., and White, T., 2006, Dealing with uncertainty and sensitivity issues in process-based models of carbon and nitrogen cycles in northern forest ecosystems, 3rd International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software, Burlington, VT, July 9-13, 2006, 11 p.","productDescription":"11 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":462835,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/iemssconference/2006/all/147/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":462836,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larocque, Guy R.","contributorId":68139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larocque","given":"Guy","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bhatti, Jagtar S.","contributorId":12720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bhatti","given":"Jagtar","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gordon, A.M.","contributorId":221191,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gordon","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Luckai, N.","contributorId":81727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luckai","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Liu, Jinxun 0000-0003-0561-8988 jxliu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0561-8988","contributorId":3414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Jinxun","email":"jxliu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":915716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Liu, Shuguang 0000-0002-6027-3479 sliu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6027-3479","contributorId":147403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Shuguang","email":"sliu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":915717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Arp, P.A.","contributorId":221193,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Arp","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Zhang, C.F.","contributorId":221194,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zhang","given":"C.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Komarov, A","contributorId":221178,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Komarov","given":"A","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Grabarnik, P.","contributorId":221195,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grabarnik","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Wattenbach, M.","contributorId":221192,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wattenbach","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Peng, C.","contributorId":44092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peng","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Sun, Jianfeng","contributorId":345117,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sun","given":"Jianfeng","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"White, Thomas","contributorId":345118,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"White","given":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}} ,{"id":70202243,"text":"70202243 - 2006 - Heat-producing elements in the lunar mantle: Insights from ion microprobe analyses of lunar pyroclastic glasses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-18T09:01:12","indexId":"70202243","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-01T08:59:10","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Heat-producing elements in the lunar mantle: Insights from ion microprobe analyses of lunar pyroclastic glasses","docAbstract":"We provide new estimates for the abundance of heat-producing elements in the lunar mantle by using SIMS techniques to measure the concentrations of thorium and samarium in lunar pyroclastic glasses. Lunar pyroclastic glasses are utilized in this study because they represent quenched products of near-primary melts from the lunar mantle and as such, they provide compositional information about the mantle itself. Thorium and samarium were measured because: (1) Th is not significantly fractionated from Sm during partial melting of the pyroclastic glass source regions, which are dominated by olivine and pyroxene. Therefore, the Th/Sm ratios that we measure in the pyroclastic glasses reflect the Th/Sm ratio of the pyroclastic glass source regions. (2) Strong correlations between Th, U, and K on the Moon allow us to use measured Th concentrations to estimate the concentrations of U and K in the pyroclastic glasses. (3) Th, Sm, U, and K are radioactive elements and as such, their concentrations can be used to investigate heat production in the lunar mantle.
The results from this study show that the lunar mantle is heterogeneous with respect to heat-producing elements and that there is evidence for mixing of a KREEP component into the source regions of some of the pyroclastic glasses. Because the source regions for many of the glasses are deep (⩾400 km), we propose that a KREEP component was transported to the deep lunar mantle. KREEP enriched sources produce 138% more heat than sources that do not contain KREEP and therefore, could have provided a source of heat for extended periods of nearside basaltic magmatism. Data from this study, in conjunction with models for the fractional crystallization of a lunar magma ocean, are used to show that the average lunar mantle contains 0.15 ppm Th, 0.54 ppm Sm, 0.039 ppm U, and 212 ppm K. This is a greater enrichment in radiogenic elements than some earlier estimates, suggesting a more prolonged impact of radiogenic heat on nearside basaltic volcanism.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.gca.2006.04.013","usgsCitation":"Hagerty, J., Shearer, C.K., and Vaniman, D., 2006, Heat-producing elements in the lunar mantle: Insights from ion microprobe analyses of lunar pyroclastic glasses: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 70, no. 13, p. 3457-3476, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2006.04.013.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"3457","endPage":"3476","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361310,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Moon","volume":"70","issue":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hagerty, Justin 0000-0003-3800-7948 jhagerty@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3800-7948","contributorId":911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hagerty","given":"Justin","email":"jhagerty@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":757460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shearer, Charles K.","contributorId":111575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shearer","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":757461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vaniman, David","contributorId":173231,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vaniman","given":"David","affiliations":[{"id":13179,"text":"Planetary Science Institute","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":757462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70161654,"text":"70161654 - 2006 - Host mating system and the prevalence of a disease in a plant population","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-05T13:37:22","indexId":"70161654","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3173,"text":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Host mating system and the prevalence of a disease in a plant population","docAbstract":"A modified susceptible–infected–recovered (SIR) host–pathogen model is used to determine the influence of plant mating system on the outcome of a host–pathogen interaction. Unlike previous models describing how interactions between mating system and pathogen infection affect individual fitness, this model considers the potential consequences of varying mating systems on the prevalence of resistance alleles and disease within the population. If a single allele for disease resistance is sufficient to confer complete resistance in an individual and if both homozygote and heterozygote resistant individuals have the same mean birth and death rates, then, for any parameter set, the selfing rate does not affect the proportions of resistant, susceptible or infected individuals at equilibrium. If homozygote and heterozygote individual birth rates differ, however, the mating system can make a difference in these proportions. In that case, depending on other parameters, increased selfing can either increase or decrease the rate of infection in the population. Results from this model also predict higher frequencies of resistance alleles in predominantly selfing compared to predominantly outcrossing populations for most model conditions. In populations that have higher selfing rates, the resistance alleles are concentrated in homozygotes, whereas in more outcrossing populations, there are more resistant heterozygotes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Royal Society Publishing","doi":"10.1098/rspb.2006.3519","usgsCitation":"Koslow, J.M., and DeAngelis, D., 2006, Host mating system and the prevalence of a disease in a plant population: Proceedings of the Royal Society B, v. 273, no. 1595, p. 1825-1831, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3519.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1825","endPage":"1831","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477324,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1634794","text":"External Repository"},{"id":313757,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"273","issue":"1595","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-03-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"568cf744e4b0e7a44bc0f167","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koslow, Jennifer M.","contributorId":106621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koslow","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":587248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeAngelis, Donald L. 0000-0002-1570-4057 don_deangelis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1570-4057","contributorId":147289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeAngelis","given":"Donald L.","email":"don_deangelis@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":587249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":76886,"text":"sir20065038 - 2006 - Simulation of nutrient and sediment concentrations and loads in the Delaware inland bays watershed: Extension of the hydrologic and water-quality model to ungaged segments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-18T19:27:54.58084","indexId":"sir20065038","displayToPublicDate":"2006-06-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5038","title":"Simulation of nutrient and sediment concentrations and loads in the Delaware inland bays watershed: Extension of the hydrologic and water-quality model to ungaged segments","docAbstract":"Rapid population increases, agriculture, and industrial practices have been identified as important sources of excessive nutrients and sediments in the Delaware Inland Bays watershed. The amount and effect of excessive nutrients and sediments in the Inland Bays watershed have been well documented by the Delaware Geological Survey, the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s National Estuary Program, the Delaware Center for Inland Bays, the University of Delaware, and other agencies. This documentation and data previously were used to develop a hydrologic and water-quality model of the Delaware Inland Bays watershed to simulate nutrients and sediment concentrations and loads, and to calibrate the model by comparing concentrations and streamflow data at six stations in the watershed over a limited period of time (October 1998 through April 2000). Although the model predictions of nutrient and sediment concentrations for the calibrated segments were fairly accurate, the predictions for the 28 ungaged segments located near tidal areas, where stream data were not available, were above the range of values measured in the area.
The cooperative study established in 2000 by the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control, the Delaware Geological Survey, and the U.S. Geological Survey was extended to evaluate the model predictions in ungaged segments and to ensure that the model, developed as a planning and management tool, could accurately predict nutrient and sediment concentrations within the measured range of values in the area. The evaluation of the predictions was limited to the period of calibration (1999) of the 2003 model.
To develop estimates on ungaged watersheds, parameter values from calibrated segments are transferred to the ungaged segments; however, accurate predictions are unlikely where parameter transference is subject to error. The unexpected nutrient and sediment concentrations simulated with the 2003 model were likely the result of inappropriate criteria for the transference of parameter values. From a model-simulation perspective, it is a common practice to transfer parameter values based on the similarity of soils or the similarity of land-use proportions between segments. For the Inland Bays model, the similarity of soils between segments was used as the basis to transfer parameter values. An alternative approach, which is documented in this report, is based on the similarity of the spatial distribution of the land use between segments and the similarity of land-use proportions, as these can be important factors for the transference of parameter values in lumped models. Previous work determined that the difference in the variation of runoff due to various spatial distributions of land use within a watershed can cause substantialloss of accuracy in the model predictions.
The incorporation of the spatial distribution of land use to transfer parameter values from calibrated to uncalibrated segments provided more consistent and rational predictions of flow, especially during the summer, and consequently, predictions of lower nutrient concentrations during the same period. For the segments where the similarity of spatial distribution of land use was not clearly established with a calibrated segment, the similarity of the location of the most impervious areas was also used as a criterion for the transference of parameter values.
The model predictions from the 28 ungaged segments were verified through comparison with measured in-stream concentrations from local and nearby streams provided by the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control. Model results indicated that the predicted edge-of-stream total suspended solids loads in the Inland Bays watershed were low in comparison to loads reported for the Eastern Shore of Maryland from the Chesapeake Bay watershed model. The flatness of the terrain and the low annual surface runoff are important factors in determining the amount of detached sediment from the land that is delivered to streams. The highest predicted total suspended solids loads were found in the southern part of the watershed, where the values are associated with high total streamflow and a high surface-runoff component, and related to soil and aquifer permeability and land use. Nutrient loads from model segments in the southern part of the Inland Bays watershed were also higher than those measured in the northern part of the basin, due to relatively high runoff and the substantial amount of available organic fertilizer (animal waste) that results in over-application of organic fertilizer to crops.
Time series of simulated hourly concentrations indicated a seasonal pattern in the simulated base flow for total nitrogen, with the lowest values occurring during the summer and the highest values during the winter months. Total phosphorus and total-suspended-solids concentrations were less seasonal and were more storm-dependent; in general, base-flow concentrations of total phosphorus and total suspended solids were low. During storm events, the total nitrogen concentrations tended to be diluted and total phosphorus concentrations tended to rise sharply. Nitrogen was transported mainly in the aqueous phase and largely through ground water, whereas phosphorus was strongly associated with sediment, which washes off during rainfall events.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20065038","usgsCitation":"Gutierrez-Magness, A.L., 2006, Simulation of nutrient and sediment concentrations and loads in the Delaware inland bays watershed: Extension of the hydrologic and water-quality model to ungaged segments: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5038, v, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065038.","productDescription":"v, 26 p.","numberOfPages":"31","costCenters":[{"id":41514,"text":"Maryland-Delaware-District of Columbia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":120781,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2006_5038.jpg"},{"id":415936,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_78360.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":8831,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5038/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.4186,\n 38.4489\n ],\n [\n -75.4186,\n 38.8069\n ],\n [\n -75.045,\n 38.8069\n ],\n [\n -75.045,\n 38.4489\n ],\n [\n -75.4186,\n 38.4489\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db697854","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gutierrez-Magness, Angelica L.","contributorId":36995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gutierrez-Magness","given":"Angelica","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":76887,"text":"sir20055198 - 2006 - Hydrogeology of the upper and middle Verde River watersheds, central Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-03T00:10:04","indexId":"sir20055198","displayToPublicDate":"2006-06-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5198","title":"Hydrogeology of the upper and middle Verde River watersheds, central Arizona","docAbstract":"The upper and middle Verde River watersheds in central Arizona are primarily in Yavapai County, which in 1999 was determined to be the fastest growing rural county in the United States; by 2050 the population is projected to more than double its current size (132,000 in 2000). This study combines climatic, surface-water, ground-water, water-chemistry, and geologic data to describe the hydrogeologic systems within the upper and middle Verde River watersheds and to provide a conceptual understanding of the ground-water flow system. The study area includes the Big Chino and Little Chino subbasins in the upper Verde River watershed and the Verde Valley subbasin in the middle Verde Rive watershed...more...A geochemical mixing model was used to quantify fractions of ground-water sources to the Verde River from various parts of the study area. Most of the water in the uppermost 0.2 mile of the Verde River is from the Little Chino subbasin, and the remainder is from the Big Chino subbasin. Discharge from a system of springs increases base flow to about 17 cubic feet per second within the next 2 miles of the river. Ground water that discharges at these springs is derived from the western part of the Coconino Plateau, from the Big Chino subbasin, and from the Little Chino subbasin. More...","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20055198","usgsCitation":"Blasch, K.W., Hoffmann, J.P., Graser, L.F., Bryson, J.R., and Flint, A.L., 2006, Hydrogeology of the upper and middle Verde River watersheds, central Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5198, 115 p.; 8 spreadsheet appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055198.","productDescription":"115 p.; 8 spreadsheet appendices","numberOfPages":"115","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195719,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8055,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5198/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2de4b07f02db614a5d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blasch, Kyle W. 0000-0002-0590-0724 kblasch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0590-0724","contributorId":1631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blasch","given":"Kyle","email":"kblasch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoffmann, John P. jphoffma@usgs.gov","contributorId":1337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffmann","given":"John","email":"jphoffma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":288082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Graser, Leslie F.","contributorId":24876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graser","given":"Leslie","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bryson, Jeannie R.","contributorId":46184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bryson","given":"Jeannie","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Flint, Alan L. 0000-0002-5118-751X aflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5118-751X","contributorId":1492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Alan","email":"aflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":76883,"text":"sir20065095 - 2006 - Water quality and relation to taste-and-odor compounds in the North Fork Ninnescah River and Cheney Reservoir, south-central Kansas, 1997-2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-22T22:51:01.686774","indexId":"sir20065095","displayToPublicDate":"2006-06-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5095","title":"Water quality and relation to taste-and-odor compounds in the North Fork Ninnescah River and Cheney Reservoir, south-central Kansas, 1997-2003","docAbstract":"Cheney Reservoir, the primary water supply for the city of Wichita in south-central Kansas, and its main source of inflow, the North Fork Ninnescah River, were sampled between 1997 and 2003 for sediment, nutrients, and the taste-and-odor-causing compounds geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB). It is believed that objectionable tastes and odors in Cheney Reservoir result from cyanobacteria (blue-green algae), and there is concern with proliferation of algal growth. Both nutrients and suspended solids affect algal growth and may be a concern for taste-and-odor issues. The transport of nutrients and suspended solids from the North Fork Ninnescah River to Cheney Reservoir was monitored as part of an effort to understand and thereby mitigate algal proliferation. The regression-estimated concentrations of total phosphorus in water entering the reservoir from the North Fork Ninnescah River during 2001–03 exceeded the base-flow, runoff, and long-term goals established by the Cheney Reservoir Task Force. Total suspended-solids concentrations in water from the North Fork Ninnescah River during 2001–03 generally exceeded long-term goals only during periods of runoff.
\nWater samples from Cheney Reservoir were analyzed for geosmin and MIB, the two most common taste-and-odor causing compounds produced by cyanobacteria. MIB was rarely detected in samples, indicating that geosmin is likely the primary source of objectionable tastes and odors. Anabaena, a cyanobacterial genera often linked to taste-and-odor occurrences, was not statistically related to geosmin in Cheney Reservoir, which indicates that Anabaena abundance is not linearly related to geosmin concentration or that other cyanobacteria are producing geosmin.
\nRegression models were developed between geosmin and the physical property measurements continuously recorded by water-quality monitors at each site. The geosmin regression model was applied to water-quality monitor measurements, providing a continuous estimate of geosmin for 2003. The city of Wichita will be able to use this type of analysis to determine the probability of when concentrations of geosmin are likely to be at or above the human detection level of 0.01 microgram per liter.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20065095","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Wichita, Kansas","usgsCitation":"Christensen, V.G., Graham, J.L., Milligan, C.R., Pope, L.M., and Ziegler, A., 2006, Water quality and relation to taste-and-odor compounds in the North Fork Ninnescah River and Cheney Reservoir, south-central Kansas, 1997-2003: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5095, vi, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065095.","productDescription":"vi, 43 p.","numberOfPages":"50","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1997-01-01","temporalEnd":"2003-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":425900,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Graham, Jennifer L. 0000-0002-6420-9335 jlgraham@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6420-9335","contributorId":1769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graham","given":"Jennifer","email":"jlgraham@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Milligan, Chad R.","contributorId":77504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milligan","given":"Chad","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pope, Larry M.","contributorId":93455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pope","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ziegler, Andrew C. aziegler@usgs.gov","contributorId":433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ziegler","given":"Andrew C.","email":"aziegler@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":288070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":76878,"text":"sir20065053 - 2006 - A system for calibrating seepage meters used to measure flow between ground water and surface water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-18T12:38:21","indexId":"sir20065053","displayToPublicDate":"2006-06-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5053","title":"A system for calibrating seepage meters used to measure flow between ground water and surface water","docAbstract":"A system has been developed for generating controlled rates of seepage across the sediment-water interface representing flow between ground water and surface water. The seepage- control system facilitates calibration and testing of seepage measurement devices commonly called seepage meters. Two slightly different seepage-control systems were evaluated. Both designs make use of a 1.5-m-diameter by 1.5-m-tall polyethylene flux tank partially filled with sand that overlies a pipe manifold and diffuser plate to provide a uniform flux of water through the sand. The flux tank is filled with water to maintain a water depth above the sand bed of about 0.6 m. Flow is generated by routing water through tubing that connects an adjustable-height reservoir to the base of the flux tank, through the diffuser plate and sand, and across the sediment-water interface. Seepage rate is controlled by maintaining a constant water depth in the reservoir while routing flow between the reservoir and the flux tank. The rate of flow is controlled by adjusting the height of the reservoir with a manually operated fork lift. Flow from ground water to surface water (inflow) occurs when the water surface of the reservoir is higher than the water surface of the flux tank. Flow from surface water to ground water (outflow) occurs when the water surface of the reservoir is lower than the water surface of the flux tank. Flow rates as large as ±55 centimeters per day were generated by adjusting the reservoir to the extremes of the operable range of the fork lift. The minimum seepage velocity that the flowmeter can reliably measure is about 7 centimeters per day.
\nWater in the reservoir is maintained at a nearly constant depth by pumping return flow between the reservoir and flux tanks based on output from a submersible pressure transducer placed in the reservoir. A datalogger switches the pump on and off at appropriate intervals to maintain a nearly constant water depth inside the reservoir, which maintains a virtually constant hydraulic gradient between the reservoir and flux tanks. The datalogger also records flow, in units of volume per time, as measured by an in-line flowmeter positioned between the base of the flux tank and the reservoir. Seepage flux in units of distance per time is determined by dividing the flowmeter output by the surface area at the sediment-water interface in the flux tank.
\nSpatial heterogeneity in seepage was evident in both flux tanks in spite of attempts to minimize heterogeneity during tank construction. Medium sand was used in both flux tanks and care was taken to homogenize the sand during and after filling of the tanks. Time was provided for release or dissolution of trapped air, and water was circulated to remove fine-grained sediments prior to system use. In spite of these precautions, seepage measured with five to six small 20.25-cm-diameter seepage meters varied by about a factor of two. Use of larger diameter seepage meters, which cover a larger percentage of the sediment surface of the flux tanks, greatly minimized measured seepage heterogeneity.
\nThe seepage-control system was used to demonstrate that seepage-meter efficiency is sensitive to the type of seepage-meter bag and that bag-measured seepage rate is sensitive to the duration of the seepage-meter measurement only during very short measurement times.
\nThe in-line flowmeter used with this system is incapable of measuring seepage rates below about 7 centimeters per day. Smaller seepage rates can be measured manually. The seepage- control system also can be modified for measuring slower seepage rates with the use of two flowmeters and a slightly different water-routing system, or a fluid-metering pump can be used to control flow through the flux tank instead of an adjustable-height reservoir.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20065053","usgsCitation":"Rosenberry, D.O., and Menheer, M.A., 2006, A system for calibrating seepage meters used to measure flow between ground water and surface water: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5053, v, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065053.","productDescription":"v, 21 p.","numberOfPages":"27","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319741,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20065053.JPG"},{"id":8044,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5053/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b1252","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rosenberry, Donald O. 0000-0003-0681-5641 rosenber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0681-5641","contributorId":1312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenberry","given":"Donald","email":"rosenber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Menheer, Michael A. menheer@usgs.gov","contributorId":3042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Menheer","given":"Michael","email":"menheer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":76877,"text":"ofr20061148 - 2006 - Simulation of selected ground-water pumping scenarios at Fort Stewart and Hunter Army Airfield, Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-08T09:00:42","indexId":"ofr20061148","displayToPublicDate":"2006-06-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1148","title":"Simulation of selected ground-water pumping scenarios at Fort Stewart and Hunter Army Airfield, Georgia","docAbstract":"A regional MODFLOW ground-water flow model of parts of coastal Georgia, Florida, and South Carolina was used to evaluate the effects of current and hypothetical groundwater withdrawal, and the relative effects of pumping in specific areas on ground-water flow in the Upper Floridan aquifer near Fort Stewart and Hunter Army Airfield (HAAF), coastal Georgia. Simulation results for four steady-state pumping scenarios were compared to each other and to a Base Case condition. The Base Case represents year 2000 pumping rates throughout the model area, with the exception that permitted annual average pumping rates for the year 2005 were used for 26 production wells at Fort Stewart and HAAF. The four pumping scenarios focused on pumping increases at HAAF resulting from projected future demands and additional personnel stationed at the facility and on reductions in pumping at Fort Stewart.\r\n\r\nScenarios A and B simulate 1- and 2-million-gallon-perday (Mgal/d) increases, respectively, at HAAF. Simulated water-level change maps for these scenarios indicate an area of influence that extends into parts of Bryan, Bulloch, Chatham, Effingham, and Liberty Counties, Ga., and Beaufort and Jasper Counties, S.C., with maximum drawdowns from 0.5 to 4 feet (ft) for scenario A and 1 to 8 ft for Scenario B.\r\n\r\nFor scenarios C and D, increases in pumping at HAAF were offset by decreases in pumping at Fort Stewart. Scenario C represents a 1-Mgal/d increase at HAAF and a 1-Mgal/d decrease at Fort Stewart; simulated water-level changes range from 0.4 to -4 ft. Scenario D represents a 2-Mgal/d increase at HAAF and 2-Mgal/d decrease at Fort Stewart; simulated water-level changes range from 0.04 to -8 ft. The simulated water-level changes indicate an area of influence that extends into parts of Bryan, Bulloch, Chatham, Effingham, Liberty, and McIntosh Counties, Ga., and Jasper and Beaufort Counties, S.C. In general, decreasing pumping at Fort Stewart by an equivalent amount to pumping increases at HAAF reduced the magnitude and extent of drawdown resulting from the additional pumping. None of the scenarios resulted in large changes in the configuration of the simulated potentiometric surface and related ground-water flow directions.\r\n\r\nThe scenarios simulated vary from the original model only by increasing pumpage less than 1 percent of the total calibrated model withdrawals. The changes in pumpage are located near the center of the original model area. Thus, the scenarios described in this report are considered to be reasonable with no less uncertainty than the original calibrated model.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061148","usgsCitation":"Cherry, G.S., 2006, Simulation of selected ground-water pumping scenarios at Fort Stewart and Hunter Army Airfield, Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1148, iv, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061148.","productDescription":"iv, 13 p.","numberOfPages":"17","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194570,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8043,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1148/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Fort Stewart and Hunter Army Airfield","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.73553466796875,\n 31.59959193922864\n ],\n [\n -81.73553466796875,\n 32.535236240827224\n ],\n [\n -80.452880859375,\n 32.535236240827224\n ],\n [\n -80.452880859375,\n 31.59959193922864\n ],\n [\n -81.73553466796875,\n 31.59959193922864\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db605d50","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cherry, Gregory S. 0000-0002-5567-1587 gccherry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5567-1587","contributorId":1567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cherry","given":"Gregory","email":"gccherry@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":76873,"text":"sir20065092 - 2006 - Geohydrological characterization, water-chemistry, and ground-water flow simulation model of the Sonoma Valley area, Sonoma County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-30T19:39:16.508539","indexId":"sir20065092","displayToPublicDate":"2006-06-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5092","title":"Geohydrological characterization, water-chemistry, and ground-water flow simulation model of the Sonoma Valley area, Sonoma County, California","docAbstract":"The Sonoma Valley, located about 30 miles north of San Francisco, is one of several basins in Sonoma County that use a combination of ground water and water delivered from the Russian River for supply. Over the past 30 years, Sonoma Valley has experienced rapid population growth and land-use changes. In particular, there has been a significant increase in irrigated agriculture, predominantly vineyards. To provide a better understanding of the ground-water/surface-water system in Sonoma Valley, the U.S. Geological Survey compiled and evaluated existing data, collected and analyzed new data, and developed a ground-water flow model to better understand and manage the ground-water system. The new data collected include subsurface lithology, gravity measurements, groundwater levels, streamflow gains and losses, temperature, water chemistry, and stable isotopes.\r\nSonoma Valley is drained by Sonoma Creek, which discharges into San Pablo Bay. The long-term average annual volume of precipitation in the watershed is estimated to be 269,000 acre-feet. Recharge to the ground-water system is primarily from direct precipitation and Sonoma Creek. Discharge from the ground-water system is predominantly outflow to Sonoma Creek, pumpage, and outflow to marshlands and to San Pablo Bay. Geologic units of most importance for groundwater supply are the Quaternary alluvial deposits, the Glen Ellen Formation, the Huichica Formation, and the Sonoma Volcanics. In this report, the ground-water system is divided into three depth-based geohydrologic units: upper (less than 200 feet below land surface), middle (between 200 and 500 feet), and lower (greater than 500 feet).\r\nSynoptic streamflow measurements were made along Sonoma Creek and indicate those reaches with statistically significant gains or losses. Changes in ground-water levels in wells were analyzed by comparing historical contour maps with the contour map for 2003. In addition, individual hydrographs were evaluated to assess temporal changes by region. In recent years, pumping depressions have developed southeast of Sonoma and southwest of El Verano.\r\nWater-chemistry data for samples collected from 75 wells during 2002-04 indicate that the ground-water quality in the study area generally is acceptable for potable use. The water from some wells, however, contains one or more constituents in excess of the recommended standards for drinking water. The chemical composition of water from creeks, springs, and wells sampled for major ions plot within three groups on a trilinear diagram: mixed-bicarbonate, sodium-mixed anion, and sodium-bicarbonate. An area of saline ground water in the southern part of the Sonoma Valley appears to have shifted since the late 1940s and early 1950s, expanding in one area, but receding in another. Sparse temperature data from wells southwest of the known occurrence of thermal water suggest that thermal water may be present beneath a larger part of the valley than previously thought. Thermal water contains higher concentrations of dissolved minerals than nonthermal waters because mineral solubilities generally increase with temperature. Geohydrologic Characterization, Water-Chemistry, and Ground-Water Flow Simulation Model of the Sonoma Valley Area, Sonoma County, California\r\nOxygen-18 (d18 O) and deuterium (dD) values for water from most wells plot along the global meteoric water line, indicating that recharge primarily is derived from the direct infiltration of precipitation or the infiltration of seepage from creeks. Samples from shallow- and intermediate-depth wells located near Sonoma Creek and (or) in the vicinity of Shellville plot to the right of the global meteoric water line, indicating that these waters are partly evaporated. The d18 O and dD composition of water from sampled wells indicates that water from wells deeper than 200 feet is isotopically lighter (more negative) than water from wells less than 200 feet deep, possibly indicating that older ground wate","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20065092","usgsCitation":"Farrar, C.D., Metzger, L.F., Nishikawa, T., Koczot, K.M., Reichard, E.G., and Langenheim, V., 2006, Geohydrological characterization, water-chemistry, and ground-water flow simulation model of the Sonoma Valley area, Sonoma County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5092, xi, 167 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065092.","productDescription":"xi, 167 p.","numberOfPages":"178","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192819,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":411239,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_76880.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":8041,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5092/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Sonoma County","otherGeospatial":"Sonoma Valley area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.6264,\n 38.12\n ],\n [\n -122.3333,\n 38.12\n ],\n [\n -122.3333,\n 38.4719\n ],\n [\n -122.6264,\n 38.4719\n ],\n [\n -122.6264,\n 38.12\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8da2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Farrar, Christopher D. cdfarrar@usgs.gov","contributorId":1501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farrar","given":"Christopher","email":"cdfarrar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":288052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Metzger, Loren F. 0000-0003-2454-2966 lmetzger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2454-2966","contributorId":1378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Metzger","given":"Loren","email":"lmetzger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":288051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nishikawa, Tracy 0000-0002-7348-3838 tnish@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7348-3838","contributorId":1515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nishikawa","given":"Tracy","email":"tnish@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Koczot, Kathryn M. 0000-0001-5728-9798 kmkoczot@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5728-9798","contributorId":2039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koczot","given":"Kathryn","email":"kmkoczot@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Reichard, Eric G. 0000-0002-7310-3866 egreich@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7310-3866","contributorId":1207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reichard","given":"Eric","email":"egreich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":288050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Langenheim, Victoria E. 0000-0003-2170-5213 zulanger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2170-5213","contributorId":1526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langenheim","given":"Victoria E.","email":"zulanger@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":288054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70184345,"text":"70184345 - 2006 - Hydrogeophysical tracking of three‐dimensional tracer migration: The concept and application of apparent petrophysical relations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-16T17:51:27","indexId":"70184345","displayToPublicDate":"2006-06-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrogeophysical tracking of three‐dimensional tracer migration: The concept and application of apparent petrophysical relations","docAbstract":"Direct estimation of groundwater solute concentrations from geophysical tomograms has been only moderately successful because (1) reconstructed tomograms are often highly uncertain and subject to inversion artifacts, (2) the range of subsurface conditions represented in data sets is incomplete because of the paucity of colocated well or core data and aquifer heterogeneity, and (3) geophysical methods exhibit spatially variable sensitivity. We show that electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) can be used to estimate groundwater solute concentrations if a relation between concentration and inverted resistivity is used to deal quantitatively with these issues. We use numerical simulation of solute transport and electrical current flow to develop these relations, which we call “apparent” petrophysical relations. They provide the connection between concentration, or local resistivity, and inverted resistivity, which is measured at the field scale based on ERT for media containing ionic solute. The apparent petrophysical relations are applied to tomograms of electrical resistivity obtained from field measurements of resistance from cross‐well ERT to create maps of tracer concentration. On the basis of synthetic and field cases we demonstrate that tracer mass and concentration estimates obtained using these apparent petrophysical relations are far better than those obtained using direct application of Archie's law applied to three‐dimensional tomograms from ERT, which gives severe underestimates.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2005WR004568","usgsCitation":"Singha, K., and Gorelick, S.M., 2006, Hydrogeophysical tracking of three‐dimensional tracer migration: The concept and application of apparent petrophysical relations: Water Resources Research, v. 42, no. 6, W06422; 14 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2005WR004568.","productDescription":"W06422; 14 p.","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477325,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2005wr004568","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":336978,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-06-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58bfd4fde4b014cc3a3ba51d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Singha, Kamini","contributorId":76733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singha","given":"Kamini","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gorelick, Steven M.","contributorId":8784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorelick","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":76863,"text":"fs20063087 - 2006 - The Everglades Depth Estimation Network (EDEN) for Support of Ecological and Biological Assessments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-19T10:47:12.254856","indexId":"fs20063087","displayToPublicDate":"2006-06-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-3087","title":"The Everglades Depth Estimation Network (EDEN) for Support of Ecological and Biological Assessments","docAbstract":"The Everglades Depth Estimation Network (EDEN) is an integrated network of real-time water-level monitoring, ground-elevation modeling, and water-surface modeling that provides scientists and managers with current (1999-present), online water-depth information for the entire freshwater portion of the Greater Everglades. Presented on a 400-square-meter grid spacing, EDEN offers a consistent and documented dataset that can be used by scientists and managers to (1) guide large-scale field operations, (2) integrate hydrologic and ecological responses, and (3) support biological and ecological assessments that measure ecosystem responses to the implementation of the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs20063087","collaboration":"Prepared as part of the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan and the Greater Everglades Priority Ecosystems Science","usgsCitation":"Telis, P.A., 2006, The Everglades Depth Estimation Network (EDEN) for Support of Ecological and Biological Assessments: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2006-3087, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20063087.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125132,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2006_3087.jpg"},{"id":8033,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2006/3087/pdf/fs2006-3087.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.74 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2006-3087"},{"id":388841,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2006/3087/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -81.25,25 ], [ -81.25,27 ], [ -80.25,27 ], [ -80.25,25 ], [ -81.25,25 ] ] ] } } ] }","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314