As a result of concerns about salt intrusion into drinking water aquifers, the effects of highway deicing chemicals on shallow aquifers were studied at eight locations in Ohio from 1988 through 2002. The study was done by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Ohio Department of Transportation and the Federal Highway Administration. Sites were selected along major undivided highways where drainage is by open ditches and ground-water flow is approximately perpendicular to the highway. Records of deicer application rates were kept, and apparent movement of deicing chemicals through shallow, unconsolidated aquifers was monitored by means of periodic measurements of specific conductance and concentrations of dissolved sodium, calcium, and chloride. The State routes monitored were the following: State Route (SR) 3 in Ashland County, SR 84 in Ashtabula County, SR 29 in Champaign County, SR 4 in Clark County, SR 2 in Lucas County, SR 104 in Pickaway County, SR 14 in Portage County, and SR 97 in Richland County.
The study began in 1988 with background data collection, extensive literature review, and site selection. This process, including drilling of wells at numerous test sites and the eight selected sites, lasted 3 years. Routine groundwater sampling at 4- to 6-week intervals began in January 1991 and continued through September 1999. A multilevel, passive flow ground-water sampling device was constructed and used. Other conditions monitored on a regular basis included ground-water level (monitored continuously), specific conductance, air and soil temperature, precipitation,chloride concentration in soil samples, and deicing-chemical application times and rates.
Evidence from water analysis, specific-conductance measurements, and surface-geophysical measurements indicates that three of the eight sites (Ashtabula County, Lucas County, and Portage County sites) were affected by direct application of deicing chemicals. Climatic data collected during the study show that cold weather, and therefore deicing-chemical application rates, varied from south to north across the State. As a consequence, only minor traces of dissolved chloride (mean, 24–43 mg/L (milligrams per liter)) above background concentrations (mean, 13–23 mg/L) were determined in ground-water samples from the southernmost sites (approximately 3930' to 40 N latitude—Champaign County, Clark County, and Pickaway County). At the Ashland and Richland County sites (approximately 4030' N latitude), dissolved-chloride concentrations increased above background concentrations only intermittently (mean background concentrations 4–41 mg/L, rising to a mean of 40–56 mg/L in downgradient wells). At the northernmost sites (41 30' to 42 N latitude—Lucas County, Portage County, and Ashtabula County), deicing-chemical application was consistent throughout the winter, and downgradient dissolved-chloride concentrations (mean, 124–345 mg/L) rarely returned to background concentrations (mean, 7–37 mg/L) throughout the study period.
Other factors than application rate that may affect the movement of deicing chemicals through an aquifer were precipitation amounts, the types of subsurface materials, ground-water velocity and gradient, hydraulic conductivity, soil type, land use, and Ohio Department of Transportation deicing priority.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20045150","usgsCitation":"Kunze, A.E., and Sroka, B.N., 2004, Effects of highway deicing chemicals on shallow unconsolidated aquifers in Ohio — Final report: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5150, xii, 187 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045150.","productDescription":"xii, 187 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":6220,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5150/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":394210,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_70317.htm"},{"id":191239,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Ohio","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.2922,\n 41.1958\n ],\n [\n -81.2936,\n 41.1958\n ],\n [\n -81.2936,\n 41.1972\n ],\n [\n -81.2922,\n 41.1972\n ],\n [\n -81.2922,\n 41.1958\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611eec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kunze, Allison E. aekunze@usgs.gov","contributorId":2011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunze","given":"Allison","email":"aekunze@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":281483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sroka, Bernard N.","contributorId":48645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sroka","given":"Bernard","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":69900,"text":"sir20045171 - 2004 - Hydrology and cycling of nitrogen and phosphorus in Little Bean Marsh: A remnant riparian wetland along the Missouri River in Platte County, Missouri, 1996–97","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-25T20:55:04.510033","indexId":"sir20045171","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5171","title":"Hydrology and cycling of nitrogen and phosphorus in Little Bean Marsh: A remnant riparian wetland along the Missouri River in Platte County, Missouri, 1996–97","docAbstract":"The lack of concurrent water-quality and hydrologic data on riparian wetlands in the Midwestern United States has resulted in a lack of knowledge about the water-quality functions that these wetlands provide. Therefore, Little Bean Marsh, a remnant riparian wetland along the Missouri River, was investigated in 1996 and 1997 primarily to determine the magnitude and character of selected water-quality benefits that can be produced in such a wetland and to identify critical processes that can be managed in remnant or restored riparian wetlands for amelioration of water quality.
Little Bean Marsh averages 69 hectares in size, has a maximum depth of about 1 meter, and the majority of the marsh is covered by macrophytes. In 1997, 41 percent of the water received by Little Bean Marsh was from direct precipitation, 14 percent was from ground-water seepage, 30 percent from watershed runoff, and 15 percent was backflow from Bean Lake. Although, Little Bean Marsh was both a ground-water recharge and discharge area, discharge to the marsh was three times the recharge to ground water. Ground-water levels closely tracked marsh water levels indicating a strong hydraulic connection between ground water and the marsh. Reduced surface runoff and ground-water availability are stabilizing influences on marsh hydrology and probably contribute to the persistence of emergent vegetation. The rapid hydraulic connection between Little Bean Marsh and ground water indicates that the hydrologic regime of most wetlands along the lower Missouri River is largely a function of the altitude of the marsh bottom relative to the altitude of the water table.
More water was lost from the marsh through evapotranspiration (59 percent) than all other pathways combined. This is partially because the transpiration process of abundant macrophytes can greatly contribute to the evapotranspiration above that lost from open water surfaces. Surface outflow accounted for 36 percent and ground-water seepage accounted for only 5 percent of the losses. Large residence times allows the marsh to greatly affect water quality before water escapes as ground-water recharge or surface outflow.
The shallowness of Little Bean Marsh and ion exclusion during ice formation caused the highest specific conductances of 1,100 to 1,300 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius to occur during the winter. This concentration of dissolved solutes under ice can make wetlands more vulnerable to toxic contaminants than deeper surface-water bodies.
Dissolved oxygen was less than 5 mg/L (milligrams per liter) for 3 to 4 months and near 0 mg/L for about 1 month in summer. Despite depths of less than 1 meter, temperature stratification persisted more than 3 months during the summers of 1996 and 1997, preventing mixing and contributing to periods of anoxia. Shallow depths and extended periods of anoxia in the marsh limit the ability of some organisms to escape high-temperature stress.
Turbidity in Little Bean Marsh usually was low for several reasons: sediment loadings from the largely flood-plain drainage were low, emergent vegetation shade out algae and shield the water from wind, and high concentrations of bivalent cations increase flocculation rates of inorganic suspended material. The high concentrations of bivalent cations was largely because of a substantial amount of ground-water seepage into the marsh.
Dissolved organic nitrogen was the dominant nitrogen species in Little Bean Marsh. Denitrification and biotic uptake kept more than 62 percent of nitrate (NO3) and 43 percent of ammonium (NH4) concentrations in marsh samples less than a detection limit of 0.005 mg/L. This contrasts with the Missouri River where inorganic NO3 dominates. Consequently, artificial flood-plain drainage that bypasses riparian wetlands likely deliver substantially more biotically available inorganic nitrogen to receiving waters than surface water that has been routed through a remnant wetland. Average total nitrogen concentrations in Little Bean Marsh were substantially less than those at other Missouri River wetlands, roughly one-half the mean concentrations in the Missouri River, but roughly twice the average nitrogen values in reservoirs of the glaciated plains of Missouri.
The largest concentrations of nearly all species of nitrogen and phosphorus and the most intense period of hypereutrophy coincided with a phytoplankton bloom and senescence of River Bulrush (Scirpus fluviatilis) and common cattail (Typha latifolia) in September 1997. The rapid leaching of nitrogen that occurs soon after macrophyte senescence combined with a recent destratification of the marsh probably provided nitrogen to the nitrogen-limited open-water areas and triggered a phytoplankton bloom. Despite the rarity of runoff events, surface runoff from the watershed, combined with atmospheric deposition, contributed more than seven times the 530 kg (kilograms) of nitrogen that escaped Little Bean Marsh in surface outflow during 1997. Atmospheric deposition alone was more than 530 kg. Seepage to ground water contained less than 1.5 percent of the nitrogen leaving the marsh in surface outflow. The slow decay rate of Scirpus fluviatilis and reducing conditions in bottom sediments make burial of organic nitrogen a substantial sink of nitrogen.
Denitrification experiments indicate that denitrification rates were limited by NO3 in the water column. Consequently, decomposition and nitrification of NH4 and organic nitrogen are the rate limiting steps of nitrogen removal in Little Bean Marsh. The NO3-limited rates of denitrification also indicate that Little Bean Marsh has a large unused capacity for nitrogen removal. These data indicate that the vast extent of riparian marshes along the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers may have had a substantial role in limiting NO3 loads to the Gulf of Mexico before agricultural development of flood plains. Drainage and removal of riparian marshes may be a major cause of the increased NO3 loads to the Gulf of Mexico.
Periods of anoxia had much larger effects on phosphorus release than the other variables. The largest concentrations of phosphorus occurred in late summer and corresponded with senescing macrophytes, periods of anoxia, and a large algal bloom in Little Bean Marsh. Low water levels prevented the escape of phosphorus in surface outflow during these periods of highest phosphorus concentrations. Dry weather in late summer is typical and probably makes the correspondence of low water levels, anoxia, and consequent low phosphorus release a common occurrence in marshes along the Missouri River. Little Bean Marsh retained more than 95 percent of the phosphorus it received. The amount of phosphorus in surface inflows to the marsh were more than one order of magnitude greater than that escaping in surface outflows. The long hydraulic residence time of the marsh and large contributions of iron from ground water (that provide many sorption sites for phosphorus) make the marsh an effective sediment and phosphorus trap.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20045171","usgsCitation":"Blevins, D.W., 2004, Hydrology and cycling of nitrogen and phosphorus in Little Bean Marsh: A remnant riparian wetland along the Missouri River in Platte County, Missouri, 1996–97: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5171, vii, 78 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045171.","productDescription":"vii, 78 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":6221,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir20045171/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":191793,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":394836,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_70818.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","county":"Platte County","otherGeospatial":"Little Bean Marsh","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.0389,\n 39.475\n ],\n [\n -95.0083,\n 39.475\n ],\n [\n -95.0083,\n 39.5167\n ],\n [\n -95.0389,\n 39.5167\n ],\n [\n -95.0389,\n 39.475\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e8ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blevins, Dale W. dblevins@usgs.gov","contributorId":2729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blevins","given":"Dale","email":"dblevins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":281494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":69902,"text":"wri034197 - 2004 - Loads and yields of selected constituents in streams and rivers of Monroe County, New York, 1984-2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-23T11:03:07","indexId":"wri034197","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4197","title":"Loads and yields of selected constituents in streams and rivers of Monroe County, New York, 1984-2001","docAbstract":"Hydrologic data collected in Monroe County since the 1980s and earlier, including long-term records of streamflow and chemical loads, provide a basis for assessment of water-management practices. All monitored streams except Northrup Creek showed a slight (nonsignificant) overall decrease in annual streamflow over their period of record; Northrup Creek showed a slight increase.
The highest yields of all constituents except chloride and sulfate were at Northrup Creek; these values exceeded those of the seven Irondequoit Creek basin sites and the Genesee River site. The highest yields of dissolved chloride were at the most highly urbanized site (Allen Creek), whereas the highest yields of dissolved sulfate were at the most upstream Irondequoit Creek sites -- Railroad Mills (active) and Pittsford (inactive). Yields of all constituents in the Genesee River at the Charlotte Pump Station were within the range of those at the Irondequoit Creek basin sites.
The four active Irondequoit Creek basin sites showed significant downward trends in flow-adjusted loads of ammonia + organic nitrogen, possibly from the conversion of agricultural land to suburban land. Two active sites (Allen Creek and Blossom Road) and one inactive site (Thomas Creek) showed downward trends in loads of ammonia. All active sites showed significant upward trends in dissolved chloride loads. Northrup Creek showed a significant downward trend in total phosphorus load since the improvement in phosphorus removal at the Spencerport wastewater-treatment plant, and upward trends in dissolved chloride and sulfate loads. The Genesee River at the Charlotte Pump Station showed significant downward trends in loads of ammonia + organic nitrogen and chloride, and an upward trend in loads of orthophosphate.
The improved treatment or diversion of sewage-treatment-plant-effluent has produced decreased yields of some constituents throughout the county, particularly in the Irondequoit Creek basin, where the loads of nutrients delivered to Irondequoit Bay have been decreased.
","language":"English","publisher":" U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri034197","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Monroe County Department of Health","usgsCitation":"Sherwood, D.A., 2004, Loads and yields of selected constituents in streams and rivers of Monroe County, New York, 1984-2001: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4197, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034197.","productDescription":"12 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":191794,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4197/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":6222,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4197/wri20034197.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.67 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 2003-4197"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","county":"Monroe County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-77.3792,43.2748],[-77.3756,43.1898],[-77.3731,43.1221],[-77.3719,43.0329],[-77.4866,43.0321],[-77.4822,42.9431],[-77.5805,42.9438],[-77.635,42.9443],[-77.6374,42.9397],[-77.7582,42.9404],[-77.7602,42.9426],[-77.7583,42.9445],[-77.7527,42.9455],[-77.747,42.9438],[-77.7378,42.9476],[-77.7321,42.9449],[-77.7309,42.9468],[-77.7343,42.9549],[-77.7311,42.9554],[-77.7279,42.9532],[-77.7244,42.9592],[-77.7265,42.9655],[-77.7235,42.9719],[-77.7185,42.9715],[-77.718,42.9738],[-77.7213,42.9797],[-77.7326,42.9818],[-77.731,42.9882],[-77.9101,42.9877],[-77.9098,43.0141],[-77.9068,43.0369],[-77.9527,43.0392],[-77.9083,43.132],[-77.9981,43.1321],[-77.9985,43.2818],[-77.9959,43.3656],[-77.9921,43.3657],[-77.9877,43.3662],[-77.9827,43.3677],[-77.9771,43.3687],[-77.9701,43.3679],[-77.9562,43.3668],[-77.9365,43.3626],[-77.9327,43.3604],[-77.9251,43.3587],[-77.9168,43.3575],[-77.908,43.3572],[-77.9004,43.3565],[-77.8985,43.3551],[-77.894,43.3534],[-77.8902,43.3526],[-77.8737,43.3501],[-77.8592,43.3486],[-77.8523,43.3487],[-77.8333,43.3458],[-77.8149,43.343],[-77.7909,43.3398],[-77.7827,43.3394],[-77.777,43.34],[-77.7733,43.341],[-77.7702,43.3415],[-77.7677,43.3424],[-77.7645,43.3425],[-77.7594,43.3412],[-77.755,43.339],[-77.7486,43.3355],[-77.7409,43.3329],[-77.7339,43.3316],[-77.725,43.3277],[-77.7186,43.3255],[-77.7148,43.3233],[-77.7128,43.3202],[-77.7121,43.3179],[-77.712,43.3161],[-77.712,43.3147],[-77.7126,43.3147],[-77.7145,43.3147],[-77.7152,43.3165],[-77.7178,43.3183],[-77.7216,43.3191],[-77.7247,43.3186],[-77.7278,43.3176],[-77.7291,43.3172],[-77.7284,43.3158],[-77.7252,43.3154],[-77.7214,43.3145],[-77.7189,43.3137],[-77.7176,43.3123],[-77.7181,43.3105],[-77.7181,43.3092],[-77.7105,43.3079],[-77.7079,43.307],[-77.7074,43.3084],[-77.7087,43.3102],[-77.7081,43.3107],[-77.7049,43.3098],[-77.6953,43.3041],[-77.676,43.2916],[-77.6619,43.2832],[-77.6555,43.2797],[-77.6479,43.2775],[-77.639,43.275],[-77.6243,43.2679],[-77.6166,43.2635],[-77.6032,43.256],[-77.5821,43.2463],[-77.5643,43.2393],[-77.5535,43.2367],[-77.5428,43.2351],[-77.539,43.2356],[-77.5359,43.2356],[-77.5272,43.2385],[-77.5135,43.2451],[-77.508,43.2479],[-77.5055,43.2489],[-77.5017,43.2494],[-77.4973,43.249],[-77.4873,43.2505],[-77.4779,43.2538],[-77.4717,43.2562],[-77.4586,43.2587],[-77.4448,43.2616],[-77.4318,43.2673],[-77.4262,43.2701],[-77.4199,43.2697],[-77.4105,43.2703],[-77.403,43.2713],[-77.3961,43.2746],[-77.3886,43.2761],[-77.3792,43.2748]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Monroe\",\"state\":\"NY\"}}]}","contact":"Director, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Rd
Troy, NY 12180
(518) 285-5695
http://ny.water.usgs.gov/
An 11-year (1990-2001) study of the Ellison Park wetland, a 423-acre, predominantly cattail (Typha glauca) wetland at the mouth of Irondequoit Creek, was conducted to document the effects that flow modifications, including installation of a flow-control structure (FCS) in 1997 and increased diversion of stormflows to the backwater areas of the wetland, would have on the wetland's ability to decrease chemical loads transported by Irondequoit Creek into Irondequoit Bay on Lake Ontario. The FCS was designed to raise the water-surface elevation and thereby increase the dispersal and detention of stormflows in the upstream half of the wetland; this was expected to promote sedimentation and microbial utilization of nutrients, and thereby decrease the loads of certain constituents, primarily phosphorus, that would otherwise be carried into Irondequoit Bay. An ecological monitoring program was established to document changes in the wetland's water levels, biota, sedimentation rates, and chemical quality of water and sediment that might be attributable to the flow modifications.
Water-level increases during storms were mostly confined to the wetland area, within about 5,000 ft upstream from the FCS. Backwater at a point of local concern, about 13,000 ft upstream, was due to local debris jams or constriction of flow by bridges and was not attributable to the FCS.
Plant surveys documented species richness, concentrations of nutrients and metals in cattail tissues, and cattail productivity. Results indicated that observed differences among survey periods and between the areas upstream and downstream from the FCS were due to seasonal changes in water levels—either during the current year or at the end of the previous year's growing season—that reflected the water-surface elevation of Lake Ontario, rather than water-level control by the FCS. Results showed no adverse effects from the naturally high water levels that prevail annually during the spring and summer in the wetland, nor from the short-duration increases in water levels that result from FCS operation. Fish surveys documented the use of the wetland by 44 species, of which 25 to 29 species were found in any given year. Community composition was relatively consistent during the study, but seasonal and year-to-year variations in dominant resident and nonresident species were noted, and probably reflected natural or regional population patterns in Lake Ontario and Irondequoit Bay. The FCS allowed fish passage at all water levels and had no discernible adverse effect on the fish community.
Bird surveys documented the use of the wetland by more than 90 species for breeding, feeding, and migration. Ground-nesting birds were unaffected by the FCS. Seasonally high water levels, rather than short-duration increases caused by the FCS, might have caused the scarcity or absence of certain wetland species by limiting the extent of breeding habitat for some species and the exposure of mud flats that attracted other species. Some noticeably scarce or absent species also were rare or absent elsewhere along the south-central shore of Lake Ontario.
Benthic-macroinvertebrate studies were of minimal use for evaluating the effect of the FCS because no surveys were conducted after FCS installation. The precontrol results allowed assessment of the ecological quality of the wetland on the basis of biotic indices, and generally indicated moderately to severely impaired conditions. Differences between the macroinvertebrate communities in the southern part of the wetland and those in the northern part were attributed to habitat differences, such as substrate composition, water depth, and density of submerged aquatic vegetation.
Sedimentation rates in the areas upstream and downstream from the FCS increased after the flow modifications, more in the area upstream from the FCS than in the downstream area. The concurrent downstream increase and the dynamic patterns of deposition and scour indicated that although the FCS and the other flow modifications undoubtedly were major factors in the postcontrol upstream increase in sedimentation rates, other factors, such as the magnitude, frequency, and the timing (season) of peak flows, might also have contributed.
Periodic analyses of sediment samples from three longterm depositional sites in the wetland documented the concentrations of major and trace elements, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and organochlorine and organophosphate compounds. The concentrations of most constituents showed no substantial fluctuation or consistent upward or downward trend during the years sampled, nor did they identify any change after FCS installation. Comparison of the measured concentrations with sediment-quality guidelines that are used to assess the ecological quality of substrate environments indicated that the wetland was moderately to severely impaired—an assessment consistent with the benthic-macroinvertebrate biotic indices.
During the precontrol period (1990–96), the wetland was a sink for particulate constituents (removal efficiencies for total phosphorus and total suspended solids were 28 and 47 percent, respectively), but had little effect on conservative constituents (chloride and sulfate). The wetland was a source of orthophosphate and ammonia (removal efficiencies were -38 and -84 percent, respectively).
During the postcontrol period (1997–2001), the wetland continued to be a sink for particulate constituents (removal efficiencies for total phosphorus and total suspended solids were 45 and 52 percent, respectively); the exportation of orthophosphate by the wetland decreased (by 7 percent), whereas that of ammonia increased (by about 70 percent). The outflow loads of orthophosphate and ammonia represented about 15 and 2.3 percent of total phosphorus and total nitrogen loads, respectively. Changes in the loads of conservative constituents were negligible, and the overall removal efficiencies for other constituents during the precontrol period differed from those of the postcontrol period by no more than 5.4 percent.
Statistical analyses of monthly inflow and outflow loads indicated significant differences between inflow and outflow loads of most constituents during the pre- and postcontrol periods. Load data were adjusted to remove the effects of dissimilar hydrologic conditions that prevailed during the pre- and postcontrol periods, and to isolate the water-quality-improvement effect that could be attributed solely to the FCS. Results indicated that the FCS contributed significantly to the decrease in total phosphorus loads, and slightly to a decrease in ammonia-plus-organic nitrogen loads, but had little or no significant effect on loads of other constituents.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri034224","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Monroe County Department of Health","usgsCitation":"Coon, W.F., 2004, Effects of flow modification on a cattail wetland at the mouth of Irondequoit Creek near Rochester, New York: Water levels, wetland biota, sediment, and water quality: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4224, viii, 90 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034224.","productDescription":"viii, 90 p.","numberOfPages":"100","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":428015,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_69639.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":6223,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4224/wri20034224.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 2003-4224"},{"id":191795,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4224/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","city":"Rochester","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.54322052001953,\n 43.13519076565569\n ],\n [\n -77.49910354614258,\n 43.13519076565569\n ],\n [\n -77.49910354614258,\n 43.17764207509921\n ],\n [\n -77.54322052001953,\n 43.17764207509921\n ],\n [\n -77.54322052001953,\n 43.13519076565569\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Rd
Troy, NY 12180
(518) 285-5695
http://ny.water.usgs.gov/
Discharge and water-quality data collection at East Branch Allen Creek from 1990 through 2000 provide a basis for estimating the effect of the Jefferson Road detention basin on loads and concentrations of chemical constituents downstream from the basin. Mean monthly flow for the 5 years prior to construction of the detention basin (8.71 ft3/s) was slightly lower than after (9.08 ft3/s). The slightly higher mean monthly flow after basin construction may have been influenced by the peak flow for the period of record that occurred in July 1998 or variations in flow diverted from the canal. No statistically significant difference in average monthly mean flow before and after basin installation was indicated.
Total phosphorus was the only constituent to show no months with significant differences in load after basin construction. Several constituents showed months with significantly smaller loads after basin construction than before, whereas some constituents showed certain months with smaller and some months with greater loads, after basin construction. Statistical analysis of the \"mean monthly load\" for all months before and all months after construction of the detention basin showed only one constituent (ammonia + organic nitrogen) with a significantly lower load after construction and none with higher loads.
Median concentrations of ammonia + organic nitrogen showed a statistically significant decrease (from 0.78 mg/L to 0.60 mg/L) after basin installation, as did nitrite + nitrate (from 1.50 mg/L to 0.96 mg/L); in contrast, the median concentration of dissolved chloride increased from 95.5 mg/L before basin installation to 109 mg/L thereafter. A trend analysis of constituent concentrations before and after installation of the detention basin showed that total phosphorus had a downward trend after installation.
Analysis of the data collected at East Branch Allen Creek indicates that the Jefferson Road detention basin, in some cases, provides an improvement (reduction) in loads of some constituents. These results are uncertain, however, because hydrologic conditions before basin installation differed from those in the 5 years that followed, and because inflow from the Erie-Barge canal may alter the water quality in the 1-mi reach between the basin outflow and the gaging station.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri034301","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Monroe County Department of Health","usgsCitation":"Sherwood, D.A., 2004, Effects of Jefferson Road stormwater-detention basin on loads and concentrations of selected chemical constituents in East Branch of Allen Creek at Pittsford, Monroe County, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4301, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034301.","productDescription":"8 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":6225,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4301/wri20034301.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.97 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 2003-4301"},{"id":191843,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4301/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","county":"Monroe County","city":"Pittsford","contact":"Director, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Rd
Troy, NY 12180
(518) 285-5695
http://ny.water.usgs.gov/
Water-quality data from public and private drinking-water supply wells that were sampled from October 1997 through March 2001 in Suffolk County, New York were evaluated to define the occurrence and concentrations of arsenic throughout the county. The data bases of the Suffolk County Water Authority (SCWA) and the Suffolk County Department of Health Services (SCDHS) included 14 wells at which arsenic concentrations approached or exceeded the 2002 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) drinking-water guideline of 10 micrograms per liter (µg/L).
As a followup, 19 wells were sampled from June through August 2002; 7 were wells previously reported to have had high arsenic concentrations; 7 were near other wells reported to have high concentrations, and the remaining 5 were in areas where detectable concentrations of arsenic were suspected. Arsenic concentrations near 10 µg/L were detected at only 2 of the 19 wells sampled; arsenic concentrations in samples from the remaining 17 wells were reported as less than the USGS Central Laboratory reporting limits of 2 µg/L or 4 µg/L.
The elevated concentrations previously reported (1997 through 2001) for at least three of the wells were due to incompletely flushed carbon filters in the supply-well system or were typographical errors. A decrease in arsenic concentration was indicated at six of the seven resampled wells; no reasons are apparent. Arsenic concentrations in ground water that exceed drinking-water guidelines were found only at one site. On the basis of limited sampling data available for this study, the concentrations of arsenic above drinking-water standards (10 µg/L) do not appear to indicate a countywide problem with regards to arsenic concentrations in ground water.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri034315","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Suffolk County Water Authority","usgsCitation":"Cartwright, R.A., 2004, Occurrence of arsenic in ground water of Suffolk County, New York, 1997-2002: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4315, iv, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034315.","productDescription":"iv, 11 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":6226,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4315/wri20034315.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.97 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 2003-4315"},{"id":191844,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4315/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":395508,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_70948.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","county":"Suffolk County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.5,\n 40.625\n ],\n [\n -71.8489,\n 40.625\n ],\n [\n -71.8489,\n 41.2914\n ],\n [\n -73.5,\n 41.2914\n ],\n [\n -73.5,\n 40.625\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Rd
Troy, NY 12180
(518) 285-5695
http://ny.water.usgs.gov/
This report presents time-series photographs of the sea floor obtained from an instrumented tripod deployed at Site A in western Massachusetts Bay (42° 22.6' N., 70? 47.0' W., 30 m water depth, figure 1) from June 1998 through May 1999. Site A is approximately 1 km south of an ocean outfall that began discharging treated sewage effluent from the Boston metropolitan area into Massachusetts Bay in September 2000. Time-series photographs and oceanographic observations were initiated at Site A in December 1989 and are anticipated to continue to September 2005. This one of a series of reports that present these images in digital form. The objective of these reports is to enable easy and rapid viewing of the photographs and to provide a medium-resolution digital archive. The images, obtained every 4 hours, are presented as a movie (in .avi format, which may be viewed using an image viewer such as QuickTime or Windows Media Player) and as individual images (.tif format). The images provide time-series observations of changes of the sea floor and near-bottom water properties.
The photographs obtained at Site A are part of a long-term study to understand the transport and long-term fate of sediments and associated contaminants in the Massachusetts bays. (See the Web site Boston Sewage Outfall: The Fate of Sediments and Contaminants in Massachusetts Bay, http://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/project-pages/bostonharbor/.) This long-term study is carried out by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in partnership with the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority (MWRA)(http://www.mwra.state.ma.us/) and the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) (http://www.uscg.mil). Long-term oceanographic observations at Site A were obtained to document seasonal and inter-annual changes in currents, hydrography, and suspended-matter concentration, and the importance of infrequent catastrophic events, such as major storms or hurricanes, in sediment resuspension and transport. (See Butman and others (2002) for a description of the oceanographic measurements at Site A and Butman and Bothner (1997) for discussion of sediment transport in Massachusetts Bay.)
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds96","isbn":"0607928557","usgsCitation":"Butman, B., Alexander, P., and Bothner, M., 2004, Time-series photographs of the sea floor in western Massachusetts Bay: June 1998 to May 1999: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 96, HTML Document; DVD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds96.","productDescription":"HTML Document; DVD-ROM","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1998-06-01","temporalEnd":"1999-05-31","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":8201,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0096/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":188510,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","contact":"Director, Woods Hole Science Center
384 Woods Hole Road
Quissett Campus
Woods Hole, MA 02543
The Oyster Bay study area, in the northern part of Nassau County, N.Y., is underlain by unconsolidated deposits that form a sequence of aquifers and confining units. At least one production well has been affected by the intrusion of saltwater from Hempstead Harbor, Long Island Sound, and Cold Spring Harbor. Nineteen boreholes were drilled during 1995-98 for the collection of hydrogeologic, geochemical, and geophysical data to delineate the subsurface geology and the extent of saltwater intrusion. Continuous high-resolution marine-seismic-reflection surveys in the surrounding embayments of the Oyster Bay study area were conducted in 1996.
New drill-core data indicate two hydrogeologic units—the North Shore aquifer and the North Shore confining unit—where the Lloyd aquifer, the Raritan confining unit, and the Magothy aquifer have been completely removed by glacial erosion.
Water levels at 95 observation wells were measured quarterly during 1995–98. These data and continuous water-level records indicated that (1) the upper glacial (water-table) and Magothy aquifers are hydraulically connected and that their water levels did not respond to tidal fluctuations, and (2) the Lloyd and North Shore aquifers are hydraulically connected and their water levels responded to pumping and to tidal fluctuations.
Marine seismic-reflection surveys in the surrounding embayments indicate at least four glacially eroded buried valleys with subhorizontal, parallel reflectors indicative of draped bedding that is interpreted as infilling by silt and clay. The buried valleys (1) truncate the surrounding coarse-grained deposits, (2) are asymmetrical and steep sided, (3) trend northwest-southeast, (4) are several miles long and about 1 mile wide, and (5) extend to more than 500 feet below sea level.
Water samples taken during 1995–98 from three production wells and six observation wells screened in the upper glacial and Magothy aquifers contained volatile organic compounds in concentrations that exceeded the New York State Department of Health Drinking Water Maximum Contaminant Levels. High iron or nitrate concentrations were detected in water samples taken in 1997–98 from 39 observation wells. Previous high concentrations resulted in the shutdown of two production wells.
Four distinct areas of saltwater intrusion in the Oyster Bay study area were delineated—three were in the upper glacial aquifer, and the fourth was in the Lloyd aquifer. Borehole-geophysical-logging data indicated that three of these saltwater \"wedges\" ranged from a few feet thick to more than 100 feet thick and had sharp freshwater-saltwater interfaces. Chloride concentrations in water from eight observation wells within these wedges in 1997 ranged from 125 to 13,750 milligrams per liter. One production well in Bayville has been shut down as of 1996 and others in the area may be affected by these saltwater wedges.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri034288","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Nassau County Department of Public Works","usgsCitation":"Stumm, F., Lange, A.D., and Candela, J.L., 2004, Hydrogeology and Extent of Saltwater Intrusion in the Northern Part of the Town of Oyster Bay, Nassau County, New York: 1995–98: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4288, 55 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034288.","productDescription":"55 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":186636,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4288/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":6628,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4288/wri20034288.pdf","text":"Report","size":"17.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 2003-4288"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","county":"Nassau County","city":"Oyster Bay","contact":"Director, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Rd
Troy, NY 12180
(518) 285-5695
http://ny.water.usgs.gov/
Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
A leaking underground gasoline tank contaminated a crystalline bedrock aquifer in Montville, Connecticut, USA with MTBE and benzene. At the original residential bedrock supply wells, the median MTBE concentration was 165 micrograms per liter (mg/L), and the median benzene concentration was 320 mg/L. The maximum concentrations of MTBE and benzene were 4,300 mg/l and 1,700 mg/L, respectively. Because of the unavailability of a public water supply and the long-term expense of point-of-use (on-site) treatment systems, the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection Leaking Underground Storage Tank Program considered drilling replacement wells for water supply, if suitable drill sites could be located. Borehole geophysical methods were used as part of the investigation to find suitable drill sites. The U.S. Geological Survey performed borehole radar logging in three of the most contaminated wells. Other geophysical logs were run in two of the wells to enhance the hydrogeological characterizations. These data, combined with straddle-packer testing provided by a drilling contractor, formed the basis of a conceptual model used in the search for discrete fractures with better water quality than provided by an open-hole sample.
At Property A, a single transmissive fracture was identified at the bottom of the well. This well, although having historically lower gasoline concentrations than the other two wells, had persistent high iron bacteria fouling of the filtration system. By 2002, concentrations of MTBE and benzene had decreased to 59 and 3 mg/L, respectively, and the water was treatable except for the iron. Because no water-bearing fractures were encountered above the well bottom, an alternate well site was selected based on a set of vertical fractures observed in a nearby outcrop, rather than on the geophysical data. The new well, sited along the strike of these fractures, yielded 9 gallons per minute (gpm) but was found to be more contaminated than the original well. MTBE and benzene were detected at 224 and 7 mg/L, respectively. At Property B, the isolated fractures associated with four radar reflections contained MTBE in concentrations ranging from 460 to 680 mg/L, with concentration increasing with depth. A new well site was selected based upon topography and physical limitations of the property. A target drilling depth was selected to avoid encountering the most contaminated fracture, as projected from the radar data in the contaminated well. A new well, drilled to the target depth, yielded 2 gpm, which was sufficient for domestic supply. No contaminants were detected during 7 years of annual sampling. Over the next 2 years, MTBE was detected twice at 2 and 8 mg/L. At Property C, the isolated fractures associated with 12 radar reflections and acoustic televiewer images yielded MTBE concentrations ranging from 47 to 1,200 mg/L and benzene concentrations from 6 to 1,000 mg/L, with concentrations generally increasing with depth. A new well site was selected based upon physical limitations of the site. A target drilling depth was chosen to avoid encountering the most contaminated fractures, as projected from the radar data in the contaminated well. A new well, drilled to the target depth, yielded 6 gpm. MTBE was detected at concentrations ranging from trace levels to 12 mg/L for 6 years. Benzene was not detected.
These case histories suggest that the combined use of borehole geophysics and discrete-fracture sampling can, in some cases, be used to predict the locations of less contaminated or uncontaminated fractures, at distances of tens of feet from contaminated bedrock wells. This information may be used to improve the chances of successfully siting alternate potable water wells. Likewise, the same data and approach potentially could be used for targeting specific fractures for remediation.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings: 2004 U.S. EPA/NGWA Fractured Rock Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"2004 U.S. EPA/NGWA Fractured Rock Conference","conferenceDate":"September 13-15, 2004","conferenceLocation":"Portland, ME","language":"English","publisher":"EPA/NGWA","usgsCitation":"Green, A., Lane, J., Johnson, C.D., Williams, J., Mondazzi, R.A., and Joesten, P.K., 2004, Combined use of borehole geophysics and packers to site potable wells in a contaminated area in Montville, Connecticut, in Proceedings: 2004 U.S. EPA/NGWA Fractured Rock Conference, Portland, ME, September 13-15, 2004, p. 295-307.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"295","endPage":"307","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":368773,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":368772,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/ogw/bgas/publications/FracRock04_Green/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut","city":"Montville","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -72.22686767578125,\n 41.39689998354142\n ],\n [\n -72.0648193359375,\n 41.39689998354142\n ],\n [\n -72.0648193359375,\n 41.52785688696333\n ],\n [\n -72.22686767578125,\n 41.52785688696333\n ],\n [\n -72.22686767578125,\n 41.39689998354142\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Green, A.","contributorId":42333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lane, John W. Jr. 0000-0002-3558-243X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3558-243X","contributorId":210076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"John W.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":774232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Carole D. 0000-0001-6941-1578 cjohnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6941-1578","contributorId":1891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Carole","email":"cjohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":774233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Williams, John H. 0000-0002-6054-6908 jhwillia@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6054-6908","contributorId":1553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"John","email":"jhwillia@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":774234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mondazzi, Remo A.","contributorId":77898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mondazzi","given":"Remo","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Joesten, Peter K. pjoesten@usgs.gov","contributorId":1929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joesten","given":"Peter","email":"pjoesten@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":774236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70206336,"text":"70206336 - 2004 - Time-series monitoring in fractured-rock aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-10T16:57:44","indexId":"70206336","displayToPublicDate":"2004-12-31T15:12:28","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Time-series monitoring in fractured-rock aquifers","docAbstract":"Time-lapse monitoring of subsurface processes is an emerging and promising area of hydrogeophysics. The combined use of non-invasive or minimally invasive geophysical methods with hydraulic and geochemical sampling is a cost-effective approach for aquifer characterization, long-term aquifer monitoring, and remediation monitoring. Time-lapse geophysical surveys can indirectly measure time-varying hydrologic parameters such as fluid saturation or solute concentration. Monitoring of time-varying hydrologic processes provides insight into aquifer properties and structure and aquifer responses to natural or induced stresses, such as seasonal fluctuations or fluid injection experiments for active remediation. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Office of Ground Water, Branch of Geophysics, in cooperation with USGS Toxic Substances Hydrology Program, Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Department of Defense, the University of Connecticut, and Stanford University researchers, has applied time-lapse geophysics for site characterization and remediation monitoring in a number of studies. Recent and ongoing examples of time-lapse monitoring in fractured-rock aquifers include: 1) application of attenuation-difference, boreholeradar tomography used to monitor a series of sodium chloride tracer injection tests in fractured crystalline rock; 2) application of attenuation- and velocity-difference tomography and radar-reflection data to monitor steam injection in a fractured limestone aquifer; 3) design of an electrical resistivity tomography investigation to monitor the injection of resistive water into brackish water in a fractured limestone aquifer for aquifer storage and recovery (ASR); and 4) combined application of borehole-geophysical logging with long-term discreteinterval monitoring of hydraulic head and water-chemistry in a fractured crystalline-rock aquifer. These investigations demonstrate the application of geophysical methods to provide quantitative information about the subsurface critical for characterizing aquifer structure, flow dynamics, and hydraulic processes.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings: 2004 U.S. EPA/NGWA fractured rock conference: State of the science and measuring success in remediation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"2004 U.S. EPA/NGWA Fractured Rock Conference: State of the Science and Measuring Success in Remediation","conferenceDate":"September 13-15, 2004","conferenceLocation":"Portland, ME","language":"English","publisher":"EPA/NGWA","usgsCitation":"Johnson, C.D., Lane, J., and Day-Lewis, F.D., 2004, Time-series monitoring in fractured-rock aquifers, in Proceedings: 2004 U.S. EPA/NGWA fractured rock conference: State of the science and measuring success in remediation, Portland, ME, September 13-15, 2004, p. 295-307.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"295","endPage":"307","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":368756,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":368755,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/ogw/bgas/publications/FracRock04_Johnson-2/"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Hampshire","county":"Grafton County","otherGeospatial":"Mirror Lake, USGS Fractured-Rock Research site","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.70132637023926,\n 43.94231330042362\n ],\n [\n -71.69900894165039,\n 43.94231330042362\n ],\n [\n -71.69900894165039,\n 43.94351841607096\n ],\n [\n -71.70132637023926,\n 43.94351841607096\n ],\n [\n -71.70132637023926,\n 43.94231330042362\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Carole D. 0000-0001-6941-1578 cjohnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6941-1578","contributorId":1891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Carole","email":"cjohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":774195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lane, John W. Jr. 0000-0002-3558-243X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3558-243X","contributorId":210076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"John W.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":774196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Day-Lewis, Frederick D. 0000-0003-3526-886X daylewis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3526-886X","contributorId":1672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day-Lewis","given":"Frederick","email":"daylewis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":774197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70207940,"text":"70207940 - 2004 - Light attenuation profiling as an indicator of structural changes in coastal marshes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-20T14:51:58","indexId":"70207940","displayToPublicDate":"2004-12-31T14:43:55","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"5","title":"Light attenuation profiling as an indicator of structural changes in coastal marshes","docAbstract":"To best respond to natural and human-induced stresses, resource managers and researchers require remote sensing techniques that can map the biophysical characteristics of natural resources on regional and local scales. The implementation of advanced measurement techniques would provide significant improvements in the quantity, quality, and timeliness of biophysical data useful in understanding the sensitivity of vegetation communities to external influences. In turn, this biophysical data would provide resource planners with a rational decision-making system for resource allocation and response action development planning.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Remote sensing and GIS accuracy assessment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","usgsCitation":"Ramsey III, E., Nelson, G., Baarnes, F., and Spell, R., 2004, Light attenuation profiling as an indicator of structural changes in coastal marshes, chap. 5 of Remote sensing and GIS accuracy assessment, p. 59-73.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"59","endPage":"73","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371393,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":371392,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780429209925/chapters/10.1201/9780203497586-5"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ramsey III, Elijah 0000-0002-4518-5796","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4518-5796","contributorId":212009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramsey III","given":"Elijah","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nelson, Gene","contributorId":221682,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nelson","given":"Gene","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baarnes, Frank","contributorId":221683,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baarnes","given":"Frank","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Spell, R.","contributorId":90259,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spell","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70209748,"text":"70209748 - 2004 - Constraints on the geological history of the karst system in Southern Missouri, U.S.A. provided by radiogenic, cosmogenic and physical/chemical characteristics of doline fill","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-01T18:40:27.736582","indexId":"70209748","displayToPublicDate":"2004-12-31T12:50:12","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":628,"text":"Acta Carsologica","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Constraints on the geological history of the karst system in Southern Missouri, U.S.A. provided by radiogenic, cosmogenic and physical/chemical characteristics of doline fill","docAbstract":"The Ozark Plateaus region of southern Missouri is underlain by dominantly carbonate marine platform rocks of Paleozoic age. The region has been sub-aerially exposed since the late Paleozoic and is characterized by extensive karst. To better understand the geologic history of this regional karst system, we examined the stratigraphic record preserved in the fill of a large doline near the largest spring in the region. Samples of fill from natural exposures and drill core were analyzed using thermoluminescence (TL) and 10Be cosmogenic techniques, and the physical/chemical characteristics of the fill material were determined by visual inspection, X-ray analyses, and grain-size measurements. Drill-hole data indicate that the allochthonous doline fill is 36.3 m thick and rests on at least 15.6 m of cave breakdown and sediment. The doline fill is divisible into 7 zones. Analysis of 10Be concentrations suggest that the entire doline fill was derived from local residuum during the middle (Illinoian) to late Pleistocene (Wisconsinan). X-ray diffraction analyses of clays throughout the doline fill indicate that they consist of nearly equal amounts of kaolinite and illite, consistent with terrestrial weathering.
","language":"English","publisher":"Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts","doi":"10.3986/ac.v33i2.300","usgsCitation":"Waery, D.J., Harrison, R., Jacobson, R.B., Javich, M.P., Mahan, S.A., and Wronkiewicz, D., 2004, Constraints on the geological history of the karst system in Southern Missouri, U.S.A. provided by radiogenic, cosmogenic and physical/chemical characteristics of doline fill: Acta Carsologica, v. 33, no. 2, p. 207-217, https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v33i2.300.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"207","endPage":"217","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478003,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v33i2.300","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":374235,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","otherGeospatial":"Ozark Plateau","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.59228515625,\n 36.04465753921525\n ],\n [\n -89.5166015625,\n 36.04465753921525\n ],\n [\n -89.5166015625,\n 38.57823196583313\n ],\n [\n -94.59228515625,\n 38.57823196583313\n ],\n [\n -94.59228515625,\n 36.04465753921525\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"33","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-05-23","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waery, David J.","contributorId":224338,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Waery","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":787826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harrison, Richard W. rharriso@usgs.gov","contributorId":544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrison","given":"Richard W.","email":"rharriso@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":787827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jacobson, Robert B. 0000-0002-8368-2064 rjacobson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8368-2064","contributorId":1289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobson","given":"Robert","email":"rjacobson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":787828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Javich, Milan P.","contributorId":224339,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Javich","given":"Milan","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":787829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mahan, Shannon A. 0000-0001-5214-7774 smahan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5214-7774","contributorId":147159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahan","given":"Shannon","email":"smahan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":787830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wronkiewicz, David","contributorId":172154,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wronkiewicz","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":26996,"text":"Missouri University of Science & Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":787831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70182040,"text":"70182040 - 2004 - The legacy of contaminated sediments in Boston Harbor","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-26T20:00:43.31832","indexId":"70182040","displayToPublicDate":"2004-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"The legacy of contaminated sediments in Boston Harbor","docAbstract":"Scientists at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) have assembled a significant body of data that is now in a usable form. The USGS adopted an interdisciplinary approach to begin the pioneering effort at data rescue. This work involved collaboration with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority (MWRA), Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). More than 100,000 sediment chemistry analyses from over 1,500 samples were gleaned from 500 references, compiled, and scientifically edited by the USGS and other workers for use in studies of the distribution and fate of contaminants.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70182040","usgsCitation":"Manheim, F., 2004, The legacy of contaminated sediments in Boston Harbor, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/70182040.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335554,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":399708,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_62346.htm"},{"id":335549,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/boston-harbor/","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Boston Harbor","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.2518310546875,\n 42.15525946577863\n ],\n [\n -70.67092895507812,\n 42.15525946577863\n ],\n [\n -70.67092895507812,\n 42.51158941527828\n ],\n [\n -71.2518310546875,\n 42.51158941527828\n ],\n [\n -71.2518310546875,\n 42.15525946577863\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publicComments":"Published between 1999 and 2004","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a57710e4b057081a24eedd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manheim, Frank T. 0000-0003-4005-4524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4005-4524","contributorId":45294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manheim","given":"Frank T.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":669358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":79017,"text":"wdrWA031 - 2004 - Water Resources Data-Washington Water Year 2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:14","indexId":"wdrWA031","displayToPublicDate":"2004-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"WA-03-1","title":"Water Resources Data-Washington Water Year 2003","docAbstract":"This report includes records on both surface and ground water in the State. The report contains discharge records for 248 stream-gaging stations, stage-only records for 11 stream-gaging stations, discharge measurements for 113 miscellaneous measurement sites, and annual maximum discharge for 4 crest-stage partial-record stations; stage and (or) contents records for 36 lakes and reservoirs; water-quality records for 40 surface-water sites; water-level records for 64 observation wells; and water-quality records for 15 observation wells.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrWA031","usgsCitation":"Kimbrough, R.A., Smith, R.R., Ruppert, G., and Wiggins, W., 2004, Water Resources Data-Washington Water Year 2003: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report WA-03-1, 626 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrWA031.","productDescription":"626 p.","numberOfPages":"626","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":190913,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8523,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/WDR-WA-03-1/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697c05","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kimbrough, R. A.","contributorId":21150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kimbrough","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, R. R.","contributorId":31699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ruppert, G.P.","contributorId":67111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruppert","given":"G.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wiggins, W.D.","contributorId":41882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiggins","given":"W.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70194893,"text":"70194893 - 2004 - Strength and acoustic properties of Ottawa sand containing laboratory-formed methane gas hydrate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-26T13:35:07","indexId":"70194893","displayToPublicDate":"2004-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Strength and acoustic properties of Ottawa sand containing laboratory-formed methane gas hydrate","docAbstract":"Although gas hydrate occurs in a wide variety of sediment types and is present and even pervasive at some locations on continental margins, little is known about how it forms naturally. Physical properties of the resultant gas hydrate-sediment mixtures, data needed for input into models that predict location and quantity of in situ hydrate are also lacking. Not only do properties of the host materials influence the type and quantity of hydrate formed and whether a particular deposit may be an economic resource or a geohazard, the properties of the natural sediment are also subsequently changed by the formation of gas hydrate in the pore space. The magnitude of the change is primarily related to the amount and the weighted inter-particle distribution of the hydrate deposits in relation to the actual sediment grains. Our goal is to understand the interaction between natural sediments and gas hydrate formation in order to quantify physical properties that are useful to predictive models.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Advances in the study of gas hydrates","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/b105997","usgsCitation":"Winters, W.J., Waite, W., and Mason, D.H., 2004, Strength and acoustic properties of Ottawa sand containing laboratory-formed methane gas hydrate, chap. of Advances in the study of gas hydrates, p. 213-226, https://doi.org/10.1007/b105997.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"213","endPage":"226","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478004,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/b105997","text":"External Repository"},{"id":350697,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a6c4c9de4b06e28e9cabb2e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winters, William J. bwinters@usgs.gov","contributorId":522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winters","given":"William","email":"bwinters@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":725958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Waite, William F. 0000-0002-9436-4109 wwaite@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9436-4109","contributorId":625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waite","given":"William F.","email":"wwaite@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":725959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mason, David H. dmason@usgs.gov","contributorId":624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mason","given":"David","email":"dmason@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":725960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70189373,"text":"70189373 - 2004 - Acidity and Alkalinity in mine drainage: Practical considerations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-11T16:51:32","indexId":"70189373","displayToPublicDate":"2004-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Acidity and Alkalinity in mine drainage: Practical considerations","docAbstract":"In this paper, we emphasize that the Standard Method hot peroxide treatment procedure for acidity determination (hot acidity) directly measures net acidity or net alkalinity, but that more than one water-quality measure can be useful as a measure of the severity of acid mine drainage. We demonstrate that the hot acidity is related to the pH, alkalinity, and dissolved concentrations of Fe, Mn, and Al in fresh mine drainage. We show that the hot acidity accurately indicates the potential for pH to decrease to acidic values after complete oxidation of Fe and Mn, and it indicates the excess alkalinity or that required for neutralization of the sample. We show that the hot acidity method gives consistent, interpretable results on fresh or aged samples.
Regional data for mine-drainage quality in Pennsylvania indicated the pH of fresh samples was predominantly acidic (pH 2.5 to 4) or near neutral (pH 6 to 7); approximately 25 percent of the samples had intermediate pH values. This bimodal frequency distribution of pH was distinctive for fully oxidized samples; oxidized samples had acidic or near-neutral pH, only. Samples that had nearneutral pH after oxidation had negative hot acidity; samples that had acidic pH after oxidation had positive hot acidity. Samples with comparable pH values had variable hot acidities owing to variations in their alkalinities and dissolved Fe, Mn, and Al concentrations. The hot acidity was comparable to net acidity computed on the basis of initial pH and concentrations of Fe, Mn, and Al minus the initial alkalinity. Acidity computed from the pH and dissolved metals concentrations, assuming equivalents of 2 per mole of Fe and Mn and 3 per mole of Al, was comparable to that computed on the basis of aqueous species and FeII/FeIII. Despite changes in the pH, alkalinity, and metals concentrations, the hot acidities were comparable for fresh and aged samples. Thus, meaningful “net” acidity can be determined from a measured hot acidity or by calculation from the pH, alkalinity, and dissolved metals concentrations. Together, these water-quality data can be useful for evaluating the potential for toxicity, corrosion, or encrustation and can be helpful for determining the appropriate remediation. By demonstrating the measurements on fresh and aged samples, we hope to encourage (1) consistent use of the hot peroxide treatment procedure for acidity determination and (2) consistent reporting of negative acidity values.
","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings America Society of Mining and Reclamation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"2004 National Meeting of the American Society of Mining and Reclamation and the 25th West Virginia Surface Mine Drainage Task Force","conferenceDate":"April 18-24, 2004","conferenceLocation":"Morgantown, WV","language":"English","doi":"10.21000/JASMR04010334","usgsCitation":"Cravotta, I., and Kirby, C.S., 2004, Acidity and Alkalinity in mine drainage: Practical considerations, in Proceedings America Society of Mining and Reclamation, Morgantown, WV, April 18-24, 2004, p. 334-365, https://doi.org/10.21000/JASMR04010334.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"334","endPage":"365","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":343619,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-06-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5965cf4ce4b0d1f9f05b5e9a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cravotta, III cravotta@usgs.gov","contributorId":149319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cravotta","given":"III","email":"cravotta@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":704413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kirby, Carl S.","contributorId":23618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirby","given":"Carl","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":704414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70191437,"text":"70191437 - 2004 - Analysis of summer 2002 melt extent on the Greenland ice sheet using MODIS and SSM/I data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-11T15:24:48","indexId":"70191437","displayToPublicDate":"2004-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Analysis of summer 2002 melt extent on the Greenland ice sheet using MODIS and SSM/I data","docAbstract":"Previous work has shown that the summer of 2002 had the greatest area of snow melt extent on the Greenland ice sheet ever recorded using passive-microwave data. In this paper, we compare the 0deg isotherm derived from the Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument, with Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I)-derived melt, at the time of the maximum melt extent in 2002. To validate the MODIS-derived land-surface temperatures (LSTs), we compared the MODIS LSTs with air temperatures from nine stations (using 11 different data points) and found that they agreed to within 2.3 plusmn 2.09 degC, with station temperatures consistently lower than the MODIS LSTs. According to the MODIS LST, the maximum surface melt extended to ~2300 m in southern Greenland; while the SSM/I measurements showed that the maximum melt extended to nearly 2700 m in southeastern Greenland. The MODIS and SSM/I data are complementary in providing detailed information about the progression of surface and near-surface melt on the Greenland ice sheet.
","largerWorkTitle":"IGARSS '04 Proceedings","conferenceTitle":"Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","conferenceDate":"September 20-24, 2004","conferenceLocation":"Anchorage, AK","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.2004.1370335","usgsCitation":"Hall, D.K., Williams, R., Steffen, K., and Chien, J.Y., 2004, Analysis of summer 2002 melt extent on the Greenland ice sheet using MODIS and SSM/I data, in IGARSS '04 Proceedings, Anchorage, AK, September 20-24, 2004, https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.2004.1370335.","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478005,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20040171217","text":"External Repository"},{"id":346521,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59df16bfe4b05fe04ccd560e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hall, D. K.","contributorId":7643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":712250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, R.S.","contributorId":19189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"R.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":712251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Steffen, K.","contributorId":90914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steffen","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":712252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chien, Janet Y.L.","contributorId":38723,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chien","given":"Janet","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":712253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70486,"text":"ofr20041394 - 2004 - User's Guide for the MapImage Reprojection Software Package, Version 1.01","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:35","indexId":"ofr20041394","displayToPublicDate":"2004-12-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1394","title":"User's Guide for the MapImage Reprojection Software Package, Version 1.01","docAbstract":"Scientists routinely accomplish small-scale geospatial modeling in the raster domain, using high-resolution datasets (such as 30-m data) for large parts of continents and low-resolution to high-resolution datasets for the entire globe. Recently, Usery and others (2003a) expanded on the previously limited empirical work with real geographic data by compiling and tabulating the accuracy of categorical areas in projected raster datasets of global extent. Geographers and applications programmers at the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) Mid-Continent Mapping Center (MCMC) undertook an effort to expand and evolve an internal USGS software package, MapImage, or mapimg, for raster map projection transformation (Usery and others, 2003a).\r\n\r\nDaniel R. Steinwand of Science Applications International Corporation, Earth Resources Observation Systems Data Center in Sioux Falls, S. Dak., originally developed mapimg for the USGS, basing it on the USGS's General Cartographic Transformation Package (GCTP). It operated as a command line program on the Unix operating system. Through efforts at MCMC, and in coordination with Mr. Steinwand, this program has been transformed from an application based on a command line into a software package based on a graphic user interface for Windows, Linux, and Unix machines.\r\n\r\nUsery and others (2003b) pointed out that many commercial software packages do not use exact projection equations and that even when exact projection equations are used, the software often results in error and sometimes does not complete the transformation for specific projections, at specific resampling resolutions, and for specific singularities. Direct implementation of point-to-point transformation with appropriate functions yields the variety of projections available in these software packages, but implementation with data other than points requires specific adaptation of the equations or prior preparation of the data to allow the transformation to succeed.\r\n\r\nAdditional constraints apply to global raster data. It appears that some packages use the USGS's GCTP or similar point transformations without adaptation to the specific characteristics of raster data (Usery and others, 2003b). It is most common for programs to compute transformations of raster data in an inverse fashion. Such mapping can result in an erroneous position and replicate data or create pixels not in the original space. As Usery and others (2003a) indicated, mapimg performs a corresponding forward transformation to ensure the same location results from both methods. The primary benefit of this function is to mask cells outside the domain.\r\n\r\nMapImage 1.01 is now on the Web. You can download the User's Guide, source, and\r\nbinaries from the following site:\r\nhttp://mcmcweb.er.usgs.gov/carto_research/projection/acc_proj_data.html","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041394","usgsCitation":"Finn, M.P., and Trent, J.R., 2004, User's Guide for the MapImage Reprojection Software Package, Version 1.01: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1394, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041394.","productDescription":"13 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":188445,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1394/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":90524,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1394/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db604089","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finn, Michael P. 0000-0003-0415-2194 mfinn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0415-2194","contributorId":2657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"Michael","email":"mfinn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":5074,"text":"Center for Geospatial Information Science (CEGIS)","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5047,"text":"NGTOC Denver","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":282517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trent, Jason R.","contributorId":81187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trent","given":"Jason","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70206232,"text":"70206232 - 2004 - Inversion of data from electrical resistivity imaging surveys in water-covered areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-25T11:07:02","indexId":"70206232","displayToPublicDate":"2004-12-06T10:56:02","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1612,"text":"Exploration Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Inversion of data from electrical resistivity imaging surveys in water-covered areas","docAbstract":"Electrical resistivity imaging surveys widely used in many environmental and engineering studies have also been conducted in water-covered areas. Surveys in water-covered areas include conventional surveys using multi-electrode resistivity systems where part of the survey line crosses a river or stream, and surveys conducted entirely within a water-covered environment. Surveys that are located entirely within a water-covered environment utilise electrodes mounted on a streamer, towed behind a boat. The streamer can be dragged along the water bottom, or float on the water surface. In this paper, the smoothness-constrained least-squares inversion method commonly used to interpret electrical resistivity imaging data from land surveys is adapted for underwater surveys. To accommodate the water bottom topography, a distorted finite-element grid is used to calculate the apparent resistivity values for the inversion model. The first few rows of elements are used to model the water layer, while the lower part of the grid is used for the sub-bottom resistivity distribution. For robust inversion, the water column resistivity and geometry must be known accurately as a large proportion of the current flows through the water layer. The section of the Earth below the bottom surface is subdivided into a large number of rectangular cells. The water column resistivity and geometry in the earth model is fixed, and the inversion program attempts to determine the resistivity of the cells that would most accurately reproduce the observed resistivity measurements. Implementation of water column resistivity and geometric constraints is demonstrated using numerical simulations and field data. Examples of electrical resistivity imaging surveys conducted on and across water bodies including rivers and near-shore marine environments are shown.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1071/EG04266","usgsCitation":"Loke, M.H., and Lane, J., 2004, Inversion of data from electrical resistivity imaging surveys in water-covered areas: Exploration Geophysics, v. 35, no. 4, p. 266-271, https://doi.org/10.1071/EG04266.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"266","endPage":"271","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":368608,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2018-12-06","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Loke, M. H.","contributorId":220040,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Loke","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":773890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lane, John W. Jr. 0000-0002-3558-243X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3558-243X","contributorId":210076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"John W.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":773891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":74353,"text":"ofr20041450 - 2004 - Gulf of Mexico Integrated Science - Tampa Bay Study - Data Information Management System (DIMS)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:58","indexId":"ofr20041450","displayToPublicDate":"2004-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1450","title":"Gulf of Mexico Integrated Science - Tampa Bay Study - Data Information Management System (DIMS)","docAbstract":"The Tampa Bay Integrated Science Study is an effort by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) that combines the expertise of federal, state and local partners to address some of the most pressing ecological problems of the Tampa Bay estuary. This project serves as a template for the application of integrated research projects in other estuaries in the Gulf of Mexico. Efficient information and data distribution for the Tampa Bay Study has required the development of a Data Information Management System (DIMS). This information system is being used as an outreach management tool, providing information to scientists, decision makers and the public on the coastal resources of the Gulf of Mexico.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041450","usgsCitation":"Johnston, J., 2004, Gulf of Mexico Integrated Science - Tampa Bay Study - Data Information Management System (DIMS): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1450, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041450.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193293,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":13260,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://dl.cr.usgs.gov/net_prod_download/public/gom_net_pub_products/DOC/OFR_2004-1450_Dims.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a212","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnston, James","contributorId":80748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"James","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":69802,"text":"mf2427 - 2004 - Geologic map of the Lower Grand Wash cliffs and vicinity, Mohave County, Northwestern Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:22","indexId":"mf2427","displayToPublicDate":"2004-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2427","title":"Geologic map of the Lower Grand Wash cliffs and vicinity, Mohave County, Northwestern Arizona","docAbstract":"This digital map database is compiled from unpublished data and new mapping by the authors and represents the general distribution of surficial and bedrock geology in the mapped area. Together with the accompanying pamphlet, it provides current information on the geologic structure and stratigraphy of the area. The database dilineates map units that are identified by age and lithology following the stratigraphic nomenclature of the U.S. Geological Survey. The scale of the source maps limits the spatial resolution of the database to 1:31,680 or smaller.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/mf2427","usgsCitation":"Billingsley, G.H., Beard, L.S., Priest, S.S., Wellmeyer, J.L., and Block, D., 2004, Geologic map of the Lower Grand Wash cliffs and vicinity, Mohave County, Northwestern Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2427, 24 p. pamphlet and 1 sheet, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2427.","productDescription":"24 p. pamphlet and 1 sheet","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110523,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_69066.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"69066"},{"id":6160,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2004/2427/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":188992,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db696cd0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Billingsley, George H.","contributorId":20711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Billingsley","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beard, L. Sue","contributorId":87607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beard","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"Sue","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Priest, Susan S. spriest@usgs.gov","contributorId":30204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Priest","given":"Susan","email":"spriest@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wellmeyer, Jessica L.","contributorId":8177,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wellmeyer","given":"Jessica","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Block, Debra L.","contributorId":66351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Block","given":"Debra L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}