A new numerical ground-water-flow model (Edwards aquifer model) that incorporates important components of the latest information and plausible conceptualization of the Edwards aquifer was developed. The model includes both the San Antonio and Barton Springs segments of the Edwards aquifer in the San Antonio region, Texas, and was calibrated for steady-state (1939–46) and transient (1947–2000) conditions, excluding Travis County. Transient simulations were conducted using monthly recharge and pumpage (withdrawal) data. The model incorporates conduits simulated as continuously connected (other than being separated in eastern Uvalde and southwestern Medina Counties), one-cell-wide (1,320 feet) zones with very large hydraulic-conductivity values (as much as 300,000 feet per day). The locations of the conduits were based on a number of factors, including major potentiometric-surface troughs in the aquifer, the presence of sinking streams, geochemical information, and geologic structures (for example, faults and grabens). The simulated directions of flow in the Edwards aquifer model are most strongly influenced by the presence of simulated conduits and barrier faults. The simulated flow in the Edwards aquifer is influenced by the locations of the simulated conduits, which tend to facilitate flow.
The simulated subregional flow directions generally are toward the nearest conduit and subsequently along the conduits from the recharge zone into the confined zone and toward the major springs. Structures simulated in the Edwards aquifer model influencing groundwater flow that tend to restrict flow are barrier faults. The influence of simulated barrier faults on flow directions is most evident in northern Medina County.
A water budget is an accounting of inflow to, outflow from, and storage change in the aquifer. For the Edwards aquifer model steady-state simulation, recharge (from seepage losses from streams and infiltration of rainfall) accounts for 93.5 percent of the sources of water to the Edwards aquifer, and inflow through the northern and northwestern model boundaries contributes 6.5 percent. The largest discharges are springflow (73.7 percent) and ground-water withdrawals by wells (25.7 percent).
The principal source of water to the Edwards aquifer for the Edwards aquifer model transient simulation was recharge, constituting about 60 percent of the sources of water (excluding change in storage) to the Edwards aquifer during 1956, a drought period, and about 97 percent of the sources (excluding change in storage) during 1975, a period of above-normal rainfall and recharge. The principal discharges from the Edwards aquifer for the transient simulation were springflow and withdrawals by wells. During 1956, representing drought conditions, the change in storage (net water released from storage) was much greater than recharge, accounting for 75.9 percent of the total flow compared to 14.5 percent for recharge. Conversely, during 1975, representing above-normal rainfall and recharge conditions, recharge constituted 79.9 percent of the total flow, compared to 7.1 percent for the change in storage (net water added to storage).
A series of sensitivity tests was made to ascertain how the model results were affected by variations greater than and less than the calibrated values of input data. Simulated hydraulic heads in the Edwards aquifer model were most sensitive to recharge, withdrawals, hydraulic conductivity of the conduit segments, and specific yield and were comparatively insensitive to spring-orifice conductance, northern boundary inflow, and specific storage. Simulated springflow in the Edwards aquifer model was most sensitive to recharge, withdrawals, hydraulic conductivity of the conduit segments, specific yield, and increases in northern boundary inflow and was comparatively insensitive to spring-orifice conductance and specific storage.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20045277","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Defense and Edwards Aquifer Authority","usgsCitation":"Lindgren, R.J., Dutton, A., Hovorka, S., Worthington, S., and Painter, S., 2004, Conceptualization and simulation of the Edwards aquifer, San Antonio region, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5277, Report: viii, 143 p.; 7 plates, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045277.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 143 p.; 7 plates","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":186019,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6977,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir20045277/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -100.5,28.5 ], [ -100.5,30.5 ], [ -97.5,30.5 ], [ -97.5,28.5 ], [ -100.5,28.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b14e4b07f02db6a47df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindgren, Richard J. lindgren@usgs.gov","contributorId":1667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindgren","given":"Richard","email":"lindgren@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":282086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dutton, A.R.","contributorId":93976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dutton","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hovorka, S.D.","contributorId":71259,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hovorka","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Worthington, S.R.H.","contributorId":55522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Worthington","given":"S.R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Painter, Scott","contributorId":93574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Painter","given":"Scott","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70267,"text":"i2600E - 2004 - Coastal-change and glaciological map of the Eights Coast area, Antarctica, 1972-2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:31","indexId":"i2600E","displayToPublicDate":"2005-03-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2600","chapter":"E","title":"Coastal-change and glaciological map of the Eights Coast area, Antarctica, 1972-2001","docAbstract":"Changes in the area and volume of polar ice sheets are intricately linked to changes in global climate, and the resulting changes in sea level may severely impact the densely populated coastal regions on Earth. Melting of the West Antarctic part alone of the Antarctic ice sheet could cause a sea-level rise of approximately 6 meters (m). The potential sea-level rise after melting of the entire Antarctic ice sheet is estimated to be 65 m (Lythe and others, 2001) to 73 m (Williams and Hall, 1993). In spite of its importance, the mass balance (the net volumetric gain or loss) of the Antarctic ice sheet is poorly known; it is not known for certain whether the ice sheet is growing or shrinking. In a review paper, Rignot and Thomas (2002) concluded that the West Antarctic part of the Antarctic ice sheet is probably becoming thinner overall; although the western part is thickening, the northern part is thinning. Joughin and Tulaczyk (2002), based on analysis of ice-flow velocities derived from synthetic aperture radar, concluded that most of the Ross ice streams (ice streams on the east side of the Ross Ice Shelf) have a positive mass balance. The mass balance of the East Antarctic is unknown, but thought to be in near equilibrium.\r\n\r\nMeasurement of changes in area and mass balance of the Antarctic ice sheet was given a very high priority in recommendations by the Polar Research Board of the National Research Council (1986), in subsequent recommendations by the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) (1989, 1993), and by the National Science Foundation's (1990) Division of Polar Programs. On the basis of these recommendations, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) decided that the archive of early 1970s Landsat 1, 2, and 3 Multispectral Scanner (MSS) images of Antarctica and the subsequent repeat coverage made possible with Landsat and other satellite images provided an excellent means of documenting changes in the coastline of Antarctica (Ferrigno and Gould, 1987). The availability of this information provided the impetus for carrying out a comprehensive analysis of the glaciological features of the coastal regions and changes in ice fronts of Antarctica (Swithinbank, 1988; Williams and Ferrigno, 1988). The project was later modified to include Landsat 4 and 5 MSS and Thematic Mapper (TM) (and in some areas Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+)), RADARSAT images, and other data where available, to compare changes over a 20- to 25- or 30-year time interval (or longer where data were available, as in the Antarctic Peninsula). The results of the analysis are being used to produce a digital database and a series of USGS Geologic Investigations Series Maps consisting of 24 maps at 1:1,000,000 scale and 1 map at 1:5,000,000 scale, in both paper and digital format (Williams and others, 1995; Williams and Ferrigno, 1998; and Ferrigno and others, 2002).","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Coastal-change and glaciological maps of Antarctica","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/i2600E","isbn":"0607975482","usgsCitation":"Swithinbank, C., Williams, R., Ferrigno, J.G., Foley, K.M., Rosanova, C.E., and Dailide, L.M., 2004, Coastal-change and glaciological map of the Eights Coast area, Antarctica, 1972-2001 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2600, 11 p. pamphlet and 1 sheet, https://doi.org/10.3133/i2600E.","productDescription":"11 p. pamphlet and 1 sheet","temporalStart":"1972-01-01","temporalEnd":"2001-12-31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":186009,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6960,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2600/E/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"1000000","projection":"Polar stereographic, MSL","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -104,-76 ], [ -104,-71 ], [ -80,-71 ], [ -80,-76 ], [ -104,-76 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aea3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swithinbank, Charles","contributorId":26368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swithinbank","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, Richard S. Jr.","contributorId":90679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Richard S.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ferrigno, Jane G. jferrign@usgs.gov","contributorId":39825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferrigno","given":"Jane","email":"jferrign@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":282080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Foley, Kevin M. 0000-0003-1013-462X kfoley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1013-462X","contributorId":2543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foley","given":"Kevin","email":"kfoley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":282077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rosanova, Christine E.","contributorId":77239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosanova","given":"Christine","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dailide, Lina M.","contributorId":6134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dailide","given":"Lina","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70259,"text":"wri20034251 - 2004 - Evaluation of water-quality and habitat assessment data to determine ranges in stream conditions in the Mississippi River Alluvial Plain of northwestern Mississippi and eastern Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:52","indexId":"wri20034251","displayToPublicDate":"2005-03-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4251","title":"Evaluation of water-quality and habitat assessment data to determine ranges in stream conditions in the Mississippi River Alluvial Plain of northwestern Mississippi and eastern Arkansas","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri20034251","usgsCitation":"Rebich, R.A., Welch, H.L., and Coupe, R.H., 2004, Evaluation of water-quality and habitat assessment data to determine ranges in stream conditions in the Mississippi River Alluvial Plain of northwestern Mississippi and eastern Arkansas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4251, v, 47 p. : ill., col. maps ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri20034251.","productDescription":"v, 47 p. : ill., col. maps ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122439,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_2003_4251.jpg"},{"id":13660,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034251/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611a02","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rebich, Richard A. 0000-0003-4256-7171 rarebich@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4256-7171","contributorId":2315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rebich","given":"Richard","email":"rarebich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":282071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Welch, Heather L. 0000-0001-8370-7711 hllott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8370-7711","contributorId":552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welch","given":"Heather","email":"hllott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":105,"text":"Alabama Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":282070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coupe, Richard H. 0000-0001-8679-1015 rhcoupe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8679-1015","contributorId":551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coupe","given":"Richard","email":"rhcoupe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":394,"text":"Mississippi Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":282069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70254,"text":"wdrFL043B - 2004 - Water resources data Florida, water year 2004: Volume 3B: southwest Florida ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:52","indexId":"wdrFL043B","displayToPublicDate":"2005-03-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"FL-04-3B","title":"Water resources data Florida, water year 2004: Volume 3B: southwest Florida ground water","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 2004 water year in Florida consist of continuous or daily discharges for 405 streams, periodic discharge for 12 streams, continuous or daily stage for 159 streams, periodic stage for 19 streams, peak stage for 30 streams and peak discharge for 30 streams, continuous or daily elevations for 14 lakes, periodic elevations for 23 lakes; continuous ground-water levels for 408 wells, periodic ground-water levels for 1,188 wells, and quality-of-water data for 140 surface-water sites and 240 wells. \r\n\r\nThe data for Southwest Florida include records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage, contents, water quality of lakes and reservoirs, and water levels and water quality of ground-water wells. Volume 3B contains records for continuous ground-water elevations for 98 wells; periodic ground-water elevations at 56 wells; miscellaneous ground-water elevations at 374 wells; and water quality at 25 ground-water sites. \r\n\r\nThese data represent the national Water Data System records collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating local, state, and federal agencies in Florida.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrFL043B","usgsCitation":"Kane, R.L., 2004, Water resources data Florida, water year 2004: Volume 3B: southwest Florida ground water: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report FL-04-3B, 215 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrFL043B.","productDescription":"215 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":6956,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wdr-fl-04-3b/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":191481,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697b10","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kane, Richard L. rkane@usgs.gov","contributorId":2034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kane","given":"Richard","email":"rkane@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":282067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70244,"text":"sir20045213 - 2004 - Potential-scour assessments and estimates of scour depth using different techniques at selected bridge sites in Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:52","indexId":"sir20045213","displayToPublicDate":"2005-03-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5213","title":"Potential-scour assessments and estimates of scour depth using different techniques at selected bridge sites in Missouri","docAbstract":"The evaluation of scour at bridges throughout the state of Missouri has been ongoing since 1991 in a cooperative effort by the U.S. Geological Survey and Missouri Department of Transportation. A variety of assessment methods have been used to identify bridges susceptible to scour and to estimate scour depths. A potential-scour assessment (Level 1) was used at 3,082 bridges to identify bridges that might be susceptible to scour. A rapid estimation method (Level 1+) was used to estimate contraction, pier, and abutment scour depths at 1,396 bridge sites to identify bridges that might be scour critical. A detailed hydraulic assessment (Level 2) was used to compute contraction, pier, and abutment scour depths at 398 bridges to determine which bridges are scour critical and would require further monitoring or application of scour countermeasures.\r\n\r\nThe rapid estimation method (Level 1+) was designed to be a conservative estimator of scour depths compared to depths computed by a detailed hydraulic assessment (Level 2). Detailed hydraulic assessments were performed at 316 bridges that also had received a rapid estimation assessment, providing a broad data base to compare the two scour assessment methods. The scour depths computed by each of the two methods were compared for bridges that had similar discharges. For Missouri, the rapid estimation method (Level 1+) did not provide a reasonable conservative estimate of the detailed hydraulic assessment (Level 2) scour depths for contraction scour, but the discrepancy was the result of using different values for variables that were common to both of the assessment methods. The rapid estimation method (Level 1+) was a reasonable conservative estimator of the detailed hydraulic assessment (Level 2) scour depths for pier scour if the pier width is used for piers without footing exposure and the footing width is used for piers with footing exposure. Detailed hydraulic assessment (Level 2) scour depths were conservatively estimated by the rapid estimation method (Level 1+) for abutment scour, but there was substantial variability in the estimates and several substantial underestimations.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045213","usgsCitation":"Huizinga, R.J., and Rydlund, P.H., 2004, Potential-scour assessments and estimates of scour depth using different techniques at selected bridge sites in Missouri: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5213, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045213.","productDescription":"51 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":6952,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5213/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":191353,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4994e4b07f02db5b5f13","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huizinga, Richard J. 0000-0002-2940-2324 huizinga@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2940-2324","contributorId":2089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huizinga","given":"Richard","email":"huizinga@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":282058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rydlund, Paul H. Jr. 0000-0001-9461-9944 prydlund@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9461-9944","contributorId":3840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rydlund","given":"Paul","suffix":"Jr.","email":"prydlund@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":282059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70245,"text":"sir20045215 - 2004 - Simulation of ground-water flow, contributing recharge areas, and ground-water travel time in the Missouri River alluvial aquifer near Ft. Leavenworth, Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:52","indexId":"sir20045215","displayToPublicDate":"2005-03-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5215","title":"Simulation of ground-water flow, contributing recharge areas, and ground-water travel time in the Missouri River alluvial aquifer near Ft. Leavenworth, Kansas","docAbstract":"The Missouri River alluvial aquifer near Ft. Leavenworth, Kansas, supplies all or part of the drinking water for Ft. Leavenworth; Leavenworth, Kansas; Weston, Missouri; and cooling water for the Kansas City Power and Light, Iatan Power Plant. Ground water at three sites within the alluvial aquifer near the Ft. Leavenworth well field is contaminated with trace metals and organic compounds and concerns have been raised about the potential contamination of drinking-water supplies. In 2001, the U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and the U.S. Army began a study of ground-water flow in the Missouri River alluvial aquifer near Ft. Leavenworth.\r\n\r\nHydrogeologic data from 173 locations in the study area was used to construct a ground-water flow model (MODFLOW-2000) and particle-tracking program (MODPATH) to determine the direction and travel time of ground-water flow and contributing recharge areas for water-supply well fields within the alluvial aquifer. The modeled area is 28.6 kilometers by 32.6 kilometers and contains the entire study area. The model uses a uniform grid size of 100 meters by 100 meters and contains 372,944 cells in 4 layers, 286 columns, and 326 rows. The model represents the alluvial aquifer using four layers of variable thickness with no intervening confining layers.\r\n\r\nThe model was calibrated to both quasi-steady-state and transient hydraulic head data collected during the study and ground-water flow was simulated for five well-pumping/river-stage scenarios. The model accuracy was calculated using the root mean square error between actual measurements of hydraulic head and model generated hydraulic head at the end of each model run. The accepted error for the model calibrations were below the maximum measurement errors. The error for the quasi-steady-state calibration was 0.82 meter; for the transient calibration it was 0.33 meter.\r\n\r\nThe shape, size, and ground-water travel time within the contributing recharge area for each well or well field is affected by changes in river stage and pumping rates and by the location of the well or well field with respect to the major rivers, alluvial valley walls, and other pumping wells. The shapes of the simulated contributing recharge areas for the well fields in the study area are elongated in the upstream direction for all well-pumping/river-stage scenarios. The capture of ground water by the pumping wells as it moved downgradient toward the Missouri River caused the long up-valley extent of the contributing recharge areas. Recharge to the Iatan and Weston well fields primarily is from precipitation and surface runoff from the surrounding uplands because the contributing recharge area does not intersect the Missouri River for any well-pumping/river-stage scenarios. Recharge to the Leavenworth and Ft. Leavenworth well fields is from precipitation, surface runoff from the surrounding uplands, and the Missouri River because the contributing recharge area intersects these boundaries for all well-pumping/river-stage scenarios.\r\n\r\nParticle tracking analysis indicated ground water from the three contaminated sites was captured by the Ft. Leavenworth well field for all well-pumping/river-stage scenarios. Ground-water travel times to the Ft. Leavenworth well field for average well-pumping/river-stage scenario ranged from about 33 years for the closest contamination site to about 71 years for the farthest contamination site. Ground-water flow was induced below the Missouri River by the Ft. Leavenworth and Leavenworth well fields for all well-pumping/river-stage scenarios.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045215","usgsCitation":"Kelly, B.P., 2004, Simulation of ground-water flow, contributing recharge areas, and ground-water travel time in the Missouri River alluvial aquifer near Ft. Leavenworth, Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5215, 76 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045215.","productDescription":"76 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":6953,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir20045215/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":191414,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db6979ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kelly, Brian P. 0000-0001-6378-2837 bkelly@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6378-2837","contributorId":897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelly","given":"Brian","email":"bkelly@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":282060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70235,"text":"sir20045275 - 2004 - Selected hydrologic data for the upper Rio Hondo basin, Lincoln County, New Mexico, 1945-2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:52","indexId":"sir20045275","displayToPublicDate":"2005-03-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5275","title":"Selected hydrologic data for the upper Rio Hondo basin, Lincoln County, New Mexico, 1945-2003","docAbstract":"Demands for ground and surface water have increased in the upper Rio Hondo Basin due to increases in development and population. Local governments are responsible for land-use and development decisions and, therefore, the governments need information about water resources in their areas. Hydrologic data were compiled for the upper Rio Hondo Basin and water-level data were collected during two synoptic measurements in March and July 2003.\r\n\r\nWater-level data from March 2003 were contoured and compared with contours constructed in 1963. The 5,600-, 5,700-, and 5,800-foot March 2003 contours indicate that water levels rose. The 5,500-foot contour for March 2003 indicates a decline in water level. The 5,400-foot contour of March 2003 and the 1963 contour mostly coincide, indicating a static water level. The 5,300- and 5,200-foot contours for March 2003 cross the 1963 contours, indicating a decline in water levels near the Rio Ruidoso but a rise in water levels near the Rio Bonito. In eight hydrographs, 2003 water levels are shown to be higher than water levels from the mid- to late 1950's in five of the eight wells. For the same period of record, water levels in the three remaining wells were lower. Rising and declining water levels were highest in the northern part of the study area; the median rise was 4.01 feet and the median decline was 3.51 feet. In the southern part of the study area, the median water-level rise was 2.21 feet and the median decline was 1.56 feet.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045275","usgsCitation":"Donohoe, L.C., 2004, Selected hydrologic data for the upper Rio Hondo basin, Lincoln County, New Mexico, 1945-2003: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5275, iv, 28 p. report : ill. (some col.), col. maps ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045275.","productDescription":"iv, 28 p. report : ill. (some col.), col. maps ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123050,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2004_5275.jpg"},{"id":6947,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2004/5275/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db6981ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Donohoe, Lisa C.","contributorId":69638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donohoe","given":"Lisa","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70243,"text":"sir20045136 - 2004 - A cross-site comparison of methods used for hydrogeologic characterization of the Galena-Platteville aquifer in Illinois and Wisconsin, with examples from selected Superfund sites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:52","indexId":"sir20045136","displayToPublicDate":"2005-03-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5136","title":"A cross-site comparison of methods used for hydrogeologic characterization of the Galena-Platteville aquifer in Illinois and Wisconsin, with examples from selected Superfund sites","docAbstract":" The effectiveness of 28 methods used to characterize the fractured Galena-Platteville aquifer at eight sites in northern Illinois and Wisconsin is evaluated. Analysis of government databases, previous investigations, topographic maps, aerial photographs, and outcrops was essential to understanding the hydrogeology in the area to be investigated. The effectiveness of surface-geophysical methods depended on site geology. Lithologic logging provided essential information for site characterization. Cores were used for stratigraphy and geotechnical analysis. Natural-gamma logging helped identify the effect of lithology on the location of secondary- permeability features. Caliper logging identified large secondary-permeability features. Neutron logs identified trends in matrix porosity. Acoustic-televiewer logs identified numerous secondary-permeability features and their orientation. Borehole-camera logs also identified a number of secondary-permeability features. Borehole ground-penetrating radar identified lithologic and secondary-permeability features. However, the accuracy and completeness of this method is uncertain. Single-point-resistance, density, and normal resistivity logs were of limited use.\r\n\r\nWater-level and water-quality data identified flow directions and indicated the horizontal and vertical distribution of aquifer permeability and the depth of the permeable features. Temperature, spontaneous potential, and fluid-resistivity logging identified few secondary-permeability features at some sites and several features at others. Flowmeter logging was the most effective geophysical method for characterizing secondary-permeability features.\r\n\r\nAquifer tests provided insight into the permeability distribution, identified hydraulically interconnected features, the presence of heterogeneity and anisotropy, and determined effective porosity. Aquifer heterogeneity prevented calculation of accurate hydraulic properties from some tests.\r\n\r\nDifferent methods, such as flowmeter logging and slug testing, occasionally produced different interpretations. Aquifer characterization improved with an increase in the number of data points, the period of data collection, and the number of methods used.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045136","usgsCitation":"Kay, R.T., Mills, P., Dunning, C., Yeskis, D.J., Ursic, J.R., and Vendl, M., 2004, A cross-site comparison of methods used for hydrogeologic characterization of the Galena-Platteville aquifer in Illinois and Wisconsin, with examples from selected Superfund sites: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5136, x, 241 p. : ill. (some col.), maps ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045136.","productDescription":"x, 241 p. : ill. (some col.), maps ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":6951,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://il.water.usgs.gov/pubsearch/reports.cgi/view?series=SIR&number=2004-5136&return_url=%2Fpubsearch%2Freports.cgi%2Frecent%3Fsortby%3Ddate","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":191915,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2004/5136/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":90502,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2004/5136/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6af683","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kay, Robert T. 0000-0002-6281-8997 rtkay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6281-8997","contributorId":1122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kay","given":"Robert","email":"rtkay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":282053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mills, P.C. pcmills@usgs.gov","contributorId":3810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"P.C.","email":"pcmills@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":282055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dunning, Charles P. cdunning@usgs.gov","contributorId":892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunning","given":"Charles P.","email":"cdunning@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":282052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Yeskis, Douglas J. djyeskis@usgs.gov","contributorId":2323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yeskis","given":"Douglas","email":"djyeskis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":282054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ursic, James R.","contributorId":14863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ursic","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Vendl, Mark","contributorId":52604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vendl","given":"Mark","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70241,"text":"sir20045103 - 2004 - Estimating flood-peak discharge magnitudes and frequencies for rural streams in Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-15T22:25:38.099112","indexId":"sir20045103","displayToPublicDate":"2005-03-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5103","displayTitle":"Estimating Flood-Peak Discharge Magnitudes and Frequencies for Rural Streams in Illinois","title":"Estimating flood-peak discharge magnitudes and frequencies for rural streams in Illinois","docAbstract":"Flood-peak discharge magnitudes and frequencies at streamflow-gaging sites were developed with the annual\r\nmaximum series (AMS) and the partial duration series (PDS) in this study. Regional equations for both flood series\r\nwere developed for estimating flood-peak discharge magnitudes at specified recurrence intervals of rural Illinois\r\nstreams. The regional equations are techniques for estimating flood quantiles at ungaged sites or for improving\r\nestimated flood quantiles at gaged sites with short records or unrepresentative data. Besides updating at-site floodfrequency\r\nestimates using flood data up to water year 1999, this study updated the generalized skew coefficients\r\nfor Illinois to be used with the Log-Pearson III probability distribution for analyzing the AMS, developed a program\r\nfor analyzing the partial duration series with the Generalized Pareto probability distribution, and applied the\r\nBASINSOFT program with digital datasets in soil, topography, land cover, and precipitation to develop a set of basin\r\ncharacteristics. The multiple regression analysis was used to develop the regional equations with subsets of the basin\r\ncharacteristics and the updated at-site flood frequencies. Seven hydrologic regions were delineated using physiographic\r\nand hydrologic characteristics of drainage basins of Illinois. The seven hydrologic regions were used for\r\nboth the AMS and PDS analyses.\r\nExamples are presented to illustrate the use of the AMS regional equations to estimate flood quantiles at an\r\nungaged site and to improve flood-quantile estimates at and near a gaged site. Flood-quantile estimates in four\r\nregulated channel reaches of Illinois also are approximated by linear interpolation. Documentation of the flood data\r\npreparation and evaluation, procedures for determining the flood quantiles, basin characteristics, generalized skew\r\ncoefficients, hydrologic region delineations, and the multiple regression analyses used to determine the regional\r\nequations are presented in the main text and appendixes.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20045103","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Illinois Department of Natural Resources, Offices of Water Resources, Realty and Environmental Planning–Conservation 2000 Program, and Resource Conservation, and with the Illinois Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Soong, D., Ishii, A., Sharpe, J.B., and Avery, C.F., 2004, Estimating flood-peak discharge magnitudes and frequencies for rural streams in Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5103, Report: ix, 147 p.; CD-ROM, 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405 North Goodwin
Urbana, IL 61801
Observed ground-water-level declines from 1991 to 2003 in northern Monroe County, Michigan, are consistent with increased ground-water demands in the region. In 1991, the estimated ground-water use in the county was 20 million gallons per day, and 80 percent of this total was from quarry dewatering. In 2001, the estimated ground-water use in the county was 30 million gallons per day, and 75 percent of this total was from quarry dewatering.
Prior to approximately 1990, the ground-water demands were met by capturing natural discharge from the area and by inducing leakage through glacial deposits that cover the bedrock aquifer. Increased ground-water demand after 1990 led to declines in ground-water level as the system moves toward a new steady-state. Much of the available natural discharge from the bedrock aquifer had been captured by the 1991 conditions, and the response to additional withdrawals resulted in the observed widespread decline in water levels.
The causes of the observed declines were explored through the use of a regional ground-water-flow model. The model area includes portions of Lenawee, Monroe, Washtenaw, and Wayne Counties in Michigan, and portions of Fulton, Henry, and Lucas Counties in Ohio. Factors, including lowered water-table elevations because of below average precipitation during the time period (1991 - 2001) and reduction in water supply to the bedrock aquifer because of land-use changes, were found to affect the regional system, but these factors did not explain the regional decline. Potential ground-water capture for the bedrock aquifer in Monroe County is limited by the low hydraulic conductivity of the overlying glacial deposits and shales and the presence of dense saline water within the bedrock as it dips into the Michigan Basin to the west and north of the county. Hydrogeologic features of the bedrock and the overlying glacial deposits were included in the model design. An important step of characterizing the bedrock aquifer was the determination of inputs and outputs of water—leakage from glacial deposits and flows across model boundaries. The imposed demands on the groundwater system create additional discharge from the bedrock aquifer, and this discharge is documented by records and estimates of water use including: residential and industrial use, irrigation, and quarry dewatering.
Hydrologic characterization of Monroe County and surrounding areas was used to determine the model boundaries and inputs within the ground-water model. MODFLOW-2000 was the computer model used to simulate ground-water flow. Predevelopment, 1991, and 2001 conditions were simulated with the model. The predevelopment model did not include modern water use and was compared to information from early settlement of the county. The 1991 steady-state model included modern demands on the ground-water system and was based on a significant amount of data collected for this and previous studies. The predevelopment and 1991 simulations were used to calibrate the numerical model. The simulation of 2001 conditions was based on recent data and explored the potential ground-water levels if the current conditions persist. Model results indicate that the ground-water level will stabilize in the county near current levels if the demands imposed during 2001 are held constant.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Lansing, MI","doi":"10.3133/wri20034312","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality","usgsCitation":"Reeves, H.W., Wright, K.V., and Nicholas, J., 2004, Hydrogeology and simulation of regional ground-water-level declines in Monroe County, Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4312, Overall Report: 124 p.; Report: viii, 72 p.; 3 Appendices: Appendix A: 20 p., Appendix B: 4 p., Appendix C: 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri20034312.","productDescription":"Overall Report: 124 p.; Report: viii, 72 p.; 3 Appendices: Appendix A: 20 p., Appendix B: 4 p., Appendix C: 19 p.","temporalStart":"1991-01-01","temporalEnd":"2003-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science 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County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-83.2756,42.0749],[-83.2665,42.0719],[-83.2584,42.0731],[-83.2514,42.0647],[-83.2466,42.0614],[-83.2362,42.0593],[-83.2301,42.056],[-83.2272,42.0518],[-83.2217,42.0503],[-83.2176,42.0475],[-83.2141,42.0429],[-83.2047,42.044],[-83.1887,42.0309],[-83.1923,42.0323],[-83.1942,42.031],[-83.1972,42.0329],[-83.2008,42.0348],[-83.2046,42.0344],[-83.2055,42.0281],[-83.2027,42.0212],[-83.2048,42.0158],[-83.2079,42.0159],[-83.2039,42.0085],[-83.2084,42.0046],[-83.2068,41.9995],[-83.2182,41.9934],[-83.2278,41.9864],[-83.2386,41.9799],[-83.2425,41.9763],[-83.2463,41.9751],[-83.2512,41.9752],[-83.2571,41.9808],[-83.2626,41.9818],[-83.2633,41.9809],[-83.2646,41.9801],[-83.2508,41.9715],[-83.249,41.9688],[-83.2518,41.9634],[-83.2551,41.9576],[-83.256,41.9526],[-83.2525,41.9484],[-83.252,41.9457],[-83.2533,41.9434],[-83.259,41.9408],[-83.2616,41.9382],[-83.2629,41.9355],[-83.2653,41.9369],[-83.2768,41.9427],[-83.2927,41.9453],[-83.2946,41.9449],[-83.3008,41.9437],[-83.3128,41.9376],[-83.3225,41.9283],[-83.3278,41.9217],[-83.3295,41.9099],[-83.3307,41.8986],[-83.3327,41.8941],[-83.336,41.8887],[-83.3369,41.8842],[-83.3392,41.8861],[-83.3408,41.892],[-83.3445,41.8925],[-83.3484,41.889],[-83.3514,41.8909],[-83.3556,41.8933],[-83.3617,41.8952],[-83.3656,41.8903],[-83.3632,41.8875],[-83.356,41.8837],[-83.3556,41.8796],[-83.3581,41.8788],[-83.3636,41.8789],[-83.3675,41.8749],[-83.3731,41.8741],[-83.3807,41.8689],[-83.3891,41.86],[-83.3943,41.8538],[-83.3978,41.8461],[-83.405,41.8363],[-83.4122,41.8251],[-83.4186,41.8216],[-83.4235,41.8213],[-83.4253,41.8214],[-83.438,41.813],[-83.4416,41.8027],[-83.4396,41.7913],[-83.4353,41.7775],[-83.4304,41.7633],[-83.4236,41.7482],[-83.4214,41.7431],[-83.4222,41.7381],[-83.426,41.7364],[-83.4302,41.7383],[-83.4294,41.7433],[-83.4291,41.7506],[-83.4326,41.7543],[-83.4324,41.7593],[-83.4335,41.7611],[-83.4445,41.7768],[-83.443,41.7841],[-83.4459,41.7891],[-83.4438,41.7936],[-83.4463,41.7937],[-83.4534,41.7861],[-83.4589,41.7872],[-83.459,41.7854],[-83.4547,41.7834],[-83.4551,41.7762],[-83.4446,41.7618],[-83.4465,41.7596],[-83.4538,41.7625],[-83.4655,41.7632],[-83.4711,41.7602],[-83.4707,41.7565],[-83.4744,41.7553],[-83.4739,41.753],[-83.4665,41.7533],[-83.4624,41.7495],[-83.4637,41.7464],[-83.4675,41.7442],[-83.4737,41.7435],[-83.4774,41.7435],[-83.4781,41.7422],[-83.4751,41.7403],[-83.4796,41.7363],[-83.484,41.7328],[-83.7663,41.7229],[-83.7714,41.9068],[-83.7763,42.0823],[-83.6563,42.0833],[-83.5399,42.0853],[-83.4235,42.0876],[-83.4233,42.0921],[-83.3088,42.0943],[-83.2952,42.0944],[-83.2885,42.0906],[-83.2849,42.0892],[-83.2802,42.0827],[-83.2779,42.0786],[-83.2756,42.0749]]],[[[-83.4507,41.7338],[-83.4611,41.7338],[-83.4586,41.7367],[-83.4566,41.7403],[-83.4535,41.7416],[-83.4505,41.7402],[-83.4487,41.7383],[-83.4494,41.737],[-83.4507,41.7338]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Monroe\",\"state\":\"MI\"}}]}\n","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a90fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reeves, Howard W. 0000-0001-8057-2081 hwreeves@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8057-2081","contributorId":2307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reeves","given":"Howard","email":"hwreeves@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":282042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wright, Kirsten V.","contributorId":98822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Kirsten","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nicholas, J.R.","contributorId":26673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nicholas","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70233,"text":"fs20043077 - 2004 - Lake Worth bottom sediments : A chronicle of water-quality changes in western Fort Worth, Texas, 1914-2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-29T15:30:25","indexId":"fs20043077","displayToPublicDate":"2005-03-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-3077","title":"Lake Worth bottom sediments : A chronicle of water-quality changes in western Fort Worth, Texas, 1914-2001","docAbstract":"In spring 2000, the Texas Department of Health issued a fish-consumption advisory for Lake Worth, Tex., because of elevated concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in fish (Texas Department of Health, 2000). In response to the advisory and in cooperation with the U.S. Air Force, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) collected 21 surficial samples and three deeper gravity core samples from the sediment deposited at the bottom of Lake Worth. The purpose of that study was to assess the spatial distribution and historical trends of selected hydrophobic contaminants, including PCBs, and to determine, to the extent possible, sources of selected metals and hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) to Lake Worth. Hydrophobic (literally “water fearing”) contaminants tend to chemically adsorb to soils and sediments. Fifteen of the top 20 contaminants on the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2001) priority list of hazardous substances are hydrophobic.
Chemical analysis of sediment cores is one method that can be used to determine trends in HOCs such as PCBs. As sediments accumulate in lakes and reservoirs, they generate a partial historical record of water quality. This fact sheet describes the collection of sediment cores, age-dating methods, and historical trends in PCBs in Lake Worth sediments. The fact sheet also describes the spatial distribution of PCBs in surficial sediments and concludes with objectives for the second phase of data collection and the approach that will be used to achieve these objectives. The USGS published a comprehensive report on the first phase of the study (Harwell and others, 2003).
Lake Worth is a reservoir on the West Fork Trinity River on the western edge of Fort Worth in Tarrant County. In 1914, the City of Fort Worth completed the reservoir to serve as a municipal water supply. Lake Worth has a surface area of 13.2 square kilometers and a storage capacity of 47 million cubic meters. The drainage area to the reservoir is 5,350 square kilometers(Ruddy and Hitt, 1990). The surrounding area to the south and east is primarily urban, and the area to the north and northwest is mostly residential.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs20043077","collaboration":"In cooperation with the U.S. Air Force","usgsCitation":"Braun, C.L., and Harwell, G.R., 2004, Lake Worth bottom sediments : A chronicle of water-quality changes in western Fort Worth, Texas, 1914-2001: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2004-3077, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20043077.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121116,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2004_3077.bmp"},{"id":338692,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2004/3077/pdf/FS_2004-3077.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.38 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":6946,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/fs2004-3077/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.49954223632812,\n 32.76360396952606\n ],\n [\n -97.40341186523436,\n 32.76360396952606\n ],\n [\n -97.40341186523436,\n 32.83690450361482\n ],\n [\n -97.49954223632812,\n 32.83690450361482\n ],\n [\n -97.49954223632812,\n 32.76360396952606\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4333","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Braun, Christopher L. 0000-0002-5540-2854 clbraun@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5540-2854","contributorId":925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Braun","given":"Christopher","email":"clbraun@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":48595,"text":"Oklahoma-Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":282039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harwell, Glenn R. gharwell@usgs.gov","contributorId":3789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harwell","given":"Glenn","email":"gharwell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":282040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70239,"text":"sir20045216 - 2004 - Hydrologic, soil, and vegetation gradients in remnant and constructed riparian wetlands in west-central Missouri, 2001-04","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-11T11:20:31","indexId":"sir20045216","displayToPublicDate":"2005-03-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5216","title":"Hydrologic, soil, and vegetation gradients in remnant and constructed riparian wetlands in west-central Missouri, 2001-04","docAbstract":"A study was conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Missouri Department of Conservation at the Four Rivers Conservation Area (west-central Missouri), between January 2001 and March 2004, to examine the relations between environmental factors (hydrology, soils, elevation, and landform type) and the spatial distribution of vegetation in remnant and constructed riparian wetlands. Vegetation characterization included species composition of ground, understory, and overstory layers in selected landforms of a remnant bottomland hardwood ecosystem, monitoring survival and growth of reforestation plots in leveed and partially leveed constructed wetlands, and determining gradients in colonization of herbaceous vegetation in a constructed wetland.
Similar environmental factors accounted for variation in the distribution of ground, understory, and overstory vegetation in the remnant bottomland forest plots. The primary measured determining factors in the distribution of vegetation in the ground layer were elevation, soil texture (clay and silt content), flooding inundation duration, and ponding duration, while the distribution of vegetation in the understory layer was described by elevation, soil texture (clay, silt, and sand content), total flooding and ponding inundation duration, and distance from the Marmaton or Little Osage River. The primary measured determining factors in the distribution of overstory vegetation in Unit 1 were elevation, soil texture (clay, silt, and sand content), total flooding and ponding inundation duration, ponding duration, and to some extent, flooding inundation duration.
Overall, the composition and structure of the remnant bottomland forest is indicative of a healthy, relatively undisturbed flood plain forest. Dominant species have a distribution of individuals that shows regeneration of these species with significant recruitment in the smaller size classes. The bottomland forest is an area whose overall hydrology has not been significantly altered; however, portions of the area have suffered from hydrologic alteration by a drainage ditch that is resulting in the displacement of swamp and marsh species by colonizing shrub and tree species. This area likely will continue to develop into an immature flood plain forest under the current (2004) hydrologic regime.
Reforestation plots in constructed wetlands consisted of sampling survival and growth of multiple tree species (Quercus palustris, pin oak; Carya illinoiensis, pecan) established under several production methods and planted at multiple elevations. Comparison of survival between tree species and production types showed no significant differences for all comparisons. Survival was high for both species and all production types, with the highest mortality seen in the mounded root production method (RPM®) Quercus palustris (pin oak, 6.9 percent), while direct seeded Quercus palustris at middle elevation and bare root Quercus palustris seedlings at the low elevation plots had 100 percent survival. Measures of growth (diameter and height) were assessed among species, production types, and elevation by analyzing relative growth. The greatest rate of tree diameter (72.3 percent) and height (65.3 percent) growth was observed for direct seeded Quercus palustris trees planted at a middle elevation site.
Natural colonized vegetation data were collected at multiple elevations within an abandoned cropland area of a constructed wetland. The primary measured determining factors in the distribution of herbaceous vegetation in this area were elevation, ponding duration, and soil texture. Richness, evenness, and diversity were all significantly greater in the highest elevation plots as a result of more recent disturbance in this area.
While flood frequency and duration define the delivery mechanism for inundation on the flood plain, it is the duration of ponding and amount of “topographic capture” of these floodwaters in fluvial landforms that largely determines the survivability and distribution of tree species in both remnant and constructed wetlands. Ponding, flooding, ground-water levels, and precipitation all accounted for saturated conditions in the upper soil profiles in the Four Rivers Conservation Area monitoring sites. Of these processes, ponding and flooding were the primary factors accounting for soil saturation conditions. The identification of landform features in undisturbed settings, therefore, can be an important aide in predicting the sustainable spatial distribution of various plant species in riparian revegetation projects.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20045216","usgsCitation":"Heimann, D.C., and Mettler-Cherry, P.A., 2004, Hydrologic, soil, and vegetation gradients in remnant and constructed riparian wetlands in west-central Missouri, 2001-04: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5216, ix, 160 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045216.","productDescription":"ix, 160 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":191859,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6949,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2004/5216/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e98c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heimann, David C. 0000-0003-0450-2545 dheimann@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0450-2545","contributorId":3822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heimann","given":"David","email":"dheimann@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":282046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mettler-Cherry, Paige A.","contributorId":98823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mettler-Cherry","given":"Paige","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70218,"text":"sir20045276 - 2004 - Tannins and terpenoids as major precursors of Suwannee River fulvic acid","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-21T12:45:16","indexId":"sir20045276","displayToPublicDate":"2005-03-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5276","title":"Tannins and terpenoids as major precursors of Suwannee River fulvic acid","docAbstract":"Suwannee River fulvic acid (SRFA) was fractionated into 7 fractions by normal-phase chromatography on silica gel followed by reverse-phase fractionation on XAD-8 resin that produced 18 subfractions. Selected major subfractions were characterized by 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), infrared spectrometry, and elemental analyses. 13C-NMR spectra of the subfractions were more indicative of precursor structures than unfractionated SRFA, and gave spectral profiles that indicated SRFA mass was about equally split between tannin precursors and terpenoid precursors. Lignin precursors were minor components. Synthesis of 13C-NMR data with elemental data for subfractions derived from both tannin and terpenoid precursors revealed high ring contents and low numbers of carbon per rings which is indicative of fused ring structures that are extensively substituted with carboxyl and methyl groups. These results ruled out extended chain structures for SRFA. This information is useful for determining sources and properties of fulvic acid in drinking water supplies as tannins are more reactive with chlorine to produce undesirable disinfection by-products than are terpenoids.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20045276","usgsCitation":"Leenheer, J.A., and Rostad, C.E., 2004, Tannins and terpenoids as major precursors of Suwannee River fulvic acid: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5276, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045276.","productDescription":"21 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192703,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6923,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5276/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697e55","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leenheer, Jerry A.","contributorId":72420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leenheer","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rostad, Colleen E. cerostad@usgs.gov","contributorId":833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rostad","given":"Colleen","email":"cerostad@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":282024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70201,"text":"cir1274 - 2004 - Celebrating 125 years of the U.S. Geological Survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:04","indexId":"cir1274","displayToPublicDate":"2005-03-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1274","title":"Celebrating 125 years of the U.S. Geological Survey","docAbstract":"In the 125 years since its creation, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has provided the science information needed to make vital decisions and safeguard society. In this anniversary year, we celebrate the mission that has guided us, the people and traditions that have shaped us, and the science and technology that will lead us into the future. \r\n\r\nThrough a wealth of long-term data and research, we have served the needs of society, the Earth, and its environment. This Circular captures a few of our past achievements, current research efforts, and hopes and challenges for the future.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/cir1274","usgsCitation":"Gohn, K.K., 2004, Celebrating 125 years of the U.S. Geological Survey (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1274, 64 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1274.","productDescription":"64 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":192617,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6919,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2004/1274/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"24000","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad8e4b07f02db6848ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gohn, Kathleen K.","contributorId":37721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gohn","given":"Kathleen","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70207,"text":"b2209G - 2004 - Chapter G: Tentative Correlation Between CIPW Normin pl (Total Plagioclase) and Los Angeles Wear in Precambrian Midcontinental Granites-Examples from Missouri and Oklahoma, with Applications and Limitations for Use","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:04","indexId":"b2209G","displayToPublicDate":"2005-03-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2209","chapter":"G","title":"Chapter G: Tentative Correlation Between CIPW Normin pl (Total Plagioclase) and Los Angeles Wear in Precambrian Midcontinental Granites-Examples from Missouri and Oklahoma, with Applications and Limitations for Use","docAbstract":"The normative chemical classification of Cross, Iddings, Pirsson, and Washington (CIPW) is commonly used in igneous petrology to distinguish igneous rocks by comparing their magmatic chemistries for similar and dissimilar components. A potential use for this classification other than in petrologic studies is in the rapid assessment of aggregate sources, possibly leading to an economic advantage for an aggregate producer or user, by providing the opportunity to determine whether further physical testing of an aggregate is warranted before its use in asphalt or concrete pavement. However, the CIPW classification currently should not be substituted for the physical testing required in specifications by State departments of transportation. Demands for physical testing of aggregates have increased nationally as users seek to maximize the quality of the aggregate they purchase for their pavements. Concrete pavements are being laid with increased thicknesses to withstand increasing highway loads. New pavement mixes, most notably Superior Performance Asphalt Pavement ('Superpave'), are designed for additional service life. For both concrete and asphalt, the intent is to generate a durable pavement with a longer service life that should decrease overall life-cycle costs. \r\n\r\nNumerous aggregate producers possess chemical-composition data available for examination to answer questions from the potential user. State geological surveys also possess chemical-composition data for stone sources. Paired with the results of physical testing, chemical- composition data provide indicative information about stone durability and aggregate strength. The Missouri Department of Transportation has noted a possible relation among coarse-grained Precambrian granites of the midcontinental region, correlating the results of abrasion testing with the contents of normative minerals, also known as normins, calculated from chemical composition data. Thus, normin pl ( total plagioclase) can predict, by way of simple regression, the Los Angeles wear for granite samples collected in Missouri. The results of this abrasion testing were extended to another granite in Oklahoma where normin pl predicted Los Angeles wear to within 0.6 percent. This relation may also exist for granitic rocks outside the Oklahoma-Missouri region, as well as for other igneous-rock types.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to Industrial-Minerals Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/b2209G","usgsCitation":"Davis, G., 2004, Chapter G: Tentative Correlation Between CIPW Normin pl (Total Plagioclase) and Los Angeles Wear in Precambrian Midcontinental Granites-Examples from Missouri and Oklahoma, with Applications and Limitations for Use (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2209, iv, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b2209G.","productDescription":"iv, 12 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":658,"text":"Western Mineral Resources","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192658,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9360,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/b2209/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":6922,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/b2209-g/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e3e4b07f02db5e5655","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, George H.","contributorId":58360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"George H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70183,"text":"sir20045281 - 2004 - Characterization of water quality in Government Highline Canal at Camp 7 Diversion and Highline Lake, Mesa County, Colorado, July 2000 through September 2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:45","indexId":"sir20045281","displayToPublicDate":"2005-03-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5281","title":"Characterization of water quality in Government Highline Canal at Camp 7 Diversion and Highline Lake, Mesa County, Colorado, July 2000 through September 2003","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Colorado Division of Parks and Recreation, collected and analyzed water-quality data for the Government Highline Canal and Highline Lake from July 2000 through September 2003. Implementation of modernization strategies for the canal, which supplies most of the water to the lake, would decrease the amount of water spilled to Highline Lake from August through October. A reduction in spill water into Highline Lake could adversely affect the recreational uses of the lake. To address this concern and to characterize the water quality in the Government Highline Canal and Highline Lake, the U.S. Geological Survey conducted a study to evaluate limnological conditions prior to implementation of the modernization strategies.\r\n\r\nThis report characterizes the water quality of inflow from the Government Canal and in Highline Lake prior to implementation of modernization strategies in the Government Canal. Flow entering the lake from the Government Canal was characterized using field properties and available chemical, sediment, and bacteria concentrations. Data collected at Highline Lake were used to characterize the seasonal stratification patterns, water-quality chemistry, bacteria populations, and phytoplankton community structure in the lake. Data used for this report were collected at one inflow site to the lake and four sites in Highline Lake.\r\n\r\nHighline Lake is a mesotrophic/eutrophic lake that has dimictic thermal stratification patterns. Samples collected in the photic zone indicated that there was little physical, chemical, or biological variability at this depth at any of the sampled sites in Highline Lake. Strong thermal and dissolved-oxygen stratification\r\npatterns were observed during summer. Dissolved-oxygen concentrations of less than 1 milligram per liter were observed during the summer. Ammonia likely was released from the bottom sediments of Highline Lake. The limiting nutrient in Highline Lake could be nitrogen or phosphorus.\r\n\r\nIn general, the seasonal succession of phytoplankton was similar to that of other lakes in the temperate zone. Several types of algae associated with taste and odor issues were identified in samples, but critical concentrations were not exceeded for any listed algal group with the exception of the diatom genus Cyclotella in one sample. \r\n\r\nBacteria concentrations were determined at the public swim beach at Highline Lake. E. coli samples were collected periodically by the USGS and weekly by the Colorado Division of Parks and Recreation. During the study period, no reported E. coli concentration exceeded the standard for natural swimming areas.\r\n\r\nInflow water quality was characterized by samples collected at the Camp 7 check structure on the Government Canal. Inflow water temperatures reflected the seasonal patterns of the source water in the Colorado River. The water was well oxygenated. Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations were low, and concentrations did not differ substantially from year to year or seasonally within a year. All samples had reportable numbers of fecal streptococcus. The maximum reported concentration of E. coli was reported at 77 colonies per 100 milliliters of sample. Suspended-sediment concentrations were relatively low.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045281","usgsCitation":"Ortiz, R.F., 2004, Characterization of water quality in Government Highline Canal at Camp 7 Diversion and Highline Lake, Mesa County, Colorado, July 2000 through September 2003: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5281, 37 p.; 3 appendices online, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045281.","productDescription":"37 p.; 3 appendices online","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":185662,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6886,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2004/5281/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"24000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4d17","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ortiz, Roderick F. rfortiz@usgs.gov","contributorId":1126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ortiz","given":"Roderick","email":"rfortiz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":281990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70164,"text":"sir20045144 - 2004 - Chemistry of ground water in the Silver Springs basin, Florida, with an emphasis on nitrate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:45","indexId":"sir20045144","displayToPublicDate":"2005-03-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5144","title":"Chemistry of ground water in the Silver Springs basin, Florida, with an emphasis on nitrate","docAbstract":"The Silver Springs group, in central Marion County, Florida, has a combined average discharge rate of 796 cubic feet per second and forms the headwaters of the Silver River. The springs support a diverse ecosystem and are an important cultural and economic resource. Concentrations of nitrite-plus-nitrate (nitrate-N) in water from the Main Spring increased from less than 0.5 milligrams per liter (mg/L) in the 1960s to about 1.0 mg/L in 2003. The Upper Floridan aquifer supplies the ground water to support spring discharge. This aquifer is at or near land surface in much of the ground-water basin; nutrients leached at land surface can easily percolate downward into the aquifer. Sources of nitrogen in ground water in the Silver Springs basin include atmospheric deposition, fertilizers used by agricultural and urban activities, and human and animal wastes.\r\n\r\nDuring 2000-2001, 56 wells in the area contributing recharge to Silver Springs were sampled for major ions, nutrients, and some trace constituents. Selected wells also were sampled for a suite of organic constituents commonly found in domestic and industrial wastewater and for the ratio of nitrogen isotopes (15N/14N) to better understand the sources of nitrate. Wells were selected to be representative of both confined and unconfined conditions of the Upper Floridan aquifer, as well as a variety of land-use types. Data from this study were compared to data collected from 25 wells in 1989-90. Concentrations of nitrate-N in ground water during this study ranged from less than the detection limit of 0.02 to 12 mg/L, with a median of 1.2 mg/L. For data from 1989-90, the range was from less than 0.02 to 3.6 mg/L, with a median of 1.04 mg/L.\r\n\r\nWater from wells in agricultural land-use areas had the highest median nitrate-N concentration (1.7 mg/L), although it is uncertain if the 12 mg/L maximum concentration was influenced by land-use activities or proximity to a septic tank. The median value for all urban land-use areas was 1.15 mg/L. Because fewer wells were in rangeland or forested areas, those categories were grouped together. The median concentration for that group was 0.09 mg/L.\r\n\r\nThe ratio of 15N/14N in ground-water samples ranged from -0.5 to 11.5 per mil. The median value for ground-water samples from 35 wells, 4.9 per mil, is near the top of the range that indicates inorganic nitrogen sources. In agricultural areas, the median 15N/14N was 4.8 per mil, indicating mostly inorganic (fertilizer) sources. In urban areas, the median 15N/14N was 5.4 per mil, indicating more influence of organic nitrogen (N) sources. Thus, in both agricultural and urban areas, fertilizer is an important inorganic source of N in ground water (and, therefore, in spring water as well). The influence of organic N is more apparent in urban areas than in agricultural areas. Two distinct 15N/14N values were observed in water from the Main Spring, one indicating an inorganic nitrogen source and the other indicating a mixture of sources with a strong influence of organic nitrogen.\r\n\r\nThirty-five wells and three springs of the Silver Springs group (the Main Spring, the Abyss, and the Blue Grotto) were sampled for a suite of 63 compounds common in wastewater. A total of 38 compounds was detected, nearly all in very low concentrations. The most frequently detected compound was the insecticide N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET), which was detected in water from 27 wells and all three springs. The presence or absence of DEET in ground-water samples did not seem to be related to land use; however, hydrogeologic conditions at the well sites (confined or unconfined) generally did affect the presence or absence of DEET in the ground water. DEET also appears to be a useful tracer for the presence of reused water.\r\n\r\nWater samples were collected from the Main Spring and two other springs of the Silver Springs group and analyzed for concentrations of dissolved gasses and for chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), sulfur hexaflu","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045144","usgsCitation":"Phelps, G.G., 2004, Chemistry of ground water in the Silver Springs basin, Florida, with an emphasis on nitrate: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5144, 54 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045144.","productDescription":"54 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":6878,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5144/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":185830,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dde4b07f02db5e260a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Phelps, G. G.","contributorId":82346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phelps","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70165,"text":"sir20045265 - 2004 - Evaluation of ground-water contribution to streamflow in coastal Georgia and adjacent parts of Florida and South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-17T13:05:58","indexId":"sir20045265","displayToPublicDate":"2005-03-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5265","title":"Evaluation of ground-water contribution to streamflow in coastal Georgia and adjacent parts of Florida and South Carolina","docAbstract":"Stream-aquifer relations in the coastal area of Georgia and adjacent parts of Florida and South Carolina were evaluated as part of the Coastal Georgia Sound Science Initiative, the Georgia Environmental Protection Division's strategy to protect the Upper Floridan aquifer from saltwater intrusion. Ground-water discharge to streams was estimated using three methods: hydrograph separation, drought-streamflow measurements, and linear-regression analysis of streamflow duration. Ground-water discharge during the drought years of 1954, 1981, and 2000 was analyzed for minimum ground-water contribution to streamflow. Hydrograph separation was used to estimate baseflow at eight streamflow gaging stations during the 31-year period 1971?2001. Six additional streamflow gaging stations were evaluated using linear-regression analysis of flow duration to determine mean annual baseflow. The study area centers on three major river systems ? the Salkehatchie?Savannah?Ogeechee, Altamaha?Satilla?St Marys, and Suwannee ? that interact with the underlying ground-water system to varying degrees, largely based on the degree of incision of the river into the aquifer and on the topography. Results presented in this report are being used to calibrate a regional ground-water flow model to evaluate ground-water flow and stream-aquifer relations of the Upper Floridan aquifer. \r\n\r\nHydrograph separation indicated decreased baseflow to streams during drought periods as water levels declined in the aquifer. Average mean annual baseflow ranged from 39 to 74 percent of mean annual streamflow, with a mean contribution of 58 percent for the period 1971?2001. In a wet year (1997), baseflow composed from 33 to 70 percent of mean annual streamflow. Drought-streamflow analysis estimated baseflow contribution to streamflow ranged from 0 to 24 percent of mean annual streamflow. Linear-regression analysis of streamflow duration estimated the Q35 (flow that is equaled or exceeded 35 percent of the time) as the most reasonable estimate of baseflow. The Q35, when compared to mean annual streamflow, estimated a baseflow contribution ranging from 65 to 102 percent of streamflow. The Q35 estimate tends to overestimate baseflow as evidenced by the baseflow contribution greater than 100 percent. Ground-water contributions to streamflow are greatest during winter when evapotranspiration is low, and least during summer when evapotranspiration is high. Baseflow accounted for a larger percentage of streamflow at gaging stations in the Salkehatchie?Savannah?Ogeechee River Basin than in the other two basins. This difference is due largely to the availability of data, proximity to the Piedmont physiographic province where the major rivers originate and are by supplied ground water, and proximity to the upper Coastal Plain where there is greater topographic relief and interconnection between streams and aquifers.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045265","usgsCitation":"Priest, S., 2004, Evaluation of ground-water contribution to streamflow in coastal Georgia and adjacent parts of Florida and South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5265, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045265.","productDescription":"50 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":185831,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6879,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5265/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Florida, Georgia, South Carolina","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {\n \"stroke\": \"#555555\",\n \"stroke-width\": 2,\n \"stroke-opacity\": 1,\n \"fill\": \"#555555\",\n \"fill-opacity\": 0.5\n },\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.507568359375,\n 30.670990790779168\n ],\n [\n -81.595458984375,\n 30.70878122625409\n ],\n [\n -81.8701171875,\n 30.784317689718897\n ],\n [\n -82.034912109375,\n 30.70878122625409\n ],\n [\n -81.97998046875,\n 30.642638258763263\n ],\n [\n -81.990966796875,\n 30.510216587229984\n ],\n [\n -82.012939453125,\n 30.396568538569365\n ],\n [\n -82.166748046875,\n 30.36813582872057\n ],\n [\n -82.2216796875,\n 30.462879341709886\n ],\n [\n -82.265625,\n 30.54806979910353\n ],\n [\n -84.18823242187499,\n 30.68988785772121\n ],\n [\n -84.67163085937499,\n 32.838058359277056\n ],\n [\n -83.73779296875,\n 34.175453097578526\n ],\n [\n -81.01318359375,\n 34.266296360583546\n ],\n [\n -80.386962890625,\n 33.81110228864701\n ],\n [\n -79.815673828125,\n 32.676372772089834\n ],\n [\n -80.33203125,\n 32.43097672054704\n ],\n [\n -80.44189453125,\n 32.324275588876525\n ],\n [\n -80.518798828125,\n 32.2778445149827\n ],\n [\n -80.6781005859375,\n 32.15236189465577\n ],\n [\n -80.88134765625001,\n 31.91953017247695\n ],\n [\n -81.14501953125,\n 31.62064369245056\n ],\n [\n -81.23291015625,\n 31.367708915120826\n ],\n [\n -81.309814453125,\n 31.208103321325254\n ],\n [\n -81.39770507812499,\n 31.08586989620833\n ],\n [\n -81.419677734375,\n 30.850363469502337\n ],\n [\n -81.39770507812499,\n 30.68988785772121\n ],\n [\n -81.507568359375,\n 30.670990790779168\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fbe4b07f02db5f48b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Priest, Sherlyn","contributorId":23994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Priest","given":"Sherlyn","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70154,"text":"sir20045177 - 2004 - Streamflow and water-quality characteristics at selected sites of the St. Johns River in central Florida, 1933 to 2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:45","indexId":"sir20045177","displayToPublicDate":"2005-03-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5177","title":"Streamflow and water-quality characteristics at selected sites of the St. Johns River in central Florida, 1933 to 2002","docAbstract":"To meet water-supply needs in central Florida for 2020, the St. Johns River is being considered as a source of water supply to augment ground water from the Floridan aquifer system. Current (2004) information on streamflow and water-quality characteristics of the St. Johns River in east-central Florida is needed by water resources planners to assess the feasibility of using the river as an alternate source of water supply and to design water treatment facilities. To address this need, streamflow and water quality of the 90-mile-long middle reach of the St. Johns River, Florida, from downstream of Lake Poinsett to near DeLand, were characterized by using retrospective (1991-99) and recently collected data (2000-02). Streamflow characteristics were determined by using data from water years 1933-2000. Water-quality characteristics were described using data from 1991-99 at 15 sites on the St. Johns River and 1 site each near the mouths of the Econlockhatchee and Wekiva Rivers. Data were augmented with biweekly water-quality data and continuous physical properties data at four St. Johns River sites and quarterly data from sites on the Wekiva River, Blackwater Creek, and downstream of Blue Springs from 2000-02. Water-quality constituents described were limited to information on physical properties, major ions and other inorganic constituents, nutrients, organic carbon, suspended solids, and phytoplankton chlorophyll-a. The occurrence of antibiotics, human prescription and nonprescription drugs, pesticides, and a suite of organic constituents, which may indicate domestic or industrial waste, were described at two St. Johns River sites using limited data collected in water years 2002-03. The occurrence of these same constituents in water from a pilot water treatment facility on Lake Monroe also was described using data from one sampling event conducted in March 2003. \r\n\r\nDissolved oxygen concentration and water pH values in the St. Johns River were significantly lower during high-flow conditions than during low-flow conditions. Low dissolved oxygen concentrations may have resulted from the input of water from marsh areas or the subsequent decomposition of organic matter transported to the river during high-flow events. Low water pH values during high-flow conditions likely resulted from the increased dissolved organic carbon concentrations in the river.\r\n\r\nConcentrations of total dissolved solids and other inorganic constituents in the St. Johns River were inversely related with streamflow. Most major ion concentrations, total dissolved solids concentrations, and specific conductance values varied substantially at the Christmas, Sanford, and DeLand sites during low-flow periods in 2000-01 probably reflecting wind and tidal effects.\r\n\r\nSulfide concentrations as high as 6 milligrams per liter (mg/L) were measured in the St. Johns River during high-flow periods. Increased sulfide concentrations likely resulted from the decomposition of organic matter or the reduction of sulfate. Bromide concentrations as high as 17 mg/L were measured at the most upstream site on the St. Johns River during 2000-02. Temporal variations in bromide were characterized by sharp peaks in concentration during low-flow periods. Peaks in bromide concentrations tended to coincide with peaks in chloride concentrations because the likely source of both constituents is ground water affected by relict seawater.\r\n\r\nMedian dissolved organic carbon concentrations ranged from 15 to 26 mg/L during 2000-02, and concentrations as high as 42 mg/L were measured. Water color values and dissolved organic carbon concentrations generally were significantly greater during high-flow conditions than during low-flow conditions. Specific ultraviolet light absorbance data indicated the organic carbon during high-flow events was more aromatic in composition and likely originated from terrestrially derived sources compared to organic carbon in the river during other times of the year.\r\n\r\nD","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045177","usgsCitation":"Kroening, S.E., 2004, Streamflow and water-quality characteristics at selected sites of the St. Johns River in central Florida, 1933 to 2002: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5177, 102 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045177.","productDescription":"102 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":6871,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5177/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":121230,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2004_5177.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4ea5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kroening, Sharon E.","contributorId":67868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kroening","given":"Sharon","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70146,"text":"sir20045195 - 2004 - A method for simulating transient ground-water recharge in deep water-table settings in central Florida by using a simple water-balance/transfer-function model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:44","indexId":"sir20045195","displayToPublicDate":"2005-03-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5195","title":"A method for simulating transient ground-water recharge in deep water-table settings in central Florida by using a simple water-balance/transfer-function model","docAbstract":"A relatively simple method is needed that provides estimates of transient ground-water recharge in deep water-table settings that can be incorporated into other hydrologic models. Deep water-table settings are areas where the water table is below the reach of plant roots and virtually all water that is not lost to surface runoff, evaporation at land surface, or evapotranspiration in the root zone eventually becomes ground-water recharge. Areas in central Florida with a deep water table generally are high recharge areas; consequently, simulation of recharge in these areas is of particular interest to water-resource managers. Yet the complexities of meteorological variations and unsaturated flow processes make it difficult to estimate short-term recharge rates, thereby confounding calibration and predictive use of transient hydrologic models.\r\n\r\nA simple water-balance/transfer-function (WBTF) model was developed for simulating transient ground-water recharge in deep water-table settings. The WBTF model represents a one-dimensional column from the top of the vegetative canopy to the water table and consists of two components: (1) a water-balance module that simulates the water storage capacity of the vegetative canopy and root zone; and (2) a transfer-function module that simulates the traveltime of water as it percolates from the bottom of the root zone to the water table. Data requirements include two time series for the period of interest?precipitation (or precipitation minus surface runoff, if surface runoff is not negligible) and evapotranspiration?and values for five parameters that represent water storage capacity or soil-drainage characteristics.\r\n\r\nA limiting assumption of the WBTF model is that the percolation of water below the root zone is a linear process. That is, percolating water is assumed to have the same traveltime characteristics, experiencing the same delay and attenuation, as it moves through the unsaturated zone. This assumption is more accurate if the moisture content, and consequently the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, below the root zone does not vary substantially with time.\r\n\r\nResults of the WBTF model were compared to those of the U.S. Geological Survey variably saturated flow model, VS2DT, and to field-based estimates of recharge to demonstrate the applicability of the WBTF model for a range of conditions relevant to deep water-table settings in central Florida. The WBTF model reproduced independently obtained estimates of recharge reasonably well for different soil types and water-table depths.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045195","usgsCitation":"O’Reilly, A.M., 2004, A method for simulating transient ground-water recharge in deep water-table settings in central Florida by using a simple water-balance/transfer-function model: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5195, 3 p. online; 1 model program; 12 ancillary files; 49 p. report, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045195.","productDescription":"3 p. online; 1 model program; 12 ancillary files; 49 p. report","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":6866,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5195/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":124684,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2004_5195.jpg"}],"scale":"100000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae043","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Reilly, Andrew M. 0000-0003-3220-1248 aoreilly@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3220-1248","contributorId":2184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Reilly","given":"Andrew","email":"aoreilly@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":5051,"text":"FLWSC-Orlando","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":281943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70140,"text":"ds74_v2 - 2004 - Long-Term Oceanographic Observations in Western Massachusetts Bay Offshore of Boston, Massachusetts: Data Report for 1989-2002","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70140,"text":"ds74_v2 - 2004 - Long-Term Oceanographic Observations in Western Massachusetts Bay Offshore of Boston, Massachusetts: Data Report for 1989-2002","indexId":"ds74_v2","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"title":"Long-Term Oceanographic Observations in Western Massachusetts Bay Offshore of Boston, Massachusetts: Data Report for 1989-2002"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":97319,"text":"ds74 - 2009 - Long-term oceanographic observations in Massachusetts Bay, 1989-2006","indexId":"ds74","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"title":"Long-term oceanographic observations in Massachusetts Bay, 1989-2006"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":97319,"text":"ds74 - 2009 - Long-term oceanographic observations in Massachusetts Bay, 1989-2006","indexId":"ds74","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"title":"Long-term oceanographic observations in Massachusetts Bay, 1989-2006"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-06T08:21:55","indexId":"ds74_v2","displayToPublicDate":"2005-03-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"74","title":"Long-Term Oceanographic Observations in Western Massachusetts Bay Offshore of Boston, Massachusetts: Data Report for 1989-2002","docAbstract":"This data report presents long-term oceanographic observations made in western Massachusetts Bay at two locations: (1) 42 deg 22.6' N., 70 deg 47.0' W. (Site A, 33 m water depth) from December 1989 through December 2002 (figure 1), and (2) 42 deg 9.8' N., 70 deg 38.4' W. (Site B, 21 m water depth) from October 1997 through December 2002. Site A is approximately 1 km south of the new ocean outfall that began discharging treated sewage effluent from the Boston metropolitan area into Massachusetts Bay on September 6, 2000. These long-term oceanographic observations have been collected by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in partnership with the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority (MWRA) and with logistical support from the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG - http://www.uscg.mil). This report presents time series data through December 2002, updating a similar report that presented data through December 2000 (Butman and others, 2002). In addition, the Statistics and Mean Flow sections include some new plots and tables and the format of the report has been streamlined by combining yearly figures into single .pdfs.\r\n \r\nFigure 1 (PDF format)\r\n\r\nThe long-term measurements are planned to continue at least through 2005. The long-term oceanographic observations at Sites A and B are part of a USGS study designed to understand the transport and long-term fate of sediments and associated contaminants in the Massachusetts bays. (See http://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/project-pages/bostonharbor/ and Butman and Bothner, 1997.) The long-term observations document seasonal and inter-annual changes in currents, hydrography, and suspended-matter concentration in western Massachusetts Bay, and the importance of infrequent catastrophic events, such as major storms or hurricanes, in sediment resuspension and transport. They also provide observations for testing numerical models of circulation.\r\n\r\nThis data report presents a description of the field program and instrumentation, an overview of the data through summary plots and statistics, and the data in NetCDF and ASCII format for the period December 1989 through December 2002 for Site A and October 1997 through December 2002 for Site B. The objective of this report is to make the data available in digital form and to provide summary plots and statistics to facilitate browsing of the long-term data set.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ds74_v2","isbn":"0607928514","usgsCitation":"Butman, B., Bothner, M., Alexander, P., Lightsom, F.L., Martini, M.A., Gutierrez, B.T., and Strahle, W.S., 2004, Long-Term Oceanographic Observations in Western Massachusetts Bay Offshore of Boston, Massachusetts: Data Report for 1989-2002 (Version 2.0, Superseded by Version 3.0): U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 74, Available online and on DVD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds74_v2.","productDescription":"Available online and on DVD-ROM","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":191176,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6839,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds74/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"100000","edition":"Version 2.0, Superseded by Version 3.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6de4b07f02db63ed05","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Butman, Bradford 0000-0002-4174-2073 bbutman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4174-2073","contributorId":943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butman","given":"Bradford","email":"bbutman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":281932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bothner, Michael H. mbothner@usgs.gov","contributorId":139855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bothner","given":"Michael H.","email":"mbothner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":281935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Alexander, P. Soupy sdalyander@usgs.gov","contributorId":82780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alexander","given":"P. Soupy","email":"sdalyander@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":281938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lightsom, Frances L. 0000-0003-4043-3639 flightsom@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4043-3639","contributorId":1535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lightsom","given":"Frances","email":"flightsom@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":281933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Martini, Marinna A. 0000-0002-7757-5158 mmartini@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7757-5158","contributorId":2456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martini","given":"Marinna","email":"mmartini@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":281936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gutierrez, Benjamin T.","contributorId":58670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gutierrez","given":"Benjamin","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Strahle, William S.","contributorId":27920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strahle","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70147,"text":"sir20045025 - 2004 - Simulation of ground-water flow in the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system, Pennsauken Township and vicinity, New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:44","indexId":"sir20045025","displayToPublicDate":"2005-03-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5025","title":"Simulation of ground-water flow in the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system, Pennsauken Township and vicinity, New Jersey","docAbstract":"The Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system is one of the primary sources of potable water in the Coastal Plain of New Jersey, particularly in heavily developed areas along the Delaware River. In Pennsauken Township, Camden County, local drinking-water supplies from this aquifer system have been contaminated by hexavalent chromium at concentrations that exceed the New Jersey maximum contaminant level. In particular, ground water at the Puchack well field has been adversely affected to the point where, since 1984, water is no longer withdrawn from this well field for public supply. The area that contains the Puchack well field was added to the National Priorities List in 1998 as a Superfund site.\r\n\r\nThe U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conducted a reconnaissance study from 1996 to 1998 during which hydrogeologic and water-quality data were collected and a ground-water-flow model was developed to describe the conditions in the aquifer system in the Pennsauken Township area. The current investigation by the USGS, in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), is an extension of the previous study. Results of the current study can be applied to a Remedial Investigation and Feasibility Study conducted at the Puchack well field Superfund site.\r\n\r\nThe USGS study collected additional data on the hydrogeology and water-quality in the area. These data were incorporated into a refined model of the ground-water-flow system in the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system. A finite-difference model was developed to simulate ground-water flow and the advective transport of chromium-contaminated ground water in the aquifers of the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system in the Pennsauken Township area. An 11-layer model was used to represent the complex hydrogeologic framework. The model was calibrated using steady-state water-level data from March 1998, April 1998, and April 2001. Water-level recovery during the shutdown of Puchack 1 during March to April 1998 was simulated to evaluate model performance in relation to changing stresses. The Delaware River contributes appreciable-flow to the ground-water system from areas where the Middle and Lower aquifers crop out beneath the river. A transient simulation of an aquifer test near the Delaware River was run to help characterize the hydraulic conductivity of the riverbed sediments represented in the model. Vertical flow across confining units between the aquifers is highly variable and is important in the movement of water and associated contaminants through the flow system. The model was imbedded within a regional model of the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system in Camden County.\r\n\r\nIn general, a simulation of baseline conditions, which can provide a representation on which simulations of various alternatives can be based for the feasibility study, incorporated average conditions from 1998 to 2000. Ground-water withdrawals within the model area during this period averaged about 14 Mgal/d. Regional ground-water flow is from recharge areas and from the Delaware River to downgradient pumped wells located just east of the model area in central Camden County. Simulation results show an important connection between the Intermediate sand and the Lower aquifer of the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system in the vicinity of the chromium-contaminated area. The Delaware River contributes nearly 10 Mgal/d to the flow system, whereas recharge contributes about 6 Mgal/d. Ground-water withdrawals within the model area account for nearly 14 Mgal/d (mostly from the Lower aquifer of the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system).","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045025","usgsCitation":"Pope, D.A., and Watt, M.K., 2004, Simulation of ground-water flow in the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system, Pennsauken Township and vicinity, New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5025, 69 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045025.","productDescription":"69 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":6867,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir20045025/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":185575,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"100000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db69811c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pope, Daryll A. dpope@usgs.gov","contributorId":3796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pope","given":"Daryll","email":"dpope@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":281945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Watt, Martha K. 0000-0001-5651-3428 mwatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5651-3428","contributorId":3275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watt","given":"Martha","email":"mwatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":281944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}