{"pageNumber":"987","pageRowStart":"24650","pageSize":"25","recordCount":46904,"records":[{"id":5224428,"text":"5224428 - 2004 - Demographic estimation methods for plants with dormancy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-27T11:43:05","indexId":"5224428","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:56","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":771,"text":"Animal Biodiversity and Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Demographic estimation methods for plants with dormancy","docAbstract":"<p><span>Demographic studies in plants appear simple because unlike animals, plants do not run away. Plant individuals can be marked with, e.g., plastic tags, but often the coordinates of an individual may be sufficient to identify it. Vascular plants in temperate latitudes have a pronounced seasonal life–cycle, so most plant demographers survey their study plots once a year often during or shortly after flowering. Life–states are pervasive in plants, hence the results of a demographic study for an individual can be summarized in a familiar encounter history, such as 0VFVVF000. A zero means that an individual was not seen in a year and a letter denotes its state for years when it was seen aboveground. V and F here stand for vegetative and flowering states, respectively. Probabilities of survival and state transitions can then be obtained by mere counting.</span><br><span>Problems arise when there is an unobservable dormant state, i.e., when plants may stay belowground for one or more growing seasons. Encounter histories such as 0VF00F000 may then occur where the meaning of zeroes becomes ambiguous. A zero can either mean a dead or a dormant plant. Various ad hoc methods in wide use among plant ecologists have made strong assumptions about when a zero should be equated to a dormant individual. These methods have never been compared among each other. In our talk and in Kéry et al. (submitted), we show that these ad hoc estimators provide spurious estimates of survival and should not be used.</span><br><span></span></p><p><span>In contrast, if detection probabilities for aboveground plants are known or can be estimated, capturerecapture (CR) models can be used to estimate probabilities of survival and state–transitions and the fraction of the population that is dormant. We have used this approach in two studies of terrestrial orchids, </span><i>Cleistes bifaria</i><span> (Kéry et al., submitted) and </span><i>Cypripedium reginae</i><span>(Kéry &amp; Gregg, submitted) in West Virginia, U.S.A. For Cleistes, our data comprised one population with a total of 620 marked ramets over 10 years, and for </span><i>Cypripedium</i><span>, two populations with 98 and 258 marked ramets over 11 years. We chose the ramet (= single stem or shoot) as the demographic unit of our study since there was no way distinguishing among genets (genet = genetical individual, i.e., the “individual” that animal ecologists are mostly concerned with). This will introduce some non–independence into the data, which can nevertheless be dealt with easily by correcting variances for overdispersion. Using ramets instead of genets has the further advantage that individuals can be assigned to a state such as flowering or vegetative in an unambiguous manner. This is not possible when genets are the demographic units. In all three populations, auxiliary data was available to show that detection probability of aboveground plants was m 0.995</span><br><span></span></p><p><span>We fitted multistate models in program MARK by specifying three states (D, V, F), even though the dormant state D does not occur in the encounter histories. Detection probability is fixed at 1 for the vegetative (V) and the flowering state (F) and at zero for the dormant state (D). Rates of survival and of state transitions as well as slopes of covariate relationships can be estimated and LRT or the AIC machinery be used to select among models. To estimate the fraction of the population in the unobservable</span><br><span>dormant state, the encounter histories are collapsed to 0 (plant not observed aboveground) and 1 (plant observed aboveground). The Cormack–Jolly–Seber model without constraints on detection probability is used to estimate detection probability, the complement of which is the estimated fraction of the population in the dormant state.</span><br><span>Parameter identifiability is an important issue in multi state models. We used the Catchpole–Morgan–Freeman approach to determine which parameters are estimable in principle in our multi state models. Most of 15 tested models were indeed estimable with the notable exception of the most general model, which has fully interactive state- and time-dependent survival and state transition rates. This model would become identifiable if at least some plants would be excavated in years when they do not show up aboveground.</span><br><span></span></p><p><span>Our analyses for three analyzed populations of Cleistes and Cypripedium yielded annual ramet survival rates ranging from 0.86–0.96. Estimates of the average fraction dormant ranged from 0.02–0.30, but with up to half a population in the dormant state in some years. Ultrastructural modeling enables interesting hypotheses to be tested about the relationships of demographic rates with climatic covariates for instance. Such covariate modeling makes the CR approach particularly interesting for evolutionary–ecological questions about, e.g., the adaptive significance of the dormant state.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Museu de Ciencies Naturals de Barcelona","usgsCitation":"Kery, M., and Gregg, K., 2004, Demographic estimation methods for plants with dormancy: Animal Biodiversity and Conservation, v. 27, no. 1, p. 129-131.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"129","endPage":"131","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196030,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":330502,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://abc.museucienciesjournals.cat/volum-27-1-2004-abc/demographic-estimation-methods-for-plants-with-dormancy/?lang=en"}],"volume":"27","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fee4b07f02db5f7541","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kery, M.","contributorId":46637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kery","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gregg, K.B.","contributorId":34224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gregg","given":"K.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5224343,"text":"5224343 - 2004 - On the estimation of dispersal and movement of birds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-02T16:19:51.330679","indexId":"5224343","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:54","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On the estimation of dispersal and movement of birds","docAbstract":"The estimation of dispersal and movement is important to evolutionary and population ecologists, as well as to wildlife managers.  We review statistical methodology available to estimate movement probabilities.  We begin with cases where individual birds can be marked and their movements estimated with the use of multisite capture-recapture methods.  Movements can be monitored either directly, using telemetry, or by accounting for detection probability when conventional marks are used.  When one or more sites are unobservable, telemetry, band recoveries, incidental observations, a closed- or open-population robust design, or partial determinism in movements can be used to estimate movement.  When individuals cannot be marked, presence-absence data can be used to model changes in occupancy over time, providing indirect inferences about movement.  Where abundance estimates over time are available for multiple sites, potential coupling of their dynamics can be investigated using linear cross-correlation or nonlinear dynamic tools.","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/condor/106.4.720","usgsCitation":"Kendall, W., and Nichols, J., 2004, On the estimation of dispersal and movement of birds: Condor, v. 106, no. 4, p. 720-731, https://doi.org/10.1093/condor/106.4.720.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"720","endPage":"731","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477981,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/condor/106.4.720","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":198166,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"106","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b02e4b07f02db698c35","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kendall, W. L. 0000-0003-0084-9891","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0084-9891","contributorId":32880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"W. L.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":341352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5224346,"text":"5224346 - 2004 - Effects of rearing treatment on the behavior of captive whooping cranes (Grus americana)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:30","indexId":"5224346","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:54","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":827,"text":"Applied Animal Behaviour Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of rearing treatment on the behavior of captive whooping cranes (Grus americana)","docAbstract":"Small founder populations of whooping cranes are managed to maximize egg production for the purpose of reintroducing young to the wild.  This results in an excessive number of hatched chicks that cannot be naturally reared by parents. Hand-rearing techniques have been developed to raise the additional hatches.  However, hand rearing may affect the behavior of the birds and their chances of survival later in life.  The objectives of this study were to determine the impact of rearing practices on the behavior of whooping crane chicks.  The birds were reared under three commonly used rearing techniques: parent reared (PR), hand reared (HR), and hand reared with exercise (HRE).  Fifty-six whooping crane chicks were observed by focal animal sampling from hatch to 20 weeks of age.  During these observations, occurrences of comfort behavior, aggression, foraging, nonvigilance, sleep, vigilance, and other types of behavior were collected.  Data were analyzed using mixed models repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA).  Behavior was affected by rearing treatment, age, and time of day.  PR birds spent more time being vigilant than HR and HRE birds.  An inverse correlation was found between percentage of time foraging and vigilant (r = -0.686, P < 0.0001). However, there were no differences in the behavior of birds reared in HR or HRE programs.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Applied Animal Behaviour Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.applanim.2004.07.005","collaboration":"6214_Kreger.pdf","usgsCitation":"Kreger, M., Estevez, I., Hatfield, J., and Gee, G., 2004, Effects of rearing treatment on the behavior of captive whooping cranes (Grus americana): Applied Animal Behaviour Science, v. 89, no. 3-4, p. 243-261, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2004.07.005.","productDescription":"243-261","startPage":"243","endPage":"261","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201659,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":17536,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2004.07.005","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"89","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611984","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kreger, M.D.","contributorId":25664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kreger","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Estevez, I.","contributorId":98417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estevez","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hatfield, Jeff S.","contributorId":41372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatfield","given":"Jeff S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gee, G.F.","contributorId":70335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gee","given":"G.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":5224345,"text":"5224345 - 2004 - Detection of Ehrlichia chaffeensis in adult and nymphal stage lone star ticks (Amblyomma americanum) from Long Island, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-10T17:43:44.718582","indexId":"5224345","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:54","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2385,"text":"Journal of Medical Entomology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Detection of <i>Ehrlichia chaffeensis</i> in adult and nymphal stage lone star ticks (<i>Amblyomma americanum</i>) from Long Island, New York","title":"Detection of Ehrlichia chaffeensis in adult and nymphal stage lone star ticks (Amblyomma americanum) from Long Island, New York","docAbstract":"<p>The lone star tick, <i>Amblyomma americanum</i> (L.), has increased in abundance in several regions of the northeastern United States, including areas of Long Island, NY. Adult and nymphal stage <i>A. americanum</i> collected from several sites on Long Island were evaluated for infection with <i>Ehrlichia chaffeensis</i>, the causative agent of human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME), by using a nested polymerase chain reaction assay. Fifty-nine (12.5%) of ,17.3 adults and eight of 11.3 pools of five nymphs each (estimated minimum prevalence of infection 1.4%) contained DNA of <i>E. chaffeensis</i>. These data, coupled with the documented expansion of lone star tick populations in the northeastern United States, confirm that <i>E. chaffeensis</i> is endemic to many areas of Long Island and that HME should be considered among the differential diagnoses of the many distinct tick-borne diseases that occur in this region.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne Complete","doi":"10.1603/0022-2585-41.6.1104","usgsCitation":"Mixson, T., Ginsberg, H., Campbell, S., Sumner, J., and Paddock, C., 2004, Detection of Ehrlichia chaffeensis in adult and nymphal stage lone star ticks (Amblyomma americanum) from Long Island, New York: Journal of Medical Entomology, v. 41, no. 6, p. 1104-1110, https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-2585-41.6.1104.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1104","endPage":"1110","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487130,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/pls_facpubs/168","text":"External Repository"},{"id":201910,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Long Island","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -73.9874267578125,\n              40.79925662005228\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.06982421875,\n              40.67438908251788\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.03411865234375,\n              40.56806745430726\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.94073486328125,\n              40.534676780615406\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.7347412109375,\n              40.549287249082035\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.15521240234375,\n              40.62437645591559\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.80389404296875,\n              41.054501963290505\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.17193603515625,\n              41.19932314127607\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.83111572265625,\n              41.00477542222947\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.54522705078125,\n              40.93011520598305\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.9874267578125,\n              40.79925662005228\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"41","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667a49","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mixson, T.R.","contributorId":49489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mixson","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ginsberg, H. S. 0000-0002-4933-2466","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4933-2466","contributorId":27576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ginsberg","given":"H. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Campbell, S.R.","contributorId":15721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sumner, J.W.","contributorId":46196,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sumner","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Paddock, C.D.","contributorId":63508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paddock","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":5224358,"text":"5224358 - 2004 - Movement behavior, dispersal, and the potential for localized management of deer in a suburban environment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-04T17:43:26.046779","indexId":"5224358","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:54","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Movement behavior, dispersal, and the potential for localized management of deer in a suburban environment","docAbstract":"<p>We examined the potential for localized management of white-tailed deer (<i>Odocoileus virginianus</i>) to be successful by measuring movements, testing site fidelity, and modeling the effects of dispersal. Fifty-nine females were radiomarked and tracked during 1997 through 2000 in Irondequoit, New York, USA, a suburb of Rochester. We constructed home ranges for those deer with A greater than or equal to 18 reclocations/season. Fifty percent minimum convex polygons (MCP) averaged 3.9 (SE = 0.53) ha in the summer and 5.3 (SE = 0.80) ha in the winter. Deer showed strong fidelity to both summer and winter home ranges, and 30 of 31 females showed overlap of summer and winter home ranges. Annual survival was 64%; the major cause of mortality was deer-automobile collisions. Average annual dispersal rates were &lt;15% for yearlings and adults. Using matrix population modeling, we explored the role of female dispersal in sustaining different management objectives in adjacent locales of approximately 1,000 ha. Modeling showed that if female dispersal was 8%, culling would have to reduce annual survival to 58% to maintain a population just under ecological carrying capacity and reduce survival to 42% to keel) the population at one-half carrying capacity. With the same dispersal, contraception Would need to be effective in 32% of females if the population is near carrying capacity and 68% if the population is at one-half of carrying capacity. Movement behavior data and modeling results lend support to the use of a localized approach to management of females that emphasizes neighborhood-scale manipulation of deer populations, but our research suggests that dispersal rates in females could be critical to long-term success.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne Complete","doi":"10.2193/0022-541X(2004)068[0247:MBDATP]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Porter, W., Underwood, H., and Woodard, J., 2004, Movement behavior, dispersal, and the potential for localized management of deer in a suburban environment: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 68, no. 2, p. 247-256, https://doi.org/10.2193/0022-541X(2004)068[0247:MBDATP]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"247","endPage":"256","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201912,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","county":"Monroe County","city":"Irondequoit","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -77.60467529296875,\n              43.206176810164784\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.5360107421875,\n              43.206176810164784\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.5360107421875,\n              43.248203680382346\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.60467529296875,\n              43.248203680382346\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.60467529296875,\n              43.206176810164784\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"68","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db640e29","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Porter, W.F.","contributorId":81597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porter","given":"W.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Underwood, H.B. 0000-0002-2064-9128","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2064-9128","contributorId":90849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Underwood","given":"H.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Woodard, J.L.","contributorId":36263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodard","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":5224352,"text":"5224352 - 2004 - Influence of weather extremes on the water levels of glaciated prairie wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:32","indexId":"5224352","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:54","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of weather extremes on the water levels of glaciated prairie wetlands","docAbstract":"Orchid Meadows is a long-term wetland research and monitoring site on the Coteau des Prairie in extreme east-central South Dakota, USA.  It is a 65-ha Waterfowl Production Area with numerous temporary, seasonal, and semi-permanent wetlands.  Ground water and surface water have been monitored at the site from 1987 to 1989 and from 1993 to the present.  Vegetation has been monitored since 1993.  The monitoring record includes two nearly back-to-back weather extremes: a drought in the late 1980s and a deluge in the early- to mid-1990s.  Wetlands differed sharply in water levels between 3-yr dry and wet periods.  For example, the time of inundation ranged among semi-permanent wetlands from 13 to 71 percent during the dry years to 100 percent during the wet years, while for seasonal wetlands, it was 0-29 percent and 46-100 percent, respectively, during dry and wet periods.  Temporary wetlands had no surface water during the dry period but had standing water 0-67 percent of the time during the deluge years.  The highest ground-water levels during the dry period were lower than most levels during the wet period.  The difference in the water-table elevations of temporary wetlands between the periods was as much as 4 m.  Ground-water levels near semi-permanent wetlands were considerably more stable (annual range of 0.3-1.6 m) than those near temporary wetlands (1.3-2.5 m).  The results support the concept that weather extremes drive the wetland cover cycle and other key ecological processes in prairie wetlands.  The new data from Orchid Meadows, together with other long-term data sets from North Dakota and Saskatchewan, Canada, are useful for many research purposes, including the parameterization and testing of models that simulate the effects of climate variability and climate change on prairie wetland ecosystems. ","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wetlands","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"6220_Johnson.pdf","usgsCitation":"Johnson, W., Boettcher, S., Poiani, K., and Guntenspergen, G., 2004, Influence of weather extremes on the water levels of glaciated prairie wetlands: Wetlands, v. 24, no. 2, p. 385-398.","productDescription":"385-398","startPage":"385","endPage":"398","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201922,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":17541,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1672%2F0277-5212%282004%29024%5B0385%3AIOWEOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"24","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db698589","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, W.C.","contributorId":68003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boettcher, S.E.","contributorId":53919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boettcher","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Poiani, K.A.","contributorId":52690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poiani","given":"K.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Guntenspergen, G.","contributorId":88305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guntenspergen","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":5224348,"text":"5224348 - 2004 - The relationship between species detection probability and local extinction probability","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-15T14:36:21","indexId":"5224348","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:54","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2932,"text":"Oecologia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The relationship between species detection probability and local extinction probability","docAbstract":"In community-level ecological studies, generally not all species present in sampled areas are detected.  Many authors have proposed the use of estimation methods that allow detection probabilities that are &lt; 1 and that are heterogeneous among species.  These methods can also be used to estimate community-dynamic parameters such as species local extinction probability and turnover rates (Nichols et al. Ecol Appl 8:1213-1225; Conserv Biol 12:1390-1398).  Here, we present an ad hoc approach to estimating community-level vital rates in the presence of joint heterogeneity of detection probabilities and vital rates.  The method consists of partitioning the number of species into two groups using the detection frequencies and then estimating vital rates (e.g., local extinction probabilities) for each group.  Estimators from each group are combined in a weighted estimator of vital rates that accounts for the effect of heterogeneity.  Using data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey, we computed such estimates and tested the hypothesis that detection probabilities and local extinction probabilities were negatively related.  Our analyses support the hypothesis that species detection probability covaries negatively with local probability of extinction and turnover rates.  A simulation study was conducted to assess the performance of vital parameter estimators as well as other estimators relevant to questions about heterogeneity, such as coefficient of variation of detection probabilities and proportion of species in each group.  Both the weighted estimator suggested in this paper and the original unweighted estimator for local extinction probability performed fairly well and provided no basis for preferring one to the other.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00442-004-1641-0","usgsCitation":"Alpizar-Jara, R., Nichols, J., Hines, J., Sauer, J., Pollock, K.H., and Rosenberry, C., 2004, The relationship between species detection probability and local extinction probability: Oecologia, v. 141, no. 4, p. 652-660, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-004-1641-0.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"652","endPage":"660","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477982,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10174/6518","text":"External Repository"},{"id":202044,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"141","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-09-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db640f0d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alpizar-Jara, R.","contributorId":35434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpizar-Jara","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hines, J.E. 0000-0001-5478-7230","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":36885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":341370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sauer, J.R. 0000-0002-4557-3019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":66197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pollock, K. H.","contributorId":65184,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pollock","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rosenberry, C.S.","contributorId":22884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenberry","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":5224330,"text":"5224330 - 2004 - Contribution of natural history collection data to biodiversity assessment in national parks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-06T16:05:04.706768","indexId":"5224330","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:53","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1321,"text":"Conservation Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contribution of natural history collection data to biodiversity assessment in national parks","docAbstract":"<p>There has been mounting interest in the use of museum and herbaria collections to assess biodiversity; information is often difficult to locate and access, however, and few recommendations are available for effectively using natural history collections. As part of an effort to inventory vertebrates and vascular plants in U.S. national parks, we searched manually and by computer for specimens originating within or adjacent to 14 parks throughout the northeastern United States. We compared the number of specimens located to collection size to determine whether there was any effect on detection rate of specimens. We evaluated the importance of park characteristics (e.g., age since establishment, size, theme [natural vs. cultural]) for influencing the number of specimens found in a collection. We located &gt;31,000 specimens and compiled associated records (hereafter referred to as specimens) from 78 collections; &gt;9000 specimens were park-significant, originating either within park boundaries or in the local township where the park was located. We found &gt;2000 specimens by means of manual searches, which cost <span>$0.001–0.15</span> per specimen searched and <span>$0.81–151.95</span> per specimen found. Collection effort appeared relatively uniform between 1890 and 1980, with low periods corresponding to significant sociopolitical events. Detection rates for specimens were inversely related to collection size. Although specimens were most often located in collections within the region of interest, specimens can be found anywhere, particularly in large collections international in scope, suggesting that global searches will be necessary to evaluate historical biodiversity. Park characteristics indicated that more collecting effort occurred within or adjacent to larger parks established for natural resources than in smaller historical sites. Because many institutions have not yet established electronic databases for collections, manual searches can be useful for retrieving specimens. Our results show that thorough, systematic searching of natural history collections for park-significant specimens can provide a historical perspective on biodiversity for park managers.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley Online Library","doi":"10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00034.x-i1","usgsCitation":"O'Connell, A., Gilbert, A., and Hatfield, J., 2004, Contribution of natural history collection data to biodiversity assessment in national parks: Conservation Biology, v. 18, no. 5, p. 1254-1261, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00034.x-i1.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1254","endPage":"1261","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201658,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-09-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af3e4b07f02db69198a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O'Connell, A.F. Jr. 0000-0001-7032-7023","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7032-7023","contributorId":24055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Connell","given":"A.F.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gilbert, A.T.","contributorId":14547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilbert","given":"A.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hatfield, Jeff S.","contributorId":41372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatfield","given":"Jeff S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":5224335,"text":"5224335 - 2004 - Estimating population trends with a linear model:  Technical comments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-27T11:49:40","indexId":"5224335","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:53","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating population trends with a linear model:  Technical comments","docAbstract":"Controversy has sometimes arisen over whether there is a need to accommodate the limitations of survey design in estimating population change from the count data collected in bird surveys.  Analyses of surveys such as the North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) can be quite complex; it is natural to ask if the complexity is necessary, or whether the statisticians have run amok.  Bart et al. (2003) propose a very simple analysis involving nothing more complicated than simple linear regression, and contrast their approach with model-based procedures.  We review the assumptions implicit to their proposed method, and document that these assumptions are unlikely to be valid for surveys such as the BBS.  One fundamental limitation of a purely design-based approach is the absence of controls for factors that influence detection of birds at survey sites.  We show that failure to model observer effects in survey data leads to substantial bias in estimation of population trends from BBS data for the 20 species that Bart et al. (2003) used as the basis of their simulations.  Finally, we note that the simulations presented in Bart et al. (2003) do not provide a useful evaluation of their proposed method, nor do they provide a valid comparison to the estimating- equations alternative they consider.","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1650/7431","usgsCitation":"Sauer, J., Link, W., and Royle, J., 2004, Estimating population trends with a linear model:  Technical comments: Condor, v. 106, no. 2, p. 435-440, https://doi.org/10.1650/7431.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"435","endPage":"440","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477986,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1650/7431","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":202043,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"106","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc8bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sauer, John R. jrsauer@usgs.gov","contributorId":3737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"John R.","email":"jrsauer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":341322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Link, William A. wlink@usgs.gov","contributorId":3465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Link","given":"William A.","email":"wlink@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":341321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Royle, J. Andrew 0000-0003-3135-2167","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3135-2167","contributorId":96221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Royle","given":"J. Andrew","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":5224337,"text":"5224337 - 2004 - Dynamic use of wetlands by black ducks and mallards: Evidence against competitive exclusion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-03T16:31:19.184085","indexId":"5224337","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:53","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dynamic use of wetlands by black ducks and mallards: Evidence against competitive exclusion","docAbstract":"<p>The decline of the American black duck (<i>Anas rubripes</i>) has been attributed to competition from mallards (<i>A. platyrhynchos</i>) that led to exclusive use of fertile wetlands by mallards. Data from annual breeding waterfowl surveys provide instantaneous, single observations of breeding pairs, which are used to estimate breeding population size and evaluate the condition of habitat. Data from these surveys have been used to document habitat use by black ducks and mallards. We used quiet-observation surveys from elevated platforms to study sympatric black ducks and mallards in northern Maine during the breeding season. Our objectives were to document occupancy of wetlands by breeding black ducks and mallards throughout the day during prenesting and early nesting periods to determine whether 1) wetlands were occupied by only a single species, 2) pairs of the same species occupied wetlands throughout the period, and 3) single observations of short duration adequately determine numbers and species using a wetland. We observed ducks at 5-minute intervals from elevated platforms on wetland margins to determine numbers and species of indicated pairs using each wetland over time. We visited 80% of the wetlands <span>≥2</span> times, with mean total time per wetland averaging 267 minutes. For each wetland we determined the most frequently observed grouping of black ducks and mallards from all combinations recorded during all intervals (e.g., 1 black duck [BO] pair during 9 intervals; 2 mallard [MA] pairs and 1 BO pair during 22 intervals; 0 pairs during 3 intervals). A single pair, a lone male, or no ducks were recorded during 34% of the 5-minute intervals. For wetlands with <i>&gt;2</i> hours of observations (<i>n</i><span>=65</span>), all but 2 were used by <span>≥2</span> different combinations of ducks. On most wetlands, the most frequent grouping was observed during &lt;40% of the intervals. To simulate aerial surveys, we randomly selected 1 5-minute interval for each wetland. On average, the number of indicated pairs recorded during random 5-minute intervals was less than half of the total black duck pairs (2.0 vs. 4.4, <i>P</i><span>= 0.009</span>), total mallard pairs (1.1 vs. 2.6, <i>P=</i>0.0001), and pairs of both species combined (3.2 vs. 7.0, <i>P=</i>0.0001) determined for each wetland based on total observations. On wetlands used by both species, random counts detected one or both species 49% of the time. Although 53 of the 65 wetlands observed <span>≥2</span> hours were used by both species, random visits detected both species on only 27 wetlands. Our data do not support assertions that the mallard has caused the decline of black ducks through interspecific competition for habitat, or that wetlands are occupied continuously by single pairs that aggressively exclude conspecifics. Our data indicated that single, short-duration visits with disturbance to wetlands are unreliable and inappropriate to document seasonal use of wetlands by breeding black ducks and mallards.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne Complete","doi":"10.2193/0091-7648(2004)32[465:DUOWBB]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"McAuley, D., Clugston, D., and Longcore, J.R., 2004, Dynamic use of wetlands by black ducks and mallards: Evidence against competitive exclusion: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 32, no. 2, p. 465-473, https://doi.org/10.2193/0091-7648(2004)32[465:DUOWBB]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"465","endPage":"473","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201617,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maine","county":"Aroostook County","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -69.466552734375,\n              47.23448963529916\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.54345703125,\n              47.05515408550348\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.466796875,\n              47.0177163539792\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.4228515625,\n              46.50595444552049\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.74169921875,\n              46.40756396630065\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.73071289062499,\n              47.04766864046083\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.18115234375,\n              47.4057852900587\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.521728515625,\n              47.301584511330795\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.90625,\n              47.18971246448421\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.01611328125,\n              47.27922900257082\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.04907226562499,\n              47.47266286861342\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.312744140625,\n              47.45037978769006\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.466552734375,\n              47.23448963529916\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"32","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db627c13","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McAuley, D.G. 0000-0003-3674-6392","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3674-6392","contributorId":15296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McAuley","given":"D.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clugston, D.A.","contributorId":19657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clugston","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Longcore, J. R. 0000-0003-4898-5438","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4898-5438","contributorId":43835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Longcore","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":5224325,"text":"5224325 - 2004 - Estimation of tiger densities in the tropical dry forests of Panna, Central India, using photographic capture-recapture sampling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-27T12:12:48","indexId":"5224325","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:52","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":774,"text":"Animal Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of tiger densities in the tropical dry forests of Panna, Central India, using photographic capture-recapture sampling","docAbstract":"<p><span>Tropical dry-deciduous forests comprise more than 45% of the tiger (</span><i>Panthera tigris</i><span>) habitat in India. However, in the absence of rigorously derived estimates of ecological densities of tigers in dry forests, critical baseline data for managing tiger populations are lacking. In this study tiger densities were estimated using photographic capture–recapture sampling in the dry forests of Panna Tiger Reserve in Central India. Over a 45-day survey period, 60 camera trap sites were sampled in a well-protected part of the 542-km</span><sup>2</sup><span> reserve during 2002. A total sampling effort of 914 camera-trap-days yielded photo-captures of 11 individual tigers over 15 sampling occasions that effectively covered a 418-km</span><sup>2</sup><span> area. The closed capture–recapture model M</span><sub>h</sub><span>, which incorporates individual heterogeneity in capture probabilities, fitted these photographic capture history data well. The estimated capture probability/sample, </span><i>p̂</i><span>= 0.04, resulted in an estimated tiger population size and standard error (</span><i>&amp;#x004e;̂</i><span>(</span><i>SÊ&amp;#x004e;̂</i><span>)) of 29 (9.65), and a density (</span><i>D̂</i><span>(</span><i>SÊD̂</i><span>)) of 6.94 (3.23) tigers/100 km</span><sup>2</sup><span>. The estimated tiger density matched predictions based on prey abundance. Our results suggest that, if managed appropriately, the available dry forest habitat in India has the potential to support a population size of about 9000 wild tigers.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1017/S1367943004001477","usgsCitation":"Karanth, K., Chundawat, R.S., Nichols, J., and Kumar, N.S., 2004, Estimation of tiger densities in the tropical dry forests of Panna, Central India, using photographic capture-recapture sampling: Animal Conservation, v. 7, no. 3, p. 285-290, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1367943004001477.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"285","endPage":"290","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203050,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-02-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb20b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Karanth, K.Ullas","contributorId":112954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karanth","given":"K.Ullas","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chundawat, Raghunandan S.","contributorId":81607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chundawat","given":"Raghunandan","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nichols, James D. jnichols@usgs.gov","contributorId":139082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"James D.","email":"jnichols@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":341288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kumar, N. Samba","contributorId":52701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kumar","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"Samba","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":5224301,"text":"5224301 - 2004 - Extinction rate estimates for plant populations in revisitation studies: Importance of detectability","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-06T16:31:21.678762","indexId":"5224301","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:50","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1321,"text":"Conservation Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Extinction rate estimates for plant populations in revisitation studies: Importance of detectability","docAbstract":"Many researchers have obtained extinction-rate estimates for plant populations by comparing historical and current records of occurrence.  A population that is no longer found is assumed to have gone extinct.  Extinction can then be related to characteristics of these populations, such as habitat type, size, or species, to test ideas about what factors may affect extinction.  Such studies neglect the fact that a population may be overlooked, however, which may bias estimates of extinction rates upward.  In addition, if populations are unequally detectable across groups to be compared, such as habitat type or population size, comparisons become distorted to an unknown degree.  To illustrate the problem, I simulated two data sets, assuming a constant extinction rate, in which populations occurred in different habitats or habitats of different size and these factors affected their detectability  The conventional analysis implicitly assumed that detectability equalled 1 and used logistic regression to estimate extinction rates. It wrongly identified habitat and population size as factors affecting extinction risk.  In contrast, with capture-recapture methods, unbiased estimates of extinction rates were recovered.  I argue that capture-recapture methods should be considered more often in estimations of demographic parameters in plant populations and communities.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley Online Library","doi":"10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00105.x","usgsCitation":"Kery, M., 2004, Extinction rate estimates for plant populations in revisitation studies: Importance of detectability: Conservation Biology, v. 18, no. 2, p. 570-574, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00105.x.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"570","endPage":"574","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199447,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-03-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a06e4b07f02db5f8a33","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kery, M.","contributorId":46637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kery","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5224290,"text":"5224290 - 2004 - Monitoring programs need to take into account imperfect species detectability","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:37","indexId":"5224290","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:50","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":970,"text":"Basic and Applied Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Monitoring programs need to take into account imperfect species detectability","docAbstract":"Biodiversiry monitoring is important to identify biological units in need of conservation and to check the effectiveness of conservation actions.  Programs generally monitor species richness and its changes (trend).  Usually, no correction is made for imperfect species detectability.  Instead, it is assumed that each species present has the same probability of being recorded and that there is no difference in this detectability across space and time, e.g. among observers and habitats.  Consequently, species richness is determined by enumeration as the sum of species recorded.  In Switzerland, the federal government has recently launched a comprehensive program that aims at detecting changes in biodiversity at all levels of biological integration.  Birds are an important part of that program.  Since 1999, 23 visits per breeding season are made to each of >250 1 km2 squares to map the territories of all detected breeding bird species.  Here, we analyse data from three squares to illustrate the use of capture-recapture models in monitoring to obtain detectability-corrected estimates of species richness and trend.  Species detectability averaged only 85%.  Hence an estimated 15% of species present remained overlooked even after three visits.  Within a square, changes in detectability for different years were of the same magnitude when surveys were conducted by the same observer as when they were by different observers.  Estimates of trend were usually biased and community turnover was overestimated when based on enumeration.  Here we use bird data as an illustration of methods.  However, species detectability for any taxon is unlikely ever to be perfect or even constant across categories to be compared.  Therefore, monitoring programs should correct for species detectability.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Basic and Applied Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1078/1439-1791-00194","collaboration":"6127_Kery.pdf","usgsCitation":"Kery, M., and Schmid, H., 2004, Monitoring programs need to take into account imperfect species detectability: Basic and Applied Ecology, v. 5, no. 1, p. 65-73, https://doi.org/10.1078/1439-1791-00194.","productDescription":"65-73","startPage":"65","endPage":"73","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199446,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":17401,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1078/1439-1791-00194","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"5","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db6358cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kery, M.","contributorId":46637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kery","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schmid, Hans","contributorId":19648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmid","given":"Hans","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5224309,"text":"5224309 - 2004 - Passive tick surveillance, dog seropositivity, and incidence of human Lyme disease","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-07T14:42:58","indexId":"5224309","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:50","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3675,"text":"Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Passive tick surveillance, dog seropositivity, and incidence of human Lyme disease","docAbstract":"<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Data on nymphal <i>Ixodes scapularis</i> ticks submitted by the public to the University of Rhode Island Tick Research Laboratory for testing from 1991 to 2000 were compared with human case data from the Rhode Island Department of Health to determine the efficacy of passive tick surveillance at assessing human risk of Lyme disease. Numbers of ticks submitted were highly correlated with human cases by county (<i>r</i> = 0.998, <i>n</i> = 5 counties) and by town (<i>r</i> = 0.916, <i>n</i> = 37 towns), as were the numbers of positive ticks submitted (<i>r</i> = 0.989 by county, <i>r</i> = 0.787 by town). Human cases were correlated with ticks submitted by town each year, and with positive ticks in all but 2 years. Thus, passive tick surveillance effectively assessed geographical risk of human Lyme disease. In contrast, tick submissions through time were not correlated with human cases from year to year. Dog seropositivity was significantly correlated with human cases by county in both years tested, but by town in only one of two years. Numbers of ticks submitted were correlated with dog seropositivity by county but not by town, apparently because of high variability among towns with small sample sizes. Our results suggest that passive tick surveillance, using ticks submitted by the public for Lyme spirochete testing, can be used to assess the geographical distribution of Lyme disease risk, but cannot reliably predict Lyme incidence from year to year.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.","doi":"10.1089/1530366041210710","usgsCitation":"Johnson, J.L., Ginsberg, H.S., Zhioua, E., Whitworth, U.G., Markowski, D., Hyland, K.E., and Hu, R., 2004, Passive tick surveillance, dog seropositivity, and incidence of human Lyme disease: Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, v. 4, no. 2, p. 137-142, https://doi.org/10.1089/1530366041210710.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"137","endPage":"142","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487140,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/pls_facpubs/167","text":"External Repository"},{"id":201509,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4994e4b07f02db5b5f93","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Jaree L.","contributorId":177249,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"Jaree","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ginsberg, Howard S. hginsberg@usgs.gov","contributorId":140901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ginsberg","given":"Howard","email":"hginsberg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":341226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zhioua, Elyes","contributorId":177231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhioua","given":"Elyes","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":341225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Whitworth, Ulysses G.","contributorId":94415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitworth","given":"Ulysses","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Markowski, Daniel","contributorId":177250,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Markowski","given":"Daniel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hyland, Kerwin E.","contributorId":177251,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hyland","given":"Kerwin","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hu, Renjie","contributorId":177252,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hu","given":"Renjie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":5224303,"text":"5224303 - 2004 - Investigating species co-occurrence patterns when species are detected imperfectly","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-30T15:42:59.828089","indexId":"5224303","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:50","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2158,"text":"Journal of Animal Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Investigating species co-occurrence patterns when species are detected imperfectly","docAbstract":"<p>1. Over the last 30 years there has been a great deal of interest in investigating patterns of species co-occurrence across a number of locations, which has led to the development of numerous methods to determine whether there is evidence that a particular pattern may not have occurred by random chance. 2. A key aspect that seems to have been largely overlooked is the possibility that species may not always be detected at a location when present, which leads to 'false absences' in a species presence/absence matrix that may cause incorrect inferences to be made about co-occurrence patterns. Furthermore, many of the published methods for investigating patterns of species co-occurrence do not account for potential differences in the site characteristics that may partially (at least) explain non-random patterns (e.g. due to species having similar/different habitat preferences). 3. Here we present a statistical method for modelling co-occurrence patterns between species while accounting for imperfect detection and site characteristics. This method requires that multiple presence/absence surveys for the species be conducted over a reasonably short period of time at most sites. The method yields unbiased estimates of probabilities of occurrence, and is practical when the number of species is small (&lt; 4). 4. To illustrate the method we consider data collected on two terrestrial salamander species, <i>Plethodon jordani</i> and members of the <i>Plethodon glutinosus</i> complex, collected in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA. We find no evidence that the species do not occur independently at sites once site elevation has been allowed for, although we find some evidence of a statistical interaction between species in terms of detectability that we suggest may be due to changes in relative abundances.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.0021-8790.2004.00828.x","usgsCitation":"MacKenzie, D., Bailey, L., and Nichols, J., 2004, Investigating species co-occurrence patterns when species are detected imperfectly: Journal of Animal Ecology, v. 73, no. 3, p. 546-555, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-8790.2004.00828.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"546","endPage":"555","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477994,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-8790.2004.00828.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":199464,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina, Tennessee","otherGeospatial":"Great Smoky Mountains National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -83.968505859375,\n              35.29943548054545\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.0126953125,\n              35.29943548054545\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.0126953125,\n              35.746512259918504\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.968505859375,\n              35.746512259918504\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.968505859375,\n              35.29943548054545\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"73","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-04-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699fe6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"MacKenzie, D.I.","contributorId":69522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacKenzie","given":"D.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bailey, L.L. 0000-0002-5959-2018","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5959-2018","contributorId":61006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"L.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":5224310,"text":"5224310 - 2004 - Native bees and plant pollination","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:04","indexId":"5224310","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:50","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3296,"text":"Rhode Island Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Native bees and plant pollination","docAbstract":"Bees are important pollinators, but evidence suggests that numbers of some species are declining.  Decreases have been documented in the honey bee, Apis mellifera (which was introduced to North America), but there are no monitoring programs for the vast majority of native species, so we cannot be sure about the extent of this problem.  Recent efforts to develop standardized protocols for bee sampling will help us collect the data needed to assess trends in bee populations.  Unfortunately, diversity of bee life cycles and phenologies, and the large number of rare species, make it difficult to assess trends in bee faunas.  Changes in bee populations can affect plant reproduction, which can influence plant population density and cover, thus potentially modifying horizontal and vertical structure of a community, microclimate near the ground, patterns of nitrogen deposition, etc.  These potential effects of changes in pollination patterns have not been assessed in natural communities.  Effects of management actions on bees and other pollinators should be considered in conservation planning. ","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Rhode Island Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"6159_Ginsberg.pdf","usgsCitation":"Ginsberg, H., 2004, Native bees and plant pollination: Rhode Island Naturalist, v. 11, no. 1, p. 1-3.","productDescription":"1-3","startPage":"1","endPage":"3","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198141,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b10dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ginsberg, H. S. 0000-0002-4933-2466","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4933-2466","contributorId":27576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ginsberg","given":"H. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5224302,"text":"5224302 - 2004 - Tigers and their prey: Predicting carnivore densities from prey abundance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-18T17:26:08.209649","indexId":"5224302","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:50","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3164,"text":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tigers and their prey: Predicting carnivore densities from prey abundance","docAbstract":"<p>The goal of ecology is to understand interactions that determine the distribution and abundance of organisms. In principle, ecologists should be able to identify a small number of limiting resources for a species of interest, estimate densities of these resources at different locations across the landscape, and then use these estimates to predict the density of the focal species at these locations. In practice, however, development of functional relationships between abundances of species and their resources has proven extremely difficult, and examples of such predictive ability are very rare. Ecological studies of prey requirements of tigers <i>Panthera tigris</i> led us to develop a simple mechanistic model for predicting tiger density as a function of prey density. We tested our model using data from a landscape-scale long-term (1995-2003) field study that estimated tiger and prey densities in 11 ecologically diverse sites across India. We used field techniques and analytical methods that specifically addressed sampling and detectability, two issues that frequently present problems in macroecological studies of animal populations. Estimated densities of ungulate prey ranged between 5.3 and 63.8 animals per km<sup>2</sup>. Estimated tiger densities (3.2-16.8 tigers per 100 km<sup>2</sup>) were reasonably consistent with model predictions. The results provide evidence of a functional relationship between abundances of large carnivores and their prey under a wide range of ecological conditions. In addition to generating important insights into carnivore ecology and conservation, the study provides a potentially useful model for the rigorous conduct of macroecological science.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","doi":"10.1073/pnas.0306210101","usgsCitation":"Karanth, K.U., Nichols, J., Kumar, S., Link, W., and Hines, J., 2004, Tigers and their prey: Predicting carnivore densities from prey abundance: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, v. 101, no. 14, p. 4854-4858, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0306210101.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"4854","endPage":"4858","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477991,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/387338","text":"External Repository"},{"id":199448,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"India","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              71.89453125,\n              29.38217507514529\n            ],\n            [\n              69.08203125,\n              27.21555620902969\n            ],\n            [\n              70.3125,\n              25.64152637306577\n            ],\n            [\n              69.08203125,\n              21.616579336740603\n            ],\n            [\n              70.3125,\n              20.138470312451155\n            ],\n            [\n              72.0703125,\n              19.973348786110602\n            ],\n            [\n              72.24609375,\n              17.811456088564483\n            ],\n            [\n              74.70703125,\n              11.867350911459308\n            ],\n            [\n              76.2890625,\n              7.18810087117902\n            ],\n            [\n              79.62890625,\n              8.407168163601076\n            ],\n            [\n              80.68359375,\n              11.867350911459308\n            ],\n            [\n              81.38671875,\n              14.944784875088372\n            ],\n            [\n              84.19921875,\n              16.97274101999902\n            ],\n            [\n              89.12109375,\n              22.755920681486405\n            ],\n            [\n              82.265625,\n              28.613459424004414\n            ],\n            [\n              79.98046875,\n              33.284619968887675\n            ],\n            [\n              74.35546875,\n              32.10118973232094\n            ],\n            [\n              71.89453125,\n              29.38217507514529\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"101","issue":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-03-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b6e8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Karanth, K. U.","contributorId":23645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karanth","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"U.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kumar, S.","contributorId":17714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kumar","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Link, W.A. 0000-0002-9913-0256","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9913-0256","contributorId":8815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Link","given":"W.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hines, J.E. 0000-0001-5478-7230","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":36885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":341200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":5224306,"text":"5224306 - 2004 - Comparative dynamics of small mammal populations in treefall gaps and surrounding understorey within Amazonian rainforest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-18T15:48:54.454572","indexId":"5224306","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:50","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2939,"text":"Oikos","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparative dynamics of small mammal populations in treefall gaps and surrounding understorey within Amazonian rainforest","docAbstract":"<p>Variation in food resource availability can have profound effects on habitat selection and dynamics of populations. Previous studies reported higher food resource availability and fruit removal in treefall gaps than in the understorey. Therefore, gaps have been considered 'keystone habitat' for Neotropical frugivore birds. Here we test if this prediction would also hold for terrestrial small mammals. In the Amazon, we quantified food resource availability in eleven treefall gaps and paired understorey habitats and used feeding experiments to test if two common terrestrial rodents (<i>Oryzomys megacephalus</i> and <i>Proechimys</i> spp.) would perceive differences between habitats. We live-trapped small mammals in eleven gaps and understorey sites for two years, and compared abundance, fitness components (survival and per capita recruitment) and dispersal of these two rodent species across gaps and understorey and seasons (rainy and dry). Our data indicated no differences in resource availability and consumption rate between habitats. Treefall gaps may represent a sink habitat for <i>Oryzomys</i> where individuals had lower fitness, apparently because of habitat-specific ant predation on early life stages, than in the understorey, the source habitat. Conversely, gaps may be source habitat for <i>Proechimys</i> where individuals had higher fitness, than in the understorey, the sink habitat. Our results suggest the presence of source-sink dynamics in a tropical gap-understorey landscape, where two rodent species perceive habitats differently. This may be a mechanism for their coexistence in a heterogeneous and species-diverse system.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.12864.x","usgsCitation":"Beck, H., Gaines, M., Hines, J., and Nichols, J., 2004, Comparative dynamics of small mammal populations in treefall gaps and surrounding understorey within Amazonian rainforest: Oikos, v. 106, no. 1, p. 27-38, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.12864.x.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"38","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477993,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.12864.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":199516,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Peru","otherGeospatial":"World Biosphere Park Manu","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -81.82617187499999,\n              -4.653079918274076\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.453125,\n              -8.320212289522969\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.255859375,\n              -13.325484885597936\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.267578125,\n              -16.214674588248542\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.87304687499997,\n              -18.396230138028837\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.90624999999997,\n              -16.3833911236084\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.99414062499999,\n              -14.944784875088386\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.81835937499999,\n              -12.811801316582631\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.52148437499999,\n              -11.092165893502013\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.400390625,\n              -9.535748998133615\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.455078125,\n              -9.535748998133615\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.77343749999997,\n              -9.102096738726468\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.47656249999999,\n              -7.188100871179045\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.42187499999999,\n              -5.5285105256928135\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.015625,\n              -5.003394345022175\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.04882812499997,\n              -3.6888551431470478\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.60937499999999,\n              -2.2845506602369827\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.12499999999999,\n              -1.406108835435185\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.32226562499999,\n              -2.5444437451708134e-14\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.93749999999999,\n              -1.3182430568620263\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.16796875,\n              -2.3723687086440757\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.01367187499997,\n              -4.039617826768462\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.59570312499999,\n              -3.162455530237873\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.82617187499999,\n              -4.653079918274076\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"106","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-05-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae56d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beck, H.","contributorId":27587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beck","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gaines, M.S.","contributorId":70887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaines","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hines, J.E. 0000-0001-5478-7230","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":36885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":341211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":5224609,"text":"5224609 - 2004 - Testing life history predictions in a long-lived seabird: A population matrix approach with improved parameter estimation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-25T15:51:07","indexId":"5224609","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:39","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2939,"text":"Oikos","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Testing life history predictions in a long-lived seabird: A population matrix approach with improved parameter estimation","docAbstract":"<p>Life history theory and associated empirical generalizations predict that population growth rate (λ) in long-lived animals should be most sensitive to adult survival; the rates to which λ is most sensitive should be those with the smallest temporal variances; and stochastic environmental events should most affect the rates to which λ is least sensitive. To date, most analyses attempting to examine these predictions have been inadequate, their validity being called into question by problems in estimating parameters, problems in estimating the variability of parameters, and problems in measuring population sensitivities to parameters. We use improved methodologies in these three areas and test these life-history predictions in a population of red-tailed tropicbirds (<i>Phaethon rubricauda</i>). We support our first prediction that λ is most sensitive to survival rates. However the support for the second prediction that these rates have the smallest temporal variance was equivocal. Previous support for the second prediction may be an artifact of a high survival estimate near the upper boundary of 1 and not a result of natural selection canalizing variances alone. We did not support our third prediction that effects of environmental stochasticity (El Niño) would most likely be detected in vital rates to which λ was least sensitive and which are thought to have high temporal variances. Comparative data-sets on other seabirds, within and among orders, and in other locations, are needed to understand these environmental effects.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.13119.x","usgsCitation":"Doherty, P., Schreiber, E., Nichols, J., Hines, J., Link, W., Schenk, G., and Schreiber, R., 2004, Testing life history predictions in a long-lived seabird: A population matrix approach with improved parameter estimation: Oikos, v. 105, no. 3, p. 606-618, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.13119.x.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"606","endPage":"618","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201992,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"105","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-05-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bc52","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Doherty, P.F. Jr.","contributorId":74096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doherty","given":"P.F.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schreiber, E.A.","contributorId":84472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schreiber","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hines, J.E. 0000-0001-5478-7230","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":36885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":342065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Link, W.A. 0000-0002-9913-0256","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9913-0256","contributorId":8815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Link","given":"W.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schenk, G.A.","contributorId":37446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schenk","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Schreiber, R.W.","contributorId":92782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schreiber","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":5224614,"text":"5224614 - 2004 - Modeling abundance effects in distance sampling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-29T15:57:28.992797","indexId":"5224614","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:39","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling abundance effects in distance sampling","docAbstract":"<p>Distance-sampling methods are commonly used in studies of animal populations to estimate population density. A common objective of such studies is to evaluate the relationship between abundance or density and covariates that describe animal habitat or other environmental influences. However, little attention has been focused on methods of modeling abundance covariate effects in conventional distance-sampling models. In this paper we propose a distance-sampling model that accommodates covariate effects on abundance. The model is based on specification of the distance-sampling likelihood at the level of the sample unit in terms of local abundance (for each sampling unit). This model is augmented with a Poisson regression model for local abundance that is parameterized in terms of available covariates. Maximum-likelihood estimation of detection and density parameters is based on the integrated likelihood, wherein local abundance is removed from the likelihood by integration. We provide an example using avian point-transect data of Ovenbirds (<i>Seiurus aurocapillus</i>) collected using a distance-sampling protocol and two measures of habitat structure (understory cover and basal area of overstory trees). The model yields a sensible description (positive effect of understory cover, negative effect on basal area) of the relationship between habitat and Ovenbird density that can be used to evaluate the effects of habitat management on Ovenbird populations.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1890/03-3127","usgsCitation":"Royle, J., Dawson, D., and Bates, S., 2004, Modeling abundance effects in distance sampling: Ecology, v. 85, no. 6, p. 1591-1597, https://doi.org/10.1890/03-3127.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1591","endPage":"1597","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203204,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","county":"Frederick County","otherGeospatial":"Catoctin Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -77.5579833984375,\n              39.457402514270825\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.40692138671875,\n              39.457402514270825\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.40692138671875,\n              39.68605343225986\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.5579833984375,\n              39.68605343225986\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.5579833984375,\n              39.457402514270825\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"85","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611c93","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Royle, J. Andrew 0000-0003-3135-2167","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3135-2167","contributorId":96221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Royle","given":"J. Andrew","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dawson, D.K. 0000-0001-7531-212X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7531-212X","contributorId":94752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"D.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bates, S.","contributorId":44271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bates","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":5224776,"text":"5224776 - 2004 - Mortality of Mississippi Sandhill Crane chicks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-06T12:54:09","indexId":"5224776","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:39","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2191,"text":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mortality of Mississippi Sandhill Crane chicks","docAbstract":"Mississippi sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis pulla) are a highly endangered species that live in the wild in 1 county in Mississippi.  As part of a large effort to restore these endangered cranes, we are conducting a project to look at the causes of mortality in crane chicks on the Mississippi Sandhill Crane National Wildlife Refuge in Gautier, MS, USA.  This includes surgically implanting miniature radio transmitters in crane chicks to gather data on mortality.  This article describes some of the practical difficulties in conducting this type of project in a savannah and swamp location along the Gulf Coast of the USA.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Olsen, G.H., 2004, Mortality of Mississippi Sandhill Crane chicks: Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, v. 18, no. 4, p. 269-272.","productDescription":"269-272","startPage":"269","endPage":"272","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196196,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":17091,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1647%2F1082-6742(2004)018[0269%3AMOMSCC]2.0.CO%3B2","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"18","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4785","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olsen, Glenn H. 0000-0002-7188-6203 golsen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7188-6203","contributorId":40918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"Glenn","email":"golsen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":342648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5224395,"text":"5224395 - 2004 - Estimation of sex-specific survival from capture-recapture data when sex is not always known","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-13T16:05:38.772379","indexId":"5224395","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:36","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of sex-specific survival from capture-recapture data when sex is not always known","docAbstract":"<p>Many animals lack obvious sexual dimorphism, making assignment of sex difficult even for observed or captured animals. For many such species it is possible to assign sex with certainty only at some occasions; for example, when they exhibit certain types of behavior. A common approach to handling this situation in capture-recapture studies has been to group capture histories into those of animals eventually identified as male and female and those for which sex was never known. Because group membership is dependent on the number of occasions at which an animal was caught or observed (known sex animals, on average, will have been observed at more occasions than unknown-sex animals), survival estimates for known-sex animals will be positively biased, and those for unknown animals will be negatively biased. In this paper, we develop capture-recapture models that incorporate sex ratio and sex assignment parameters that permit unbiased estimation in the face of this sampling problem. We demonstrate the magnitude of bias in the traditional capture-recapture approach to this sampling problem, and we explore properties of estimators from other ad hoc approaches. The model is then applied to capture-recapture data for adult Roseate Terns (<i>Sterna dougallii</i>) at Falkner Island, Connecticut, 1993-2002. Sex ratio among adults in this population favors females, and we tested the hypothesis that this population showed sex-specific differences in adult survival. Evidence was provided for higher survival of adult females than males, as predicted. We recommend use of this modeling approach for future capture-recapture studies in which sex cannot always be assigned to captured or observed animals. We also place this problem in the more general context of uncertainty in state classification in multistate capture-recapture models.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1890/03-0578","usgsCitation":"Nichols, J., Kendall, W., Hines, J., and Spendelow, J., 2004, Estimation of sex-specific survival from capture-recapture data when sex is not always known: Ecology, v. 85, no. 12, p. 3192-3201, https://doi.org/10.1890/03-0578.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"3192","endPage":"3201","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201913,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut","otherGeospatial":"Falkner Island","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -72.65443325042725,\n              41.21288373722492\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.65529155731201,\n              41.21217349004246\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.65477657318114,\n              41.21152780409429\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.65529155731201,\n              41.21052697828058\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.65408992767334,\n              41.21059154814995\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.65318870544434,\n              41.21152780409429\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.65280246734618,\n              41.21201206915286\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.65288829803467,\n              41.21327114152892\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.6537036895752,\n              41.2136585435387\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.65413284301756,\n              41.21352940979034\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.65443325042725,\n              41.21288373722492\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"85","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb1fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kendall, W. L. 0000-0003-0084-9891","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0084-9891","contributorId":32880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"W. L.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":341542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hines, J.E. 0000-0001-5478-7230","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":36885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":341543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Spendelow, J. A. 0000-0001-8167-0898","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8167-0898","contributorId":72478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spendelow","given":"J. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":5224435,"text":"5224435 - 2004 - Abundance estimation and conservation biology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-27T12:06:27","indexId":"5224435","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:29","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":771,"text":"Animal Biodiversity and Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Abundance estimation and conservation biology","docAbstract":"<p><span>Abundance is the state variable of interest in most population–level ecological research and in most programs involving management and conservation of animal populations. Abundance is the single parameter of interest in capture–recapture models for closed populations (e.g., Darroch, 1958; Otis et al., 1978; Chao, 2001). The initial capture–recapture models developed for partially (Darroch, 1959) and completely (Jolly, 1965; Seber, 1965) open populations represented efforts to relax the restrictive assumption of population closure for the purpose of estimating abundance. Subsequent emphases in capture–recapture work were on survival rate estimation in the 1970’s and 1980’s (e.g., Burnham et al., 1987; Lebreton et al.,1992), and on movement estimation in the 1990’s (Brownie et al., 1993; Schwarz et al., 1993). However, from the mid–1990’s until the present time, capture–recapture investigators have expressed a renewed interest in abundance and related parameters (Pradel, 1996; Schwarz &amp; Arnason, 1996; Schwarz, 2001). The focus of this session was abundance, and presentations covered topics ranging from estimation of abundance and rate of change in abundance, to inferences about the demographic processes underlying changes in abundance, to occupancy as a surrogate of abundance. The plenary paper by Link &amp; Barker (2004) is provocative and very interesting, and it contains a number of important messages and suggestions. Link &amp; Barker (2004) emphasize that the increasing complexity of capture–recapture models has resulted in large numbers of parameters and that a challenge to ecologists is to extract ecological signals from this complexity. They offer hierarchical models as a natural approach to inference in which traditional parameters are viewed as realizations of stochastic processes. These processes are governed by hyperparameters, and the inferential approach focuses on these hyperparameters. Link &amp; Barker (2004) also suggest that our attention should be focused on relationships between demographic processes such as survival and recruitment, the two quantities responsible for changes in abundance, rather than simply on the magnitudes of these quantities. They describe a type of Jolly–Seber capture–recapture model that permits inference about the underlying relationship between per capita recruitment rates and survival rates (Link &amp; Barker, this volume). Implementation used Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods and appeared to work well, yielding inferences about the relationship between recruitment and survival that were robust to selection of prior distribution. We believe that readers will find their arguments compelling, and we expect to see increased use of hierarchical modeling approaches in capture–recapture and related fields. Otto (presentation without paper) also recommended use of hierarchical models in analysis of multiple data sources dealing with population dynamics of North American mallards. He integrated survival inferences from ringing data, abundance information from aerial survey data, and recruitment information based on age ratios from a harvest survey. He used a Leslie matrix population projection model as an integrating framework and obtained estimates of breeding population size using all data.Otto’s approach also permitted inference about biases in estimated quantities. As with the work of Link &amp; Barker (2004), we find Otto’s recommendation to use hierarchical models to integrate data from multiple sources to be very compelling. Alisauskas et al. (2004) report results of an analysis of capture–recapture data for a askatchewan population of white–winged scoters. They used the approach of Pradel (1996) to estimate population growth rate (See the PDF) directly. Estimates for 1975–1985 were quite low, but estimates for the recent period, 2000–2003,increased to values &gt; 1. Parameter estimates for seniority, survival and per capita recruitment (Pradel, 1996) led to the inference that increased recruitment was largely responsible for the improvements in population status and growth. However, various data sources also indicated that this increase in recruitment was likely a result of increased immigration rather than improved reproduction on the area. This latter inference is important from a conservation perspective in indicating the importance of birds in other locations to growth and health of the study population. Lukacs and Burnham presented material to be published elsewhere that dealt with the use of genetic markers in capture–recapture studies. The data sources for such studies are samples of hair or feces, which are then analyzed using molecular genetic techniques in order to determine individual genotypes with respect to a usually small number of loci. Two types of classification error can arise in such analyses. First, if only a small number of loci is examined, then there may be nonnegligible probabilities that multiple individual animals will have the same genotypes. The second type of error arises during the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) process and can result from failure of alleles to amplify (allelic dropout) or from PCR inhibitors in hair and feces that produce the appearance of false alleles or misprinting (Creel et al., 2003). Lukacs and Burnham developed models that formally incorporate possible misclassification of samples resulting from these errors. These models permit estimation of parameters such as abundance and survival in a manner that properly incorporates this uncertainty of individual identity. We anticipate that noninvasive sampling based on molecular genetic analyses of hair or feces will become extremely important for some species, and that the models of Lukacs and Burnham will become very popular for such analyses. MacKenzie &amp; Nichols (2004) discuss the use of occupancy (proportion of patches or habitat area that is occupied) as a surrogate for abundance. In cases of territorial species and where birds occur at low densities, the number of occupied patches may provide a reasonable estimate of abundance. In other cases, occupancy can be viewed as providing information about one tail of the abundance distribution, P (N = 0). The motivation for considering occupancy as a surrogate for abundance is that occupancy is based on so–called presence–absence surveys that are frequently less expensive of time and effort than methods that estimate abundance directly. We describe one set of models that can be used to estimate occupancy for a single season and another that can be used to estimate parameters such as local probabilities of extinction and colonization that are associated with occupancy dynamics. We outline a possible hybrid approach that combines occupancy data with data on marked individuals in order to betterexplore the mechanisms underlying occupancy dynamics. These five presentations made for an interesting session containing useful information and recommendations for future work. A number of themes connecting these presentations could be emphasized. For example, two of the presentations considered alternatives to standard capture–recapture sampling that can be used to draw inferences about abundance, or a portion of the abundance distribution, with field methods that should be less expensive than usual capture–recapture approaches of handling animals. We believe that the most important theme of the session was the emphasis on the processes responsible for changes in abundance. In particular, we are excited by the potential for using hierarchical models as a means of investigating relationships among vital rates and as a means of combining multiple sources of data relevant to system dynamics. Indeed, we expect the importance of this session theme to be reflected in the content and presentations of the next EURING meeting.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Museu de Ciencies Naturals de Barcelona","usgsCitation":"Nichols, J., and MacKenzie, D., 2004, Abundance estimation and conservation biology: Animal Biodiversity and Conservation, v. 27, no. 1, p. 437-439.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"437","endPage":"439","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196327,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":16752,"rank":300,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://abc.museucienciesjournals.cat/volum-27-1-2004-abc/abundance-estimation-and-conservation-biology/?lang=en","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"27","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b13e4b07f02db6a3808","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"MacKenzie, D.I.","contributorId":69522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacKenzie","given":"D.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5224432,"text":"5224432 - 2004 - DENSITY: software for analysing capture-recapture data from passive detector arrays","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-27T11:58:47","indexId":"5224432","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:29","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":771,"text":"Animal Biodiversity and Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"DENSITY: software for analysing capture-recapture data from passive detector arrays","docAbstract":"A general computer-intensive method is described for fitting spatial detection functions to capture-recapture data from arrays of passive detectors such as live traps and mist nets.  The method is used to estimate the population density of 10 species of breeding birds sampled by mist-netting in deciduous forest at Patuxent Research Refuge, Laurel, Maryland, U.S.A., from 1961 to 1972.  Total density (9.9 ? 0.6 ha-1 mean ? SE) appeared to decline over time (slope -0.41 ? 0.15 ha-1y-1).  The mean precision of annual estimates for all 10 species pooled was acceptable (CV(D) = 14%).  Spatial analysis of closed-population capture-recapture data highlighted deficiencies in non-spatial methodologies.  For example, effective trapping area cannot be assumed constant when detection probability is variable.  Simulation may be used to evaluate alternative designs for mist net arrays where density estimation is a study goal.","language":"English","publisher":"Museu de Ciencies Naturals de Barcelona","usgsCitation":"Efford, M., Dawson, D., and Robbins, C., 2004, DENSITY: software for analysing capture-recapture data from passive detector arrays: Animal Biodiversity and Conservation, v. 27, no. 1, p. 217-228.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"217","endPage":"228","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201791,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":16749,"rank":300,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://abc.museucienciesjournals.cat/volum-27-1-2004-abc/density-software-for-analysing-capture-recapture-data-from-passive-detector-arrays/?lang=en"}],"volume":"27","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e9c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Efford, M.G.","contributorId":13352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Efford","given":"M.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dawson, D.K. 0000-0001-7531-212X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7531-212X","contributorId":94752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"D.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Robbins, C.S.","contributorId":53907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":5224434,"text":"5224434 - 2004 - Generalized estimators of avian abundance from count survey data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-27T12:08:11","indexId":"5224434","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:29","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":771,"text":"Animal Biodiversity and Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Generalized estimators of avian abundance from count survey data","docAbstract":"I consider modeling avian abundance from spatially referenced bird count data collected according to common protocols such as capture?recapture, multiple observer, removal sampling and simple point counts.  Small sample sizes and large numbers of parameters have motivated many analyses that disregard the spatial indexing of the data, and thus do not provide an adequate treatment of spatial structure.  I describe a general framework for modeling spatially replicated data that regards local abundance as a random process, motivated by the view that the set of spatially referenced local populations (at the sample locations) constitute a metapopulation.  Under this view, attention can be focused on developing a model for the variation in local abundance independent of the sampling protocol being considered.  The metapopulation model structure, when combined with the data generating model, define a simple hierarchical model that can be analyzed using conventional methods.  The proposed modeling framework is completely general in the sense that broad classes of metapopulation models may be considered, site level covariates on detection and abundance may be considered, and estimates of abundance and related quantities may be obtained for sample locations, groups of locations, unsampled locations.  Two brief examples are given, the first involving simple point counts, and the second based on temporary removal counts.  Extension of these models to open systems is briefly discussed.","language":"English","publisher":"Museu de Ciencies Naturals de Barcelona","usgsCitation":"Royle, J., 2004, Generalized estimators of avian abundance from count survey data: Animal Biodiversity and Conservation, v. 27, no. 1, p. 375-386.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"375","endPage":"386","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196077,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":16751,"rank":300,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://abc.museucienciesjournals.cat/volum-27-1-2004-abc/generalized-estimators-of-avian-abundance-from-count-survey-data/?lang=en","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"27","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b26e4b07f02db6afca2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Royle, J. Andrew 0000-0003-3135-2167","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3135-2167","contributorId":96221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Royle","given":"J. Andrew","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
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