{"pageNumber":"988","pageRowStart":"24675","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40811,"records":[{"id":70028408,"text":"70028408 - 2006 - Quantifying surface water–groundwater interactions using time series analysis of streambed thermal records: Method development","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-03T13:42:22","indexId":"70028408","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantifying surface water–groundwater interactions using time series analysis of streambed thermal records: Method development","docAbstract":"<p><span>We present a method for determining streambed seepage rates using time series thermal data. The new method is based on quantifying changes in phase and amplitude of temperature variations between pairs of subsurface sensors. For a reasonable range of streambed thermal properties and sensor spacings the time series method should allow reliable estimation of seepage rates for a range of at least ±10 m d</span><sup>−1</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>(±1.2 × 10</span><sup>−2</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>m s</span><sup>−1</sup><span>), with amplitude variations being most sensitive at low flow rates and phase variations retaining sensitivity out to much higher rates. Compared to forward modeling, the new method requires less observational data and less setup and data handling and is faster, particularly when interpreting many long data sets. The time series method is insensitive to streambed scour and sedimentation, which allows for application under a wide range of flow conditions and allows time series estimation of variable streambed hydraulic conductivity. This new approach should facilitate wider use of thermal methods and improve understanding of the complex spatial and temporal dynamics of surface water–groundwater interactions.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2005WR004787","usgsCitation":"Hatch, C.E., Fisher, A.T., Revenaugh, J.S., Constantz, J., and Ruehl, C., 2006, Quantifying surface water–groundwater interactions using time series analysis of streambed thermal records: Method development: Water Resources Research, v. 42, no. 10, Article W10410; 14 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2005WR004787.","productDescription":"Article W10410; 14 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477544,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2005wr004787","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":237245,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-10-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a91e1e4b0c8380cd80508","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hatch, Christine E","contributorId":191364,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hatch","given":"Christine","email":"","middleInitial":"E","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fisher, Andrew T.","contributorId":178403,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fisher","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Revenaugh, Justin S.","contributorId":22566,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Revenaugh","given":"Justin","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Constantz, Jim","contributorId":66338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Constantz","given":"Jim","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ruehl, Chris","contributorId":181877,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ruehl","given":"Chris","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70028409,"text":"70028409 - 2006 - Using self-organizing maps to determine observation threshold limit predictions in highly variant data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:54","indexId":"70028409","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Using self-organizing maps to determine observation threshold limit predictions in highly variant data","docAbstract":"A significant data quality challenge for highly variant systems surrounds the limited ability to quantify operationally reasonable limits on the data elements being collected and provide reasonable threshold predictions. In many instances, the number of influences that drive a resulting value or operational range is too large to enable physical sampling for each influencer, or is too complicated to accurately model in an explicit simulation. An alternative method to determine reasonable observation thresholds is to employ an automation algorithm that would emulate a human analyst visually inspecting data for limits. Using the visualization technique of self-organizing maps (SOM) on data having poorly understood relationships, a methodology for determining threshold limits was developed. To illustrate this approach, analysis of environmental influences that drive the abundance of a target indicator species (the pink shrimp, Farfantepenaeus duorarum) provided a real example of applicability. The relationship between salinity and temperature and abundance of F. duorarum is well documented, but the effect of changes in water quality upstream on pink shrimp abundance is not well understood. The highly variant nature surrounding catch of a specific number of organisms in the wild, and the data available from up-stream hydrology measures for salinity and temperature, made this an ideal candidate for the approach to provide a determination about the influence of changes in hydrology on populations of organisms.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering","conferenceTitle":"Signal Processing, Sensor Fusion, and Target Recognition XV","conferenceDate":"17 April 2006 through 19 April 2006","conferenceLocation":"Kissimmee, FL","language":"English","doi":"10.1117/12.667802","issn":"0277786X","isbn":"0819462918; 9780819462916","usgsCitation":"Paganoni, C., Chang, K., and Robblee, M., 2006, Using self-organizing maps to determine observation threshold limit predictions in highly variant data, <i>in</i> Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, v. 6235, Kissimmee, FL, 17 April 2006 through 19 April 2006, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.667802.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210351,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.667802"},{"id":237246,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6235","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc09be4b08c986b32a208","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paganoni, C.A.","contributorId":10984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paganoni","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chang, K.C.","contributorId":44732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chang","given":"K.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Robblee, M. B.","contributorId":23879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robblee","given":"M. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70028189,"text":"70028189 - 2006 - Precessional forcing of lacustrine sedimentation in the late Cenozoic Chemeron Basin, Central Kenya Rift, and calibration of the Gauss/Matuyama boundary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:43","indexId":"70028189","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Precessional forcing of lacustrine sedimentation in the late Cenozoic Chemeron Basin, Central Kenya Rift, and calibration of the Gauss/Matuyama boundary","docAbstract":"The fluviolacustrine sedimentary sequence of the Chemeron Formation exposed in the Barsemoi River drainage, Tugen Hills, Kenya, contains a package of five successive diatomite/fluvial cycles that record the periodic development of freshwater lakes within the axial portion of the Central Kenya Rift. The overwhelming abundance in the diatomite of planktonic species of the genera Aulacoseira and Stephanodiscus, and the virtual absence of benthic littoral diatoms and detrital material indicate areally extensive, deep lake systems. A paleomagnetic reversal stratigraphy has been determined and chronostratigraphic tie points established by 40Ar/39Ar dating of intercalated tuffs. The sequence spans the interval 3.1-2.35??Ma and bears a detailed record of the Gauss/Matuyama paleomagnetic transition. The 40Ar/39Ar age for this boundary of 2.589 ?? 0.003??Ma can be adjusted to concordance with the Astronomical Polarity Time Scale (APTS) on the basis of an independent calibration to 2.610??Ma, 29??kyr older than the previous APTS age. The diatomites recur at an orbital precessional interval of 23??kyr and are centered on a 400-kyr eccentricity maximum. It is concluded that these diatomite/fluvial cycles reflect a narrow interval of orbitally forced wet/dry climatic conditions that may be expressed regionally across East Africa. The timing of the lacustrine pulses relative to predicted insolation models favors origination of moisture from the northern Africa monsoon, rather than local circulation driven by direct equatorial insolation. This moisture event at 2.7-2.55??Ma, and later East African episodes at 1.9-1.7 and 1.1-0.9??Ma, are approximately coincident with major global climatic and oceanographic events. ?? 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2006.04.009","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Deino, A., Kingston, J., Glen, J.M., Edgar, R., and Hill, A., 2006, Precessional forcing of lacustrine sedimentation in the late Cenozoic Chemeron Basin, Central Kenya Rift, and calibration of the Gauss/Matuyama boundary: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 247, no. 1-2, p. 41-60, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2006.04.009.","startPage":"41","endPage":"60","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":237022,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210180,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2006.04.009"}],"volume":"247","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a810ae4b0c8380cd7b330","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Deino, A.L.","contributorId":61153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deino","given":"A.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kingston, J.D.","contributorId":100599,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kingston","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Glen, J. M.","contributorId":37338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glen","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Edgar, R.K.","contributorId":92037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edgar","given":"R.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hill, A.","contributorId":72189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70028414,"text":"70028414 - 2006 - Genetic structure of natural and restored shoalgrass Halodule wrightii populations in the NW Gulf of Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-18T09:23:19","indexId":"70028414","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Genetic structure of natural and restored shoalgrass <i>Halodule wrightii</i> populations in the NW Gulf of Mexico","title":"Genetic structure of natural and restored shoalgrass Halodule wrightii populations in the NW Gulf of Mexico","docAbstract":"<p>The decline of seagrass communities worldwide has sparked an urgent need for effective restoration strategies, which require a working knowledge of population genetic structure. Halodule wrighti is a common seagrass of the Caribbean region that is being restored to areas of the Gulf of Mexico, yet little is known of its population genetics. This study provides an assessment of individual, clonal and population effects on the genetic structure of 4 natural H. wrightii populations occupying 170 km of coastline in and around Galveston Bay, Texas, for comparison with 7 restored populations ranging in age from 2 to 7 yr. By using molecular markers, in the form of amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), we found considerable variation in clonal richness at the population scale (from 0.54 to 0.82), with the restored populations occupying an intermediate to high position within this range. Replicate sampling within individual seagrass beds of 3 to 5m diameter generally revealed higher levels of clonal richness, elevated by 4 to 22% over that at the population scale, suggesting that seed recruitment is more important at the local scale than at distances of &gt;10 m. Genetic diversity was 2 to 3 times less than that expected for a widespread, outcrossing species like H. wrightii, although a 170% increase in the frequency of variable markers relative to the mean for all other populations was noted for a volunteer population that had recruited from a mixture of donor materials planted at a nearby restoration site. Within the spatial extent of this study, natural populations adhered to a model of isolation-by-distance, whereas donor materials from these same natural populations were undergoing a rapid genetic convergence within a restored site where they had been planted together.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","issn":"01718630","usgsCitation":"Travis, S., and Sheridan, P., 2006, Genetic structure of natural and restored shoalgrass Halodule wrightii populations in the NW Gulf of Mexico: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 322, p. 117-127.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"117","endPage":"127","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":237315,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":364748,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/24870863"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -94.94384765625,\n              30.15462722077597\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.7288818359375,\n              27.843933386070514\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.27294921875,\n              27.401032392938866\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.3505859375,\n              29.38217507514529\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.94384765625,\n              30.15462722077597\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"322","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1587e4b0c8380cd54e67","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Travis, S.E. 0000-0001-9338-8953","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9338-8953","contributorId":28718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Travis","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sheridan, P.","contributorId":24983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sheridan","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70028484,"text":"70028484 - 2006 - Thermal maturity patterns in the Ordovician and Devonian of Pennsylvania using conodont color alteration index (CAI) and vitrinite reflectance (%Ro)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:54","indexId":"70028484","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2897,"text":"Northeastern Geology and Environmental Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermal maturity patterns in the Ordovician and Devonian of Pennsylvania using conodont color alteration index (CAI) and vitrinite reflectance (%Ro)","docAbstract":"This new series of maps enhances previous thermal maturity maps in Pennsylvania by establishing: 1) new subsurface CAI data points for the Ordovician and Devonian and 2) new %Ro and Rock Eval subsurface data points for Middle and Upper Devonian black shale units. Thermal maturity values for the Ordovician and Devonian strata are of major interest because they contain the source rocks for most of the oil and natural gas resources in the basin. Thermal maturity patterns of the Middle Ordovician Trenton Group are evaluated here because they closely approximate those of the overlying Ordovician Utica Shale that is believed to be the source rock for the regional oil and gas accumulation in Lower Silurian sandstones and for natural gas fields in fractured dolomite reservoirs of the Ordovician Black River-Trenton Limestones. Improved CAI-based thermal maturity maps of the Ordovician are important to identify areas of optimum gas generation from the Utica Shale and to provide constraints for interpreting the origin of oil and gas in the Lower Silurian regional accumulation and Ordovician Black River-Trenton fields. Thermal maturity maps of the Devonian will better constrain burial history-petroleum generation models of the Utica Shale, as well as place limitations on the origin of regional oil and gas accumulations in Upper Devonian sandstone and Middle to Upper Devonian black shale.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Northeastern Geology and Environmental Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01941453","usgsCitation":"Repetski, J., Ryder, R.T., Harper, J., and Trippi, M., 2006, Thermal maturity patterns in the Ordovician and Devonian of Pennsylvania using conodont color alteration index (CAI) and vitrinite reflectance (%Ro): Northeastern Geology and Environmental Sciences, v. 28, no. 3, p. 266-294.","startPage":"266","endPage":"294","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":237285,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb249e4b08c986b3256cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Repetski, J.E.","contributorId":38579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Repetski","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ryder, R. T.","contributorId":96673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryder","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harper, J.A.","contributorId":41982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harper","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Trippi, M.H. 0000-0002-1398-3427","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1398-3427","contributorId":22445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trippi","given":"M.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70028101,"text":"70028101 - 2006 - Instantaneous unit hydrograph evaluation for rainfall-runoff modeling of small watersheds in North and South Central Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:51","indexId":"70028101","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2362,"text":"Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Instantaneous unit hydrograph evaluation for rainfall-runoff modeling of small watersheds in North and South Central Texas","docAbstract":"Data from over 1,600 storms at 91 stations in Texas are analyzed to evaluate an instantaneous unit hydrograph (IUH) model for rainfall-runoff models. The model is fit to observed data using two different merit functions: a sum of squared errors function, and an absolute error at the peak discharge time (QpMAX) function. The model is compared to two other models using several criteria. Analysis suggests that the Natural Resources Conservation Service Dimensionless Unit Hydrograph, Commons' Texas hydrograph, and the Rayleigh IUH perform similarly. As the NRCS and Commons' models are tabulations, the Rayleigh model is an adequate substitute when a continuous model is necessary. The adjustable shape parameter in the Rayleigh model does not make any dramatic improvement in overall performance for these data, thus fixed shape hydrographs are adequate for these watersheds. ?? 2006 ASCE.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(2006)132:5(479)","issn":"07339437","usgsCitation":"Cleveland, T., He, X., Asquith, W., Fang, X., and Thompson, D., 2006, Instantaneous unit hydrograph evaluation for rainfall-runoff modeling of small watersheds in North and South Central Texas: Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, v. 132, no. 5, p. 479-485, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(2006)132:5(479).","startPage":"479","endPage":"485","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210307,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(2006)132:5(479)"},{"id":237191,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"132","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3c29e4b0c8380cd62b12","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cleveland, T.G.","contributorId":40094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cleveland","given":"T.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"He, X.","contributorId":85540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"He","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Asquith, W.H.","contributorId":87980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asquith","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fang, X.","contributorId":32288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fang","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Thompson, D.B.","contributorId":74418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70028728,"text":"70028728 - 2006 - Titan: Preliminary results on surface properties and photometry from VIMS observations of the early flybys","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:57","indexId":"70028728","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3083,"text":"Planetary and Space Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Titan: Preliminary results on surface properties and photometry from VIMS observations of the early flybys","docAbstract":"Cassini observations of the surface of Titan offer unprecedented views of its surface through atmospheric windows in the 1-5 ??m region. Images obtained in windows for which the haze opacity is low can be used to derive quantitative photometric parameters such as albedo and albedo distribution, and physical properties such as roughness and particle characteristics. Images from the early Titan flybys, particularly T0, Ta, and T5 have been analyzed to create albedo maps in the 2.01 and 2.73 ??m windows. We find the average normal reflectance at these two wavelengths to be 0.15??0.02 and 0.035??0.003, respectively. Titan's surface is bifurcated into two albedo regimes, particularly at 2.01 ??m. Analysis of these two regimes to understand the physical character of the surface was accomplished with a macroscopic roughness model. We find that the two types of surface have substantially different roughness, with the low-albedo surface exhibiting mean slope angles of ???18??, and the high-albedo terrain having a much more substantial roughness with a mean slope angle of ???34??. A single-scattering phase function approximated by a one-term Henyey-Greenstein equation was also fit to each unit. Titan's surface is back-scattering (g???0.3-0.4), and does not exhibit substantially different backscattering behavior between the two terrains. Our results suggest that two distinct geophysical domains exist on Titan: a bright region cut by deep drainage channels and a relatively smooth surface. The two terrains are covered by a film or a coating of particles perhaps precipitated from the satellite's haze layer and transported by eolian processes. Our results are preliminary: more accurate values for the surface albedo and physical parameters will be derived as more data is gathered by the Cassini spacecraft and as a more complete radiative transfer model is developed from both Cassini orbiter and Huygens Lander measurements. ?? 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Planetary and Space Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.pss.2006.06.015","issn":"00320633","usgsCitation":"Buratti, B.J., Sotin, C., Brown, R.H., Hicks, M., Clark, R.N., Mosher, J.A., McCord, T.B., Jaumann, R., Baines, K.H., Nicholson, P.D., Momary, T., Simonelli, D., and Sicardy, B., 2006, Titan: Preliminary results on surface properties and photometry from VIMS observations of the early flybys: Planetary and Space Science, v. 54, no. 15, p. 1498-1509, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2006.06.015.","startPage":"1498","endPage":"1509","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209607,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2006.06.015"},{"id":236261,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb41fe4b08c986b3261c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buratti, B. J.","contributorId":69280,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buratti","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sotin, Christophe","contributorId":53924,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sotin","given":"Christophe","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brown, R. H.","contributorId":19931,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brown","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hicks, M.D.","contributorId":7045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hicks","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Clark, R. N.","contributorId":6568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mosher, J. A.","contributorId":34605,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mosher","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"McCord, T. B.","contributorId":69695,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McCord","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Jaumann, R.","contributorId":81232,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jaumann","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Baines, K. H.","contributorId":37868,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baines","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Nicholson, P. D.","contributorId":54330,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nicholson","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Momary, T.","contributorId":17415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Momary","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Simonelli, D.P.","contributorId":42373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simonelli","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Sicardy, B.","contributorId":57622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sicardy","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}}
,{"id":70028734,"text":"70028734 - 2006 - Genetic effects of ELISA-based segregation for control of bacterial kidney disease in Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-12T16:43:43","indexId":"70028734","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Genetic effects of ELISA-based segregation for control of bacterial kidney disease in Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)","docAbstract":"<p>We evaluated genetic variation in ability of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) to resist two bacterial pathogens: Renibacterium salmoninarum, the agent of bacterial kidney disease (BKD), and Listonella anguillarum, an agent of vibriosis. After measuring R. salmoninarum antigen in 499 adults by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), we mated each of 12 males with high or low antigen levels to two females with low to moderate levels and exposed subsets of their progeny to each pathogen separately. We found no correlation between R. salmoninarum antigen level in parents and survival of their progeny following pathogen exposure. We estimated high heritability for resistance to R. salmoninarum (survival h2 = 0.890 ?? 0.256 (mean ?? standard error)) independent of parental antigen level, but low heritability for resistance to L. anguillarum (h2 = 0.128 ?? 0.078). The genetic correlation between these survivals (rA = -0.204 ?? 0.309) was near zero. The genetic and phenotypic correlations between survival and antigen levels among surviving progeny exposed to R. salmoninarum were both negative (rA = -0.716 ?? 0.140; rP = -0.378 ?? 0.041), indicating that variation in antigen level is linked to survival. These results suggest that selective culling of female broodstock with high antigen titers, which is effective in controlling BKD in salmon hatcheries, will not affect resistance of their progeny. ?? 2006 NRC.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/F06-163","issn":"0706652X","usgsCitation":"Hard, J., Elliott, D., Pascho, R., Chase, D., Park, L., Winton, J., and Campton, D., 2006, Genetic effects of ELISA-based segregation for control of bacterial kidney disease in Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha): Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 63, no. 12, p. 2793-2808, https://doi.org/10.1139/F06-163.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"2793","endPage":"2808","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236337,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209666,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/F06-163"}],"volume":"63","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1576e4b0c8380cd54e14","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hard, J.J.","contributorId":58449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hard","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Elliott, D.G.","contributorId":58226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"D.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pascho, R.J.","contributorId":65796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pascho","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chase, D.M.","contributorId":50317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chase","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Park, L.K.","contributorId":25739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Park","given":"L.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Winton, J. R. 0000-0002-3505-5509","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3505-5509","contributorId":82441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winton","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Campton, D.E.","contributorId":104860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campton","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70028749,"text":"70028749 - 2006 - Damped regional-scale stress inversions: Methodology and examples for southern California and the Coalinga aftershock sequence","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:00","indexId":"70028749","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Damped regional-scale stress inversions: Methodology and examples for southern California and the Coalinga aftershock sequence","docAbstract":"We present a new focal mechanism stress inversion technique to produce regional-scale models of stress orientation containing the minimum complexity necessary to fit the data. Current practice is to divide a region into small subareas and to independently fit a stress tensor to the focal mechanisms of each subarea. This procedure may lead to apparent spatial variability that is actually an artifact of overfitting noisy data or nonuniquely fitting data that does not completely constrain the stress tensor. To remove these artifacts while retaining any stress variations that are strongly required by the data, we devise a damped inversion method to simultaneously invert for stress in all subareas while minimizing the difference in stress between adjacent subareas. This method is conceptually similar to other geophysical inverse techniques that incorporate damping, such as seismic tomography. In checkerboard tests, the damped inversion removes the stress rotation artifacts exhibited by an undamped inversion, while resolving sharper true stress rotations than a simple smoothed model or a moving-window inversion. We show an example of a spatially damped stress field for southern California. The methodology can also be used to study temporal stress changes, and an example for the Coalinga, California, aftershock sequence is shown. We recommend use of the damped inversion technique for any study examining spatial or temporal variations in the stress field.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2005JB004144","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Hardebeck, J., and Michael, A., 2006, Damped regional-scale stress inversions: Methodology and examples for southern California and the Coalinga aftershock sequence: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 111, no. 11, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB004144.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236545,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209819,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JB004144"}],"volume":"111","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-11-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fd60e4b0c8380cd4e7e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hardebeck, J.L.","contributorId":98862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hardebeck","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Michael, A.J. 0000-0002-2403-5019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2403-5019","contributorId":52192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michael","given":"A.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70028838,"text":"70028838 - 2006 - Cross-calibration of MODIS with ETM+ and ALI sensors for long-term monitoring of land surface processes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-17T15:53:59.766539","indexId":"70028838","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Cross-calibration of MODIS with ETM+ and ALI sensors for long-term monitoring of land surface processes","docAbstract":"Increasingly, data from multiple sensors are used to gain a more complete understanding of land surface processes at a variety of scales. Although higher-level products (e.g., vegetation cover, albedo, surface temperature) derived from different sensors can be validated independently, the degree to which these sensors and their products can be compared to one another is vastly improved if their relative spectroradiometric responses are known. Most often, sensors are directly calibrated to diffuse solar irradiation or vicariously to ground targets. However, space-based targets are not traceable to metrological standards, and vicarious calibrations are expensive and provide a poor sampling of a sensor's full dynamic range. Crosscalibration of two sensors can augment these methods if certain conditions can be met: (1) the spectral responses are similar, (2) the observations are reasonably concurrent (similar atmospheric & solar illumination conditions), (3) errors due to misregistrations of inhomogeneous surfaces can be minimized (including scale differences), and (4) the viewing geometry is similar (or, some reasonable knowledge of surface bi-directional reflectance distribution functions is available). This study explores the impacts of cross-calibrating sensors when such conditions are met to some degree but not perfectly. In order to constrain the range of conditions at some level, the analysis is limited to sensors where cross-calibration studies have been conducted (Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) on Landsat-7 (L7), Advance Land Imager (ALI) and Hyperion on Earth Observer-1 (EO-1)) and including systems having somewhat dissimilar geometry, spatial resolution & spectral response characteristics but are still part of the so-called \"A.M. constellation\" (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) aboard the Terra platform). Measures for spectral response differences and methods for cross calibrating such sensors are provided in this study. These instruments are cross calibrated using the Railroad Valley playa in Nevada. Best fit linear coefficients (slope and offset) are provided for ALI-to-MODIS and ETM+-to-MODIS cross calibrations, and root-mean-squared errors (RMSEs) and correlation coefficients are provided to quantify the uncertainty in these relationships. In theory, the linear fits and uncertainties can be used to compare radiance and reflectance products derived from each instrument.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Earth Observing Systems XI","conferenceDate":"Aug 14-16, 2006","conferenceLocation":"San Diego, CA","language":"English","publisher":"SPIE","doi":"10.1117/12.683567","usgsCitation":"Meyer, D., and Chander, G., 2006, Cross-calibration of MODIS with ETM+ and ALI sensors for long-term monitoring of land surface processes, <i>in</i> Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, v. 6296, San Diego, CA, Aug 14-16, 2006, 62960H, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.683567.","productDescription":"62960H","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236759,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6296","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcc1e4b0c8380cd4e3fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meyer, D.","contributorId":31131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chander, G.","contributorId":51449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chander","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70028951,"text":"70028951 - 2006 - Diatom diversity in chronically versus episodically acidified adirondack streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:57","indexId":"70028951","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2088,"text":"International Review of Hydrobiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diatom diversity in chronically versus episodically acidified adirondack streams","docAbstract":"The relationship between algal species richness and diversity, and pH is controversial. Furthermore, it is still unknown how episodic stream acidification following atmospheric deposition affects species richness and diversity. Here we analyzed water chemistry and diatom epiphyton dynamics and showed their contrasting behavior in chronically vs. episodically acidic streams in the Adirondack region. Species richness and diversity were significantly higher in the chronically acidic brown water stream, where organic acidity was significantly higher and the ratio of inorganic to organic monomeric aluminum significantly lower. Conversely, in the episodically acidic clear water stream, the inorganic acidity and pH were significantly higher and the diatom communities were very species-poor. This suggests that episodic acidification in the Adirondacks may be more stressful for stream biota than chronic acidity. Strong negative linear relationships between species diversity, Eunotia exigua, and dissolved organic carbon against pH were revealed after the influence of non-linear temporal trends was partialled out using a novel way of temporal modeling. ?? 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Review of Hydrobiology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/iroh.200610913","issn":"14342944","usgsCitation":"Passy, S., Ciugulea, I., and Lawrence, G., 2006, Diatom diversity in chronically versus episodically acidified adirondack streams: International Review of Hydrobiology, v. 91, no. 6, p. 594-608, https://doi.org/10.1002/iroh.200610913.","startPage":"594","endPage":"608","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209779,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/iroh.200610913"},{"id":236489,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"91","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a00abe4b0c8380cd4f853","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Passy, S.I.","contributorId":50324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Passy","given":"S.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ciugulea, I.","contributorId":58829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ciugulea","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lawrence, G.B. 0000-0002-8035-2350","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8035-2350","contributorId":76347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawrence","given":"G.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70029004,"text":"70029004 - 2006 - CO2 and CH4 exchanges between land ecosystems and the atmosphere in northern high latitudes over the 21st century","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:41","indexId":"70029004","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"CO2 and CH4 exchanges between land ecosystems and the atmosphere in northern high latitudes over the 21st century","docAbstract":"Terrestrial ecosystems of the northern high latitudes (above 50??N) exchange large amounts of CO2 and CH4 with the atmosphere each year. Here we use a process-based model to estimate the budget of CO 2 and CH4 of the region for current climate conditions and for future scenarios by considering effects of permafrost dynamics, CO 2 fertilization of photosynthesis and fire. We find that currently the region is a net source of carbon to the atmosphere at 276 Tg C yr -1. We project that throughout the 21st century, the region will most likely continue as a net source of carbon and the source will increase by up to 473 Tg C yr-1 by the end of the century compared to the current emissions. However our coupled carbon and climate model simulations show that these emissions will exert relatively small radiative forcing on global climate system compared to large amounts of anthropogenic emissions. Copyright 2006 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2006GL026972","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Zhuang, Q., Melillo, J.M., Sarofim, M., Kicklighter, D., McGuire, A., Felzer, B., Sokolov, A., Prinn, R., Steudler, P., and Hu, S., 2006, CO2 and CH4 exchanges between land ecosystems and the atmosphere in northern high latitudes over the 21st century: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 33, no. 17, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026972.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477518,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2006gl026972","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":209984,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026972"},{"id":236765,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-09-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f2d2e4b0c8380cd4b3dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhuang, Q.","contributorId":40772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhuang","given":"Q.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Melillo, J. M.","contributorId":73139,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Melillo","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sarofim, M.C.","contributorId":27330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sarofim","given":"M.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kicklighter, D. W.","contributorId":31537,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kicklighter","given":"D. W.","affiliations":[{"id":13627,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":420907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McGuire, A. D.","contributorId":16552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"A. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Felzer, B.S.","contributorId":79675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Felzer","given":"B.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sokolov, A.","contributorId":11082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sokolov","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Prinn, R.G.","contributorId":26861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prinn","given":"R.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Steudler, P.A.","contributorId":38337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steudler","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Hu, S.","contributorId":74152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hu","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":70194192,"text":"70194192 - 2006 - Size dimorphism, molt status, and body mass variation of Prairie Falcons nesting in the Snake River Birds of Prey National Conservation Area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-17T09:58:51","indexId":"70194192","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2442,"text":"Journal of Raptor Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Size dimorphism, molt status, and body mass variation of Prairie Falcons nesting in the Snake River Birds of Prey National Conservation Area","docAbstract":"<p>Birds face challenges in how they allocate energy during the reproductive season. Most temperate zone species do not breed and molt at the same time, presumably because of the high energy demands of these two activities (Espie et al. 1996 and citations therein). However, representatives of at least four raptor genera are known to molt during the nesting season (Schmutz and Schmutz 1975, Newton and Marquiss 1982, Schmutz 1992, Espie et al. 1996). Molt strategies vary among raptor species depending on prey abundance, migration strategies, and the relative costs of reproduction. Sexually-dimorphic raptors typically have different roles in parenting, which result in different strategies for energy allocation. Male and female Eurasian Kestrels (<i>Falco tinnunculus</i>), for example, exhibit different molt patterns and mass changes during the breeding season (Village 1990). Prairie Falcons (<i>Falco mexicanus</i>) are similar to Eurasian Kestrels in that males provide most of the prey to females and young during the first part of the nesting season (Holthuijzen 1990), but no published data exist on molt patterns or mass changes in Prairie Falcons. Reliable information about raptor molt and morphometrics has important implications for modeling energetics and for understanding the role of sexes in raising young. Such knowledge also has practical application for distinguishing sexes of raptors and for determining appropriate size limits of transmitters used for telemetry studies. In this paper, we report on morphometric characteristics useful in distinguishing sexes of Prairie Falcons captured during several breeding seasons in the Snake River Birds of Prey National Conservation Area (NCA), and we assess changes in mass and molt status through the nesting season.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"The Raptor Research Foundation","doi":"10.3356/0892-1016(2006)40[71:SDMSAB]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Steenhof, K., and McKinley, J.O., 2006, Size dimorphism, molt status, and body mass variation of Prairie Falcons nesting in the Snake River Birds of Prey National Conservation Area: Journal of Raptor Research, v. 40, no. 1, p. 71-75, https://doi.org/10.3356/0892-1016(2006)40[71:SDMSAB]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"71","endPage":"75","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477354,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3356/0892-1016(2006)40[71:sdmsab]2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":349045,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Snake River Birds of Prey National Conservation Area","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116.44134521484375,\n              43.48481212891603\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.67755126953125,\n              43.323179587489086\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.6748046875,\n              43.15710884095329\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.49902343749999,\n              42.98656732912335\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.8837890625,\n              42.84375132629021\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.6475830078125,\n              42.79741601927622\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.46905517578124,\n              42.8699254870066\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.38116455078125,\n              42.94436044696629\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.40313720703125,\n              43.032760685832\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.5047607421875,\n              43.14909399920127\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.87554931640624,\n              43.281204464332745\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.04858398437499,\n              43.35713822211053\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.26007080078125,\n              43.46288733737437\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.44134521484375,\n              43.48481212891603\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"40","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a61142ee4b06e28e9c25880","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steenhof, Karen karen_steenhof@usgs.gov","contributorId":30585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steenhof","given":"Karen","email":"karen_steenhof@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":722593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKinley, James O.","contributorId":176823,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKinley","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70029436,"text":"70029436 - 2006 - Developing a bubble number-density paleoclimatic indicator for glacier ice","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-11T12:55:39.019412","indexId":"70029436","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2328,"text":"Journal of Glaciology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Developing a bubble number-density paleoclimatic indicator for glacier ice","docAbstract":"<p><span>Past accumulation rate can be estimated from the measured number-density of bubbles in an ice core and the reconstructed paleotemperature, using a new technique. Density increase and grain growth in polar firn are both controlled by temperature and accumulation rate, and the integrated effects are recorded in the number-density of bubbles as the firn changes to ice. An empirical model of these processes, optimized to fit published data on recently formed bubbles, reconstructs accumulation rates using recent temperatures with an uncertainty of 41% (P &lt; 0.05). For modern sites considered here, no statistically significant trend exists between mean annual temperature and the ratio of bubble number-density to grain number-density at the time of pore close-off; optimum modeled accumulation-rate estimates require an eventual ∼2.02 ± 0.08 (P &lt; 0.05) bubbles per close-off grain. Bubble number-density in the GRIP (Greenland) ice core is qualitatively consistent with independent estimates for a combined temperature decrease and accumulation-rate increase there during the last 5 kyr.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","issn":"00221430","usgsCitation":"Spencer, M.K., Alley, R.B., and Fitzpatrick, J.J., 2006, Developing a bubble number-density paleoclimatic indicator for glacier ice: Journal of Glaciology, v. 52, no. 178, p. 358-364.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"358","endPage":"364","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":237921,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"178","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0008e4b0c8380cd4f54f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spencer, M. K.","contributorId":79687,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Spencer","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alley, R. B.","contributorId":49533,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Alley","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fitzpatrick, J. J.","contributorId":95078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70029455,"text":"70029455 - 2006 - Form drag in rivers due to small-scale natural topographic features: 2. Irregular sequences","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:51","indexId":"70029455","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2318,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research F: Earth Surface","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Form drag in rivers due to small-scale natural topographic features: 2. Irregular sequences","docAbstract":"The size, shape, and spacing of small-scale topographic features found on the boundaries of natural streams, rivers, and floodplains can be quite variable. Consequently, a procedure for determining the form drag on irregular sequences of different-sized topographic features is essential for calculating near-boundary flows and sediment transport. A method for carrying out such calculations is developed in this paper. This method builds on the work of Kean and Smith (2006), which describes the flow field for the simpler case of a regular sequence of identical topographic features. Both approaches model topographic features as two-dimensional elements with Gaussian-shaped cross sections defined in terms of three parameters. Field measurements of bank topography are used to show that (1) the magnitude of these shape parameters can vary greatly between adjacent topographic features and (2) the variability of these shape parameters follows a lognormal distribution. Simulations using an irregular set of topographic roughness elements show that the drag on an individual element is primarily controlled by the size and shape of the feature immediately upstream and that the spatial average of the boundary shear stress over a large set of randomly ordered elements is relatively insensitive to the sequence of the elements. In addition, a method to transform the topography of irregular surfaces into an equivalently rough surface of regularly spaced, identical topographic elements also is given. The methods described in this paper can be used to improve predictions of flow resistance in rivers as well as quantify bank roughness.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research F: Earth Surface","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2006JF000490","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Kean, J., and Smith, J., 2006, Form drag in rivers due to small-scale natural topographic features: 2. Irregular sequences: Journal of Geophysical Research F: Earth Surface, v. 111, no. 4, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JF000490.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477549,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2006jf000490","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":210648,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JF000490"},{"id":237636,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"111","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-12-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1344e4b0c8380cd545ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kean, J. W. 0000-0003-3089-0369","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3089-0369","contributorId":71679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kean","given":"J. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, J.D.","contributorId":35796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1001078,"text":"1001078 - 2006 - Recruitment of Hexagenia mayfly nymphs in western Lake Erie linked to environmental variability","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-09T09:35:33","indexId":"1001078","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recruitment of Hexagenia mayfly nymphs in western Lake Erie linked to environmental variability","docAbstract":"<p>After a 40-year absence caused by pollution and eutrophication, burrowing mayflies (Hexagenia spp.) recolonized western Lake Erie in the mid 1990s as water quality improved. Mayflies are an important food resource for the economically valuable yellow perch fishery and are considered to be major indicator species of the ecological condition of the lake. Since their reappearance, however, mayfly populations have suffered occasional unexplained recruitment failures. In 2002, a failure of fall recruitment followed an unusually warm summer in which western Lake Erie became temporarily stratified, resulting in low dissolved oxygen levels near the lake floor. In the present study, we examined a possible link between Hexagenia recruitment and periods of intermittent stratification for the years 1997-2002. A simple model was developed using surface temperature, wind speed, and water column data from 2003 to predict stratification. The model was then used to detect episodes of stratification in past years for which water column data are unavailable. Low or undetectable mayfly recruitment occurred in 1997 and 2002, years in which there was frequent or extended stratification between June and September. Highest mayfly reproduction in 2000 corresponded to the fewest stratified periods. These results suggest that even relatively brief periods of stratification can result in loss of larval mayfly recruitment, probably through the effects of hypoxia. A trend toward increasing frequency of hot summers in the Great Lakes region could result in recurrent loss of mayfly larvae in western Lake Erie and other shallow areas in the Great Lakes.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[0601:ROHMNI]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Bridgeman, T., Schloesser, D.W., and Krause, A.E., 2006, Recruitment of Hexagenia mayfly nymphs in western Lake Erie linked to environmental variability: Ecological Applications, v. 16, no. 2, p. 601-611, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[0601:ROHMNI]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"601","endPage":"611","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128619,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db6966ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bridgeman, Thomas B.","contributorId":27394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bridgeman","given":"Thomas B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schloesser, Don W.","contributorId":21485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schloesser","given":"Don","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Krause, Ann E.","contributorId":9201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krause","given":"Ann","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70031001,"text":"70031001 - 2006 - Regional and local species richness in an insular environment: Serpentine plants in California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-25T06:30:18","indexId":"70031001","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1459,"text":"Ecological Monographs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regional and local species richness in an insular environment: Serpentine plants in California","docAbstract":"We asked how the richness of the specialized (endemic) flora of serpentine rock outcrops in California varies at both the regional and local scales. Our study had two goals: first, to test whether endemic richness is affected by spatial habitat structure (e.g., regional serpentine area, local serpentine outcrop area, regional and local measures of outcrop isolation), and second, to conduct this test in the context of a broader assessment of environmental influences (e.g., climate, soils, vegetation, disturbance) and historical influences (e.g., geologic age, geographic province) on local and regional species richness. We measured endemic and total richness and environmental variables in 109 serpentine sites (1000-m2 paired plots) in 78 serpentine-containing regions of the state. We used structural equation modeling (SEM) to simultaneously relate regional richness to regionalscale predictors, and local richness to both local-scale and regional-scale predictors. Our model for serpentine endemics explained 66% of the variation in local endemic richness based on local environment (vegetation, soils, rock cover) and on regional endemic richness. It explained 73% of the variation in regional endemic richness based on regional environment (climate and productivity), historical factors (geologic age and geographic province), and spatial structure (regional total area of serpentine, the only significant spatial variable in our analysis). We did not find a strong influence of spatial structure on species richness. However, we were able to distinguish local vs. regional influences on species richness to a novel extent, despite the existence of correlations between local and regional conditions. ?? 2006 by the Ecological Society of America.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1890/05-0910","issn":"00129615","usgsCitation":"Harrison, S., Safford, H., Grace, J., Viers, J., and Davies, K., 2006, Regional and local species richness in an insular environment: Serpentine plants in California: Ecological Monographs, v. 76, no. 1, p. 41-56, https://doi.org/10.1890/05-0910.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"41","endPage":"56","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":238676,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  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S.","contributorId":76129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrison","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Safford, H.D.","contributorId":22293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Safford","given":"H.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grace, J.B. 0000-0001-6374-4726","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-4726","contributorId":38938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace","given":"J.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Viers, J.H.","contributorId":46305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Viers","given":"J.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Davies, K.F.","contributorId":72586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davies","given":"K.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70030593,"text":"70030593 - 2006 - Peak discharge of a Pleistocene lava-dam outburst flood in Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:05","indexId":"70030593","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Peak discharge of a Pleistocene lava-dam outburst flood in Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA","docAbstract":"The failure of a lava dam 165,000 yr ago produced the largest known flood on the Colorado River in Grand Canyon. The Hyaloclastite Dam was up to 366 m high, and geochemical evidence linked this structure to outburst-flood deposits that occurred for 32 km downstream. Using the Hyaloclastite outburst-flood deposits as paleostage indicators, we used dam-failure and unsteady flow modeling to estimate a peak discharge and flow hydrograph. Failure of the Hyaloclastite Dam released a maximum 11 ?? 109 m3 of water in 31 h. Peak discharges, estimated from uncertainty in channel geometry, dam height, and hydraulic characteristics, ranged from 2.3 to 5.3 ?? 105 m3 s-1 for the Hyaloclastite outburst flood. This discharge is an order of magnitude greater than the largest known discharge on the Colorado River (1.4 ?? 104 m3 s-1) and the largest peak discharge resulting from failure of a constructed dam in the USA (6.5 ?? 104 m3 s-1). Moreover, the Hyaloclastite outburst flood is the oldest documented Quaternary flood and one of the largest to have occurred in the continental USA. The peak discharge for this flood ranks in the top 30 floods (>105 m3 s-1) known worldwide and in the top ten largest floods in North America. ?? 2005 University of Washington. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.yqres.2005.09.006","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Fenton, C., Webb, R.H., and Cerling, T., 2006, Peak discharge of a Pleistocene lava-dam outburst flood in Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA: Quaternary Research, v. 65, no. 2, p. 324-335, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2005.09.006.","startPage":"324","endPage":"335","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211844,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2005.09.006"},{"id":239214,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"65","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7607e4b0c8380cd77ea7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fenton, C.R.","contributorId":53155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fenton","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Webb, R. H.","contributorId":13648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webb","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cerling, T.E.","contributorId":85720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cerling","given":"T.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70035415,"text":"70035415 - 2006 - Chapter 13 Petrogenesis of the Campanian Ignimbrite: Implications for crystal-melt separation and open-system processes from major and trace elements and Th isotopic data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-20T16:03:03.032036","indexId":"70035415","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1387,"text":"Developments in Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chapter 13 Petrogenesis of the Campanian Ignimbrite: Implications for crystal-melt separation and open-system processes from major and trace elements and Th isotopic data","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Campanian Ignimbrite is a large-volume trachytic to phonolitic ignimbrite that was deposited at ≈39.3 ka and represents one of a number of highly explosive volcanic events that have occurred in the region near Naples, Italy. Thermodynamic modeling using the MELTS algorithm reveals that major element variations are dominated by crystal-liquid separation at 0.15 GPa. Initial dissolved H</span><sub>2</sub><span>O content in the parental melt is ∼3 wt.% and the magmatic system fugacity of oxygen was buffered along QFM+1. Significantly, MELTS results also indicate that the liquid line of descent is marked by a large change in the proportion of melt (from 0.46 to 0.09) at ∼884°C, which leads to a discontinuity in melt composition (i.e., a compositional gap) and different thermodynamic and transport properties of melt and magma across the gap. Crystallization of alkali feldspar and plagioclase dominates the phase assemblage at this pseudo-invariant point temperature of ∼884°C. Evaluation of the variations in the trace elements Zr, Nb, Th, U, Rb, Sm, and Sr using a mass balance equation that accounts for changing bulk mineral-melt partition coefficients as crystallization occurs indicates that crystal-liquid separation and open-system processes were important. Th isotope data yield an apparent isochron that is ∼20 kyr younger than the age of the deposit, and age-corrected Th isotope data indicate that the magma body was an open system at the time of eruption. Because open-system behavior can profoundly change isotopic and elemental characteristics of a magma body, these Th results illustrate that it is critical to understand the contribution that open-system processes make to magmatic systems prior to assigning relevance to age or timescale information derived from such systems. Fluid-magma interaction has been proposed as a mechanism to change isotopic and elemental characteristics of magma bodies, but an evaluation of the mass and thermal constraints on such a process suggests large-scale interaction is unlikely. In the case of the magma body associated with the Campanian Ignimbrite, the most likely source of the open-system signatures is assimilation of partial melts of compositionally heterogeneous basement composed of cumulates and intrusive equivalents of volcanic activity that has characterized the Campanian region for over 300 kyr.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S1871-644X(06)80027-6","usgsCitation":"Bohrson, W., Spera, F., Fowler, S.J., Belkin, H., de Vivo, B., and Rolandi, G., 2006, Chapter 13 Petrogenesis of the Campanian Ignimbrite: Implications for crystal-melt separation and open-system processes from major and trace elements and Th isotopic data: Developments in Volcanology, v. 9, p. 249-288, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1871-644X(06)80027-6.","productDescription":"40 p.","startPage":"249","endPage":"288","numberOfPages":"40","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243114,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f463e4b0c8380cd4bcda","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bohrson, W.A.","contributorId":102092,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bohrson","given":"W.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spera, F. J.","contributorId":89315,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Spera","given":"F. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fowler, S. J.","contributorId":18586,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fowler","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Belkin, H. E. 0000-0001-7879-6529","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7879-6529","contributorId":38160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belkin","given":"H. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"de Vivo, B.","contributorId":50549,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"de Vivo","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rolandi, G.","contributorId":76472,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rolandi","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70030933,"text":"70030933 - 2006 - Aqueous processes at Gusev crater inferred from physical properties of rocks and soils along the Spirit traverse","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-28T10:16:17","indexId":"70030933","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aqueous processes at Gusev crater inferred from physical properties of rocks and soils along the Spirit traverse","docAbstract":"<p>Gusev crater was selected as the landing site for Spirit on the basis of morphological evidence of long-lasting water activity, including possibly fluvial and lacustrine episodes. From the Columbia Memorial Station to the Columbia Hills, Spirit's traverse provides a journey back in time, from relatively recent volcanic plains showing little evidence for aqueous processes up to the older hills, where rock and soil composition are drastically different. For the first 156 sols, the only evidence of water action was weathering rinds, vein fillings, and soil crust cementation by salts. The trenches of Sols 112-145 marked the first significant findings of increased concentrations of sulfur and magnesium varying in parallel, suggesting that they be paired as magnesium-sulfate. Spirit's arrival at West Spur coincided with a shift in rock and soil composition with observations hinting at substantial amounts of water in Gusev's past. We used the Microscopic Imager data up to Sol 431 to analyze rock and soil properties and infer plausible types and magnitude of aqueous processes through time. We show the role played early by topography and structure. The morphology, texture, and deep alteration shown by the rocks in West Spur and the Columbia Hills Formation (CHF) suggest conditions that are not met in present-day Mars and required a wetter environment, which could have included transport of sulfur, chlorine, and bromine in water, vapor in volcanic gases, hydrothermal circulation, or saturation in a briny fluid containing the same elements. Changing conditions that might have affected flow circulation are suggested by different textural and morphological characteristics between the rocks in the CHF and those of the plains, with higher porosity proxy, higher void ratio, and higher water storage potential in the CHF. Soils were used to assess aqueous processes and water pathways in the top layers of modern soils. We conclude that infiltration might have become more difficult with time.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/2005JE002490","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Cabrol, N., Farmer, J., Grin, E., Ritcher, L., Soderblom, L., Li, R., Herkenhoff, K.E., Landis, G.A., and Arvidson, R., 2006, Aqueous processes at Gusev crater inferred from physical properties of rocks and soils along the Spirit traverse: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 111, no. E2, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JE002490.","productDescription":"15 p.","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":238704,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Gusev crater; Mars","volume":"111","issue":"E2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-02-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed19e4b0c8380cd49614","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cabrol, N.A.","contributorId":65208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cabrol","given":"N.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farmer, J.D.","contributorId":79671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farmer","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grin, E.A.","contributorId":53926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grin","given":"E.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ritcher, L.","contributorId":45112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ritcher","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Soderblom, L.","contributorId":106244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderblom","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Li, R.","contributorId":68441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Li","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Herkenhoff, Kenneth E. 0000-0002-3153-6663 kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3153-6663","contributorId":2275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkenhoff","given":"Kenneth","email":"kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":429278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Landis, G. A.","contributorId":76536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landis","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Arvidson, R. E.","contributorId":46666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arvidson","given":"R. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70035311,"text":"70035311 - 2006 - A community effort to construct a gravity database for the United States and an associated Web portal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:54","indexId":"70035311","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3459,"text":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A community effort to construct a gravity database for the United States and an associated Web portal","docAbstract":"Potential field data (gravity and magnetic measurements) are both useful and costeffective tools for many geologic investigations. Significant amounts of these data are traditionally in the public domain. A new magnetic database for North America was released in 2002, and as a result, a cooperative effort between government agencies, industry, and universities to compile an upgraded digital gravity anomaly database, grid, and map for the conterminous United States was initiated and is the subject of this paper. This database is being crafted into a data system that is accessible through a Web portal. This data system features the database, software tools, and convenient access. The Web portal will enhance the quality and quantity of data contributed to the gravity database that will be a shared community resource. The system's totally digital nature ensures that it will be flexible so that it can grow and evolve as new data, processing procedures, and modeling and visualization tools become available. Another goal of this Web-based data system is facilitation of the efforts of researchers and students who wish to collect data from regions currently not represented adequately in the database. The primary goal of upgrading the United States gravity database and this data system is to provide more reliable data that support societal and scientific investigations of national importance. An additional motivation is the international intent to compile an enhanced North American gravity database, which is critical to understanding regional geologic features, the tectonic evolution of the continent, and other issues that cross national boundaries. ?? 2006 Geological Society of America. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/2006.2397(02)","issn":"00721077","usgsCitation":"Keller, G.R., Hildenbrand, T., Kucks, R., Webring, M., Briesacher, A., Rujawitz, K., Hittleman, A., Roman, D., Winester, D., Aldouri, R., Seeley, J., Rasillo, J., Torres, R., Hinze, W.J., Gates, A., Kreinovich, V., and Salayandia, L., 2006, A community effort to construct a gravity database for the United States and an associated Web portal: Special Paper of the Geological Society of America, no. 397, p. 21-34, https://doi.org/10.1130/2006.2397(02).","startPage":"21","endPage":"34","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215401,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2006.2397(02)"},{"id":243203,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"397","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e34ce4b0c8380cd45f56","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keller, Gordon R.","contributorId":90280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hildenbrand, T.G.","contributorId":83892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildenbrand","given":"T.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kucks, R.","contributorId":23246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kucks","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Webring, M.","contributorId":67662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webring","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Briesacher, A.","contributorId":69803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briesacher","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rujawitz, K.","contributorId":57288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rujawitz","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hittleman, A.M.","contributorId":67314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hittleman","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Roman, D.R.","contributorId":20179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roman","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Winester, D.","contributorId":29197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winester","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Aldouri, R.","contributorId":42802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aldouri","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Seeley, J.","contributorId":70612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seeley","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Rasillo, J.","contributorId":79722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rasillo","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Torres, R.","contributorId":25006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torres","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Hinze, W. J.","contributorId":52607,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hinze","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Gates, A.","contributorId":100203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gates","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Kreinovich, V.","contributorId":103108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kreinovich","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Salayandia, L.","contributorId":51566,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Salayandia","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17}]}}
,{"id":70030921,"text":"70030921 - 2006 - Growth history of Kilauea inferred from volatile concentrations in submarine-collected basalts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-25T11:26:25","indexId":"70030921","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Growth history of Kilauea inferred from volatile concentrations in submarine-collected basalts","docAbstract":"<div class=\"abstract svAbstract \" data-etype=\"ab\"><p id=\"\">Major-element and volatile (H<sub>2</sub>O, CO<sub>2</sub>, S) compositions of glasses from the submarine flanks of Kilauea Volcano record its growth from pre-shield into tholeiite shield-stage. Pillow lavas of mildly alkalic basalt at 2600–1900 mbsl on the upper slope of the south flank are an intermediate link between deeper alkalic volcaniclastics and the modern tholeiite shield. Lava clast glasses from the west flank of Papau Seamount are subaerial Mauna Loa-like tholeiite and mark the contact between the two volcanoes. H<sub>2</sub>O and CO<sub>2&nbsp;</sub>in sandstone and breccia glasses from the Hilina bench, and in alkalic to tholeiitic pillow glasses above and to the east, were measured by FTIR. Volatile saturation pressures equal sampling depths (10 MPa&nbsp;=&nbsp;1000 m water) for south flank and Puna Ridge pillow lavas, suggesting recovery near eruption depths and/or vapor re-equilibration during down-slope flow. South flank glasses are divisible into low-pressure (CO<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;&lt;40 ppm, H<sub>2</sub>O&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;0.5 wt.%, S&nbsp;&lt;500 ppm), moderate-pressure (CO<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;&lt;40 ppm, H<sub>2</sub>O&nbsp;&gt;0.5 wt.%, S 1000–1700 ppm), and high-pressure groups (CO<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;&gt;40 ppm, S &nbsp;∼1000 ppm), corresponding to eruption&nbsp;≥&nbsp;sea level, at moderate water depths (300–1000 m) or shallower but in disequilibrium, and in deep water (&gt;1000 m). Saturation pressures range widely in early alkalic to strongly alkalic breccia clast and sandstone glasses, establishing that early Kīlauea's vents spanned much of Mauna Loa's submarine flank, with some vents exceeding sea level. Later south flank alkalic pillow lavas expose a sizeable submarine edifice that grew concurrent with nearby subaerial alkalic eruptions. The onset of the tholeiitic shield stage is marked by extension of eruptions eastward and into deeper water (to 5500 m) during growth of the Puna Ridge. Subaerial and shallow water eruptions from earliest Kilauea show that it is underlain shallowly by Mauna Loa, implying that Mauna Loa is larger, and Kilauea smaller, than previously recognized.</p></div><h2 id=\"kwd_1\" class=\"svKeywords\">Keywords</h2>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2005.07.037","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Coombs, M.L., Sisson, T.W., and Lipman, P.W., 2006, Growth history of Kilauea inferred from volatile concentrations in submarine-collected basalts: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 151, no. 1-3, p. 19-49, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2005.07.037.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"19","endPage":"49","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":238531,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -154.3,\n              18.7\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.3,\n              20\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.5,\n              20\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.5,\n              18.7\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.3,\n              18.7\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"151","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2df2e4b0c8380cd5c183","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coombs, Michelle L. 0000-0002-6002-6806 mcoombs@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6002-6806","contributorId":2809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coombs","given":"Michelle","email":"mcoombs@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":429239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sisson, Thomas W. 0000-0003-3380-6425 tsisson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3380-6425","contributorId":2341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sisson","given":"Thomas","email":"tsisson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":429241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lipman, Peter W. 0000-0001-9175-6118 plipman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9175-6118","contributorId":3486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lipman","given":"Peter","email":"plipman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":429240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70030252,"text":"70030252 - 2006 - Monitoring bird populations in small geographic areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:02","indexId":"70030252","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2919,"text":"Occasional Paper of the Canadian Wildlife Service","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Monitoring bird populations in small geographic areas","docAbstract":"Numerous methods exist for monitoring bird populations, and there is a large literature describing them. There are few resources, however, that provide comprehensive advice on every step of organizing and carrying out a survey, from the early stages of planning to final use of the data. Even fewer resources are designed to meet the needs of a wide variety of potential users, from amateurs interested in change of bird life in a local study preserve to professionals testing hypotheses on the response of birds to habitat management, although much of the advice should be the same for every monitoring program. Whether survey objectives are very modest or rigorously scientific, samples must be sufficiently numerous and well distributed to provide meaningful results, and the survey should be well designed to ensure that the money and effort going into it are not wasted. This document is intended to be a complete resource for anyone planning to organize monitoring of noncolonial landbirds within a relatively small geographic area (e.g., from the size of a woodlot to a large park). The first of its two parts provides background explaining the importance of good study design and gives specific advice on all aspects of project planning and execution of high-quality data collection for the purpose of hypothesis testing. The second part is self-contained and nontechnical and describes complete plans for a site-specific checklist survey, suitable for addressing monitoring questions frequently asked by amateurs and for involvement of volunteers in data collection. Throughout are references to additional resources, from background literature to sources of existing survey protocols, analysis software, and tools for archiving data.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Occasional Paper of the Canadian Wildlife Service","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"05766370","usgsCitation":"Dunn, E.H., Bart, J., Collins, B., Craig, B., Dale, B., Downes, C., Francis, C., Woodley, S., and Zorn, P., 2006, Monitoring bird populations in small geographic areas: Occasional Paper of the Canadian Wildlife Service, no. SPEC. ISS., p. 1-59.","startPage":"1","endPage":"59","numberOfPages":"59","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239294,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"SPEC. ISS.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5d91e4b0c8380cd70473","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dunn, Erica H.","contributorId":35841,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dunn","given":"Erica","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bart, J.","contributorId":76272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bart","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Collins, B.T.","contributorId":97315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collins","given":"B.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Craig, B.","contributorId":15827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Craig","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dale, B.","contributorId":60570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dale","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Downes, C.M.","contributorId":46762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Downes","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Francis, C.M.","contributorId":29092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Francis","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Woodley, S.","contributorId":36361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodley","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Zorn, P.","contributorId":61645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zorn","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70030256,"text":"70030256 - 2006 - Fault parameter constraints using relocated earthquakes: A validation of first-motion focal-mechanism data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-29T15:25:25","indexId":"70030256","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fault parameter constraints using relocated earthquakes: A validation of first-motion focal-mechanism data","docAbstract":"<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">We estimate the strike and dip of three California fault segments (Calaveras, Sargent, and a portion of the San Andreas near San Jaun Bautistia) based on principle component analysis of accurately located microearthquakes. We compare these fault orientations with two different first-motion focal mechanism catalogs: the Northern California Earthquake Data Center (</span><span class=\"s2\">NCEDC</span><span class=\"s1\">) catalog, calculated using the </span><span class=\"s2\">FPFIT</span><span class=\"s1\"> algorithm (Reasenberg and Oppenheimer, 1985), and a catalog created using the </span><span class=\"s2\">HASH</span><span class=\"s1\"> algorithm that tests mechanism stability relative to seismic velocity model variations and earthquake location (Hardebeck and Shearer, 2002). We assume any disagreement (misfit &gt;30&deg; in strike, dip, or rake) indicates inaccurate focal mechanisms in the catalogs. With this assumption, we can quantify the parameters that identify the most optimally constrained focal mechanisms. For the </span><span class=\"s2\">NCEDC/FPFIT</span><span class=\"s1\"> catalogs, we find that the best quantitative discriminator of quality focal mechanisms is the station distribution ratio (</span><span class=\"s2\">STDR</span><span class=\"s1\">) parameter, an indicator of how the stations are distributed about the focal sphere. Requiring </span><span class=\"s2\">STDR</span><span class=\"s1\"> &gt; 0.65 increases the acceptable mechanisms from 34%&ndash;37% to 63%&ndash;68%. This suggests stations should be uniformly distributed surrounding, rather than aligning, known fault traces. For the </span><span class=\"s2\">HASH</span><span class=\"s1\"> catalogs, the fault plane uncertainty (</span><span class=\"s2\">FPU</span><span class=\"s1\">) parameter is the best discriminator, increasing the percent of acceptable mechanisms from 63%&ndash;78% to 81%&ndash;83% when </span><span class=\"s2\">FPU</span><span class=\"s1\"> &le; 35&deg;. The overall higher percentage of acceptable mechanisms and the usefulness of the formal uncertainty in identifying quality mechanisms validate the </span><span class=\"s2\">HASH</span><span class=\"s1\"> approach of testing for mechanism stability.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120040239","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Kilb, D., and Hardebeck, J., 2006, Fault parameter constraints using relocated earthquakes: A validation of first-motion focal-mechanism data: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 96, no. 3, p. 1140-1158, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120040239.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"1140","endPage":"1158","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239366,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"96","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0f1ae4b0c8380cd5377e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kilb, Debi","contributorId":90892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kilb","given":"Debi","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hardebeck, J.L.","contributorId":98862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hardebeck","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70030609,"text":"70030609 - 2006 - Flood lavas on Earth, Io and Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-07T08:27:24","indexId":"70030609","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2545,"text":"Journal of the Geological Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Flood lavas on Earth, Io and Mars","docAbstract":"<p><span>Flood lavas are major geological features on all the major rocky planetary bodies. They provide important insight into the dynamics and chemistry of the interior of these bodies. On the Earth, they appear to be associated with major and mass extinction events. It is therefore not surprising that there has been significant research on flood lavas in recent years. Initial models suggested eruption durations of days and volumetric fluxes of order 10</span><sup>7</sup><span>&nbsp;m</span><sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;s</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;with flows moving as turbulent floods. However, our understanding of how lava flows can be emplaced under an insulating crust was revolutionized by the observations of actively inflating pahoehoe flows in Hawaii. These new ideas led to the hypothesis that flood lavas were emplaced over many years with eruption rates of the order of 10</span><sup>4</sup><span>&nbsp;m</span><sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;s</span><sup>−1</sup><span>. The field evidence indicates that flood lava flows in the Columbia River Basalts, Deccan Traps, Etendeka lavas, and the Kerguelen Plateau were emplaced as inflated pahoehoe sheet flows. This was reinforced by the observation of active lava flows of ≥100 km length on Io being formed as tube-fed flows fed by moderate eruption rates (10</span><sup>2</sup><span>–10</span><sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;m</span><sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;s</span><sup>−1</sup><span>). More recently it has been found that some flood lavas are also emplaced in a more rapid manner. New high-resolution images from Mars revealed ‘platy–ridged’ flood lava flows, named after the large rafted plates and ridges formed by compression of the flow top. A search for appropriate terrestrial analogues found an excellent example in Iceland: the 1783–1784 Laki Flow Field. The brecciated Laki flow top consists of pieces of pahoehoe, not aa clinker, leading us to call this ‘rubbly pahoehoe’. Similar flows have been found in the Columbia River Basalts and the Kerguelen Plateau. We hypothesize that these flows form with a thick, insulating, but mobile crust, which is disrupted when surges in the erupted flux are too large to maintain the normal pahoehoe mode of emplacement. Flood lavas emplaced in this manner could have (intermittently) reached effusion rates of the order of 10</span><sup>6</sup><span>&nbsp;m</span><sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;s</span><sup>−1</sup><span>.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the Geological Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of London","doi":"10.1144/0016-764904-503","issn":"00167649","usgsCitation":"Keszthelyi, L., Self, S., and Thordarson, T., 2006, Flood lavas on Earth, Io and Mars: Journal of the Geological Society, v. 163, no. 2, p. 253-264, https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-764904-503.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"253","endPage":"264","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":212075,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1144/0016-764904-503"},{"id":239493,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"163","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a10f5e4b0c8380cd53e82","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keszthelyi, Laszlo P. 0000-0003-1879-4331 laz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1879-4331","contributorId":52802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keszthelyi","given":"Laszlo P.","email":"laz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":427832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Self, Stephen","contributorId":191218,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Self","given":"Stephen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thordarson, Thorvaldur","contributorId":197925,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thordarson","given":"Thorvaldur","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":35089,"text":"Institute of Earth Sciences, Nordvulk, University of Iceland","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":427833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
]}