A base-wide assessment of surface-water quality at the U.S. Army Atterbury Reserve Forces Training Area near Edinburgh, Indiana, examined short-term and long-term quality of surface water flowing into, across, and out of a 33,760-acre study area. The 30-day geometric-mean concentrations of fecal-indicator bacteria (Escherichia coli) in water samples from all 16 monitoring sites on streams in the study area were greater than the Indiana recreational water-quality standard. None of the bacteria concentrations in samples from four lakes exceeded the standard. Half the samples with bacteria concentrations greater than the single-sample standard contained chemical tracers potentially associated with human sewage. Increased turbidity of water samples was related statistically to increased bacteria concentration. Lead concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 micrograms per liter were detected in water samples at seven monitoring sites. Lead in one sample collected during high-streamflow conditions was greater than the calculated Indiana water-quality standard. With the exception of Escherichia coli and lead, 211 of 213 chemical constituents analyzed in water samples did not exceed Indiana water-quality standards. Out of 131 constituents analyzed in streambed-sediment and fish-tissue samples from three sites in the Common Impact Area for weapons training, the largest concentrations overall were detected for copper, lead, manganese, strontium, and zinc. Fish-community integrity, based on diversity and pollution tolerance, was rated poor at one of those three sites. Compared with State criteria, the fish-community data indicated 8 of 10 stream reaches in the study area could be categorized as \"fully supporting\" aquatic-life uses.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/wri034149","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Indiana Army National Guard","usgsCitation":"Risch, M.R., 2004, Chemical and biological quality of surface water at the U.S. Army Atterbury Reserve Forces Training Area near Edinburgh, Indiana, September 2000 through July 2001: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4149, 87 p., 18 figs., 26 tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034149.","productDescription":"87 p., 18 figs., 26 tables","startPage":"1","endPage":"87","numberOfPages":"95","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124533,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_2003_4149.jpg"},{"id":5142,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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-85.98299503326416,\n 39.353115521441985\n ],\n [\n -85.98003387451172,\n 39.348934161161964\n ],\n [\n -85.97415447235107,\n 39.34136725415666\n ],\n [\n -85.97312450408936,\n 39.33904391657882\n ],\n [\n -85.97213745117188,\n 39.33479532816365\n ],\n [\n -85.97209453582764,\n 39.33213982929\n ],\n [\n -85.9711503982544,\n 39.33207344052593\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e1e4b07f02db5e4910","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Risch, Martin R. 0000-0002-7908-7887 mrrisch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7908-7887","contributorId":2118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Risch","given":"Martin","email":"mrrisch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27231,"text":"Indiana-Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":53821,"text":"fs20043028 - 2004 - SAM 2.1—A computer program for plotting and formatting surveying data for estimating peak discharges by the slope-area method","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-31T07:40:34","indexId":"fs20043028","displayToPublicDate":"2004-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-3028","title":"SAM 2.1—A computer program for plotting and formatting surveying data for estimating peak discharges by the slope-area method","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) measures discharge in streams using several methods. However, measurement of peak discharges is often impossible or impractical due to difficult access, inherent danger of making measurements during flood events, and timing often associated with flood events. Thus, many peak discharge values often are calculated after the fact by use of indirect methods. The most common indirect method for estimating peak dis- charges in streams is the slope-area method. This, like other indirect methods, requires measuring the flood profile through detailed surveys. Processing the survey data for efficient entry into computer streamflow models can be time demanding; SAM 2.1 is a program designed to expedite that process. The SAM 2.1 computer program is designed to be run in the field on a portable computer. The program processes digital surveying data obtained from an electronic surveying instrument during slope- area measurements. After all measurements have been completed, the program generates files to be input into the SAC (Slope-Area Computation program; Fulford, 1994) or HEC-RAS (Hydrologic Engineering Center-River Analysis System; Brunner, 2001) computer streamflow models so that an estimate of the peak discharge can be calculated.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20043028","usgsCitation":"Hortness, J., 2004, SAM 2.1—A computer program for plotting and formatting surveying data for estimating peak discharges by the slope-area method (Legacy Report): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2004-3028, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20043028.","productDescription":"6 p.","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262388,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2004/3028/report.pdf"},{"id":262389,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2004/3028/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":265418,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2004/3028/data/fs20043028_SAM.zip"},{"id":265417,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2004/3028/"},{"id":266781,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2004/3028/sam.zip"}],"country":"United States","edition":"Legacy Report","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db69824c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hortness, J.E.","contributorId":80984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hortness","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":53816,"text":"ofr20041032 - 2004 - Compilation of Data to Support Development of a Pesticide Management Plan by the Yankton Sioux Tribe, Charles Mix County, South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:58","indexId":"ofr20041032","displayToPublicDate":"2004-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1032","title":"Compilation of Data to Support Development of a Pesticide Management Plan by the Yankton Sioux Tribe, Charles Mix County, South Dakota","docAbstract":"The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is working with the Yankton Sioux Tribe to develop a pesticide management plan to reduce potential for contamination of ground water that may result from the use of registered pesticides. The purpose of this study was to compile technical information to support development of a pesticide management plan by the Yankton Sioux Tribe for the area within the Yankton Sioux Reservation, Charles Mix County, South Dakota. Five pesticides (alachlor, atrazine, cyanazine, metolachlor, and simazine) were selected by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for the management plan approach because they had been identified as probable or possible human carcinogens and they often had been associated with ground-water contamination in many areas and at high concentrations.\r\n\r\nThis report provides a compilation of data to support development of a pesticide management plan. Available data sets are summarized in the text of this report, and actual data sets are provided in one Compact Disk?Read-Only Memory that is included with the report.\r\n\r\nThe compact disk contains data sets pertinent to the development of a pesticide management plan. Pesticide use for the study area is described using information from state and national databases. Within South Dakota, pesticides commonly are applied to corn and soybean crops, which are the primary row crops grown in the study area. Water-quality analyses for pesticides are summarized for several surface-water sites. Pesticide concentrations in most samples were found to be below minimum reporting levels. Topographic data are presented in the form of 30-meter digital elevation model grids and delineation of drainage basins. Geohydrologic data are provided for the surficial deposits and the bedrock units. A high-resolution (30-by-30 meters) land-cover and land-use database is provided and summarized in a tabular format. More than 91 percent of the study area is used for row crops, pasture, or hay, and almost 6 percent of the study area is covered by water or wetlands. Average monthly and yearly precipitation data are summarized in a tabular format. Irrigation information associated with permitted and licensed diversion points is provided. A composite of aerial photographs of Charles Mix County is provided. This report also describes and summarizes the data sets and files, and how the data are relevant to development of a pesticide management plan.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041032","usgsCitation":"Schaap, B.D., 2004, Compilation of Data to Support Development of a Pesticide Management Plan by the Yankton Sioux Tribe, Charles Mix County, South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1032, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041032.","productDescription":"23 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":181723,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5228,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1032/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ee4b07f02db6aa17a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schaap, Bryan D.","contributorId":63438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaap","given":"Bryan","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70170822,"text":"70170822 - 2004 - Photosynthesis and fluctuating asymmetry as indicators of plant response to soil disturbance in the Fall-Line Sandhills of Georgia: a case study using Rhus copallinum and Ipomoea pandurata","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-03T14:44:00","indexId":"70170822","displayToPublicDate":"2004-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2065,"text":"International Journal of Plant Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Photosynthesis and fluctuating asymmetry as indicators of plant response to soil disturbance in the Fall-Line Sandhills of Georgia: a case study using Rhus copallinum and Ipomoea pandurata","docAbstract":"We examined net photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance, and leaf fluctuating asymmetry on two species (Rhus copallinum and Ipomoea pandurata) as indicators of stress at nine sites across a gradient of soil disturbance at Fort Benning, Georgia. There were three sites for each of three disturbance levels. Physical habitat disturbance was caused by activities associated with infantry training, including mechanized elements (tanks and personnel carriers) and foot soldiers. In addition, we examined the influence of prescribed burns and microhabitat effects (within meter‐square quadrats centered about the plant) on these measures of plant stress. Net photosynthesis declined with increasing disturbance in the absence of burning for both species. However, when sites were burned the previous year, net photosynthesis increased with increasing disturbance. Developmental instability in Rhus, as measured by fluctuating asymmetry, also declined with increasing disturbance in the absence of burning but increased with disturbance if sites were burned the previous year. Developmental instability was much less sensitive to burning in Ipomoea and in general was lowest at intermediate disturbance sites. Microenvironmental and microhabitat effects were weakly correlated with measures of plant stress when all sites were combined. However, higher correlations were obtained within site categories, especially when the recent history of prescribed burning was used as a category. Finally, using all of the combined data in a discriminant function analysis allowed us to correctly predict the disturbance level of more than 80% of the plants. Plant stress is responsive to both large‐scale perturbations, such as burning, and microhabitat parameters. Because of this, it is important to include macro‐ and microhabitat parameters when assessing stress. Similarly, we found a combination of developmental and physiological indicators of stress was superior to using them separately.
","language":"English","publisher":"The University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1086/421478","usgsCitation":"Freeman, D.C., Brown, M.L., Duda, J.J., Graham, J.H., Emlen, J.M., Krzysik, A.J., Balbach, H.E., Kovacic, D.A., and Zak, J.C., 2004, Photosynthesis and fluctuating asymmetry as indicators of plant response to soil disturbance in the Fall-Line Sandhills of Georgia: a case study using Rhus copallinum and Ipomoea pandurata: International Journal of Plant Sciences, v. 165, no. 5, p. 805-816, https://doi.org/10.1086/421478.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"805","endPage":"816","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320907,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"165","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5729cbb8e4b0b13d3919a3b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Freeman, D. Carl","contributorId":31599,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Freeman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"Carl","affiliations":[{"id":7147,"text":"Wayne State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":628560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, Michelle L.","contributorId":168990,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brown","given":"Michelle","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":7147,"text":"Wayne State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":628561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Duda, Jeffrey J. 0000-0001-7431-8634 jduda@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7431-8634","contributorId":145486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duda","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jduda@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":628562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Graham, John H.","contributorId":19861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graham","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Emlen, John M.","contributorId":168812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emlen","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":628564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Krzysik, Anthony J.","contributorId":168925,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Krzysik","given":"Anthony","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Balbach, Harold E.","contributorId":169120,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Balbach","given":"Harold","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Kovacic, David A.","contributorId":169121,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kovacic","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Zak, John C.","contributorId":168942,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zak","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":53750,"text":"ofr03474 - 2004 - Cruise Report for G1-03-GM, USGS Gas Hydrates Cruise, R/V Gyre, 1-14 May 2003, Northern Gulf of Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:26","indexId":"ofr03474","displayToPublicDate":"2004-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-474","title":"Cruise Report for G1-03-GM, USGS Gas Hydrates Cruise, R/V Gyre, 1-14 May 2003, Northern Gulf of Mexico","docAbstract":"This report gives a summary of the field program and instrumentation used on the R/V Gyre in the Gulf of Mexico in May, 2003, to collect multichannel seismic data in support of USGS and Department of Energy gas hydrate studies. Tabulated statistics, metadata, figures and maps are included to show the breadth of data collected and preliminary interpretations made during the field program. Geophysical data collected during this cruise will be released in a separate report.\r\n\r\nAt the start of the cruise, three test lines were run to compare different source configurations in order to optimize data quality for the objectives of the cruise. The source chosen was the 13/13 in3 Generator-Injector (GI) Gun. Following these tests, a total of 101 lines (approximately 1033 km) of 24-channel high-resolution seismic reflection data were collected in the northern Gulf of Mexico. 59 lines (about 600 km) were collected in and around lease block Keathley Canyon 195. An additional 4 lines (85 km) provided a seismic tie between the Keathley Canyon data and USGS multichannel data collected in 1999. About 253 km of data were collected along 35 short lines in and around lease block Atwater Valley 14 on the floor of the Mississippi Canyon. Three lines (53 km) completed the cruise and provided a seismic tie to USGS multichannel data collected in 1998.\r\n\r\nTwo on-board trained marine-mammal observers fulfilled the requirements determined by NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service to avoid incidental harassment of marine mammals as established in the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA). A total of three species of dolphins were observed during the cruise and one basking shark. No sperm whales were sighted. During the cruise, seismic operations were not delayed or terminated because of marine mammal activity.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr03474","usgsCitation":"Hutchinson, D.R., and Hart, P.E., 2004, Cruise Report for G1-03-GM, USGS Gas Hydrates Cruise, R/V Gyre, 1-14 May 2003, Northern Gulf of Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-474, 103 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03474.","productDescription":"103 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178957,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5151,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/of03-474/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad0e4b07f02db680853","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hutchinson, Deborah R. 0000-0002-2544-5466 dhutchinson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2544-5466","contributorId":521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"Deborah","email":"dhutchinson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":248299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hart, Patrick E. 0000-0002-5080-1426 hart@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5080-1426","contributorId":2879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"Patrick","email":"hart@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":53399,"text":"pp1684 - 2004 - Geochemistry and Geochronology of Middle Tertiary Volcanic Rocks of the Central Chiricahua Mountains, Southeast Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:26","indexId":"pp1684","displayToPublicDate":"2004-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1684","title":"Geochemistry and Geochronology of Middle Tertiary Volcanic Rocks of the Central Chiricahua Mountains, Southeast Arizona","docAbstract":"Middle Tertiary volcanic rocks of the central Chiricahua Mountains in southeast Arizona are the westernmost constituents of the Eocene-Oligocene Boot Heel volcanic field of southwestern New Mexico and southeastern Arizona. About two dozen volumetric ally and stratigraphically significant volcanic units are present in this area. These include large-volume, regionally distributed ash-flow tuffs and smaller volume, locally distributed lava flows. The most voluminous of these units is the Rhyolite Canyon Tuff, which erupted 26.9 million years ago from the Turkey Creek caldera in the central Chiricahua Mountains. The Rhyolite Canyon Tuff consists of 500-1,000 cubic kilometers of rhyolite that was erupted from a normally zoned reservoir. The tuff represents sequential eruptions, which became systematically less geochemically evolved with time, from progressively deeper levels of the source reservoir. Like the Rhyolite Canyon Tuff, other ashflow tuffs preserved in the central Chiricahua Mountains have equivalents in nearby, though isolated mountain ranges. However, correlation of these other tuffs, from range to range, has been hindered by stratigraphic discontinuity, structural complexity, and various lithologic similarities and ambiguities. New geochemical and geochronologic data presented here enable correlation of these units between their occurrences in the central Chiricahua Mountains and the remainder of the Boot Heel volcanic field. \r\n\r\nVolcanic rocks in the central Chiricahua Mountains are composed dominantly of weakly peraluminous, high-silica rhyolite welded tuff and rhyolite lavas of the high-potassium and shoshonitic series. Trace-element, and to a lesser extent, major-oxide abundances are distinct for most of the units studied. Geochemical and geochronologic data depict a time and spatial transgression from subduction to within-plate and extensional tectonic settings. Compositions of the lavas tend to be relatively homogeneous within particular units. In contrast, compositions of the ash-flow tuffs, including the Rhyolite Canyon Tuff, vary significantly owing to eruption from compositionally zoned reservoirs. Reservoir zonation is consistent with fractional crystallization of observed phenocryst phases and resulting residual liquid compositional evolution. Rhyolite lavas preserved in the moat of the Turkey Creek caldera depict compositional zonation that is the reverse of that expected of magma extraction from progressively deeper parts of a normally zoned reservoir. Presuming that the source reservoir was sequentially tapped from its top downward, development of reverse zonation in the rhyolite lava sequence may indicate that later erupted, more evolved magma contains systematically less wallrock contamination derived from the geochemically primitive margins of its incompletely mixed reservoir. \r\n\r\nNew 40Ar/39Ar geochronology data indicate that the principal middle Tertiary volcanic rocks in the central Chiricahua Mountains were erupted between about 34.2 and 26.2 Ma, and that the 5.2 m.y. period between 33.3 and 28.1 Ma was amagmatic. The initial phase of eruptive activity in the central Chiricahua Mountains, between 34.2 and 33.3 Ma, was associated with a regional tectonic regime dominated by subduction along the west edge of North America. We infer that the magmatic hiatus, nearly simultaneous with a hiatus of similar duration in parts of the Boot Heel volcanic field east of the central Chiricahua Mountains, is related to a period of more rapid convergence and therefore shallower subduction that may have displaced subduction-related magmatic activity to a position east of the present-day Boot Heel volcanic field. The hiatus also coincides with a major plate tectonic reorganization along the west edge of North America that resulted in cessation of subduction and initiation of transform faulting along the San Andreas fault. The final period of magmatism in the central Chiricahua Mountains, between 28.1 and 23.2 Ma, ap","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1684","isbn":"0607955597","usgsCitation":"du Bray, E.A., Pallister, J.S., and Snee, L., 2004, Geochemistry and Geochronology of Middle Tertiary Volcanic Rocks of the Central Chiricahua Mountains, Southeast Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1684, 57 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1684.","productDescription":"57 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120676,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1684/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":87247,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1684/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1fe4b07f02db6ab79d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"du Bray, Edward A. 0000-0002-4383-8394 edubray@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4383-8394","contributorId":755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"du Bray","given":"Edward","email":"edubray@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pallister, John S. 0000-0002-2041-2147 jpallist@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2041-2147","contributorId":2024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pallister","given":"John","email":"jpallist@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Snee, Lawrence W.","contributorId":81534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snee","given":"Lawrence W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70209655,"text":"70209655 - 2004 - Record of late Pleistocene glaciation and deglaciation in the southern Cascade Range: II. Flux of glacial flour in a sediment core from Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-09T14:29:22.327878","indexId":"70209655","displayToPublicDate":"2004-02-28T12:15:44","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2411,"text":"Journal of Paleolimnology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Record of late Pleistocene glaciation and deglaciation in the southern Cascade Range: II. Flux of glacial flour in a sediment core from Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon","docAbstract":"During the late Wisconsin, glacial flour from alpine glaciers along the east side of the Cascade Range in southern Oregon was deposited in Upper Klamath Lake. Quantitative interpretation of magnetic properties and grain-size data of cored sediments from Caledonia Marsh on the west side of the lake provides a continuous record of the flux of glacial flour spanning the last ≈37 000 calendar years. For modeling purposes, the lake sediments from the 13-m core were divided into three sedimentary components defined from magnetic, geochemical, petrographic, and grain-size data. The components are (1) strongly magnetic, glacial flour made up of extremely fine-grained, fresh volcanic rock particles, (2) less magnetic lithic material made up of coarser, weathered volcanic detritus, and (3) non-magnetic biogenic material (largely biogenic silica). Quantitative interpretation is possible because there has been no significant postdepositional destruction or formation of magnetic minerals, nor alteration affecting grain-size distributions. Major steps involved in the interpretation include: (1) computation of biogenic and lithic components; (2) determination of magnetic properties and grain-size distributions of the non-glacial and glacial flour end-members; (3) computation of the contents of weathered and glacial flour components for each sample; (4) development of an age model based on the mass accumulation of the non-glacial lithic component; and (5) use of the age model and glacial flour contents to compute the flux of glacial flour. Comparison of the glacial flour record from Upper Klamath Lake to mapped glacial features suggests a nearly linear relation between flux of glacial flour and the extent of nearby glaciers. At ≈22 ka, following an extended period during which glaciers of limited size waxed and waned, late Wisconsin (Waban) glaciers began to grow, reaching their maximum extent at ≈19 ka. Glaciers remained near their maximum extent for ≈1000 years. During this period, lake sediments were made up of ≈80% glacial flour. The content of glacial flour decreased as the glaciers receded, and reached undetectable levels by 14 ka.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/B:JOPL.0000019229.75336.7a","usgsCitation":"Rosenbaum, J.G., and Reynolds, R.L., 2004, Record of late Pleistocene glaciation and deglaciation in the southern Cascade Range: II. Flux of glacial flour in a sediment core from Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon: Journal of Paleolimnology, v. 31, no. 2, p. 235-252, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOPL.0000019229.75336.7a.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"235","endPage":"252","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374101,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Upper Klamath Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.14874267578125,\n 42.216313604344776\n ],\n [\n -121.75598144531251,\n 42.216313604344776\n ],\n [\n -121.75598144531251,\n 42.595554553719204\n ],\n [\n -122.14874267578125,\n 42.595554553719204\n ],\n [\n -122.14874267578125,\n 42.216313604344776\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rosenbaum, Joseph G. jrosenbaum@usgs.gov","contributorId":1524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenbaum","given":"Joseph","email":"jrosenbaum@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":787403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reynolds, Richard L. 0000-0002-4572-2942 rreynolds@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4572-2942","contributorId":139068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"Richard","email":"rreynolds@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":787404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":53605,"text":"wri034271 - 2004 - Effect of water-column pH on sediment-phosphorus release rates in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, 2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T09:18:56","indexId":"wri034271","displayToPublicDate":"2004-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4271","title":"Effect of water-column pH on sediment-phosphorus release rates in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, 2001","docAbstract":"Sediment-phosphorus release rates as a function of pH were determined in laboratory experiments for sediment and water samples collected from Shoalwater Bay in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, in 2001. Aerial release rates for a stable sediment/water interface that is representative of the sediment surface area to water column volume ratio (1:3) observed in the lake and volumetric release rates for resuspended sediment events were determined at three different pH values (8.1, 9.2, 10.2). Ambient water column pH (8.1) was maintained by sparging study columns with atmospheric air. Elevation of the water column pH to 9.2 was achieved through the removal of dissolved carbon dioxide by sparging with carbon dioxide-reduced air, partially simulating water chemistry changes that occur during algal photosynthesis. Further elevation of the pH to 10.2 was achieved by the addition of sodium hydroxide, which doubled average alkalinities in the study columns from about 1 to 2 milliequivalents per liter.\r\n\r\nUpper Klamath Lake sediments collected from the lake bottom and then placed in contact with lake water, either at a stable sediment/water interface or by resuspension, exhibited an initial capacity to take up soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) from the water column rather than release phosphorus to the water column. At a higher pH this initial uptake of phosphorus is slowed, but not stopped. This initial phase was followed by a reversal in which the sediments began to release SRP back into the water column. The release rate of phosphorus 30 to 40 days after suspension of sediments in the columns was 0.5 mg/L/day (micrograms per liter per day) at pH 8, and 0.9 mg/L/day at pH 10, indicating that the higher pH increased the rate of phosphorus release by a factor of about two. The highest determined rate of release was approximately 10% (percent) of the rate required to explain the annual internal loading to Upper Klamath Lake from the sediments as calculated from a lake-wide mass balance and observed in total phosphorus data collected at individual locations.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri034271","usgsCitation":"Fisher, L.H., and Wood, T.M., 2004, Effect of water-column pH on sediment-phosphorus release rates in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, 2001: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4271, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034271.","productDescription":"25 p.","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":175090,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4856,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri034271/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625460","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fisher, Lawrence H.","contributorId":39240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Lawrence","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wood, Tamara M. 0000-0001-6057-8080 tmwood@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6057-8080","contributorId":1164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"Tamara","email":"tmwood@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":53623,"text":"wri034261 - 2004 - Estimating the magnitude of bankfull flows for streams in Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-31T07:39:39","indexId":"wri034261","displayToPublicDate":"2004-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4261","title":"Estimating the magnitude of bankfull flows for streams in Idaho","docAbstract":"Methods for estimating magnitudes of peak\nflows with recurrence intervals of 1.5 and 2.33\nyears were developed for ungaged sites on streams\nthroughout Idaho. These peak flows represent the\nmagnitudes at and near bankfull stage and are\nneeded for quantification of water rights required\nto maintain or restore fish and wildlife habitats and\nriparian vegetation. Data from a previous report\ndetailing methods for estimating magnitudes with\nrecurrence intervals of 2 to 500 years were used in\nthis study.\n\nGeneralized least-squares regression techniques\nwere used to calculate the final coefficients\nand measures of accuracy for the regression equations\nfor each of nine regions. The equations relate\nbasin and climatic characteristics to peak flows\nwith recurrence intervals of 1.5 and 2.33 years. The\nbasin and climatic characteristics used to develop\nthe equations included drainage area, mean basin\nelevation, forested area, mean annual precipitation,\nbasin slope, north-facing slopes greater than 30 percent,\nand slopes greater than 30 percent. Average\nstandard errors of the regression model ranged from\n+150 to -60.1 percent, and average standard errors\nof prediction ranged from +165 to -62.2 percent.\nThe range of prediction errors was narrowest,\n-48.9 to -32.9 percent, for region 5.\nA computer program was developed to automate\nthe calculations required for the regional\nregression calculations. Results from this program\ncomprised calculated peak flows, site-specific standard\nerrors of prediction, and the 90-percent confidence intervals for the estimates.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri034261","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service","usgsCitation":"Hortness, J., and Berenbrock, C., 2004, Estimating the magnitude of bankfull flows for streams in Idaho (Revised June 16, 2004): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4261, iv, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034261.","productDescription":"iv, 36 p.","numberOfPages":"42","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262380,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4261/report.pdf"},{"id":262381,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4261/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":266780,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4261/idregeq.zip"}],"scale":"2000000","country":"United States","state":"Idaho;Montana;Nevada;Oregon;Washington;Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -119.07,41.02 ], [ -119.07,49.0 ], [ -109.74,49.0 ], [ -109.74,41.02 ], [ -119.07,41.02 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Revised June 16, 2004","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b08e4b07f02db69bb37","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hortness, Jon 0000-0002-9809-2876 hortness@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9809-2876","contributorId":3601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hortness","given":"Jon","email":"hortness@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":247939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berenbrock, Charles","contributorId":30598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berenbrock","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":53718,"text":"ofr03381 - 2004 - Surficial Geologic Map of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park Region, Tennessee and North Carolina","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":53718,"text":"ofr03381 - 2004 - Surficial Geologic Map of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park Region, Tennessee and North Carolina","indexId":"ofr03381","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"title":"Surficial Geologic Map of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park Region, Tennessee and North Carolina"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70040740,"text":"sim2997 - 2012 - Geologic map of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park region, Tennessee and North Carolina","indexId":"sim2997","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic map of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park region, Tennessee and North Carolina"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":70040740,"text":"sim2997 - 2012 - Geologic map of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park region, Tennessee and North Carolina","indexId":"sim2997","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic map of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park region, Tennessee and North Carolina"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-19T12:20:58","indexId":"ofr03381","displayToPublicDate":"2004-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-381","title":"Surficial Geologic Map of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park Region, Tennessee and North Carolina","docAbstract":"The Surficial Geology of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park Region, Tennessee and North Carolina was mapped from 1993 to 2003 under a cooperative agreement between the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the National Park Service (NPS). This 1:100,000-scale digital geologic map was compiled from 2002 to 2003 from unpublished field investigations maps at 1:24,000-scale. The preliminary surficial geologic data and map support cooperative investigations with NPS, the U.S. Natural Resource Conservation Service, and the All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory (http://www.dlia.org/) (Southworth, 2001). Although the focus of our work was within the Park, the geology of the surrounding area is provided for regional context. Surficial deposits document the most recent part of the geologic history of this part of the western Blue Ridge and eastern Tennessee Valley of the Valley and Ridge of the Southern Appalachians. Additionally, there is great variety of surficial materials, which directly affect the different types of soil and associated flora and fauna. The surficial deposits accumulated over tens of millions of years under varied climatic conditions during the Cenozoic era and resulted from a composite of geologic processes.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr03381","usgsCitation":"Southworth, S., Schultz, A., Denenny, D., and Triplett, J., 2004, Surficial Geologic Map of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park Region, Tennessee and North Carolina (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-381, Report: 44 p.; Map: 54 x 30 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03381.","productDescription":"Report: 44 p.; Map: 54 x 30 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":177254,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":110469,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_62489.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"62489"},{"id":5060,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/of03-381/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina, Tennessee","otherGeospatial":"Great Smoky Mountains National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84,\n 35.3\n ],\n [\n -84,\n 35.88\n ],\n [\n -83,\n 35.88\n ],\n [\n -83,\n 35.3\n ],\n [\n -84,\n 35.3\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db68a36b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Southworth, Scott","contributorId":93933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Southworth","given":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schultz, Art","contributorId":44982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schultz","given":"Art","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Denenny, Danielle","contributorId":78804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denenny","given":"Danielle","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Triplett, James","contributorId":93565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Triplett","given":"James","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70156739,"text":"70156739 - 2004 - A spatial regression procedure for evaluating the relationship between AVHRR-NDVI and climate in the northern Great Plains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-18T12:40:01","indexId":"70156739","displayToPublicDate":"2004-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2068,"text":"International Journal of Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A spatial regression procedure for evaluating the relationship between AVHRR-NDVI and climate in the northern Great Plains","docAbstract":"The relationship between vegetation and climate in the grassland and cropland of the northern US Great Plains was investigated with Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) (1989–1993) images derived from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), and climate data from automated weather stations. The relationship was quantified using a spatial regression technique that adjusts for spatial autocorrelation inherent in these data. Conventional regression techniques used frequently in previous studies are not adequate, because they are based on the assumption of independent observations. Six climate variables during the growing season; precipitation, potential evapotranspiration, daily maximum and minimum air temperature, soil temperature, solar irradiation were regressed on NDVI derived from a 10-km weather station buffer. The regression model identified precipitation and potential evapotranspiration as the most significant climatic variables, indicating that the water balance is the most important factor controlling vegetation condition at an annual timescale. The model indicates that 46% and 24% of variation in NDVI is accounted for by climate in grassland and cropland, respectively, indicating that grassland vegetation has a more pronounced response to climate variation than cropland. Other factors contributing to NDVI variation include environmental factors (soil, groundwater and terrain), human manipulation of crops, and sensor variation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylore & Francis","doi":"10.1080/0143116031000102548","usgsCitation":"Ji, L., and Peters, A.J., 2004, A spatial regression procedure for evaluating the relationship between AVHRR-NDVI and climate in the northern Great Plains: International Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 25, no. 2, p. 297-311, https://doi.org/10.1080/0143116031000102548.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"297","endPage":"311","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307609,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-06-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55e034abe4b0f42e3d040de3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ji, Lei 0000-0002-6133-1036 lji@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6133-1036","contributorId":139587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ji","given":"Lei","email":"lji@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":570322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peters, Albert J.","contributorId":92517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"Albert","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70208083,"text":"70208083 - 2004 - Gravity, magnetic, and high‐precision relocated seismicity profiles suggest a connection between the Hayward and Calaveras Faults, northern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-27T13:11:37","indexId":"70208083","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-27T13:00:30","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1757,"text":"Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gravity, magnetic, and high‐precision relocated seismicity profiles suggest a connection between the Hayward and Calaveras Faults, northern California","docAbstract":"Gravity, magnetic, and seismicity data profiled across the Hayward Fault Zone were generated as part of ongoing studies to help determine the geologic and tectonic setting of the San Francisco Bay region. These data, combined with previous geophysical studies that indicate that the Hayward Fault Zone dips 75°NE near San Leandro and follows a preexisting structure, reveal a possible direct connection between the seismogenic portion of the Hayward and Calaveras Faults at depth. Although the relocated seismicity data are regional in nature, they suggest that the dip of the Hayward Fault Zone may vary from near vertical in the northwestern part of the fault to about 75°NE at San Leandro in the central part of the fault to about 50°NE in the southeastern part of the fault. Gravity and magnetic data, profiled across the Hayward Fault Zone, were processed using standard geophysical techniques. Cross sections of high‐precision relocated hypocenters were constructed along each profile from the northwestern to the southeastern end of the Hayward Fault Zone. Profiles and cross sections are referenced to Pinole Point, where the Hayward Fault enters San Pablo Bay, and are spaced 2.5 km apart. Topographic profiles shown on the seismicity cross sections were generated using U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 7.5‐min, 30‐m digital elevation models. Relocation of seismicity data was accomplished using a regional double‐difference method. The double‐difference method incorporates ordinary travel time measurements and cross correlation of P and S wave differential travel time measurements. Relative locations between earthquakes have hypocentral errors of about 100 m horizontally and 250 m vertically. Absolute location uncertainties were not determined but are probably dramatically improved compared to the USGS's Northern California Seismic Network catalog data.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2003GC000684","usgsCitation":"Ponce, D.A., Simpson, R.W., Graymer, R.W., and Jachens, R.C., 2004, Gravity, magnetic, and high‐precision relocated seismicity profiles suggest a connection between the Hayward and Calaveras Faults, northern California: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, v. 5, no. 7, p. 1-39, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GC000684.","productDescription":"39 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"39","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371585,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Hayward Fault","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.14599609375001,\n 36.99377838872517\n ],\n [\n -121.387939453125,\n 37.36142550190517\n ],\n [\n -122.40966796874999,\n 38.33303882235456\n ],\n [\n -122.89306640624999,\n 38.12591462924157\n ],\n [\n -122.14599609375001,\n 36.99377838872517\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"5","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-07-30","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ponce, David A. 0000-0003-4785-7354 ponce@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4785-7354","contributorId":1049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ponce","given":"David","email":"ponce@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":780411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Simpson, Robert W. simpson@usgs.gov","contributorId":1053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"Robert","email":"simpson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":780412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Graymer, Russell W. 0000-0003-4910-5682 rgraymer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4910-5682","contributorId":1052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graymer","given":"Russell","email":"rgraymer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":780413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jachens, Robert C. jachens@usgs.gov","contributorId":1180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jachens","given":"Robert","email":"jachens@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":780414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70208044,"text":"70208044 - 2004 - Chapter 14 Rex Chert member of the Permian Phosphoria Formation: Composition, with emphasis on elements of environmental concern","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-11T15:46:52.229752","indexId":"70208044","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-24T15:50:19","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"14","title":"Chapter 14 Rex Chert member of the Permian Phosphoria Formation: Composition, with emphasis on elements of environmental concern","docAbstract":"We present bulk chemical and mineralogical compositions, as well as petrographic and outcrop descriptions, of rocks collected from three measured outcrop sections of the Rex Chert Member of the Phosphoria Formation in southeast Idaho. The three measured sections were chosen from 10 outcrops of Rex Chert that were described in the field. The Rex Chert overlies the Meade Peak Phosphatic Shale Member of the Phosphoria Formation, the source of phosphate ore in the region. Rex Chert removed as overburden constitutes part of the material transferred to waste-rock piles during phosphate mining. It is also used to surface roads in the mining district. It has been proposed that the chert be used to cap and isolate waste piles, thereby inhibiting the leaching of potentially toxic elements into the environment. The rock samples studied here are from individual chert beds representative of each stratigraphic section sampled. The Cherty Shale Member of the Phosphoria Formation that overlies the Rex Chert in measured section 1 and the upper Meade Peak and the transition zone to the Rex Chert in section 7 were also described and sampled.
The cherts are predominantly spiculite composed of granular and mosaic quartz, and sponge spicules, with various but minor amounts of other fossils and detrital grains. The Cherty Shale Member and transition rocks between the Meade Peak and Rex Chert are siliceous siltstones and argillaceous cherts with ghosts of sponge spicules and somewhat more detrital grains than the chert. The dominant mineral is quartz. Carbonate beds are rare in each section and are composed predominantly of calcite and dolomite in addition to quartz. Feldspar, mica, clay minerals, calcite, dolomite, and carbonate fluorapatite are minor to trace minerals in the chert.
The concentration of SiO2 in the chert averages 94.6 wt.%. Organic-carbon content is generally very low, but can be as much as 1.8% in Cherty Shale Member samples and as much as 3.3% in samples from the transition between the Meade Peak and Rex Chert. Likewise, phosphate (P2O5) is generally low in the chert, but can be as much as 3.1% in individual chert beds. Selenium concentrations in Rex Chert and Cherty Shale Member samples vary from <0.2 to 138 ppm, with a mean concentration of 7.0 ppm. This mean Se content is heavily dependent on two values of 101 and 138 ppm for siliceous siltstone from the lower part of the Rex Chert, which contains rocks that are transitional in character between the Meade Peak and Rex Chert Members. Without those two samples, the mean Se concentration is < 1.0 ppm. Other elements of environmental interest, As, Cr, V, Zn, Hg, and Cd, generally occur in concentrations near or below that in average continental shale. Stratigraphic changes, equivalent to temporal changes in the depositional basin, in chemical composition of rocks are notable either as uniform changes through the sections or as distinct differences in the mean composition of rocks that comprise the upper and lower halves of the sections.
Q-mode factors are interpreted to represent the following rock and mineral components: chert-silica component consisting of Si (±Ba); phosphorite-carbonate fluorapatite component composed of P, Ca, As, Y, V, Cr, Sr, and La (± Fe, Zn, Cu, Ni, Li, Se, Nd, Hg); shale component composed of Al, Na, Zr, K, Ba, Li, and organic C (± Ti, Mg, Se, Ni, Fe, Sr, V, Mn, Zn); carbonate component (dolomite, calcite, silicified carbonates) composed of carbonate C, Mg, Ca, and Si (±Mn); and, tentatively, organic matter-hosted elements (and/or sulfide-sulfate phases) composed of Cu (± organic C, Zn, Mn, Si, Ni, Hg, Li). Selenium shows a dominant association with organic matter and to lesser degrees associations with other shale components and carbonate fluorapatite. Consideration of larger numbers of factors in Q-mode analysis indicates that native Se (a factor containing Se (± Ba)) may also comprise a minor component of the Se complement.
Comparison of our data with those from newly exposed outcrops in active phosphate mines indicates that weathering of typical Rex Chert outcrops likely plays an important role in removing environmentally sensitive elements.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Handbook of exploration and environmental geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S1874-2734(04)80016-0","usgsCitation":"Hein, J.R., McIntyre, B., Perkins, R., Piper, D.Z., and Evans, J.G., 2004, Chapter 14 Rex Chert member of the Permian Phosphoria Formation: Composition, with emphasis on elements of environmental concern, chap. 14 of Handbook of exploration and environmental geochemistry, v. 8, p. 399-426, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1874-2734(04)80016-0.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"399","endPage":"426","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371535,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Southeast Idaho","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.8623046875,\n 42.65012181368022\n ],\n [\n -111.09374999999999,\n 42.65012181368022\n ],\n [\n -111.09374999999999,\n 44.465151013519616\n ],\n [\n -113.8623046875,\n 44.465151013519616\n ],\n [\n -113.8623046875,\n 42.65012181368022\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hein, James R. 0000-0002-5321-899X jhein@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-899X","contributorId":140835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hein","given":"James","email":"jhein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":780261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McIntyre, B.R.","contributorId":80485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McIntyre","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Perkins, R.B.","contributorId":49501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perkins","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Piper, David Z. dzpiper@usgs.gov","contributorId":2452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piper","given":"David","email":"dzpiper@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":780264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Evans, J. G.","contributorId":60214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70223159,"text":"70223159 - 2004 - Seedling growth of Wisconsin fast plants (Brassica rapa) in field environments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-12T16:15:49.767221","indexId":"70223159","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-12T10:32:16","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":9142,"text":"Teaching Issues and Experiments in Ecology (TIEE)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Seedling growth of Wisconsin fast plants (Brassica rapa) in field environments","title":"Seedling growth of Wisconsin fast plants (Brassica rapa) in field environments","docAbstract":"In this 3-week laboratory, students investigate the effects of an abiotic or biotic ecological factor on the growth or reproduction of rapid-cycling brassica (Brassica rapa L.: Wisconsin Fast Plants) seedlings in the field. Measurable treatments include light, wind, herbivory, chemical or organic fertilizer, insecticides, and growth regulators (i.e., gibberellic acid spray, auxin paste). Students learn how to develop an hypothesis and apply the scientific method in a field setting. Students work in pairs and set up their experiments using previously prepared Wisconsin Fast Plant seedlings. One week later students harvest their plants during a return field trip after which they collect their data, write individual scientific reports, and present their findings in-class. This experiment is unique because Wisconsin Fast Plants are used in a field experiment instead of the usual laboratory setting.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","usgsCitation":"Barko, V., Burke, B.A., Gibson, D.J., and Middleton, B.A., 2004, Seedling growth of Wisconsin fast plants (Brassica rapa) in field environments: Teaching Issues and Experiments in Ecology (TIEE), v. 1, p. 1-15.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"15","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":387906,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":387905,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.esa.org/tiee/vol/v1/toc.html"}],"volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barko, Valerie","contributorId":148009,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barko","given":"Valerie","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16971,"text":"Missouri Department of Conservation","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":821151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burke, Beth A.","contributorId":264222,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burke","given":"Beth","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":821154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gibson, David J.","contributorId":140174,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gibson","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":13212,"text":"Southern Illinois University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":821152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Middleton, Beth A. 0000-0002-1220-2326 middletonb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1220-2326","contributorId":2029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Middleton","given":"Beth","email":"middletonb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":821153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70207711,"text":"70207711 - 2004 - Synthetic seismograms linking ODP sites to seismic profiles, continental rise and shelf of Prydz Bay, Antarctica","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-09T15:57:07.568594","indexId":"70207711","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-07T13:03:20","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5905,"text":"Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program: Scientific Results","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Synthetic seismograms linking ODP sites to seismic profiles, continental rise and shelf of Prydz Bay, Antarctica","docAbstract":"Synthetic seismograms provide a crucial link between lithologic variations within a drill hole and reflectors on seismic profiles crossing the site. In essence, they provide a ground-truth for the interpretation of seismic data. Using a combination of core and logging data, we created synthetic seismograms for Ocean Drilling Program Sites 1165 and 1166, drilled during Leg 188, and Site 742, drilled during Leg 119, all in Prydz Bay, Antarctica. Results from Site 1165 suggest that coring penetrated a target reflector initially thought to represent the onset of drift sedimentation, but the lithologic change across the boundary does not show a change from predrift to drift sediments. The origin of a shallow reflector packet in the seismic line across Site 1166 and a line connecting Sites 1166 and 742 was resolved into its constituent sources, as this reflector occurs in a region of large-scale, narrowly spaced impedance changes. Furthermore, Site 1166 was situated in a fluvio-deltaic system with widely variable geology, and bed thickness changes were estimated between the site and both seismic lines.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ocean Drilling Program","doi":"10.2973/odp.proc.sr.188.010.2004","usgsCitation":"Handwerger, D.A., Cooper, A.K., O’Brien, P.E., Williams, T., Barr, S.R., Leventer, A., and Jarrard, R., 2004, Synthetic seismograms linking ODP sites to seismic profiles, continental rise and shelf of Prydz Bay, Antarctica: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program: Scientific Results, v. 188, p. 1-28, https://doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.188.010.2004.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"28","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371042,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Antarctica, Prydz Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 64.3798828125,\n -72.4487915573067\n ],\n [\n 86.923828125,\n -72.4487915573067\n ],\n [\n 86.923828125,\n -66.10716955858041\n ],\n [\n 64.3798828125,\n -66.10716955858041\n ],\n [\n 64.3798828125,\n -72.4487915573067\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"188","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-02-11","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Handwerger, D. A.","contributorId":221602,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Handwerger","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooper, Alan K. acooper@usgs.gov","contributorId":2854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"Alan","email":"acooper@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Brien, P. E.","contributorId":91271,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"O’Brien","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Williams, T.","contributorId":47584,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Williams","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Barr, S. R.","contributorId":92473,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barr","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Leventer, A.","contributorId":55587,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Leventer","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Jarrard, R. D.","contributorId":58074,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jarrard","given":"R. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70207709,"text":"70207709 - 2004 - Leg 188 synthesis: Transitions in the glacial history of the Prydz Bay region, East Antarctica, from ODP drilling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-20T15:32:21.933498","indexId":"70207709","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-07T12:27:29","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5905,"text":"Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program: Scientific Results","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Leg 188 synthesis: Transitions in the glacial history of the Prydz Bay region, East Antarctica, from ODP drilling","docAbstract":"Drilling during Leg 119 (1988) and Leg 188 (2000; Sites 1165–1167) of the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) provides direct evidence for long- and short-term changes in Cenozoic paleoenvironments in the Prydz Bay region. Cores from across the continental margin reveal that in preglacial times the present shelf was an alluvial plain system with austral conifer woodland in the Late Cretaceous that changed to cooler Nothofagus rainforest scrub by the middle to late Eocene (Site 1166). Earliest recovered evidence of nearby mountain glaciation is seen in late Eocene–age grain textures in fluvial sands. In the late Eocene to early Oligocene, Prydz Bay permanently shifted from being a fluvio-deltaic complex to an exclusively marine continental shelf environment. This transition is marked by a marine flooding surface later covered by overcompacted glacial sediments that denote the first advance of the ice sheet onto the shelf. Cores do not exist for the early Oligocene to early Miocene, and seismic data are used to infer the transition from a shallow to normal depth prograding continental shelf with submarine canyons on the slope and channel/levees on the rise.
Cores from the continental rise at Site 1165 show long-term (millions of years) early Miocene and younger decreases in sedimentation rates as well as short-term (Milankovitch periods) cyclicity between principally biogenic and terrigenous sediment supply—resulting from the cyclic presence of onshore glaciers and changes in ocean circulation. Middle Miocene transitions include rapid decreases in sedimentation rates, increased ice-rafted debris, shifts in clays and other minerals, and regional erosion of the slope and rise. These transitions may reflect enhanced glacial erosion and reduced glacial meltwater from progressively colder ice. At this time, seismic data show that depocenters began to shift from the outer continental rise to the base of the continental slope coincident with the initial stages of the glacial erosion and overdeepening of the continental shelf.
During the late Miocene to early Pliocene there was a transition to greater subglacial activity on the shelf and more pronounced cyclic facies variations on the continental rise. At this time, severe glacial morphologies initiated on the shelf with the erosion of Prydz Channel and other troughs by fast-moving ice and the deposition of overcompacted glacial diamictons by slow-moving ice on adjacent banks. The Prydz trough-mouth fan also began to form with alternating deposition of debris flows (ice at shelf edge) and muddy units (reduced ice) (Site 1167). The fan also records a transition during the late Pleistocene for times younger than 780 k.y. when short-term glacial variations continued but ice reached the shelf edge only a few times.
Both short-term and long-term transitions characterize the Cenozoic evolution of the Prydz Bay region from the Cretaceous nonglacial to late Neogene full-glacial paleoenvironments. These transitions are known only from ODP cores, and further insights will require additional drilling.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ocean Discovery Program","doi":"10.2973/odp.proc.ir.188.101.2001","usgsCitation":"Cooper, A.K., and O’Brien, P.E., 2004, Leg 188 synthesis: Transitions in the glacial history of the Prydz Bay region, East Antarctica, from ODP drilling: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program: Scientific Results, v. 188, p. 1-65, https://doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.ir.188.101.2001.","productDescription":"66 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"65","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371040,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Antarctica","otherGeospatial":"Prydz Bay region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 65.7421875,\n -70.0205873017406\n ],\n [\n 87.5390625,\n -70.0205873017406\n ],\n [\n 87.5390625,\n -67.2040323434008\n ],\n [\n 65.7421875,\n -67.2040323434008\n ],\n [\n 65.7421875,\n -70.0205873017406\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"188","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-03-05","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cooper, Alan K. acooper@usgs.gov","contributorId":2854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"Alan","email":"acooper@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Brien, P. E.","contributorId":91271,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"O’Brien","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70258650,"text":"70258650 - 2004 - Digital elevation extraction from multiple MTI data sets","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-19T16:33:26.568751","indexId":"70258650","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-07T11:26:35","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Digital elevation extraction from multiple MTI data sets","docAbstract":"The Digital Elevation Model (DEM) extraction process traditionally uses a stereo pair of aerial photographs that are sequentially captured using an airborne metric camera. Standard DEM extraction techniques have been naturally extended to utilize satellite imagery. However, the particular characteristics of satellite imaging can cause difficulties in the DEM extraction process. The ephemeris of the spacecraft during the collects, with respect to the ground test site, is the most important factor in the elevation extraction process. When the angle of separation between the stereo images is small, the extraction process typically produces measurements with low accuracy. A large angle of separation can cause an excessive number of erroneous points in the output DEM. There is also a possibility of having occluded areas in the images when drastic topographic variation is present, making it impossible to calculate elevation in the blind spots. The use of three or more images registered to the same ground area can potentially reduce these problems and improve the accuracy of the extracted DEM. The pointing capability of the Multispectral Thermal Imager (MTI) allows for multiple collects of the same area to be taken from different perspectives. This functionality of MTI makes it a good candidate for the implementation of DEM extraction using multiple images for improved accuracy. This paper describes a project to evaluate this capability and the algorithms used to extract DEMs from multi-look MTI imagery.
","conferenceTitle":"Optical Science and Technology, SPIE's 48th Annual Meeting","conferenceDate":"August 3-8, 2003","conferenceLocation":"San Diego, CA","language":"English","publisher":"SPIE","doi":"10.1117/12.509761","usgsCitation":"Mercier, J.A., Schowengerdt, R.A., Storey, J.C., and Smith, J.L., 2004, Digital elevation extraction from multiple MTI data sets, Optical Science and Technology, SPIE's 48th Annual Meeting, v. 5159, San Diego, CA, August 3-8, 2003, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.1117/12.509761.","productDescription":"9 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":439156,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5159","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mercier, Jeffrey A.","contributorId":149176,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mercier","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":913553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schowengerdt, Robert A.","contributorId":41191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schowengerdt","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":913554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Storey, James C. 0000-0002-6664-7232 storey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6664-7232","contributorId":5333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storey","given":"James","email":"storey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":913555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, Jody L.","contributorId":86356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Jody","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":913556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70145550,"text":"70145550 - 2004 - Two stages of deformation and fluid migration in the west-central Brooks Range fold-and-thrust belt, Northern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-23T14:03:11.711514","indexId":"70145550","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T14:45:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Two stages of deformation and fluid migration in the west-central Brooks Range fold-and-thrust belt, Northern Alaska","docAbstract":"The Brooks Range is a north-directed fold and thrust belt that forms the southern boundary of the North Slope petroleum province in northern Alaska. Field-based studies have long recognized that large-magnitude, thin-skinned folding and thrusting in the Brooks Range occurred during arc-continent collision in the Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous (Neocomian). Folds and thrusts, however, also deform middle and Upper Cretaceous strata of the Colville foreland basin and thus record a younger phase of deformation that apatite fission-track data have shown to occur primarily during the early Tertiary (~60 and ~45 Ma). A structural and kinematic model that reconciles these observations is critical to understanding the petroleum system of the Brooks Range fold and thrust belt.
\nNew interpretations of outcrop and regional seismic reflection data indicate that from the modern mountain front northward to near the deformation front under the coastal plain, the basal thrust detachment for the orogen is located in the Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous Kingak Shale in the upper part of the regionally extensive, gently south-dipping, north-derived Mississippian to Early Cretaceous Ellesmerian sequence. The frontal part of the orogen lies in middle Cretaceous foreland basin strata and consists of a thin-skinned fold belt at the deformation front and a fully developed passive-roof duplex to the south. Near the mountain front, the orogen is composed of a stacked series of allochthons and thrust duplexes and associated Neocomian syntectonic deposits that are unconformably overlain by proximal foreland basin strata. The foreland basin strata and underlying deformed rocks are truncated by a younger generation of folds and thrusts. Vitrinite reflectance and stable isotope compositions of veins provide evidence of two fluid events in these rocks, including an earlier higher temperature (~250-300°C) event that was buffered by limestone and a younger, lower temperature (~150°C) event that had distinctly lower δ13C values as a result of oxidation of organic matter and/or methane. Zircon fission-track data from the host rocks of the veins show that the higher temperature fluid event occurred at 160-120 Ma, whereas the lower temperature event probably occurred at about 60-45 Ma.
\nIt is proposed that the Brooks Range consists of two superposed contractional orogens that used many of the same mechanically incompetent stratigraphic units (e.g., Kayak Shale, Kingak Shale) as sites of thrust detachment. The older orogen formed in a north-directed arc-continent collisional zone that was active from 160 to 120 Ma. This deformation produced a thin-skinned deformational wedge that is characterized by far-traveled allochthons with relatively low structural relief, because it involved a thin (1-4-km [0.6-2.5-mi]-thick) stratigraphic section. Deeper parts of the deformational wedge are envisioned to have contained relatively high-temperature fluids that presumably migrated from or through limestone-rich source areas in the underlying autochthon or from deeper parts of the orogen. The younger orogen, which formed initially at about 60 Ma and reactivated at 45 Ma, produced a thrust belt and frontal triangle zone with low amounts of shortening and relatively high structural relief, because it involved a structural section 5-10 km (3-6 mi) thick. Fluids associated with this deformation were relatively of lower temperature and suggest that hydrocarbon migration occurred at this time.
\nWe conclude that hydrocarbon generation from Triassic and Jurassic source strata and migration into stratigraphic traps occurred primarily by sedimentary burial principally at 100-90 Ma, between the times of the two major episodes of deformation. Subsequent sedimentary burial caused deep stratigraphic traps to become overmature, cracking oil to gas, and initiated some new hydrocarbon generation progressively higher in the section. Structural disruption of the traps in the early Tertiary released sequestered hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbons remigrated into newly formed structural traps, which formed at higher structural levels or were lost to the surface. Because of the generally high maturation of the Colville basin at the time of the deformation and remigration, most of the hydrocarbons available to fill traps were gas.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","publisherLocation":"Deformation, fluid flow, and reservoir appraisal in foreland fold and thrust belts","doi":"10.1306/1025690H13116","usgsCitation":"Moore, T.E., Potter, C.J., O'Sullivan, P., Shelton, K.L., and Underwood, M.B., 2004, Two stages of deformation and fluid migration in the west-central Brooks Range fold-and-thrust belt, Northern Alaska, v. 1, p. 157-186, https://doi.org/10.1306/1025690H13116.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"157","endPage":"186","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":49175,"text":"Geology, Energy & Minerals Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299467,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":386730,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/1282/chapter-abstract/107111537/Two-Stages-of-Deformation-and-Fluid-Migration-in"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Brooks Range","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -163.828125,\n 66.79190947341796\n ],\n [\n -142.734375,\n 66.79190947341796\n ],\n [\n -142.734375,\n 69.65708627301174\n ],\n [\n -163.828125,\n 69.65708627301174\n ],\n [\n -163.828125,\n 66.79190947341796\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5524ffb7e4b027f0aee3d493","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, Thomas E. 0000-0002-0878-0457 tmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0878-0457","contributorId":1033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Thomas","email":"tmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":544253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Potter, Christopher J. 0000-0002-2300-6670 cpotter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2300-6670","contributorId":1026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Potter","given":"Christopher","email":"cpotter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O'Sullivan, Paul B.","contributorId":36627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Sullivan","given":"Paul B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shelton, Kevin L.","contributorId":48632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shelton","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Underwood, Michael B.","contributorId":6844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Underwood","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70046982,"text":"70046982 - 2004 - Landsat yesterday and today: An American vision and an old challenge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-11T13:58:18","indexId":"70046982","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T13:54:35","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2374,"text":"Journal of Map & Geography Libraries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landsat yesterday and today: An American vision and an old challenge","docAbstract":"Since the late 1960s, the United States government has invested more than $1 billion in designing, launching, and operating the Landsat (land satellite) series of Earth-observing satellites. Global change researchers, geologists, and environmental scientists have used images gathered by the satellites for purposes ranging from human health research, energy exploration, and pollution detection to agricultural assessments, urban growth monitoring, and earthquake lineament studies. The earliest data were captured on a digital medium called wide-band video tape (WBVT). However, two decades of unsound media storage conditions and a poorly maintained processing system have left the physically deteriorating WBVTs with no mechanism for interpretation. A national treasure was in jeopardy. With seed money from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) began a project to rescue the data. More than 21,000 tapes from the 1970s have been transcribed to stable, archival media, preserving the data for future studies in Earth System Science.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Map & Geography Libraries","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1300/J230v01n01_04","usgsCitation":"Faundeen, J., Williams, D.L., and Greenhagen, C.A., 2004, Landsat yesterday and today: An American vision and an old challenge: Journal of Map & Geography Libraries, v. 1, no. 1, p. 59-73, https://doi.org/10.1300/J230v01n01_04.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"59","endPage":"73","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":274884,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":274883,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J230v01n01_04"}],"country":"United States","volume":"1","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51dfd3e5e4b0d332bf22f3a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Faundeen, John 0000-0003-0287-2921 faundeen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0287-2921","contributorId":3097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faundeen","given":"John","email":"faundeen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, Darrel L.","contributorId":20627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Darrel","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Greenhagen, Cheryl A.","contributorId":99449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greenhagen","given":"Cheryl","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70244526,"text":"wsp2220_2004 - 2004 - Basic ground-water hydrology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-19T19:22:01.310275","indexId":"wsp2220_2004","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T10:38:23","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2220","title":"Basic ground-water hydrology","docAbstract":"Ground water is one of the Nation's most valuable natural resources. It is the source of about 40 percent of the water used for all purposes exclusive of hydropower generation and electric powerplant cooling.
Surprisingly, for a resource that is so widely used and so important to the health and to the economy of the country, the occurrence of ground water is not only poorly understood but is also, in fact, the subject of many widespread misconceptions. Common misconceptions include the belief that ground water occurs in underground rivers resembling surface streams whose presence can be detected by certain individuals. These misconceptions and others have hampered the development and conservation of ground water and have adversely affected the protection of its quality.
In order for the Nation to receive maximum benefit from its ground-water resource, it is essential that everyone, from the rural homeowner to managers of industrial and municipal water supplies to heads of Federal and State water-regulatory agencies, become more knowledgeable about the occurrence, development, and protection of ground water. This report has been prepared to help meet the needs of these groups, as well as the needs of hydrologists, well drillers, and others engaged in the study and development of ground-water supplies. It consists of 45 sections on the basic elements of ground-water hydrology, arranged in order from the most basic aspects of the subject through a discussion of the methods used to determine the yield of aquifers to a discussion of common problems encountered in the operation of ground-water supplies.
Each section consists of a brief text and one or more drawings or maps that illustrate the main points covered in the text. Because the text is, in effect, an expanded discussion of the illustrations, most of the illustrations are not captioned. However, where more than one drawing is included in a section, each drawing is assigned a number, given in parentheses, and these numbers are inserted at places in the text where the reader should refer to the drawing.
In accordance with U.S. Geological Survey policy to encourage the use of metric units, these units are used in most sections. In the sections dealing with the analysis of aquifer (pumping) test data, equations are given in both consistent units and in the inconsistent inch-pound units still in relatively common use among ground-water hydrologists and well drillers. As an aid to those who are not familiar with metric units and with the conversion of ground-water hydraulic units from inch-pound units to metric units, conversion tables are given on the inside back cover.
Definitions of ground-water terms are given where the terms are first introduced. Because some of these terms will be new to many readers, abbreviated definitions are also given on the inside front cover for convenient reference by those who wish to review the definitions from time to time as they read the text. Finally, for those who need to review some of the simple mathematical operations that are used in ground-water hydrology, a section on numbers, equations, and conversions is included at the end of the text.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/wsp2220_2004","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the North Carolina Department of Natural Resources and Community Development","usgsCitation":"Heath, R., 2004, Basic ground-water hydrology (Revised 2004): U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2220, v, 84 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2220_2004.","productDescription":"v, 84 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":418088,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2220_2004/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":464298,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2220_2004/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Revised 2004","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heath, Ralph C.","contributorId":53359,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heath","given":"Ralph C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":911707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70199406,"text":"70199406 - 2004 - Molecular markers and their use in environmental organic geochemistry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-17T10:16:01","indexId":"70199406","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T10:14:39","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Molecular markers and their use in environmental organic geochemistry","docAbstract":"Molecular markers are organic substances that carry information about sources of organic matter or contamination. The source/marker relation can be used to indicate the presence of a given source material (qualitative), or, under appropriate conditions, to estimate the amount of a source material (quantitative source apportionment) in the environment. Assemblages of markers can also be used as process probes. In this instance, systematic differences and/or similarities in the physical-chemical properties of markers are coupled with compositional changes in marker composition to infer the operation of natural processes. This paper provides an overview of what molecular markers are, what types of markers are present in the environment, the requirements for the use of markers, and some common applications. To illustrate how molecular markers can answer specific environmental questions, three case studies are presented. The first case study examines the impact of municipal waste on a large urban harbor (Boston Harbor). Linear alkylbenzenes (unreacted residues of linear alkylbenzenesulfonate surfactants) and coprostanol (a fecal indicator) provide information on the sources and likely transport pathways of municipal wastes in a complex hydrologic system. The marker data are also used to estimate the proportion of sewage-derived poly chlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in polluted harbor sediments. The second case study concerns a portion of the continental shelf off southern California (Palos Verdes) where discharge of municipal wastewaters has led to extensive contamination of sediments and biota. Long-chain alkylbenzenes (surfactant residues), PCBs and the pesticide, DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane), are used to develop sedimentation rate estimates for several time periods by molecular stratigraphy. These results, when combined with other information, allow conclusions to be drawn about the most likely transport pathway of sediments at the study site and to predict the fate of historically deposited contaminants. Finally, an investigation of a crude-oil spill in Bemidji, MN illustrates how monoaromatic hydrocarbons can be exploited as process probes, providing insights into the relative importance of different attenuation processes in a contaminated aquifer. The results show that natural attenuation of the monoaromatic hydrocarbons is occurring at this site and is dominated, not by physical and/or chemical processes, but by biodegradation.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The geochemical society special publications","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S1873-9881(04)80013-0","usgsCitation":"Eganhouse, R., 2004, Molecular markers and their use in environmental organic geochemistry, chap. of The geochemical society special publications, v. 9, p. 143-158, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1873-9881(04)80013-0.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"143","endPage":"158","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357368,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10e877e4b034bf6a800f5e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eganhouse, Robert P. eganhous@usgs.gov","contributorId":2031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eganhouse","given":"Robert P.","email":"eganhous@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}