Recent research has highlighted the occurrence of Escherichia coli in natural habitats not directly influenced by sewage inputs. Most studies on E. coli in recreational water typically focus on discernible sources (e.g., effluent discharge and runoff) and fall short of integrating riparian, nearshore, onshore, and outfall sources. An integrated “beachshed” approach that links E. coli inputs and interactions would be helpful to understand the difference between background loading and sewage pollution; to develop more accurate predictive models; and to understand the differences between potential, net, and apparent culturable E. coli. The objective of this study was to examine the interrelatedness of E. colioccurrence from various coastal watershed components along southern Lake Michigan. The study shows that once established in forest soil, E. coli can persist throughout the year, potentially acting as a continuous non-point source of E. colito nearby streams. Year-round background stream loading of E. coli can influence beach water quality. E. coli is present in highly variable counts in beach sand to depths just below the water table and to distances at least 5 m inland from the shore, providing a large potential area of input to beach water. In summary, E. coliin the fluvial-lacustrine system may be stored in forest soils, sediments surrounding springs, bank seeps, stream margins and pools, foreshore sand, and surface groundwater. While rainfall events may increase E. coli counts in the foreshore sand and lake water, concentrations quickly decline to prerain concentrations. Onshore winds cause an increase in E. coli in shallow nearshore water, likely resulting from resuspension of E. coli-laden beach sand. When examining indicator bacteria source, flux, and context, the entire “beachshed” as a dynamic interacting system should be considered.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","doi":"10.1128/AEM.00454-06","issn":"00992240","usgsCitation":"Whitman, R., Nevers, M., and Byappanahalli, M., 2006, Examination of the watershed-wide distribution of Escherichia coli along southern Lake Michigan: An integrated approach: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 72, no. 11, p. 7301-7310, https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00454-06.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"7301","endPage":"7310","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477530,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1636137","text":"External Repository"},{"id":236298,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209636,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00454-06"}],"volume":"72","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d99e4b0c8380cd530dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Whitman, R.L.","contributorId":69750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitman","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nevers, M.B.","contributorId":13787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nevers","given":"M.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Byappanahalli, M.N.","contributorId":11384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byappanahalli","given":"M.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70028695,"text":"70028695 - 2006 - Comparison of the historical record of earthquake hazard with seismic-hazard models for New Zealand and the continental United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-15T11:35:05","indexId":"70028695","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of the historical record of earthquake hazard with seismic-hazard models for New Zealand and the continental United States","docAbstract":"We compare the historical record of earthquake hazard experienced at 78 towns and cities (sites) distributed across New Zealand and the continental United States with the hazard estimated from the national probabilistic seismic-hazard (PSH) models for the two countries. The two PSH models are constructed with similar methodologies and data. Our comparisons show a tendency for the PSH models to slightly exceed the historical hazard in New Zealand and westernmost continental United States interplate regions, but show lower hazard than that of the historical record in the continental United States intraplate region. Factors such as non-Poissonian behavior, parameterization of active fault data in the PSH calculations, and uncertainties in estimation of ground-motion levels from historical felt intensity data for the interplate regions may have led to the higher-than-historical levels of hazard at the interplate sites. In contrast, the less-than-historical hazard for the remaining continental United States (intraplate) sites may be largely due to site conditions not having been considered at the intraplate sites, and uncertainties in correlating ground-motion levels to historical felt intensities. The study also highlights the importance of evaluating PSH models at more than one region, because the conclusions reached on the basis of a solely interplate or intraplate study would be very different.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0120050176","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Stirling, M.W., and Petersen, M.D., 2006, Comparison of the historical record of earthquake hazard with seismic-hazard models for New Zealand and the continental United States: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 96, no. 6, p. 1978-1994, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120050176.","startPage":"1978","endPage":"1994","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209663,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120050176"},{"id":236332,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"96","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f8ace4b0c8380cd4d204","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stirling, Mark W.","contributorId":175118,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stirling","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Petersen, Mark D. 0000-0001-8542-3990 mpetersen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8542-3990","contributorId":1163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"Mark","email":"mpetersen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":419297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70028703,"text":"70028703 - 2006 - Shear velocity estimates on the inner shelf off Grays Harbor, Washington, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-27T10:52:35","indexId":"70028703","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Shear velocity estimates on the inner shelf off Grays Harbor, Washington, USA","docAbstract":"Shear velocity was estimated from current measurements near the bottom off Grays Harbor, Washington between May 4 and June 6, 2001 under mostly wave-dominated conditions. A downward-looking pulse-coherent acoustic Doppler profiler (PCADP) and two acoustic-Doppler velocimeters (field version; ADVFs) were deployed on a tripod at 9-m water depth. Measurements from these instruments were used to estimate shear velocity with (1) a modified eddy-correlation (EC) technique, (2) the log-profile (LP) method, and (3) a dissipation-rate method. Although values produced by the three methods agreed reasonably well (within their broad ranges of uncertainty), there were important systematic differences. Estimates from the EC method were generally lowest, followed by those from the inertial-dissipation method. The LP method produced the highest values and the greatest scatter. We show that these results are consistent with boundary-layer theory when sediment-induced stratification is present. The EC method provides the most fundamental estimate of kinematic stress near the bottom, and stratification causes the LP method to overestimate bottom stress. These results remind us that the methods are not equivalent and that comparison among sites and with models should be made carefully. ?? 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.csr.2006.07.025","issn":"02784343","usgsCitation":"Sherwood, C.R., Lacy, J., and Voulgaris, G., 2006, Shear velocity estimates on the inner shelf off Grays Harbor, Washington, USA: Continental Shelf Research, v. 26, no. 17-18, p. 1995-2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2006.07.025.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"1995","endPage":"2018","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236436,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Grays Harbor","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.5,\n 46.33\n ],\n [\n -123.5,\n 46.33\n ],\n [\n -123.5,\n 47.5\n ],\n [\n -124.5,\n 47.5\n ],\n [\n -124.5,\n 46.33\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"26","issue":"17-18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8e57e4b08c986b31889f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sherwood, C. R.","contributorId":48235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherwood","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lacy, J.R.","contributorId":68508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lacy","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Voulgaris, G.","contributorId":73701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voulgaris","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70028704,"text":"70028704 - 2006 - Breeding ecology and nesting habitat associations of five marsh bird species in western New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:55","indexId":"70028704","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3731,"text":"Waterbirds","onlineIssn":"19385390","printIssn":"15244695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Breeding ecology and nesting habitat associations of five marsh bird species in western New York","docAbstract":"Nesting habitats and nest success of five species of marsh birds were studied during 1997 and 1998 at the Iroquois National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) and the adjacent Oak Orchard and Tonawanda State Wildlife Management Areas (WMA) located in western New York. Nest searches located 18 American Bittern (Botaurus lentiginosus), 117 Least Bittern (Ixobrychus exilis), 189 Pied-billed Grebe (Podilymbus podiceps), 23 Sora (Porzana carolina), and 72 Virginia Rail (Rallus limicola) nests. Average nest densities in 1998, our best nest searching year, ranged from 0.01/ha for Soras (N = 8) to 0.28/ha for Pied-billed Grebes (N = 160). Mayfield nest success estimates for Least Bittern were 80% (N = 16) in 1997 and 46% (N = 37) in 1998. Nest success estimates were 72% (N = 55) for Pied-billed Grebe, 43% (N = 6) for Sora, and 38% (N = 20) for Virginia Rail. Nests of all five species were located in ???70% emergent vegetation with a mean water depth of 24-56 cm and an average vegetation height that ranged from 69-133 cm. Logistic regression models were developed for each species using habitat variables at nest and random site locations. Each model was ranked with Akaike's Information Criterion for small sample size (AICc). In general, our best models indicated that increased emergent vegetation and horizontal cover with shallow water depths improved the odds of encountering marsh bird nests in the wetlands of western New York. We suggest that managing wetlands as a complex, at different stages of succession, would best benefit marsh bird species.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Waterbirds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1675/1524-4695(2006)29[427:BEANHA]2.0.CO;2","issn":"15244695","usgsCitation":"Lor, S., and Malecki, R., 2006, Breeding ecology and nesting habitat associations of five marsh bird species in western New York: Waterbirds, v. 29, no. 4, p. 427-436, https://doi.org/10.1675/1524-4695(2006)29[427:BEANHA]2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"427","endPage":"436","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209765,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1675/1524-4695(2006)29[427:BEANHA]2.0.CO;2"},{"id":236472,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f26ce4b0c8380cd4b17e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lor, S.","contributorId":49495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lor","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Malecki, R.A.","contributorId":70498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malecki","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70028705,"text":"70028705 - 2006 - Coastal landslide material loss rates associated with severe climatic events","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:55","indexId":"70028705","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coastal landslide material loss rates associated with severe climatic events","docAbstract":"Deep-seated landslides along the California coast deliver large amounts of material to the nearshore littoral environment. Landslide movement, a combined result of slope base undercutting by waves and ground saturation, is highly episodic. Movement occurs primarily during periods of high rainfall and large waves, such as those associated with El Nin??o events. This analysis applies remote-sensing techniques to quantify the volumetric net loss rates at three specific landslide sites along the Big Sur coast over three approximately decadal time periods, two of which contained the largest El Nin??o events of the twentieth century. High-resolution historical terrain models were compared in order to provide surface-elevation change data for each landslide complex. To determine the material influx to the littoral system, the landslide complexes were divided into upper and lower slopes, and the surface-elevation change was converted to a volume loss. Some material lost from the upper slope was deposited at the slope base, not into the littoral system. We describe a method to calculate the net loss that omits the deposition volumes from the upper slope. Loss rates were found to be substantially higher during the periods in which El Nin??o events occurred. This is especially true during the period of the 1997-1998 El Nin??o, when 75% of the total material volume was lost, and loss rates were much as sixteen times higher than during non-El Nin??o periods. ?? 2006 Geological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/G22900A.1","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Hapke, C., and Green, K., 2006, Coastal landslide material loss rates associated with severe climatic events: Geology, v. 34, no. 12, p. 1077-1080, https://doi.org/10.1130/G22900A.1.","startPage":"1077","endPage":"1080","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209766,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/G22900A.1"},{"id":236473,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f784e4b0c8380cd4cb6e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hapke, C.J.","contributorId":108233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hapke","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Green, K.R.","contributorId":72185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"K.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70028707,"text":"70028707 - 2006 - Field investigation of the drift shadow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:00","indexId":"70028707","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Field investigation of the drift shadow","docAbstract":"The \"Drift Shadow\" is defined as the relatively drier region that forms below subsurface cavities or drifts in unsaturated rock. Its existence has been predicted through analytical and numerical models of unsaturated flow. However, these theoretical predictions have not been demonstrated empirically to date. In this project we plan to test the drift shadow concept through field investigations and compare our observations to simulations. Based on modeling studies we have an identified a suitable site to perform the study at an inactive mine in a sandstone formation. Pretest modeling studies and preliminary characterization of the site are being used to develop the field scale tests.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 11th International High Level Radioactive Waste Management Conference, IHLRWM","conferenceTitle":"11th International High Level Radioactive Waste Management Conference","conferenceDate":"30 April 2006 through 4 May 2006","conferenceLocation":"Las Vegas, NV","language":"English","isbn":"0894486918; 9780894486913","usgsCitation":"Su, G., Kneafsey, T., Ghezzehei, T., Cook, P., and Marshall, B., 2006, Field investigation of the drift shadow, in Proceedings of the 11th International High Level Radioactive Waste Management Conference, IHLRWM, v. 2006, Las Vegas, NV, 30 April 2006 through 4 May 2006, p. 48-54.","startPage":"48","endPage":"54","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236509,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2006","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0fc2e4b0c8380cd539e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Su, G.W.","contributorId":23314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Su","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kneafsey, T.J.","contributorId":40330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kneafsey","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ghezzehei, T.A.","contributorId":68948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ghezzehei","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cook, P.J.","contributorId":67271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cook","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Marshall, B.D.","contributorId":19581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marshall","given":"B.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70028709,"text":"70028709 - 2006 - Recordings of the 2004 Parkfield earthquake on the General Earthquake Observation System array: Implications for earthquake precursors, fault rupture, and coseismic strain changes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-28T16:01:41.172565","indexId":"70028709","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recordings of the 2004 Parkfield earthquake on the General Earthquake Observation System array: Implications for earthquake precursors, fault rupture, and coseismic strain changes","docAbstract":"The 2004 Parkfield earthquake generated a unique set of near-field, high-resolution colocated measurements of acceleration, volumetric strain, and velocity at 11 stations in the General Earthquake Observation System (geos) array. The recordings indicate no precursory strain or displacement was discernable at sensitivities of 10−11 strain and 5 × 10−8 m 25 sec prior to the earthquake at distances of 0.5 to 12 km of fault rupture. Coherent fault-parallel and fault-normal displacement pulses, observed along the fault north of the epicenter, are consistent with model predictions for “fling,” directivity, and displacement for right-lateral, strike-slip fault rupture. The fault-parallel and fault-normal pulses imply apparent rupture velocities of 2.86 ± 0.15 and 3.03 ± 0.24 km/sec, respectively. Unprecedented high-resolution volumetric-strain recordings on opposite sides of the fault show that dynamic strains radiated from ruptured segments of the fault are more than an order of magnitude larger than final coseismic strain offsets associated with fault slip, suggesting that dynamic radiated strain may have contributed to the triggering of failure on unruptured segments. High-resolution recordings show that coseismic strain offsets occur abruptly over time intervals of less than 10 sec near the time of arrival of the dominant radiated fault-parallel and fault-normal displacements. Subsequent measurements show that the strain offsets continue to increase by as much as 69% in 5 min and 300% in 24 hr over that measured during initial fault slip at depth. Estimates of local material parameters from simultaneous measurements of volumetric strain and acceleration confirm seismic calibration factors previously measurable in situ only at tidal periods.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120050827","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Borcherdt, R., Johnston, M., Glassmoyer, G., and Dietel, C., 2006, Recordings of the 2004 Parkfield earthquake on the General Earthquake Observation System array: Implications for earthquake precursors, fault rupture, and coseismic strain changes: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 96, no. 4B, p. S73-S89, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120050827.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"S73","endPage":"S89","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236541,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Parkfield","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.73905944824217,\n 35.69187929931617\n ],\n [\n -120.16227722167967,\n 35.69187929931617\n ],\n [\n -120.16227722167967,\n 36.05964632692448\n ],\n [\n -120.73905944824217,\n 36.05964632692448\n ],\n [\n -120.73905944824217,\n 35.69187929931617\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"96","issue":"4B","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a2a6e4b0e8fec6cdb643","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Borcherdt, R. D. 0000-0002-8668-0849","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8668-0849","contributorId":32165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borcherdt","given":"R. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnston, M.J.S. 0000-0003-4326-8368","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4326-8368","contributorId":104889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"M.J.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Glassmoyer, G.","contributorId":62751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glassmoyer","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dietel, C.","contributorId":27916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dietel","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70028710,"text":"70028710 - 2006 - Cross-calibration of A.M. constellation sensors for long term monitoring of land surface processes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-18T15:32:10.299664","indexId":"70028710","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Cross-calibration of A.M. constellation sensors for long term monitoring of land surface processes","docAbstract":"Data from multiple sensors must be used together to gain a more complete understanding of land surface processes at a variety of scales. Although higher-level products derived from different sensors (e.g., vegetation cover, albedo, surface temperature) can be validated independently, the degree to which these sensors and their products can be compared to one another is vastly improved if their relative spectro-radiometric responses are known. Most often, sensors are directly calibrated to diffuse solar irradiation or vicariously to ground targets. However, space-based targets are not traceable to metrological standards, and vicarious calibrations are expensive and provide a poor sampling of a sensor's full dynamic range. Cross-calibration of two sensors can augment these methods if certain conditions can be met: (1) the spectral responses are similar, (2) the observations are reasonably concurrent (similar atmospheric & solar illumination conditions), (3) errors due to misregistrations of inhomogeneous surfaces can be minimized (including scale differences), and (4) the viewing geometry is similar (or, some reasonable knowledge of surface bi-directional reflectance distribution functions is available). This study extends on a previous study of Terra/MODIS and Landsat/ETM+ cross calibration by including the Terra/ASTER and EO-1/ALI sensors, exploring the impacts of cross-calibrating sensors when conditions described above are met to some degree but not perfectly. Measures for spectral response differences and methods for cross calibrating such sensors are provided in this study. These instruments are cross calibrated using the Railroad Valley playa in Nevada. Best fit linear coefficients (slope and offset) are provided for ALI-to-MODIS and ETM+-to-MODIS cross calibrations, and root-mean-squared errors (RMSEs) and correlation coefficients are provided to quantify the uncertainty in these relationships. Due to problems with direct calibration of ASTER data, linear fits were developed between ASTER and ETM+ to assess the impacts of spectral bandpass differences between the two systems. In theory, the linear fits and uncertainties can be used to compare radiance and reflectance products derived from each instrument.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral Remote Sensing Technology, Techniques, and Applications","conferenceDate":"November 13-16, 2006","conferenceLocation":"Goa, India","language":"English","doi":"10.1117/12.694127","usgsCitation":"Meyer, D., and Chander, G., 2006, Cross-calibration of A.M. constellation sensors for long term monitoring of land surface processes, in Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, v. 6405, Goa, India, November 13-16, 2006, 64050Z, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.694127.","productDescription":"64050Z","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236542,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6405","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcc0e4b0c8380cd4e3f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meyer, D.","contributorId":31131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chander, G.","contributorId":51449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chander","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70028713,"text":"70028713 - 2006 - USGS directions in MODFLOW development","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:59","indexId":"70028713","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"USGS directions in MODFLOW development","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water","language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2006.00260.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Barlow, P.M., and Harbaugh, A., 2006, USGS directions in MODFLOW development, in Ground Water, v. 44, no. 6, p. 771-774, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2006.00260.x.","startPage":"771","endPage":"774","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209846,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2006.00260.x"},{"id":236578,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-10-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbbc7e4b08c986b32881b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barlow, P. M.","contributorId":63022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barlow","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harbaugh, A.W.","contributorId":15208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harbaugh","given":"A.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70028715,"text":"70028715 - 2006 - Introduction to the special issue on the 2004 Parkfield earthquake and the Parkfield earthquake prediction experiment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:45","indexId":"70028715","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Introduction to the special issue on the 2004 Parkfield earthquake and the Parkfield earthquake prediction experiment","docAbstract":"The 28 September 2004 M 6.0 Parkfield earthquake, a long-anticipated event on the San Andreas fault, is the world's best recorded earthquake to date, with state-of-the-art data obtained from geologic, geodetic, seismic, magnetic, and electrical field networks. This has allowed the preearthquake and postearthquake states of the San Andreas fault in this region to be analyzed in detail. Analyses of these data provide views into the San Andreas fault that show a complex geologic history, fault geometry, rheology, and response of the nearby region to the earthquake-induced ground movement. Although aspects of San Andreas fault zone behavior in the Parkfield region can be modeled simply over geological time frames, the Parkfield Earthquake Prediction Experiment and the 2004 Parkfield earthquake indicate that predicting the fine details of future earthquakes is still a challenge. Instead of a deterministic approach, forecasting future damaging behavior, such as that caused by strong ground motions, will likely continue to require probabilistic methods. However, the Parkfield Earthquake Prediction Experiment and the 2004 Parkfield earthquake have provided ample data to understand most of what did occur in 2004, culminating in significant scientific advances.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0120050831","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Harris, R., and Arrowsmith, J., 2006, Introduction to the special issue on the 2004 Parkfield earthquake and the Parkfield earthquake prediction experiment: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 96, no. 4 B, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120050831.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477686,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1235784","text":"External Repository"},{"id":209868,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120050831"},{"id":236609,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"96","issue":"4 B","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3e04e4b0c8380cd63a29","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harris, R.A. 0000-0002-9247-0768","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9247-0768","contributorId":41849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arrowsmith, J.R.","contributorId":88536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arrowsmith","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70028716,"text":"70028716 - 2006 - Nearshore shore-oblique bars, gravel outcrops, and their correlation to shoreline change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-13T14:59:30","indexId":"70028716","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nearshore shore-oblique bars, gravel outcrops, and their correlation to shoreline change","docAbstract":"This study demonstrates the physical concurrence of shore-oblique bars and gravel outcrops in the surf zone along the northern Outer Banks of North Carolina. These subaqueous features are spatially correlated with shoreline change at a range of temporal and spatial scales. Previous studies have noted the existence of beach-surf zone interactions, but in general, relationships between nearshore geological features and coastal change are poorly understood. These new findings should be considered when exploring coastal zone dynamics and developing predictive engineering models.
The surf zone and nearshore region of the Outer Banks is predominantly planar and sandy, but there are several discrete regions with shore-oblique bars and interspersed gravel outcrops. These bar fields have relief up to 3 m, are several kilometers wide, and were relatively stationary over a 1.5 year survey period; however, the shoreward component of the bar field does exhibit change during this time frame. All gravel outcrops observed in the study region, a 40 km longshore length, were located adjacent to a shore-oblique bar, in a trough that had width and length similar to that of the associated bar. Seismic surveys show that the outcrops are part of a gravel stratum underlying the active surface sand layer.
Cross-correlation analyses demonstrate high correlation of monthly and multi-decadal shoreline change rates with the adjacent surf-zone bathymetry and sediment distribution. Regionally, areas with shore-oblique bars and gravel outcrops are correlated with on-shore areas of high short-term shoreline variability and high long-term shoreline change rates. The major peaks in long-term shoreline erosion are onshore of shore-oblique bars, but not all areas with high rates of long-term shoreline change are associated with shore-oblique bars and troughs.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.margeo.2006.08.007","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Schupp, C., McNinch, J.E., and List, J.H., 2006, Nearshore shore-oblique bars, gravel outcrops, and their correlation to shoreline change: Marine Geology, v. 233, no. 1-4, p. 63-79, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2006.08.007.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"63","endPage":"79","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236610,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Outer Banks","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.8660888671875,\n 35.03449433167976\n ],\n [\n -75.21240234375,\n 35.03449433167976\n ],\n [\n -75.21240234375,\n 36.15561783381855\n ],\n [\n -75.8660888671875,\n 36.15561783381855\n ],\n [\n -75.8660888671875,\n 35.03449433167976\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"233","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a641ae4b0c8380cd7289e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schupp, C.A.","contributorId":12674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schupp","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McNinch, J. E.","contributorId":50342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McNinch","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"List, J. H.","contributorId":70406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"List","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70028722,"text":"70028722 - 2006 - Incorporating diverse data and realistic complexity into demographic estimation procedures for sea otters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-22T11:02:36","indexId":"70028722","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Incorporating diverse data and realistic complexity into demographic estimation procedures for sea otters","docAbstract":"Reliable information on historical and current population dynamics is central to understanding patterns of growth and decline in animal populations. We developed a maximum likelihood-based analysis to estimate spatial and temporal trends in age/sex-specific survival rates for the threatened southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis), using annual population censuses and the age structure of salvaged carcass collections. We evaluated a wide range of possible spatial and temporal effects and used model averaging to incorporate model uncertainty into the resulting estimates of key vital rates and their variances. We compared these results to current demographic parameters estimated in a telemetry-based study conducted between 2001 and 2004. These results show that survival has decreased substantially from the early 1990s to the present and is generally lowest in the north-central portion of the population's range. The greatest temporal decrease in survival was for adult females, and variation in the survival of this age/sex class is primarily responsible for regulating population growth and driving population trends. Our results can be used to focus future research on southern sea otters by highlighting the life history stages and mortality factors most relevant to conservation. More broadly, we have illustrated how the powerful and relatively straightforward tools of information-theoretic-based model fitting can be used to sort through and parameterize quite complex demographic modeling frameworks. ?? 2006 by the Ecological Society of America.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Applications","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[2293:IDDARC]2.0.CO;2","issn":"10510761","usgsCitation":"Tinker, M.T., Doak, D.F., Estes, J.A., Hatfield, B.B., Staedler, M., and Gross, A., 2006, Incorporating diverse data and realistic complexity into demographic estimation procedures for sea otters: Ecological Applications, v. 16, no. 6, p. 2293-2312, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[2293:IDDARC]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"2293","endPage":"2312","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236683,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209925,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[2293:IDDARC]2.0.CO;2"}],"volume":"16","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a39e9e4b0c8380cd61a9e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tinker, M. Timothy","contributorId":82959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tinker","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"Timothy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Doak, Daniel F.","contributorId":46811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doak","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Estes, James A. jim_estes@usgs.gov","contributorId":53325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"James","email":"jim_estes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6949,"text":"University of California, Santa Cruz","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":419432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hatfield, Brian B. 0000-0003-1432-2660 brian_hatfield@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1432-2660","contributorId":127457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatfield","given":"Brian","email":"brian_hatfield@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":419435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Staedler, Michelle M.","contributorId":40087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Staedler","given":"Michelle M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gross, Arthur","contributorId":120963,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gross","given":"Arthur","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70028724,"text":"70028724 - 2006 - Emplacement of the Kodiak batholith and slab-window migration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-18T12:23:36","indexId":"70028724","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Emplacement of the Kodiak batholith and slab-window migration","docAbstract":"The Kodiak batholith is one of the largest, most elongate intrusive bodies in the forearc Sanak-Baranof plutonic belt located in southern Alaska. This belt is interpreted to have formed during the subduction of an oceanic spreading center and the associated migration of a slab window. Individual plutons of the Kodiak batholith track the location and evolution of the underlying slab window. Six U/Pb zircon ages from the axis of the batholith exhibit a northeastward-decreasing age progression of 59.2 ± 0.2 Ma at the southwest end to 58.4 ± 0.2 Ma at the northeast tip. The trench-parallel rate of age progression is within error of the average slab-window migration rate for the entire Sanak-Baranof belt (~19 cm/yr). Structural relationships, U/Pb ages, and a model of new gravity data indicate that magma from the Kodiak batholith ascended 5-10 km as a northeastward-younging series of 1-8-km-diameter viscoelastic diapirs. Individual plutons ascended by multiple emplacement mechanisms including downward flow, collapse of wall rock, stoping, and diking. Stokes flow xenolith calculations suggest ascent rates of 5-100 m/yr and an effective magmatic viscosity of 107-108 Pa s. Pre-existing structural or lithologic heterogeneities did not dominantly control the location of the main batholith. Instead, its location was determined by migration of the slab window at depth.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/B25718.1","usgsCitation":"Farris, D.W., Haeussler, P.J., Friedman, R., Paterson, S.R., Saltus, R.W., and Ayuso, R.A., 2006, Emplacement of the Kodiak batholith and slab-window migration: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 118, no. 11-12, p. 1360-1376, https://doi.org/10.1130/B25718.1.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1360","endPage":"1376","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236718,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"118","issue":"11-12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0914e4b0c8380cd51dc0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Farris, David W.","contributorId":99360,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Farris","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haeussler, Peter J. 0000-0002-1503-6247 pheuslr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1503-6247","contributorId":503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeussler","given":"Peter","email":"pheuslr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":419440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Friedman, Richard","contributorId":59363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"Richard","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Paterson, Scott R.","contributorId":38338,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Paterson","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Saltus, R. W.","contributorId":85588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saltus","given":"R.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ayuso, Robert A. 0000-0002-8496-9534 rayuso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8496-9534","contributorId":2654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayuso","given":"Robert","email":"rayuso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":419442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70028726,"text":"70028726 - 2006 - Photometric properties of Titan's surface from Cassini VIMS: Relevance to titan's hemispherical albedo dichotomy and surface stability","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:44","indexId":"70028726","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3083,"text":"Planetary and Space Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Photometric properties of Titan's surface from Cassini VIMS: Relevance to titan's hemispherical albedo dichotomy and surface stability","docAbstract":"The Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) instrument on the Cassini Saturn Orbiter returned spectral imaging data as the spacecraft undertook six close encounters with Titan beginning 7 July, 2004. Three of these flybys each produced overlapping coverage of two distinct regions of Titan's surface. Twenty-four points were selected on approximately opposite hemispheres to serve as photometric controls. Six points were selected in each of four reflectance classes. On one hemisphere each control point was observed at three distinct phase angles. From the derived phase coefficients, preliminary normal reflectances were derived for each reflectance class. The normal reflectance of Titan's surface units at 2.0178 ??m ranged from 0.079 to 0.185 for the most absorbing to the most reflective units assuming no contribution from absorbing haze. When a modest haze contribution of ??=0.1 is considered these numbers increase to 0.089-0.215. We find that the lowest three reflectance classes have comparable normal reflectance on either hemisphere. However, for the highest brightness class the normal reflectance is higher on the hemisphere encompassing longitude 14-65?? compared to the same high brightness class for the hemisphere encompassing 122-156?? longitude. We conclude that an albedo dichotomy observed in continental sized units on Titan is due not only to one unit having more areal coverage of reflective material than the other but the material on the brighter unit is intrinsically more reflective than the most reflective material on the other unit. This suggests that surface renewal processes are more widespread on Titan's more reflective units than on its less reflective units. We note that one of our photometric control points has increased in reflectance by 12% relative to the surrounding terrain from July of 2004 to April and May of 2005. Possible causes of this effect include atmospheric processes such as ground fog or orographic clouds; the suggestion of active volcanism cannot be ruled out. Several interesting circular features which resembled impact craters were identified on Titan's surface at the time of the initial Titan flyby in July of 2004. We traced photometric profiles through two of these candidate craters and attempted to fit these profiles to the photometric properties expected from model depressions. We find that the best-fit attempt to model these features as craters requires that they be unrealistically deep, approximately 70 km deep. We conclude that despite their appearance, these circular features are not craters, however, the possibility that they are palimpsests cannot be ruled out. We used two methods to test for the presence of vast expanses of liquids on Titan's surface that had been suggested to resemble oceans. Specular reflection of sunlight would be indicative of widespread liquids on the surface; we found no evidence of this. A large liquid body should also show uniformity in photometric profile; we found the profiles to be highly variable. The lack of specular reflection and the high photometric variability in the profiles across candidate oceans is inconsistent with the presence of vast expanses of flat-lying liquids on Titan's surface. While liquid accumulation may be present as small, sub-pixel-sized bodies, or in areas of the surface which still remain to be observed by VIMS, the presence of large ocean-sized accumulations of liquids can be ruled out. The Cassini orbital tour offers the opportunity for VIMS to image the same parts of Titan's surface repeatedly at many different illumination and observation geometries. This creates the possibility of understanding the properties of Titan's atmosphere and haze by iteratively adapting models to create a best fit to the surface reflectance properties. ?? 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Planetary and Space Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.pss.2006.06.014","issn":"00320633","usgsCitation":"Nelson, R., Brown, R.H., Hapke, B., Smythe, W.D., Kamp, L., Boryta, M., Leader, F., Baines, K.H., Bellucci, G., Bibring, J., Buratti, B.J., Capaccioni, F., Cerroni, P., Clark, R.N., Combes, M., Coradini, A., Cruikshank, D.P., Drossart, P., Formisano, V., Jaumann, R., Langevin, Y., Matson, D.L., McCord, T.B., Mennella, V., Nicholson, P.D., Sicardy, B., and Sotin, C., 2006, Photometric properties of Titan's surface from Cassini VIMS: Relevance to titan's hemispherical albedo dichotomy and surface stability: Planetary and Space Science, v. 54, no. 15, p. 1540-1551, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2006.06.014.","startPage":"1540","endPage":"1551","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209998,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2006.06.014"},{"id":236784,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7a2ce4b0c8380cd78d92","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, R.M.","contributorId":38316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, R. 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Images obtained in windows for which the haze opacity is low can be used to derive quantitative photometric parameters such as albedo and albedo distribution, and physical properties such as roughness and particle characteristics. Images from the early Titan flybys, particularly T0, Ta, and T5 have been analyzed to create albedo maps in the 2.01 and 2.73 ??m windows. We find the average normal reflectance at these two wavelengths to be 0.15??0.02 and 0.035??0.003, respectively. Titan's surface is bifurcated into two albedo regimes, particularly at 2.01 ??m. Analysis of these two regimes to understand the physical character of the surface was accomplished with a macroscopic roughness model. We find that the two types of surface have substantially different roughness, with the low-albedo surface exhibiting mean slope angles of ???18??, and the high-albedo terrain having a much more substantial roughness with a mean slope angle of ???34??. A single-scattering phase function approximated by a one-term Henyey-Greenstein equation was also fit to each unit. Titan's surface is back-scattering (g???0.3-0.4), and does not exhibit substantially different backscattering behavior between the two terrains. Our results suggest that two distinct geophysical domains exist on Titan: a bright region cut by deep drainage channels and a relatively smooth surface. The two terrains are covered by a film or a coating of particles perhaps precipitated from the satellite's haze layer and transported by eolian processes. Our results are preliminary: more accurate values for the surface albedo and physical parameters will be derived as more data is gathered by the Cassini spacecraft and as a more complete radiative transfer model is developed from both Cassini orbiter and Huygens Lander measurements. ?? 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Planetary and Space Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.pss.2006.06.015","issn":"00320633","usgsCitation":"Buratti, B.J., Sotin, C., Brown, R.H., Hicks, M., Clark, R.N., Mosher, J.A., McCord, T.B., Jaumann, R., Baines, K.H., Nicholson, P.D., Momary, T., Simonelli, D., and Sicardy, B., 2006, Titan: Preliminary results on surface properties and photometry from VIMS observations of the early flybys: Planetary and Space Science, v. 54, no. 15, p. 1498-1509, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2006.06.015.","startPage":"1498","endPage":"1509","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209607,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2006.06.015"},{"id":236261,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb41fe4b08c986b3261c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buratti, B. 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After measuring R. salmoninarum antigen in 499 adults by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), we mated each of 12 males with high or low antigen levels to two females with low to moderate levels and exposed subsets of their progeny to each pathogen separately. We found no correlation between R. salmoninarum antigen level in parents and survival of their progeny following pathogen exposure. We estimated high heritability for resistance to R. salmoninarum (survival h2 = 0.890 ?? 0.256 (mean ?? standard error)) independent of parental antigen level, but low heritability for resistance to L. anguillarum (h2 = 0.128 ?? 0.078). The genetic correlation between these survivals (rA = -0.204 ?? 0.309) was near zero. The genetic and phenotypic correlations between survival and antigen levels among surviving progeny exposed to R. salmoninarum were both negative (rA = -0.716 ?? 0.140; rP = -0.378 ?? 0.041), indicating that variation in antigen level is linked to survival. These results suggest that selective culling of female broodstock with high antigen titers, which is effective in controlling BKD in salmon hatcheries, will not affect resistance of their progeny. ?? 2006 NRC.
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Here we present a diverse data set to support our hypothesis that these earthquakes resulted from stick-slip motion along the margins of the plug as it was forced incrementally upwards by ascending, solidifying, gas-poor magma. We formalize this hypothesis with a dynamical model that reveals a strong analogy between behaviour of the magma-plug system and that of a variably damped oscillator. Modelled stick-slip oscillations have properties that help constrain the balance of forces governing the earthquakes and eruption, and they imply that magma pressure never deviated much from the steady equilibrium pressure. We infer that the volcano was probably poised in a near-eruptive equilibrium state long before the onset of the 2004-05 eruption. ??2006 Nature Publishing Group.","language":"English","publisher":"Nature Publications","doi":"10.1038/nature05322","usgsCitation":"Iverson, R., Dzurisin, D., Gardner, C.A., Gerlach, T., LaHusen, R., Lisowski, M., Major, J., Malone, S.D., Messerich, J., Moran, S., Pallister, J., Qamar, A., Schilling, S., and Vallance, J., 2006, Dynamics of seismogenic volcanic extrusion at Mount St Helens in 2004-05: Nature, v. 444, no. 7118, p. 439-443, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05322.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"439","endPage":"443","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236372,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St Helens","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.39936828613281,\n 46.11513371326539\n ],\n [\n -121.97845458984375,\n 46.11513371326539\n ],\n [\n -121.97845458984375,\n 46.372990544913726\n ],\n [\n -122.39936828613281,\n 46.372990544913726\n ],\n [\n -122.39936828613281,\n 46.11513371326539\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"444","issue":"7118","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0437e4b0c8380cd50867","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Iverson, R.M. 0000-0002-7369-3819","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7369-3819","contributorId":16435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"R.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dzurisin, D.","contributorId":76067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dzurisin","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gardner, C. A.","contributorId":75916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gerlach, T.M.","contributorId":38713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerlach","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"LaHusen, R.G.","contributorId":105742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaHusen","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lisowski, M.","contributorId":70381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Major, J. 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We compared habitats at normal operating pool elevation with habitats at drawdown to spillway crest elevation and drawdown to the historical natural river elevation for two flows (4,417 and 8,495 m3/s). Using two-dimensional hydrodynamic modeling and a predictive habitat model, we determined the quantity and spatial distribution of rearing habitat and predicted water velocities. We predicted that the most habitat area would occur under normal pool elevation, but 93% of habitat was located in the upper third of the reservoir. Although less habitat area was predicted under drawdown to the spillway crest and the natural river, it was distributed more homogeneously throughout the study area. Habitat connectivity, patch size, and percent of suitable shoreline were greatest under drawdown to the natural river elevation. Mean cross-sectional water velocity and the variation in velocity increased with increasing level of reservoir drawdown. Water velocities under drawdown to the natural river were about twice as high as those under drawdown to spillway crest and five times higher than those under normal pool. The variability in water velocity, which may provide cues to fish migration, was highest under drawdown to the natural river and lowest under normal pool elevation. The extent to which different drawdown scenarios would be effective in John Day Reservoir depends in part on restoring normative riverine processes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/M06-018.1","issn":"02755947","usgsCitation":"Tiffan, K., Garland, R., and Rondorf, D., 2006, Predicted changes in subyearling fall Chinook salmon rearing and migratory habitat under two drawdown scenarios for John Day Reservoir, Columbia River: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 26, no. 4, p. 894-907, https://doi.org/10.1577/M06-018.1.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"894","endPage":"907","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487580,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/2506883","text":"External Repository"},{"id":236403,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209711,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/M06-018.1"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon, Washington","otherGeospatial":"John Day Dam and McNary Dam","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.49093627929689,\n 45.72631510756141\n ],\n [\n -121.5087890625,\n 45.71001523943372\n ],\n [\n -121.47033691406249,\n 45.691792112909965\n ],\n [\n -121.38931274414062,\n 45.67260345778067\n ],\n [\n -121.34811401367186,\n 45.68603620740324\n ],\n [\n -121.23825073242186,\n 45.66108710567762\n ],\n [\n -121.20803833007811,\n 45.60635207711834\n ],\n [\n -121.12564086914062,\n 45.59482210127054\n ],\n [\n -121.06796264648436,\n 45.63516665067313\n ],\n [\n -120.89492797851561,\n 45.630365250117606\n ],\n [\n -120.80978393554688,\n 45.663006662228675\n ],\n [\n -120.83038330078125,\n 45.68891423419542\n ],\n [\n -120.88256835937499,\n 45.66684557788979\n ],\n [\n -120.97595214843749,\n 45.663006662228675\n ],\n [\n -121.07070922851564,\n 45.670684230297006\n ],\n [\n -121.13525390625,\n 45.63132556313632\n ],\n [\n -121.17233276367188,\n 45.63324613981234\n ],\n [\n -121.23138427734375,\n 45.68891423419542\n ],\n [\n -121.30828857421875,\n 45.70809729528788\n ],\n [\n -121.40029907226562,\n 45.719603972998634\n ],\n [\n -121.47033691406249,\n 45.719603972998634\n ],\n [\n -121.49093627929689,\n 45.72631510756141\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"26","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a818de4b0c8380cd7b5b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tiffan, K.F.","contributorId":19327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tiffan","given":"K.F.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":419549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garland, R.D.","contributorId":60806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garland","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rondorf, D.W.","contributorId":80789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rondorf","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":419551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70028745,"text":"70028745 - 2006 - Modeling nearshore morphological evolution at seasonal scale","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:55","indexId":"70028745","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Modeling nearshore morphological evolution at seasonal scale","docAbstract":"A process-based model is compared with field measurements to test and improve our ability to predict nearshore morphological change at seasonal time scales. The field experiment, along the dissipative beaches adjacent to Grays Harbor, Washington USA, successfully captured the transition between the high-energy erosive conditions of winter and the low-energy beach-building conditions typical of summer. The experiment documented shoreline progradation on the order of 20 m and as much as 175 m of onshore bar migration. Significant alongshore variability was observed in the morphological response of the sandbars over a 4 km reach of coast. A detailed sensitivity analysis suggests that the model results are more sensitive to adjusting the sediment transport associated with asymmetric oscillatory wave motions than to adjusting the transport due to mean currents. Initial results suggest that alongshore variations in the initial bathymetry are partially responsible for the observed alongshore variable morphological response during the experiment. Copyright ASCE 2006.","largerWorkTitle":"Coastal Dynamics 2005 - Proceedings of the Fifth Coastal Dynamics International Conference","conferenceTitle":"5th Coastal Dynamics International Conference","conferenceDate":"4 April 2005 through 8 April 2005","conferenceLocation":"Barcelona","language":"English","doi":"10.1061/40855(214)45","isbn":"0784408556; 9780784408551","usgsCitation":"Walstra, D., Ruggiero, P., Lesser, G., and Gelfenbaum, G., 2006, Modeling nearshore morphological evolution at seasonal scale, in Coastal Dynamics 2005 - Proceedings of the Fifth Coastal Dynamics International Conference, Barcelona, 4 April 2005 through 8 April 2005, https://doi.org/10.1061/40855(214)45.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209794,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40855(214)45"},{"id":236511,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-04-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c0de4b0c8380cd6f9c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walstra, D.-J.R.","contributorId":33511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walstra","given":"D.-J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ruggiero, P.","contributorId":25995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruggiero","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lesser, G.","contributorId":86552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lesser","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gelfenbaum, G.","contributorId":72429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gelfenbaum","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70028749,"text":"70028749 - 2006 - Damped regional-scale stress inversions: Methodology and examples for southern California and the Coalinga aftershock sequence","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:00","indexId":"70028749","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Damped regional-scale stress inversions: Methodology and examples for southern California and the Coalinga aftershock sequence","docAbstract":"We present a new focal mechanism stress inversion technique to produce regional-scale models of stress orientation containing the minimum complexity necessary to fit the data. Current practice is to divide a region into small subareas and to independently fit a stress tensor to the focal mechanisms of each subarea. This procedure may lead to apparent spatial variability that is actually an artifact of overfitting noisy data or nonuniquely fitting data that does not completely constrain the stress tensor. To remove these artifacts while retaining any stress variations that are strongly required by the data, we devise a damped inversion method to simultaneously invert for stress in all subareas while minimizing the difference in stress between adjacent subareas. This method is conceptually similar to other geophysical inverse techniques that incorporate damping, such as seismic tomography. In checkerboard tests, the damped inversion removes the stress rotation artifacts exhibited by an undamped inversion, while resolving sharper true stress rotations than a simple smoothed model or a moving-window inversion. We show an example of a spatially damped stress field for southern California. The methodology can also be used to study temporal stress changes, and an example for the Coalinga, California, aftershock sequence is shown. We recommend use of the damped inversion technique for any study examining spatial or temporal variations in the stress field.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2005JB004144","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Hardebeck, J., and Michael, A., 2006, Damped regional-scale stress inversions: Methodology and examples for southern California and the Coalinga aftershock sequence: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 111, no. 11, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB004144.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236545,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209819,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JB004144"}],"volume":"111","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-11-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fd60e4b0c8380cd4e7e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hardebeck, J.L.","contributorId":98862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hardebeck","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Michael, A.J. 0000-0002-2403-5019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2403-5019","contributorId":52192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michael","given":"A.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70028750,"text":"70028750 - 2006 - Pigs on the plains: Institutional analysis of a Colorado water quality initiative","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:00","indexId":"70028750","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2066,"text":"International Journal of Public Administration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pigs on the plains: Institutional analysis of a Colorado water quality initiative","docAbstract":"We used the Legal-Institutional Analysis Model (LIAM) and Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) to analyze the campaign over passage of the Colorado Hogs Rule, an initiative passed by the voters in 1998 to require regulation of swine production facilities in Colorado. Used in tandem, LIAM and ACF provided an opportunity to develop a robust understanding of the obstacles and opportunities that face water quality managers in a state-centered multi-organizational decision process. We found that combining the LIAM with the ACF enhanced the understanding that could be achieved by using either model in isolation. The predictive capacity of the LIAM would have been reduced without information from the ACF, and the ACF by itself would have missed the importance of a single-case study.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Public Administration","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1080/01900690600954405","issn":"01900692","usgsCitation":"King, D., Burkardt, N., and Lee, L.B., 2006, Pigs on the plains: Institutional analysis of a Colorado water quality initiative: International Journal of Public Administration, v. 29, no. 14, p. 1411-1430, https://doi.org/10.1080/01900690600954405.","startPage":"1411","endPage":"1430","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209848,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01900690600954405"},{"id":236580,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7b54e4b0c8380cd793aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, D.","contributorId":84499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burkardt, N.","contributorId":13913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burkardt","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lee, Lamb B.","contributorId":42008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Lamb","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70028751,"text":"70028751 - 2006 - Mallard brood movements, wetland use, and duckling survival during and following a prairie drought","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-02T11:43:54","indexId":"70028751","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mallard brood movements, wetland use, and duckling survival during and following a prairie drought","docAbstract":"We used radiotelemetry to study mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) brood movements, wetland use, and duckling survival during a major drought (1988-1992) and during the first 2 years of the subsequent wet period (1993-1994) at 4 51-km2 sites in prairie pothole landscapes in eastern North Dakota, USA. About two-thirds of 69 radiomarked mallard broods initiated moves from the nest to water before noon, and all left the nest during daylight. On average, broods used fewer wetlands, but moved greater distances during the dry period than the wet period. Broods of all ages were more likely to make inter-wetland moves during the wet period and probabilities of inter-wetland moves decreased as duckling age increased, especially during the dry period. Brood use of seasonal wetlands nearly doubled from 22% to 43% and use of semi-permanent wetlands declined from 73% to 50% from the dry to the wet period. Eighty-one of 150 radiomarked ducklings died during 1,604 exposure days. We evaluated survival models containing variables related to water conditions, weather, duckling age, and hatch date. Model-averaged risk ratios indicated that, on any given date, radiomarked ducklings were 1.5 (95% CI = 0.8-2.8) times more likely to die when the percentage of seasonal basins containing water (WETSEAS) was ???18% than when WETSEAS was >40%. An interaction between duckling age and occurrence of rain on the current or 2 previous days indicated that rain effects were pronounced when ducklings were 0-7 days old but negligible when they were 8-30 days old. The TMIN (mean daily minimum temperature on the current and 2 previous days) effects generally were consistent between duckling age classes, and the risk of duckling death increased 9.3% for each 1??C decrease in TMIN across both age classes. Overall, the 30-day survival rate of ducklings equipped with radiotransmitters was about 0.23 lower than the survival rate of those without radiotransmitiers. Unmarked ducklings were 7.6 (95% CI = 2.7-21.3) times more likely to die on any given day when WETSEAS was ???18% than when WETSEAS was >40%. Higher duckling survival and increased use of seasonal wetlands during the wet period suggest that mallard production will benefit from programs that conserve and restore seasonal wetland habitat. Given adverse effects of low temperatures on duckling survival, managers may want to include this stochastic variable in models used to predict annual production of mallards in the Prairie Pothole Region.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Wildlife Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[1436:MBMWUA]2.0.CO;2","issn":"0022541X","usgsCitation":"Krapu, G., Pietz, P., Brandt, D., and Cox, R.R., 2006, Mallard brood movements, wetland use, and duckling survival during and following a prairie drought: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 70, no. 5, p. 1436-1444, https://doi.org/10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[1436:MBMWUA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1436","endPage":"1444","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":209849,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[1436:MBMWUA]2.0.CO;2"},{"id":236581,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"70","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4c44e4b0c8380cd69b24","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krapu, Gary L.","contributorId":56994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krapu","given":"Gary L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pietz, P.J.","contributorId":6398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pietz","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brandt, D.A.","contributorId":67448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brandt","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cox, R. R. Jr.","contributorId":57006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"R.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70028755,"text":"70028755 - 2006 - The origin of neap-spring tidal cycles","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:45","indexId":"70028755","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The origin of neap-spring tidal cycles","docAbstract":"The origin of oceanic tides is a basic concept taught in most introductory college-level sedimentology/geology, oceanography, and astronomy courses. Tides are typically explained in the context of the equilibrium tidal theory model. Yet this model does not take into account real tides in many parts of the world. Not only does the equilibrium tidal model fail to explicate amphidromic circulation, it also does not explain diurnal tides in low latitude positions. It likewise fails to explain the existence of tide-dominated areas where neap-spring cycles are synchronized with the 27.32-day orbital cycle of the Moon (tropical month), rather than with the more familiar 29.52-day cycle of lunar phases (synodic month). Both types of neap-spring cycles can be recognized in the rock record. A complete explanation of the origin of tides should include a discussion of dynamic tidal theory. In the dynamic tidal model, tides resulting from the motions of the Moon in its orbit around the Earth and the Earth in its orbit around the Sun are modeled as products of the combined effects of a series of phantom satellites. The movement of each of these satellites, relative to the Earth's equator, creates its own tidal wave that moves around an amphidromic point. Each of these waves is referred to as a tidal constituent. The geometries of the ocean basins determine which of these constituents are amplified. Thus, the tide-raising potential for any locality on Earth can be conceptualized as the result of a series of tidal constituents specific to that region. A better understanding of tidal cycles opens up remarkable opportunities for research on tidal deposits with implications for, among other things, a more complete understanding of the tidal dynamics responsible for sediment transport and deposition, changes in Earth-Moon distance through time, and the possible influences tidal cycles may exert on organisms. ?? 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.margeo.2006.10.001","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Kvale, E., 2006, The origin of neap-spring tidal cycles: Marine Geology, v. 235, no. 1-4 SPEC. ISS., p. 5-18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2006.10.001.","startPage":"5","endPage":"18","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209900,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2006.10.001"},{"id":236646,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"235","issue":"1-4 SPEC. ISS.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae6ee4b08c986b3240bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kvale, E.P.","contributorId":76076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvale","given":"E.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}