{"pageNumber":"995","pageRowStart":"24850","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40818,"records":[{"id":70028402,"text":"70028402 - 2006 - Population momentum across vertebrate life histories","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:44","indexId":"70028402","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Population momentum across vertebrate life histories","docAbstract":"Population abundance is critically important in conservation, management, and demographic theory. Thus, to better understand how perturbations to the life history affect long-term population size, we examined population momentum for four vertebrate classes with different life history strategies. In a series of demographic experiments we show that population momentum generally has a larger effect on long-term population size for organisms with long generation times than for organisms with short generation times. However, patterns between population momentum and generation time varied across taxonomic groups and according to the life history parameter that was changed. Our findings indicate that momentum may be an especially important aspect of population dynamics for long-lived vertebrates, and deserves greater attention in life history studies. Further, we discuss the importance of population momentum in natural resource management, pest control, and conservation arenas. ?? 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Modelling","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2006.03.034","issn":"03043800","usgsCitation":"Koons, D.N., Grand, J., and Arnold, J., 2006, Population momentum across vertebrate life histories: Ecological Modelling, v. 197, no. 3-4, p. 418-430, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2006.03.034.","startPage":"418","endPage":"430","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210273,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2006.03.034"},{"id":237144,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"197","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7d82e4b0c8380cd79fbb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koons, D. N.","contributorId":68093,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Koons","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grand, J.B.","contributorId":11150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grand","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Arnold, J.M.","contributorId":84489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arnold","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70028407,"text":"70028407 - 2006 - Balancing predation and egg harvest in a colonial seabird: A simulation model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-18T09:28:26","indexId":"70028407","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Balancing predation and egg harvest in a colonial seabird: A simulation model","docAbstract":"<p><span>We developed an individual-based model to study the effects of different regimes of harvesting eggs and natural predation on reproductive success in a colony of the glaucous-winged gull (</span><i>Larus glaucescens</i><span>) in Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska. The model incorporates the sequence of egg laying, relaying, and incubation to hatching for individual nests and calculates hatching success, incubation length, and the total number of eggs laid (as a result of re-nesting and relaying) in all nests in the colony. Stochasticity is incorporated in the distribution of nest lay dates, predation rates, and nests attacked during predation and harvest events. We estimated parameter values by fitting the model to data collected at a small colony during 1999 and 2000 using maximum likelihood. We then simulated harvests and analyzed model predictions. Model outputs indicate that harvesting early, and at one time, provides a predictable take of eggs with the least impact to gulls.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.11.002","issn":"03043800","usgsCitation":"Zador, S., Piatt, J.F., and Punt, A., 2006, Balancing predation and egg harvest in a colonial seabird: A simulation model: Ecological Modelling, v. 195, no. 3-4, p. 318-326, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.11.002.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"318","endPage":"326","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":237209,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210323,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.11.002"}],"volume":"195","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059efaae4b0c8380cd4a3b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zador, Stephani","contributorId":60992,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zador","given":"Stephani","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":417931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Punt, A. E.","contributorId":25747,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Punt","given":"A. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70028408,"text":"70028408 - 2006 - Quantifying surface water–groundwater interactions using time series analysis of streambed thermal records: Method development","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-03T13:42:22","indexId":"70028408","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantifying surface water–groundwater interactions using time series analysis of streambed thermal records: Method development","docAbstract":"<p><span>We present a method for determining streambed seepage rates using time series thermal data. The new method is based on quantifying changes in phase and amplitude of temperature variations between pairs of subsurface sensors. For a reasonable range of streambed thermal properties and sensor spacings the time series method should allow reliable estimation of seepage rates for a range of at least ±10 m d</span><sup>−1</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>(±1.2 × 10</span><sup>−2</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>m s</span><sup>−1</sup><span>), with amplitude variations being most sensitive at low flow rates and phase variations retaining sensitivity out to much higher rates. Compared to forward modeling, the new method requires less observational data and less setup and data handling and is faster, particularly when interpreting many long data sets. The time series method is insensitive to streambed scour and sedimentation, which allows for application under a wide range of flow conditions and allows time series estimation of variable streambed hydraulic conductivity. This new approach should facilitate wider use of thermal methods and improve understanding of the complex spatial and temporal dynamics of surface water–groundwater interactions.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2005WR004787","usgsCitation":"Hatch, C.E., Fisher, A.T., Revenaugh, J.S., Constantz, J., and Ruehl, C., 2006, Quantifying surface water–groundwater interactions using time series analysis of streambed thermal records: Method development: Water Resources Research, v. 42, no. 10, Article W10410; 14 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2005WR004787.","productDescription":"Article W10410; 14 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477544,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2005wr004787","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":237245,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-10-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a91e1e4b0c8380cd80508","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hatch, Christine E","contributorId":191364,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hatch","given":"Christine","email":"","middleInitial":"E","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fisher, Andrew T.","contributorId":178403,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fisher","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Revenaugh, Justin S.","contributorId":22566,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Revenaugh","given":"Justin","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Constantz, Jim","contributorId":66338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Constantz","given":"Jim","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ruehl, Chris","contributorId":181877,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ruehl","given":"Chris","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70028409,"text":"70028409 - 2006 - Using self-organizing maps to determine observation threshold limit predictions in highly variant data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:54","indexId":"70028409","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Using self-organizing maps to determine observation threshold limit predictions in highly variant data","docAbstract":"A significant data quality challenge for highly variant systems surrounds the limited ability to quantify operationally reasonable limits on the data elements being collected and provide reasonable threshold predictions. In many instances, the number of influences that drive a resulting value or operational range is too large to enable physical sampling for each influencer, or is too complicated to accurately model in an explicit simulation. An alternative method to determine reasonable observation thresholds is to employ an automation algorithm that would emulate a human analyst visually inspecting data for limits. Using the visualization technique of self-organizing maps (SOM) on data having poorly understood relationships, a methodology for determining threshold limits was developed. To illustrate this approach, analysis of environmental influences that drive the abundance of a target indicator species (the pink shrimp, Farfantepenaeus duorarum) provided a real example of applicability. The relationship between salinity and temperature and abundance of F. duorarum is well documented, but the effect of changes in water quality upstream on pink shrimp abundance is not well understood. The highly variant nature surrounding catch of a specific number of organisms in the wild, and the data available from up-stream hydrology measures for salinity and temperature, made this an ideal candidate for the approach to provide a determination about the influence of changes in hydrology on populations of organisms.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering","conferenceTitle":"Signal Processing, Sensor Fusion, and Target Recognition XV","conferenceDate":"17 April 2006 through 19 April 2006","conferenceLocation":"Kissimmee, FL","language":"English","doi":"10.1117/12.667802","issn":"0277786X","isbn":"0819462918; 9780819462916","usgsCitation":"Paganoni, C., Chang, K., and Robblee, M., 2006, Using self-organizing maps to determine observation threshold limit predictions in highly variant data, <i>in</i> Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, v. 6235, Kissimmee, FL, 17 April 2006 through 19 April 2006, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.667802.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210351,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.667802"},{"id":237246,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6235","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc09be4b08c986b32a208","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paganoni, C.A.","contributorId":10984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paganoni","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chang, K.C.","contributorId":44732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chang","given":"K.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Robblee, M. B.","contributorId":23879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robblee","given":"M. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70028414,"text":"70028414 - 2006 - Genetic structure of natural and restored shoalgrass Halodule wrightii populations in the NW Gulf of Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-18T09:23:19","indexId":"70028414","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Genetic structure of natural and restored shoalgrass <i>Halodule wrightii</i> populations in the NW Gulf of Mexico","title":"Genetic structure of natural and restored shoalgrass Halodule wrightii populations in the NW Gulf of Mexico","docAbstract":"<p>The decline of seagrass communities worldwide has sparked an urgent need for effective restoration strategies, which require a working knowledge of population genetic structure. Halodule wrighti is a common seagrass of the Caribbean region that is being restored to areas of the Gulf of Mexico, yet little is known of its population genetics. This study provides an assessment of individual, clonal and population effects on the genetic structure of 4 natural H. wrightii populations occupying 170 km of coastline in and around Galveston Bay, Texas, for comparison with 7 restored populations ranging in age from 2 to 7 yr. By using molecular markers, in the form of amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), we found considerable variation in clonal richness at the population scale (from 0.54 to 0.82), with the restored populations occupying an intermediate to high position within this range. Replicate sampling within individual seagrass beds of 3 to 5m diameter generally revealed higher levels of clonal richness, elevated by 4 to 22% over that at the population scale, suggesting that seed recruitment is more important at the local scale than at distances of &gt;10 m. Genetic diversity was 2 to 3 times less than that expected for a widespread, outcrossing species like H. wrightii, although a 170% increase in the frequency of variable markers relative to the mean for all other populations was noted for a volunteer population that had recruited from a mixture of donor materials planted at a nearby restoration site. Within the spatial extent of this study, natural populations adhered to a model of isolation-by-distance, whereas donor materials from these same natural populations were undergoing a rapid genetic convergence within a restored site where they had been planted together.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","issn":"01718630","usgsCitation":"Travis, S., and Sheridan, P., 2006, Genetic structure of natural and restored shoalgrass Halodule wrightii populations in the NW Gulf of Mexico: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 322, p. 117-127.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"117","endPage":"127","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":237315,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":364748,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/24870863"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -94.94384765625,\n              30.15462722077597\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.7288818359375,\n              27.843933386070514\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.27294921875,\n              27.401032392938866\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.3505859375,\n              29.38217507514529\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.94384765625,\n              30.15462722077597\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"322","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1587e4b0c8380cd54e67","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Travis, S.E. 0000-0001-9338-8953","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9338-8953","contributorId":28718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Travis","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sheridan, P.","contributorId":24983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sheridan","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70028418,"text":"70028418 - 2006 - Post-seismic relaxation following the great 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake on a compressible self-gravitating Earth","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:45","indexId":"70028418","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1803,"text":"Geophysical Journal International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Post-seismic relaxation following the great 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake on a compressible self-gravitating Earth","docAbstract":"he Mw ??? 9.0 2004 December 26 Sumatra-Andaman and Mw =8.7 2005 March 28 Nias earthquakes, which collectively ruptured approximately 1800 km of the Andaman and Sunda subduction zones, are expected to be followed by vigorous viscoelastic relaxation involving both the upper and lower mantle. Because of these large spatial dimensions it is desirable to fully account for gravitational coupling effects in the relaxation process. We present a stable method of computing relaxation of a spherically-stratified, compressible and self-gravitating viscoelastic Earth following an impulsive moment release event. The solution is cast in terms of a spherical harmonic expansion of viscoelastic normal modes. For simple layered viscoelastic models, which include a low-viscosity oceanic asthenosphere, we predict substantial post-seismic effects over a region several 100s of km wide surrounding the eastern Indian Ocean. We compare observed GPS time-series from ten regional sites (mostly in Thailand and Indonesia), beginning in 2004 December, with synthetic time-series that include the coseismic and post-seismic effects of the 2004 December 26 and 2005 March 28 earthquakes. A viscosity structure involving a biviscous (Burgers body) rheology in the asthenosphere explains the pattern and amplitude of post-seismic offsets remarkably well. ?? 2006 The Authors Journal compilation ?? 2006 RAS.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Journal International","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03018.x","issn":"0956540X","usgsCitation":"Pollitz, F., Burgmann, R., and Banerjee, P., 2006, Post-seismic relaxation following the great 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake on a compressible self-gravitating Earth: Geophysical Journal International, v. 167, no. 1, p. 397-420, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03018.x.","startPage":"397","endPage":"420","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477499,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.2006.03018.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":236825,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210030,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03018.x"}],"volume":"167","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7e70e4b0c8380cd7a544","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pollitz, F. F.","contributorId":108280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pollitz","given":"F. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burgmann, R.","contributorId":10167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burgmann","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Banerjee, P.","contributorId":90525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banerjee","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70028425,"text":"70028425 - 2006 - Net carbon exchange across the Arctic tundra-boreal forest transition in Alaska 1981-2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:45","indexId":"70028425","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Net carbon exchange across the Arctic tundra-boreal forest transition in Alaska 1981-2000","docAbstract":"Shifts in the carbon balance of high-latitude ecosystems could result from differential responses of vegetation and soil processes to changing moisture and temperature regimes and to a lengthening of the growing season. Although shrub expansion and northward movement of treeline should increase carbon inputs, the effects of these vegetation changes on net carbon exchange have not been evaluated. We selected low shrub, tall shrub, and forest tundra sites near treeline in northwestern Alaska, representing the major structural transitions expected in response to warming. In these sites, we measured aboveground net primary production (ANPP) and vegetation and soil carbon and nitrogen pools, and used these data to parameterize the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model. We simulated the response of carbon balance components to air temperature and precipitation trends during 1981-2000. In areas experiencing warmer and dryer conditions, Net Primary Production (NPP) decreased and heterotrophic respiration (R H ) increased, leading to a decrease in Net Ecosystem Production (NEP). In warmer and wetter conditions NPP increased, but the response was exceeded by an increase in R H ; therefore, NEP also decreased. Lastly, in colder and wetter regions, the increase in NPP exceeded a small decline in R H , leading to an increase in NEP. The net effect for the region was a slight gain in ecosystem carbon storage over the 20 year period. This research highlights the potential importance of spatial variability in ecosystem responses to climate change in assessing the response of carbon storage in northern Alaska over the last two decades. ?? Springer 2005.","largerWorkTitle":"Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change","language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s11027-005-9016-3","issn":"13812386","usgsCitation":"Thompson, C.C., McGuire, A., Clein, J.S., Chapin, F.S., and Beringer, J., 2006, Net carbon exchange across the Arctic tundra-boreal forest transition in Alaska 1981-2000, <i>in</i> Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, v. 11, no. 4, p. 805-827, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-005-9016-3.","startPage":"805","endPage":"827","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210136,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11027-005-9016-3"},{"id":236966,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a64ebe4b0c8380cd72a9e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, Catharine Copass","contributorId":26131,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thompson","given":"Catharine","email":"","middleInitial":"Copass","affiliations":[{"id":12462,"text":"U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":417996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McGuire, A. D.","contributorId":16552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"A. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clein, Joy S.","contributorId":83697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clein","given":"Joy","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chapin, F. S. III","contributorId":16776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapin","given":"F.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Beringer, J.","contributorId":25274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beringer","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70028428,"text":"70028428 - 2006 - Weak simulated extratropical responses to complete tropical deforestation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:45","indexId":"70028428","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2216,"text":"Journal of Climate","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Weak simulated extratropical responses to complete tropical deforestation","docAbstract":"The Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory atmosphere-land model version 2 (AM2/LM2) coupled to a 50-m-thick slab ocean model has been used to investigate remote responses to tropical deforestation. Magnitudes and significance of differences between a control run and a deforested run are assessed through comparisons of 50-yr time series, accounting for autocorrelation and field significance. Complete conversion of the broadleaf evergreen forests of South America, central Africa, and the islands of Oceania to grasslands leads to highly significant local responses. In addition, a broad but mild warming is seen throughout the tropical troposphere (<0.2??C between 700 and 150 mb), significant in northern spring and summer. However, the simulation results show very little statistically significant response beyond the Tropics. There are no significant differences in any hydroclimatic variables (e.g., precipitation, soil moisture, evaporation) in either the northern or the southern extratropics. Small but statistically significant local differences in some geopotential height and wind fields are present in the southeastern Pacific Ocean. Use of the same statistical tests on two 50-yr segments of the control run show that the small but significant extratropical differences between the deforested run and the control run are similar in magnitude and area to the differences between nonoverlapping segments of the control run. These simulations suggest that extratropical responses to complete tropical deforestation are unlikely to be distinguishable from natural climate variability.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Climate","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1175/JCLI3737.1","issn":"08948755","usgsCitation":"Findell, K., Knutson, T., and Milly, P., 2006, Weak simulated extratropical responses to complete tropical deforestation: Journal of Climate, v. 19, no. 12, p. 2835-2850, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3737.1.","startPage":"2835","endPage":"2850","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477378,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli3737.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":210163,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3737.1"},{"id":237000,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-06-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bcfade4b08c986b32ea35","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Findell, K.L.","contributorId":20137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Findell","given":"K.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knutson, T.R.","contributorId":106680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knutson","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Milly, P. C. D.","contributorId":100489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milly","given":"P. C. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70028429,"text":"70028429 - 2006 - Measuring permanence of CO<sub>2</sub> storage in saline formations: The Frio experiment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-29T09:50:53","indexId":"70028429","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1541,"text":"Environmental Geosciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Measuring permanence of CO<sub>2</sub> storage in saline formations: The Frio experiment","docAbstract":"<p class=\"abstractnoin\">If CO<sub>2</sub> released from fossil fuel during energy production is returned to the subsurface, will it be retained for periods of time significant enough to benefit the atmosphere? Can trapping be assured in saline formations where there is no history of hydrocarbon accumulation? The Frio experiment in Texas was undertaken to provide answers to these questions.</p><p>One thousand six hundred metric tons of CO<sub>2</sub> were injected into the Frio Formation, which underlies large areas of the United States Gulf Coast. Reservoir characterization and numerical modeling were used to design the experiment, as well as to interpret the results through history matching. Closely spaced measurements in space and time were collected to observe the evolution of immiscible and dissolved CO<sub>2</sub> during and after injection. The high-permeability, steeply dipping sandstone allowed updip flow of supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> as a result of the density contrast with formation brine and absence of a local structural trap.</p><p>The front of the CO<sub>2</sub> plume moved more quickly than had been modeled. By the end of the 10-day injection, however, the plume geometry in the plane of the observation and injection wells had thickened to a distribution similar to the modeled distribution. As expected, CO<sub>2</sub> dissolved rapidly into brine, causing pH to fall and calcite and metals to be dissolved.</p><p>Postinjection measurements, including time-lapse vertical seismic profiling transects along selected azimuths, cross-well seismic topography, and saturation logs, show that CO<sub>2</sub> migration under gravity slowed greatly 2 months after injection, matching model predictions that significant CO<sub>2</sub> is trapped as relative permeability decreases.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Blackwell Science","doi":"10.1306/eg.11210505011","issn":"10759565","usgsCitation":"Hovorka, S.D., Benson, S.M., Doughty, C., Freifeild, B.M., Sakurai, S., Daley, T.M., Kharaka, Y.K., Holtz, M.H., Trautz, R.C., Nance, H.S., Myer, L.R., and Knauss, K.G., 2006, Measuring permanence of CO<sub>2</sub> storage in saline formations: The Frio experiment: Environmental Geosciences, v. 13, no. 2, p. 105-121, https://doi.org/10.1306/eg.11210505011.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"105","endPage":"121","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":237036,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a534de4b0c8380cd6c9af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hovorka, Susan D.","contributorId":175572,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hovorka","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Benson, Sally M.","contributorId":177233,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Benson","given":"Sally","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":6670,"text":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":418022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Doughty, Christine","contributorId":175587,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Doughty","given":"Christine","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Freifeild, Barry M.","contributorId":42444,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Freifeild","given":"Barry","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sakurai, Shinichi","contributorId":30025,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sakurai","given":"Shinichi","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12933,"text":"Bureau of Economic Geology, The University of Texas at Austin","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":418014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Daley, Thomas M.","contributorId":175586,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Daley","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kharaka, Yousif K. 0000-0001-9861-8260 ykharaka@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9861-8260","contributorId":1928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kharaka","given":"Yousif","email":"ykharaka@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":418013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Holtz, Mark H.","contributorId":85384,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Holtz","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":12933,"text":"Bureau of Economic Geology, The University of Texas at Austin","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":418021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Trautz, Robert C.","contributorId":171754,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Trautz","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":26941,"text":"Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":418018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Nance, H. Seay","contributorId":59310,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nance","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"Seay","affiliations":[{"id":12933,"text":"Bureau of Economic Geology, The University of Texas at Austin","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":418015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Myer, Larry R.","contributorId":177239,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Myer","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":6670,"text":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":418011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Knauss, Kevin G.","contributorId":177240,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Knauss","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":13621,"text":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":418019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}}
,{"id":70028431,"text":"70028431 - 2006 - Seismic response and damage detection analyses of an instrumented steel moment-framed building","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:45","indexId":"70028431","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2467,"text":"Journal of Structural Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic response and damage detection analyses of an instrumented steel moment-framed building","docAbstract":"The seismic performance of steel moment-framed buildings has been of particular interest since brittle fractures were discovered at the beam-column connections in a number of buildings following the M 6.7 Northridge earthquake of January 17, 1994. A case study of the seismic behavior of an extensively instrumented 13-story steel moment frame building located in the greater Los Angeles area of California is described herein. Response studies using frequency domain, joint time-frequency, system identification, and simple damage detection analyses are performed using an extensive strong motion dataset dating from 1971 to the present, supported by engineering drawings and results of postearthquake inspections. These studies show that the building's response is more complex than would be expected from its highly symmetrical geometry. The response is characterized by low damping in the fundamental mode, larger accelerations in the middle and lower stories than at the roof and base, extended periods of vibration after the cessation of strong input shaking, beating in the response, elliptical particle motion, and significant torsion during strong shaking at the top of the concrete piers which extend from the basement to the second floor. The analyses conducted indicate that the response of the structure was elastic in all recorded earthquakes to date, including Northridge. Also, several simple damage detection methods employed did not indicate any structural damage or connection fractures. The combination of a large, real structure and low instrumentation density precluded the application of many recently proposed advanced damage detection methods in this case study. Overall, however, the findings of this study are consistent with the limited code-compliant postearthquake intrusive inspections conducted after the Northridge earthquake, which found no connection fractures or other structural damage. ?? ASCE.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Structural Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2006)132:10(1543)","issn":"07339445","usgsCitation":"Rodgers, J., and Çelebi, M., 2006, Seismic response and damage detection analyses of an instrumented steel moment-framed building: Journal of Structural Engineering, v. 132, no. 10, p. 1543-1552, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2006)132:10(1543).","startPage":"1543","endPage":"1552","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210217,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2006)132:10(1543)"},{"id":237070,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"132","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b57e4b08c986b317772","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rodgers, J.E.","contributorId":99069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodgers","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Çelebi, M.","contributorId":36946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Çelebi","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70028439,"text":"70028439 - 2006 - Use of borehole radar reflection logging to monitor steam-enhanced remediation in fractured limestone--Results of numerical modelling and a field experiment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-16T18:10:19","indexId":"70028439","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2165,"text":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of borehole radar reflection logging to monitor steam-enhanced remediation in fractured limestone--Results of numerical modelling and a field experiment","docAbstract":"<p>Ground penetrating radar is an efficient geophysical method for the detection and location of fractures and fracture zones in electrically resistive rocks. In this study, the use of down-hole (borehole) radar reflection logs to monitor the injection of steam in fractured rocks was tested as part of a field-scale, steam-enhanced remediation pilot study conducted at a fractured limestone quarry contaminated with chlorinated hydrocarbons at the former Loring Air Force Base, Limestone, Maine, USA. In support of the pilot study, borehole radar reflection logs were collected three times (before, during, and near the end of steam injection) using broadband 100 MHz electric dipole antennas. Numerical modelling was performed to predict the effect of heating on radar-frequency electromagnetic (EM) wave velocity, attenuation, and fracture reflectivity. The modelling results indicate that EM wave velocity and attenuation change substantially if heating increases the electrical conductivity of the limestone matrix. Furthermore, the net effect of heat-induced variations in fracture-fluid dielectric properties on average medium velocity is insignificant because the expected total fracture porosity is low. In contrast, changes in fracture fluid electrical conductivity can have a significant effect on EM wave attenuation and fracture reflectivity. Total replacement of water by steam in a fracture decreases fracture reflectivity of a factor of 10 and induces a change in reflected wave polarity. Based on the numerical modelling results, a reflection amplitude analysis method was developed to delineate fractures where steam has displaced water. Radar reflection logs collected during the three acquisition periods were analysed in the frequency domain to determine if steam had replaced water in the fractures (after normalizing the logs to compensate for differences in antenna performance between logging runs). Analysis of the radar reflection logs from a borehole where the temperature increased substantially during the steam injection experiment shows an increase in attenuation and a decrease in reflectivity in the vicinity of the borehole. Results of applying the reflection amplitude analysis method developed for this study indicate that steam did not totally replace the water in most of the fractures. The observed decreases in reflectivity were consistent with an increase in fracture-water temperature, rather than the presence of steam. A limiting assumption of the reflection amplitude analysis method is the requirement for complete displacement of water in a fracture by steam.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2005.12.006","issn":"09269851","usgsCitation":"Gregoire, C., Joesten, P., and Lane, J., 2006, Use of borehole radar reflection logging to monitor steam-enhanced remediation in fractured limestone--Results of numerical modelling and a field experiment: Journal of Applied Geophysics, v. 60, no. 1, p. 41-54, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2005.12.006.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"41","endPage":"54","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":237177,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maine","city":"Limestone","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -67.92117118835449,\n              46.95465637620638\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.91112899780273,\n              46.95465637620638\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.91112899780273,\n              46.96022176137895\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.92117118835449,\n              46.96022176137895\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.92117118835449,\n              46.95465637620638\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"60","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbec7e4b08c986b3297a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gregoire, C.","contributorId":37142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gregoire","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Joesten, P. K.","contributorId":62818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joesten","given":"P. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lane, J.W. Jr.","contributorId":66723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"J.W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70028443,"text":"70028443 - 2006 - Geographical patterns of human diet derived from stable-isotope analysis of fingernails","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:54","indexId":"70028443","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":729,"text":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geographical patterns of human diet derived from stable-isotope analysis of fingernails","docAbstract":"Carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of human fingernails were measured in 490 individuals in the western US and 273 individuals in southeastern Brazil living in urban areas, and 53 individuals living in a moderately isolated area in the central Amazon region of Brazil and consuming mostly locally grown foods. In addition, we measured the carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of common food items to assess the extent to which these isotopic signatures remain distinct for people eating both omnivorous and vegetarian diets and living in different parts of the world, and the extent to which dietary information can be interpreted from these analyses. Fingernail ??13C values (mean ?? standard deviation) were -15.4 ?? 1.0 and -18.8 ?? 0.8??? and ??15N values were 10.4 ?? 0.7 and 9.4 ?? 0.6??? for southeastern Brazil and western US populations, respectively. Despite opportunities for a \"global supermarket\" effect to swamp out carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in these two urbanized regions of the world, differences in the fingernail isotope ratios between southeastern Brazil and western US populations persisted, and appeared to be more associated with regional agricultural and animal production practices. Omnivores and vegetarians from Brazil and the US were isotopically distinct, both within and between regions. In a comparison of fingernails of individuals from an urban city and isolated communities in the Amazonian region, the urban region was similar to southeastern Brazil, whereas individuals from isolated nonurban communities showed distinctive isotopic values consistent with their diets and with the isotopic values of local foods. Although there is a tendency for a \"global supermarket\" diet, carbon and nitrogen isotopes of human fingernails hold dietary information directly related to both food sources and dietary practices in a region. ?? 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.20409","issn":"00029483","usgsCitation":"Nardoto, G., Silva, S., Kendall, C., Ehleringer, J., Chesson, L., Ferraz, E., Moreira, M., Ometto, J.P., and Martinelli, L., 2006, Geographical patterns of human diet derived from stable-isotope analysis of fingernails: American Journal of Physical Anthropology, v. 131, no. 1, p. 137-146, https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20409.","startPage":"137","endPage":"146","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210352,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20409"},{"id":237247,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"131","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1792e4b0c8380cd55554","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nardoto, G.B.","contributorId":81689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nardoto","given":"G.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Silva, S.","contributorId":68518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silva","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kendall, C. 0000-0002-0247-3405","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":35050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ehleringer, J.R.","contributorId":47965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ehleringer","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chesson, L.A.","contributorId":19764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chesson","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ferraz, E.S.B.","contributorId":43157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferraz","given":"E.S.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Moreira, M.Z.","contributorId":106303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moreira","given":"M.Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Ometto, Jean P. H. B.","contributorId":50715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ometto","given":"Jean","email":"","middleInitial":"P. H. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Martinelli, L.A.","contributorId":76257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martinelli","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70028446,"text":"70028446 - 2006 - Filling in the gaps: Modelling native species richness and invasions using spatially incomplete data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:54","indexId":"70028446","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1399,"text":"Diversity and Distributions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Filling in the gaps: Modelling native species richness and invasions using spatially incomplete data","docAbstract":"Detailed knowledge of patterns of native species richness, an important component of biodiversity, and non-native species invasions is often lacking even though this knowledge is essential to conservation efforts. However, we cannot afford to wait for complete information on the distribution and abundance of native and harmful invasive species. Using information from counties well surveyed for plants across the USA, we developed models to fill data gaps in poorly surveyed areas by estimating the density (number of species km -2) of native and non-native plant species. Here, we show that native plant species density is non-random, predictable, and is the best predictor of non-native plant species density. We found that eastern agricultural sites and coastal areas are among the most invaded in terms of non-native plant species densities, and that the central USA appears to have the greatest ratio of non-native to native species. These large-scale models could also be applied to smaller spatial scales or other taxa to set priorities for conservation and invasion mitigation, prevention, and control efforts. ?? 2006 The Authors.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Diversity and Distributions","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1366-9516.2006.00278.x","issn":"13669516","usgsCitation":"Jarnevich, C., Stohlgren, T., Barnett, D., and Kartesz, J., 2006, Filling in the gaps: Modelling native species richness and invasions using spatially incomplete data: Diversity and Distributions, v. 12, no. 5, p. 511-520, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1366-9516.2006.00278.x.","startPage":"511","endPage":"520","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477574,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1366-9516.2006.00278.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":237283,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210382,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1366-9516.2006.00278.x"}],"volume":"12","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-08-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1006e4b0c8380cd53ad7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jarnevich, C. S.","contributorId":54932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jarnevich","given":"C. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stohlgren, T.J.","contributorId":7217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stohlgren","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barnett, D.","contributorId":64204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnett","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kartesz, J.","contributorId":61005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kartesz","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70028454,"text":"70028454 - 2006 - The relative roles of environment, history and local dispersal in controlling the distributions of common tree and shrub species in a tropical forest landscape, Panama","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:41","indexId":"70028454","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2487,"text":"Journal of Tropical Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The relative roles of environment, history and local dispersal in controlling the distributions of common tree and shrub species in a tropical forest landscape, Panama","docAbstract":"We used regression models and information-theoretic model selection to assess the relative importance of environment, local dispersal and historical contingency as controls of the distributions of 26 common plant species in tropical forest on Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama. We censused eighty-eight 0.09-ha plots scattered across the landscape. Environmental control, local dispersal and historical contingency were represented by environmental variables (soil moisture, slope, soil type, distance to shore, old-forest presence), a spatial autoregressive parameter (??), and four spatial trend variables, respectively. We built regression models, representing all combinations of the three hypotheses, for each species. The probability that the best model included the environmental variables, spatial trend variables and ?? averaged 33%, 64% and 50% across the study species, respectively. The environmental variables, spatial trend variables, ??, and a simple intercept model received the strongest support for 4, 15, 5 and 2 species, respectively. Comparing the model results to information on species traits showed that species with strong spatial trends produced few and heavy diaspores, while species with strong soil moisture relationships were particularly drought-sensitive. In conclusion, history and local dispersal appeared to be the dominant controls of the distributions of common plant species on BCI. Copyright ?? 2006 Cambridge University Press.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Tropical Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1017/S0266467406003348","issn":"02664674","usgsCitation":"Svenning, J., Engelbrecht, B., Kinner, D., Kursar, T., Stallard, R., and Wright, S., 2006, The relative roles of environment, history and local dispersal in controlling the distributions of common tree and shrub species in a tropical forest landscape, Panama: Journal of Tropical Ecology, v. 22, no. 5, p. 575-586, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467406003348.","startPage":"575","endPage":"586","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210031,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0266467406003348"},{"id":236826,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baf2fe4b08c986b3245f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Svenning, J.-C.","contributorId":14999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Svenning","given":"J.-C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Engelbrecht, B.M.J.","contributorId":10599,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engelbrecht","given":"B.M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kinner, D.A.","contributorId":99265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kinner","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kursar, T.A.","contributorId":107485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kursar","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stallard, R.F.","contributorId":30247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stallard","given":"R.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wright, S.J.","contributorId":92765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70028458,"text":"70028458 - 2006 - One-way coupling of an atmospheric and a hydrologic model in Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:41","indexId":"70028458","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2344,"text":"Journal of Hydrometeorology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"One-way coupling of an atmospheric and a hydrologic model in Colorado","docAbstract":"This paper examines the accuracy of high-resolution nested mesoscale model simulations of surface climate. The nesting capabilities of the atmospheric fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University (PSU)-National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5) were used to create high-resolution, 5-yr climate simulations (from 1 October 1994 through 30 September 1999), starting with a coarse nest of 20 km for the western United States. During this 5-yr period, two finer-resolution nests (5 and 1.7 km) were run over the Yampa River basin in northwestern Colorado. Raw and bias-corrected daily precipitation and maximum and minimum temperature time series from the three MM5 nests were used as input to the U.S. Geological Survey's distributed hydrologic model [the Precipitation Runoff Modeling System (PRMS)] and were compared with PRMS results using measured climate station data. The distributed capabilities of PRMS were provided by partitioning the Yampa River basin into hydrologic response units (HRUs). In addition to the classic polygon method of HRU definition, HRUs for PRMS were defined based on the three MM5 nests. This resulted in 16 datasets being tested using PRMS. The input datasets were derived using measured station data and raw and bias-corrected MM5 20-, 5-, and 1.7-km output distributed to 1) polygon HRUs and 2) 20-, 5-, and 1.7-km-gridded HRUs, respectively. Each dataset was calibrated independently, using a multiobjective, stepwise automated procedure. Final results showed a general increase in the accuracy of simulated runoff with an increase in HRU resolution. In all steps of the calibration procedure, the station-based simulations of runoff showed higher accuracy than the MM5-based simulations, although the accuracy of MM5 simulations was close to station data for the high-resolution nests. Further work is warranted in identifying the causes of the biases in MM5 local climate simulations and developing methods to remove them. ?? 2006 American Meteorological Society.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrometeorology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1175/JHM512.1","issn":"1525755X","usgsCitation":"Hay, L., Clark, M., Pagowski, M., Leavesley, G., and Gutowski, W., 2006, One-way coupling of an atmospheric and a hydrologic model in Colorado: Journal of Hydrometeorology, v. 7, no. 4, p. 569-589, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM512.1.","startPage":"569","endPage":"589","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477401,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm512.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":210083,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JHM512.1"},{"id":236897,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6e38e4b0c8380cd75545","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hay, L.E.","contributorId":54253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hay","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, M.P.","contributorId":49558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"M.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pagowski, M.","contributorId":47958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pagowski","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Leavesley, G.H.","contributorId":93895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leavesley","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gutowski, W.J.","contributorId":6623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gutowski","given":"W.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70028460,"text":"70028460 - 2006 - Enabling scientific workflows in virtual reality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:41","indexId":"70028460","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Enabling scientific workflows in virtual reality","docAbstract":"To advance research and improve the scientific return on data collection and interpretation efforts in the geosciences, we have developed methods of interactive visualization, with a special focus on immersive virtual reality (VR) environments. Earth sciences employ a strongly visual approach to the measurement and analysis of geologic data due to the spatial and temporal scales over which such data ranges, As observations and simulations increase in size and complexity, the Earth sciences are challenged to manage and interpret increasing amounts of data. Reaping the full intellectual benefits of immersive VR requires us to tailor exploratory approaches to scientific problems. These applications build on the visualization method's strengths, using both 3D perception and interaction with data and models, to take advantage of the skills and training of the geological scientists exploring their data in the VR environment. This interactive approach has enabled us to develop a suite of tools that are adaptable to a range of problems in the geosciences and beyond. Copyright ?? 2008 by the Association for Computing Machinery, Inc.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings - VRCIA 2006ACM International Conference on Virtual Reality Continuum and its Applications","conferenceTitle":"VRCIA 2006: ACM International Conference on Virtual Reality Continuum and its Applications","conferenceDate":"14 June 2006 through 17 June 2006","conferenceLocation":"Hong Kong","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Kreylos, O., Bawden, G., Bernardin, T., Billen, M., Cowgill, E., Gold, R., Hamann, B., Jadamec, M., Kellogg, L., Staadt, O., and Sumner, D., 2006, Enabling scientific workflows in virtual reality, <i>in</i> Proceedings - VRCIA 2006ACM International Conference on Virtual Reality Continuum and its Applications, v. 2006, Hong Kong, 14 June 2006 through 17 June 2006, p. 155-162.","startPage":"155","endPage":"162","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236931,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2006","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0919e4b0c8380cd51ddf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kreylos, O.","contributorId":103854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kreylos","given":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bawden, G.","contributorId":63597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bawden","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bernardin, T.","contributorId":87353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bernardin","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Billen, M.I.","contributorId":62397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Billen","given":"M.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cowgill, E.S.","contributorId":67710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cowgill","given":"E.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gold, R.D.","contributorId":79691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gold","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hamann, B.","contributorId":25345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamann","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Jadamec, M.","contributorId":83326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jadamec","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Kellogg, L.H.","contributorId":86511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kellogg","given":"L.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Staadt, O.G.","contributorId":19360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Staadt","given":"O.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Sumner, D.Y.","contributorId":84143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sumner","given":"D.Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}}
,{"id":70028465,"text":"70028465 - 2006 - Phosphate oxygen isotope ratios as a tracer for sources and cycling of phosphate in North San Francisco Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-26T09:07:17","indexId":"70028465","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2319,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research G: Biogeosciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Phosphate oxygen isotope ratios as a tracer for sources and cycling of phosphate in North San Francisco Bay, California","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p><span class=\"paraNumber\">[1]<span>&nbsp;</span></span>A seasonal analysis assesing variations in the oxygen isotopic composition of dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP) was conducted in the San Francisco Bay estuarine system, California. Isotopic fractionation of oxygen in DIP (exchange of oxygen between phosphate and environmental water) at surface water temperatures occurs only as a result of enzyme‐mediated, biological reactions. Accordingly, if phospate demand is low relative to input and phosphate is not heavily cycled in the ecosystem, the oxygen isotopic composition of DIP (δ<sup>18</sup>O<sub>p</sub>) will reflect the isotopic composition of the source of phosphate to the system. Such is the case for the North San Francisco Bay, an anthropogenically impacted estuary with high surface water phosphate concentrations. Variability in the δ<sup>18</sup>O<sub>p</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>in the bay is primarily controlled by mixing of water masses with different δ<sup>18</sup>O<sub>p</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>signatures. The δ<sup>18</sup>O<sub>p</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>values range from 11.4‰ at the Sacramento River to 20.1‰ at the Golden Gate. Deviations from the two‐component mixing model for the North Bay reflect additional, local sources of phosphate to the estuary that vary seasonally. Most notably, deviations from the mixing model occur at the confluence of a major river into the bay during periods of high river discharge and near wastewater treatment outlets. These data suggest that δ<sup>18</sup>O<sub>p</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>can be an effective tool for identifying P point sources and understanding phosphate dynamics in estuarine systems.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/2005JG000079","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"McLaughlin, K., Kendall, C., Silva, S.R., Young, M., and Paytan, A., 2006, Phosphate oxygen isotope ratios as a tracer for sources and cycling of phosphate in North San Francisco Bay, California: Journal of Geophysical Research G: Biogeosciences, v. 111, no. 3, G03003, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JG000079.","productDescription":"G03003","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477494,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jg000079","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":236970,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210140,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JG000079"}],"volume":"111","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a78a0e4b0c8380cd7873f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McLaughlin, K.","contributorId":41383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLaughlin","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kendall, C. 0000-0002-0247-3405","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":35050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Silva, S. R.","contributorId":27474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silva","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Young, M.","contributorId":57428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Paytan, A.","contributorId":98926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paytan","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70028470,"text":"70028470 - 2006 - A robust design mark-resight abundance estimator allowing heterogeneity in resighting probabilities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:45","indexId":"70028470","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2151,"text":"Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A robust design mark-resight abundance estimator allowing heterogeneity in resighting probabilities","docAbstract":"This article introduces the beta-binomial estimator (BBE), a closed-population abundance mark-resight model combining the favorable qualities of maximum likelihood theory and the allowance of individual heterogeneity in sighting probability (p). The model may be parameterized for a robust sampling design consisting of multiple primary sampling occasions where closure need not be met between primary occasions. We applied the model to brown bear data from three study areas in Alaska and compared its performance to the joint hypergeometric estimator (JHE) and Bowden's estimator (BOWE). BBE estimates suggest heterogeneity levels were non-negligible and discourage the use of JHE for these data. Compared to JHE and BOWE, confidence intervals were considerably shorter for the AICc model-averaged BBE. To evaluate the properties of BBE relative to JHE and BOWE when sample sizes are small, simulations were performed with data from three primary occasions generated under both individual heterogeneity and temporal variation in p. All models remained consistent regardless of levels of variation in p. In terms of precision, the AICc model-averaged BBE showed advantages over JHE and BOWE when heterogeneity was present and mean sighting probabilities were similar between primary occasions. Based on the conditions examined, BBE is a reliable alternative to JHE or BOWE and provides a framework for further advances in mark-resight abundance estimation. ?? 2006 American Statistical Association and the International Biometric Society.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1198/108571106X129171","issn":"10857117","usgsCitation":"McClintock, B., White, G.C., and Burnham, K., 2006, A robust design mark-resight abundance estimator allowing heterogeneity in resighting probabilities: Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics, v. 11, no. 3, p. 231-248, https://doi.org/10.1198/108571106X129171.","startPage":"231","endPage":"248","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210193,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1198/108571106X129171"},{"id":237039,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e564e4b0c8380cd46d26","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McClintock, B.T.","contributorId":29108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McClintock","given":"B.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, Gary C.","contributorId":26256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burnham, K.P.","contributorId":63760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burnham","given":"K.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70028477,"text":"70028477 - 2006 - Evaluation of bottom trawls as compared to acoustics to assess adult Lake Herring (<i>Coregonus artedi</i>) abundance in Lake Superior","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-09T09:28:10","indexId":"70028477","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of bottom trawls as compared to acoustics to assess adult Lake Herring (<i>Coregonus artedi</i>) abundance in Lake Superior","docAbstract":"<p><span>We compared density estimates from day bottom trawl tows against night midwater trawl tows and acoustic gear to test the hypothesis that adult lake herring (&ge;250 mm) are underestimated by day bottom trawl tows during the annual USGS spring fish community survey in Lake Superior. We found average density at nine nearshore stations was significantly higher at night (21.3 adult fish/ha) compared to day (1.0 adult fish/ha; p = 0.0119). At nine offshore stations, no lake herring were captured during the day but density averaged 39.6 adult fish/ha at night. At a lakewide scale (n = 18 stations), precision (relative standard error) was much better using night midwater trawls and acoustic gear (37%) compared to day bottom trawls (100%). Moderate sample size increases using the former methodology would likely bring precision within recommended levels (&le;30%) for stock-recruit data sets. Our results suggest that 1) population abundances of adult lake herring in Lake Superior are much higher than previously considered, 2) the annual spring fish community survey may not provide a relative index of abundance of adult lake herring, 3) night midwater trawls and acoustic gear are necessary for assessing adult lake herring abundance, and 4) previous studies using lake herring data from the annual spring fish community survey need to be re-evaluated in light of these results. Lake herring appear to become progressively more pelagic and less susceptible to bottom trawling as they mature. Day bottom trawls appear to be an adequate tool for estimating relative density of age-1 recruits, although this method still suffers from relatively poor precision.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"International Association for Great Lakes Research","doi":"10.3394/0380-1330(2006)32[280:EOBTAC]2.0.CO;2","issn":"03801330","usgsCitation":"Stockwell, J., Yule, D., Gorman, O.T., Isaac, E., and Moore, S., 2006, Evaluation of bottom trawls as compared to acoustics to assess adult Lake Herring (<i>Coregonus artedi</i>) abundance in Lake Superior: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 32, no. 2, p. 280-292, https://doi.org/10.3394/0380-1330(2006)32[280:EOBTAC]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"280","endPage":"292","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":237179,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0c60e4b0c8380cd52b07","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stockwell, J.D.","contributorId":19678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stockwell","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yule, D.L.","contributorId":78853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yule","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gorman, O. T.","contributorId":104605,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorman","given":"O.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Isaac, E.J.","contributorId":70584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Isaac","given":"E.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Moore, S.A.","contributorId":103397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70028481,"text":"70028481 - 2006 - Monitoring super-volcanoes: Geophysical and geochemical signals at Yellowstone and other large caldera systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-08T11:02:21","indexId":"70028481","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3047,"text":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Monitoring super-volcanoes: Geophysical and geochemical signals at Yellowstone and other large caldera systems","docAbstract":"Earth's largest calderas form as the ground collapses during immense volcanic eruptions, when hundreds to thousands of cubic kilometres of magma are explosively withdrawn from the Earth's crust over a period of days to weeks. Continuing long after such great eruptions, the resulting calderas often exhibit pronounced unrest, with frequent earthquakes, alternating uplift and subsidence of the ground, and considerable heat and mass flux. Because many active and extinct calderas show evidence for repetition of large eruptions, such systems demand detailed scientific study and monitoring. Two calderas in North America, Yellowstone (Wyoming) and Long Valley (California), are in areas of youthful tectonic complexity. Scientists strive to understand the signals generated when tectonic, volcanic and hydrothermal (hot ground water) processes intersect. One obstacle to accurate forecasting of large volcanic events is humanity's lack of familiarity with the signals leading up to the largest class of volcanic eruptions. Accordingly, it may be difficult to recognize the difference between smaller and larger eruptions. To prepare ourselves and society, scientists must scrutinize a spectrum of volcanic signals and assess the many factors contributing to unrest and toward diverse modes of eruption. ?? 2006 The Royal Society.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1098/rsta.2006.1813","issn":"1364503X","usgsCitation":"Lowenstern, J.B., Smith, R.B., and Hill, D., 2006, Monitoring super-volcanoes: Geophysical and geochemical signals at Yellowstone and other large caldera systems: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, v. 364, no. 1845, p. 2055-2072, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2006.1813.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"2055","endPage":"2072","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":237213,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"364","issue":"1845","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-06-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5ddce4b0c8380cd70644","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lowenstern, Jacob B. 0000-0003-0464-7779 jlwnstrn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0464-7779","contributorId":2755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowenstern","given":"Jacob","email":"jlwnstrn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":418266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Robert B.","contributorId":90824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hill, David P. dhill@usgs.gov","contributorId":127007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"David P.","email":"dhill@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":418267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70028484,"text":"70028484 - 2006 - Thermal maturity patterns in the Ordovician and Devonian of Pennsylvania using conodont color alteration index (CAI) and vitrinite reflectance (%Ro)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:54","indexId":"70028484","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2897,"text":"Northeastern Geology and Environmental Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermal maturity patterns in the Ordovician and Devonian of Pennsylvania using conodont color alteration index (CAI) and vitrinite reflectance (%Ro)","docAbstract":"This new series of maps enhances previous thermal maturity maps in Pennsylvania by establishing: 1) new subsurface CAI data points for the Ordovician and Devonian and 2) new %Ro and Rock Eval subsurface data points for Middle and Upper Devonian black shale units. Thermal maturity values for the Ordovician and Devonian strata are of major interest because they contain the source rocks for most of the oil and natural gas resources in the basin. Thermal maturity patterns of the Middle Ordovician Trenton Group are evaluated here because they closely approximate those of the overlying Ordovician Utica Shale that is believed to be the source rock for the regional oil and gas accumulation in Lower Silurian sandstones and for natural gas fields in fractured dolomite reservoirs of the Ordovician Black River-Trenton Limestones. Improved CAI-based thermal maturity maps of the Ordovician are important to identify areas of optimum gas generation from the Utica Shale and to provide constraints for interpreting the origin of oil and gas in the Lower Silurian regional accumulation and Ordovician Black River-Trenton fields. Thermal maturity maps of the Devonian will better constrain burial history-petroleum generation models of the Utica Shale, as well as place limitations on the origin of regional oil and gas accumulations in Upper Devonian sandstone and Middle to Upper Devonian black shale.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Northeastern Geology and Environmental Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01941453","usgsCitation":"Repetski, J., Ryder, R.T., Harper, J., and Trippi, M., 2006, Thermal maturity patterns in the Ordovician and Devonian of Pennsylvania using conodont color alteration index (CAI) and vitrinite reflectance (%Ro): Northeastern Geology and Environmental Sciences, v. 28, no. 3, p. 266-294.","startPage":"266","endPage":"294","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":237285,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb249e4b08c986b3256cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Repetski, J.E.","contributorId":38579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Repetski","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ryder, R. T.","contributorId":96673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryder","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harper, J.A.","contributorId":41982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harper","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Trippi, M.H. 0000-0002-1398-3427","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1398-3427","contributorId":22445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trippi","given":"M.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70028487,"text":"70028487 - 2006 - A new probabilistic seismic hazard assessment for greater Tokyo","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:54","indexId":"70028487","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3047,"text":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A new probabilistic seismic hazard assessment for greater Tokyo","docAbstract":"Tokyo and its outlying cities are home to one-quarter of Japan's 127 million people. Highly destructive earthquakes struck the capital in 1703, 1855 and 1923, the last of which took 105 000 lives. Fuelled by greater Tokyo's rich seismological record, but challenged by its magnificent complexity, our joint Japanese-US group carried out a new study of the capital's earthquake hazards. We used the prehistoric record of great earthquakes preserved by uplifted marine terraces and tsunami deposits (17 M???8 shocks in the past 7000 years), a newly digitized dataset of historical shaking (10 000 observations in the past 400 years), the dense modern seismic network (300 000 earthquakes in the past 30 years), and Japan's GeoNet array (150 GPS vectors in the past 10 years) to reinterpret the tectonic structure, identify active faults and their slip rates and estimate their earthquake frequency. We propose that a dislodged fragment of the Pacific plate is jammed between the Pacific, Philippine Sea and Eurasian plates beneath the Kanto plain on which Tokyo sits. We suggest that the Kanto fragment controls much of Tokyo's seismic behaviour for large earthquakes, including the damaging 1855 M???7.3 Ansei-Edo shock. On the basis of the frequency of earthquakes beneath greater Tokyo, events with magnitude and location similar to the M??? 7.3 Ansei-Edo event have a ca 20% likelihood in an average 30 year period. In contrast, our renewal (time-dependent) probability for the great M??? 7.9 plate boundary shocks such as struck in 1923 and 1703 is 0.5% for the next 30 years, with a time-averaged 30 year probability of ca 10%. The resulting net likelihood for severe shaking (ca 0.9g peak ground acceleration (PGA)) in Tokyo, Kawasaki and Yokohama for the next 30 years is ca 30%. The long historical record in Kanto also affords a rare opportunity to calculate the probability of shaking in an alternative manner exclusively from intensity observations. This approach permits robust estimates for the spatial distribution of expected shaking, even for sites with few observations. The resulting probability of severe shaking is ca 35% in Tokyo, Kawasaki and Yokohama and ca 10% in Chiba for an average 30 year period, in good agreement with our independent estimate, and thus bolstering our view that Tokyo's hazard looms large. Given $1 trillion estimates for the cost of an M???7.3 shock beneath Tokyo, our probability implies a $13 billion annual probable loss. ?? 2006 The Royal Society.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1098/rsta.2006.1808","issn":"1364503X","usgsCitation":"Stein, R., Toda, S., Parsons, T., Grunewald, E., Blong, R., Sparks, S., Shah, H., and Kennedy, J., 2006, A new probabilistic seismic hazard assessment for greater Tokyo: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, v. 364, no. 1845, p. 1965-1988, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2006.1808.","startPage":"1965","endPage":"1988","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477548,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1236084","text":"External Repository"},{"id":210438,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2006.1808"},{"id":237353,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"364","issue":"1845","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-06-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4aee4b0c8380cd46831","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stein, R.S.","contributorId":8875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stein","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Toda, S.","contributorId":102228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toda","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parsons, T.","contributorId":48288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grunewald, E.","contributorId":62820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grunewald","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Blong, R.","contributorId":20141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blong","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sparks, S.","contributorId":106694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sparks","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Shah, H.","contributorId":35327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shah","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Kennedy, J.","contributorId":43559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70028496,"text":"70028496 - 2006 - Modeling physical and biogeochemical controls over carbon accumulation in a boreal forest soil","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:41","indexId":"70028496","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2319,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research G: Biogeosciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling physical and biogeochemical controls over carbon accumulation in a boreal forest soil","docAbstract":"Boreal soils are important to the global C cycle owing to large C stocks, repeated disturbance from fire, and the potential for permafrost thaw to expose previously stable, buried C. To evaluate the primary mechanisms responsible for both short- and long-term C accumulation in boreal soils, we developed a multi-isotope (12,14C) Soil C model with dynamic soil layers that develop through time as soil organic matter burns and reaccumulates. We then evaluated the mechanisms that control organic matter turnover in boreal regions including carbon input rates, substrate recalcitrance, soil moisture and temperature, and the presence of historical permafrost to assess the importance of these factors in boreal C accumulation. Results indicate that total C accumulation is controlled by the rate of carbon input, decomposition rates, and the presence of historical permafrost. However, unlike more temperate ecosystems, one of the key mechanisms involved in C preservation in boreal soils examined here is the cooling of subsurface soil layers as soil depth increases rather than increasing recalcitrance in subsurface soils. The propagation of the 14C bomb spike into soils also illustrates the importance of historical permafrost and twentieth century warming in contemporary boreal soil respiration fluxes. Both 14C and total C simulation data also strongly suggest that boreal SOM need not be recalcitrant to accumulate; the strong role of soil temperature controls on boreal C accumulation at our modeling test site in Manitoba, Canada, indicates that carbon in the deep organic soil horizons is probably relatively labile and thus subject to perturbations that result from changing climatic conditions in the future. Copyright 2006 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research G: Biogeosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2005JG000087","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Carrasco, J., Neff, J.C., and Harden, J., 2006, Modeling physical and biogeochemical controls over carbon accumulation in a boreal forest soil: Journal of Geophysical Research G: Biogeosciences, v. 111, no. 2, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JG000087.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477538,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jg000087","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":210111,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JG000087"},{"id":236934,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"111","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-05-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c1ce4b0c8380cd6fa40","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carrasco, J.J.","contributorId":57254,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carrasco","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Neff, J. C.","contributorId":29935,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Neff","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harden, J.W. 0000-0002-6570-8259","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6570-8259","contributorId":38585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harden","given":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70028498,"text":"70028498 - 2006 - Step wise, multiple objective calibration of a hydrologic model for a snowmelt dominated basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:41","indexId":"70028498","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Step wise, multiple objective calibration of a hydrologic model for a snowmelt dominated basin","docAbstract":"The ability to apply a hydrologic model to large numbers of basins for forecasting purposes requires a quick and effective calibration strategy. This paper presents a step wise, multiple objective, automated procedure for hydrologic model calibration. This procedure includes the sequential calibration of a model's simulation of solar radiation (SR), potential evapotranspiration (PET), water balance, and daily runoff. The procedure uses the Shuffled Complex Evolution global search algorithm to calibrate the U.S. Geological Survey's Precipitation Runoff Modeling System in the Yampa River basin of Colorado. This process assures that intermediate states of the model (SR and PET on a monthly mean basis), as well as the water balance and components of the daily hydrograph are simulated, consistently with measured values.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2006.tb04501.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Hay, L., Leavesley, G., Clark, M., Markstrom, S., Viger, R., and Umemoto, M., 2006, Step wise, multiple objective calibration of a hydrologic model for a snowmelt dominated basin: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 42, no. 4, p. 877-890, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2006.tb04501.x.","startPage":"877","endPage":"890","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477377,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2006.tb04501.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":210141,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2006.tb04501.x"},{"id":236971,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b982de4b08c986b31be98","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hay, L.E.","contributorId":54253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hay","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leavesley, G.H.","contributorId":93895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leavesley","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clark, M.P.","contributorId":49558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"M.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Markstrom, S.L.","contributorId":76807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markstrom","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Viger, Roland J. 0000-0003-2520-714X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2520-714X","contributorId":80711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Viger","given":"Roland J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Umemoto, M.","contributorId":88549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Umemoto","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70028503,"text":"70028503 - 2006 - Decay of aftershock density with distance indicates triggering by dynamic stress","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:58","indexId":"70028503","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Decay of aftershock density with distance indicates triggering by dynamic stress","docAbstract":"The majority of earthquakes are aftershocks, yet aftershock physics is not well understood. Many studies suggest that static stress changes trigger aftershocks, but recent work suggests that shaking (dynamic stresses) may also play a role. Here we measure the decay of aftershocks as a function of distance from magnitude 2-6 mainshocks in order to clarify the aftershock triggering process. We find that for short times after the mainshock, when low background seismicity rates allow for good aftershock detection, the decay is well fitted by a single inverse power law over distances of 0.2-50 km. The consistency of the trend indicates that the same triggering mechanism is working over the entire range. As static stress changes at the more distant aftershocks are negligible, this suggests that dynamic stresses may be triggering all of these aftershocks. We infer that the observed aftershock density is consistent with the probability of triggering aftershocks being nearly proportional to seismic wave amplitude. The data are not fitted well by models that combine static stress change with the evolution of frictionally locked faults. ?? 2006 Nature Publishing Group.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/nature04799","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Felzer, K., and Brodsky, E.E., 2006, Decay of aftershock density with distance indicates triggering by dynamic stress: Nature, v. 441, no. 7094, p. 735-738, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04799.","startPage":"735","endPage":"738","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477688,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8jb300ff","text":"External Repository"},{"id":209786,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04799"},{"id":236496,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"441","issue":"7094","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe02e4b0c8380cd4ea7c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Felzer, K.R.","contributorId":47562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Felzer","given":"K.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brodsky, E. E.","contributorId":108285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brodsky","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
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