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,{"id":58368,"text":"mf1389C - 1985 - Geochemical map of the Dinkey Lakes Roadless Area, Fresno County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:27","indexId":"mf1389C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1389","chapter":"C","title":"Geochemical map of the Dinkey Lakes Roadless Area, Fresno County, California","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/mf1389C","usgsCitation":"Smith, D.B., Adrian, B.M., Vaughn, R.B., and McDougal, C.M., 1985, Geochemical map of the Dinkey Lakes Roadless Area, Fresno County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 1389, 1 map ;74 x 47 cm., on sheet 89 x 86 cm., folded in envelope 25 x 32 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/mf1389C.","productDescription":"1 map ;74 x 47 cm., on sheet 89 x 86 cm., folded in envelope 25 x 32 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":105814,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_7106.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"7106"},{"id":182869,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"62500","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -119.16666666666667,37 ], [ -119.16666666666667,37.416666666666664 ], [ -118.83333333333333,37.416666666666664 ], [ -118.83333333333333,37 ], [ -119.16666666666667,37 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae20c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, D. B. davidsmith@usgs.gov","contributorId":12840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D.","email":"davidsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Adrian, B. M.","contributorId":71535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adrian","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vaughn, R. B.","contributorId":27043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vaughn","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McDougal, C. M.","contributorId":21129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDougal","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":61551,"text":"mf1655B - 1985 - Mineral resource potential map of roadless areas and the Santa Lucia Wilderness in the Los Padres National Forest, Southwestern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:35","indexId":"mf1655B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1655","chapter":"B","title":"Mineral resource potential map of roadless areas and the Santa Lucia Wilderness in the Los Padres National Forest, Southwestern California","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/mf1655B","usgsCitation":"Frizzell, V., Smith, D.B., Kuizon, L., and Hale, W., 1985, Mineral resource potential map of roadless areas and the Santa Lucia Wilderness in the Los Padres National Forest, Southwestern California: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 1655, 1 map ;56 x 82 cm., on sheet 125 x 89 cm., folded in envelope 25 x 32 cm. +1 pamphlet (16 p. : maps ; 28 cm.), https://doi.org/10.3133/mf1655B.","productDescription":"1 map ;56 x 82 cm., on sheet 125 x 89 cm., folded in envelope 25 x 32 cm. +1 pamphlet (16 p. : maps ; 28 cm.)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":100735,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1985/1655b/plate-1.pdf","size":"13325","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":179750,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1985/1655b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":88987,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1985/1655b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"0","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -120.75,34.85 ], [ -120.75,35.5 ], [ -118.5,35.5 ], [ -118.5,34.85 ], [ -120.75,34.85 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adfe4b07f02db68785d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frizzell, V.A.","contributorId":6877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frizzell","given":"V.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, D. B. davidsmith@usgs.gov","contributorId":12840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D.","email":"davidsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kuizon, Lucia","contributorId":55054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuizon","given":"Lucia","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hale, W.N.","contributorId":65161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hale","given":"W.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":30828,"text":"ofr84779 - 1984 - Analytical results and sample locality map of stream-sediment, heavy-mineral-concentrate, and rock samples from the Indian Pass (CDCA-355) and Picacho Peak (CDCA-355A) Wilderness Study Areas, Imperial County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-03T18:33:00.549446","indexId":"ofr84779","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-779","title":"Analytical results and sample locality map of stream-sediment, heavy-mineral-concentrate, and rock samples from the Indian Pass (CDCA-355) and Picacho Peak (CDCA-355A) Wilderness Study Areas, Imperial County, California","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr84779","usgsCitation":"Adrian, B.M., Smith, D.B., Detra, D., and Roemer, T.A., 1984, Analytical results and sample locality map of stream-sediment, heavy-mineral-concentrate, and rock samples from the Indian Pass (CDCA-355) and Picacho Peak (CDCA-355A) Wilderness Study Areas, Imperial County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-779, Report: 37 p.; 2 Plates: 19.67 × 24.49 inches and 19.61 × 24.31 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr84779.","productDescription":"Report: 37 p.; 2 Plates: 19.67 × 24.49 inches and 19.61 × 24.31 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":409119,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_13557.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":59557,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0779/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59556,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0779/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59555,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0779/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":160922,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0779/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Imperial County","otherGeospatial":"Indian Pass and Picacho Creek Wilderness Study Areas","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -114.682,\n              33.135\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.859,\n              33.135\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.859,\n              32.981\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.682,\n              32.981\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.682,\n              33.135\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e8d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adrian, B. M.","contributorId":71535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adrian","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, D. B. davidsmith@usgs.gov","contributorId":12840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D.","email":"davidsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Detra, D.E.","contributorId":72358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Detra","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Roemer, T. A.","contributorId":72784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roemer","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":7012,"text":"ofr84662 - 1984 - Assessment of mineral resources in the Muggins Mountains Bureau of Land Management Wilderness Study Area (AZ-050-53A), Yuma County, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-29T20:27:56.264199","indexId":"ofr84662","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-662","title":"Assessment of mineral resources in the Muggins Mountains Bureau of Land Management Wilderness Study Area (AZ-050-53A), Yuma County, Arizona","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr84662","usgsCitation":"Smith, D.B., Tosdal, R., Adrian, B.M., and Vaughn, R.B., 1984, Assessment of mineral resources in the Muggins Mountains Bureau of Land Management Wilderness Study Area (AZ-050-53A), Yuma County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-662, ii, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr84662.","productDescription":"ii, 34 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393622,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_13509.htm"},{"id":34305,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0662/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":139508,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0662/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","county":"Yuma County","otherGeospatial":"Muggins Mountains Bureau of Land Management Wilderness Study Area","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -114.42,\n              32.683\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.233,\n              32.683\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.233,\n              32.778\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.42,\n              32.778\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.42,\n              32.683\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db671f48","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, D. B. davidsmith@usgs.gov","contributorId":12840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D.","email":"davidsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tosdal, R. M.","contributorId":54982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tosdal","given":"R. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Adrian, B. M.","contributorId":71535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adrian","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vaughn, R. B.","contributorId":27043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vaughn","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
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,{"id":16956,"text":"ofr83813 - 1983 - Chemical analyses for samples of rock, stream sediment, and nonmagnetic heavy-mineral concentrates, Dinkey Lakes Roadless Area, Fresno County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:17","indexId":"ofr83813","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"83-813","title":"Chemical analyses for samples of rock, stream sediment, and nonmagnetic heavy-mineral concentrates, Dinkey Lakes Roadless Area, Fresno County, California","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr83813","usgsCitation":"Adrian, B.M., Smith, D.B., Vaughn, R.B., and McDougal, C., 1983, Chemical analyses for samples of rock, stream sediment, and nonmagnetic heavy-mineral concentrates, Dinkey Lakes Roadless Area, Fresno County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 83-813, i, 18 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr83813.","productDescription":"i, 18 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150401,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0813/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":46065,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0813/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":46066,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0813/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4b76","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adrian, B. M.","contributorId":71535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adrian","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, D. B. davidsmith@usgs.gov","contributorId":12840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D.","email":"davidsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vaughn, R. B.","contributorId":27043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vaughn","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McDougal, C.C.","contributorId":96278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDougal","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":17357,"text":"ofr83497 - 1983 - Mineral resource potential of the Condrey Mountain Roadless Area, Siskiyou County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:23","indexId":"ofr83497","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"83-497","title":"Mineral resource potential of the Condrey Mountain Roadless Area, Siskiyou County, California","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr83497","usgsCitation":"Coleman, R.G., Mayerle, R., Jachens, R., and Smith, D.B., 1983, Mineral resource potential of the Condrey Mountain Roadless Area, Siskiyou County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 83-497, 11 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr83497.","productDescription":"11 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151149,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0497/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":46489,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0497/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b0ae4b07f02db69cf55","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coleman, R. G.","contributorId":75170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coleman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mayerle, Ron","contributorId":76334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mayerle","given":"Ron","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jachens, R.C.","contributorId":55433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jachens","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, D. B. davidsmith@usgs.gov","contributorId":12840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D.","email":"davidsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":11219,"text":"ofr82987 - 1982 - Leaching characteristics of ash from the May 18, 1980, eruption of Mount St. Helens Volcano, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-14T19:42:17.843167","indexId":"ofr82987","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-987","title":"Leaching characteristics of ash from the May 18, 1980, eruption of Mount St. Helens Volcano, Washington","docAbstract":"Leaching of freshly erupted air-fall ash, unaffected by rain, from the May 18, 1.980,eruption of Mount St. Helens volcano, Washington, shows that Ca 2+, Na+, Mg+, SO4 2-, and Cl- are the predominant chemical species released on first exposure of the ash to water. Extremely high correlation of Ca with SO4 and Na with Cl in water leachates suggests the presence of CaSO4 and NaCl salts on the ash. The amount of water soluble material on ash increases with distance from source and with the weight fraction of small (less than 63 micrometers) ash particles of high-surface area. This suggests that surface reactions such as adsorption are responsible for concentrating the soluble material. CaSO4, NaCl, and other salts are probably formed as microscopic crystals in the high-temperature core of the eruption column and are then adsorbed by silicate ash particles. \r\n\r\nThe environmentally important elements Zn, Cu, Cd, F, Pb, and Ba are released by a water leach in concentrations which could pose short-term hazards to some forms of aquatic life. However, calculated concentrations are based on a water-to-ash ratio of 4:1 or less, which is probably an underestimation of the regionally operative ratio. A subsequent leach of ash by warm alkaline solution shows dramatic increases in the amount of dissolved SiO2, U, and V, which are probably caused by increased dissolution of the glassy component of ash. Glass dissolution by alkaline ground water is a mechanism for providing these three elements to sedimentary traps where they may co-accumulate as uraniferous silica or U-V minerals. \r\n\r\nLeaching characteristics of ash from Mount St. Helens are comparable to characteristics of ash of similar composition from volcanoes in Guatemala. Ashes from each locality show similar ions predominating for a given leachate and similar fractions of a particular element in the ash removed on contact with the leach solution.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr82987","usgsCitation":"Smith, D.B., Zielinski, R.A., and Taylor, H.E., 1982, Leaching characteristics of ash from the May 18, 1980, eruption of Mount St. Helens Volcano, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-987, 30 p., ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr82987.","productDescription":"30 p., ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144548,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0987/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":39010,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0987/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a89b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, David Burl","contributorId":90738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"Burl","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":162755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zielinski, Robert A. 0000-0002-4047-5129 rzielinski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4047-5129","contributorId":1593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zielinski","given":"Robert","email":"rzielinski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":162753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Taylor, Howard E. hetaylor@usgs.gov","contributorId":1551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Howard","email":"hetaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":162754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70011663,"text":"70011663 - 1982 - Water-soluble material on aerosols collected within volcanic eruption clouds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-16T15:00:42.55983","indexId":"70011663","displayToPublicDate":"1982-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":9107,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Water-soluble material on aerosols collected within volcanic eruption clouds","docAbstract":"<p><span>In February and March of 1978, filter samplers mounted on an aircraft were used to collect the aerosol fraction of the eruption clouds from three active Guatemalan volcanoes (Fuego, Pacaya, and Santiaguito). The samples were collected on Teflon (Fluoropore) filters with a nominal pore diameter of 0.5μm. The mass of air sampled by the filters ranged from 0.15 to 6.6 kg. The particulate material collected consisted of fragments of angular silicate ash and droplets of what is interpreted as dilute H</span><sub>2</sub><span>SO</span><sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;and HCl. After collection of the samples, each filter was rinsed with 60 ml of distilled-deionized water. Splits of each extract were centrifuged to remove particles greater than or equal to 0.1 μm in diameter, acidified, and analyzed for B, Ba, Be, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Pb, Si, Sr, V, and Zn by inductively coupled plasma—optical emission spectroscopy. Separate splits were analyzed for F and Cl by specific-ion-electrode methods and for U by a fission track technique. The elements dissolved in the aqueous extracts represent components of water-soluble material either formed directly in the eruption cloud or derived from interaction of ash particles and aerosol components of the plume. Calculations of enrichment factors, based upon concentration ratios, showed the elements most enriched in the extracts relative to bulk ash composition were Cd, Cu, V, F, Cl, Zn, and Pb. These elements represent a subset (with the addition of Cl and F) of elements previously reported enriched in atmospheric aerosols in remote regions as well as in volcanic areas. This suggests that some of the enriched elements were widely dispersed as volatile halides emitted from a volcanic source.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JC087iC07p04963","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Smith, D.B., Zielinski, R.A., Rose, W., and Huebert, B., 1982, Water-soluble material on aerosols collected within volcanic eruption clouds: Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans, v. 87, no. C7, p. 4963-4972, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC087iC07p04963.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"4963","endPage":"4972","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":221606,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"87","issue":"C7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bcef3e4b08c986b32e64e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, D. B. davidsmith@usgs.gov","contributorId":12840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D.","email":"davidsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zielinski, R. A. 0000-0002-4047-5129","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4047-5129","contributorId":106930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zielinski","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":361654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rose, W.I. Jr.","contributorId":25275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"W.I.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Huebert, B.J.","contributorId":6189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huebert","given":"B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70011897,"text":"70011897 - 1982 - Leachability of uranium and other elements from freshly erupted volcanic ash","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":11218,"text":"ofr81118 - 1981 - Leachability of uranium and other elements from freshly erupted volcanic ash","indexId":"ofr81118","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"title":"Leachability of uranium and other elements from freshly erupted volcanic ash"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70011897,"text":"70011897 - 1982 - Leachability of uranium and other elements from freshly erupted volcanic ash","indexId":"70011897","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"title":"Leachability of uranium and other elements from freshly erupted volcanic ash"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-12T16:05:41","indexId":"70011897","displayToPublicDate":"1982-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Leachability of uranium and other elements from freshly erupted volcanic ash","docAbstract":"A study of leaching of freshly erupted basaltic and dacitic air-fall ash and bomb fragment samples, unaffected by rain, shows that glass dissolution is the dominant process by which uranium is initially mobilized from air-fall volcanic ash. Si, Li, and V are also preferentially mobilized by glass dissolution. Gaseous transfer followed by fixation of soluble uranium species on volcanic-ash particles is not an important process affecting uranium mobility. Gaseous transfer, however, may be important in forming water-soluble phases, adsorbed to ash surfaces, enriched in the economically and environmentally important elements Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb, B, F, and Ba. Quick removal of these adsorbed elements by the first exposure of freshly erupted ash to rain and surface water may pose short-term hazards to certain forms of aquatic and terrestrial life. Such rapid release of material may also represent the first step in transportation of economically important elements to environments favorable for precipitation into deposits of commercial interest. Ash samples collected from the active Guatemalan volcanoes Fuego and Pacaya (high-Al basalts) and Santiaguito (hornblende-hypersthene dacite); bomb fragments from Augustine volcano (andesite-dacite), Alaska, and Heimaey (basalt), Vestmann Islands, Iceland; and fragments of \"rhyolitic\" pumice from various historic eruptions were subjected to three successive leaches with a constant water-to-ash weight ratio of 4:1. The volcanic material was successively leached by: (1) distilled-deionized water (pH = 5.0-5.5) at room temperature for 24 h, which removes water-soluble gases and salts adsorbed on ash surfaces during eruption; (2) dilute HCl solution (pH = 3.5-4.0) at room temperature for 24 h, which continues the attack initiated by the water and also attacks acid-soluble sulfides and oxides; (3) a solution 0.05 M in both Na,CO, and NaHCO, (pH = 9.9) at 80&deg;C for one week, which preferentially dissolves volcanic glass. The first two leaches mimic interaction of ash with rain produced in the vicinity of an active eruption. The third leach accelerates the effect of prolonged contact of volcanic ash with alkaline ground water present during ash diagenesis.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0377-0273(82)90017-8","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Smith, D.B., Zielinski, R.A., and Rose, W., 1982, Leachability of uranium and other elements from freshly erupted volcanic ash: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 13, no. 1-2, p. 1-30, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(82)90017-8.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221397,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267294,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(82)90017-8"}],"volume":"13","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4597e4b0c8380cd6742e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, D. B. davidsmith@usgs.gov","contributorId":12840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D.","email":"davidsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zielinski, R. A. 0000-0002-4047-5129","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4047-5129","contributorId":106930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zielinski","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":362241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rose, W.I. Jr.","contributorId":25275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"W.I.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":5221646,"text":"5221646 - 1981 - Common tern colonies along the mid-Atlantic coast.  I.  Nestling chronology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-20T12:59:34.316282","indexId":"5221646","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:18","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1272,"text":"Colonial Waterbirds","printIssn":"07386028","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Common tern colonies along the mid-Atlantic coast.  I.  Nestling chronology","docAbstract":"1. Sixteen Common Tern colonies in Rhode Island, New Jersey, Virginia, and North Carolina were studied from May through July 1980 by four investigators. Nests were marked during egg laying and were monitored every 5-7 days until fledging of young.  2. Results from 1980 indicate that ambient temperature differences in the four study areas account for differences in the onset of egg laying with North Carolina and Virginia colonies beginning 12-16 days before New Jersey and Rhode Island birds. Temperature alone, however, does not seem to have a significant effect on either median egg-laying dates or total duration of the season.  3. The low frequency of late-season nesting was not correlated with colony size or success of peak nests in 1980, but renesting (or late nesting) in all study areas was rare because of the benign weather conditions during the spring.  Similarly, no significant correlation was found between success of nests and colony size.","language":"English","publisher":"Waterbird Society","doi":"10.2307/1521131","usgsCitation":"Smith, D.C., Erwin, R., Custer, T., and Fussell, J., 1981, Common tern colonies along the mid-Atlantic coast.  I.  Nestling chronology: Colonial Waterbirds, v. 4, no. 1, p. 160-165, https://doi.org/10.2307/1521131.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"160","endPage":"165","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196644,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae5ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, D. C. davidsmith@usgs.gov","contributorId":31057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D.","email":"davidsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Erwin, R.M.","contributorId":57396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erwin","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Custer, T. W. 0000-0003-3170-6519","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3170-6519","contributorId":91802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Custer","given":"T. W.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":334352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fussell, J.O. III","contributorId":69265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fussell","given":"J.O.","suffix":"III","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":11218,"text":"ofr81118 - 1981 - Leachability of uranium and other elements from freshly erupted volcanic ash","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":11218,"text":"ofr81118 - 1981 - Leachability of uranium and other elements from freshly erupted volcanic ash","indexId":"ofr81118","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"title":"Leachability of uranium and other elements from freshly erupted volcanic ash"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70011897,"text":"70011897 - 1982 - Leachability of uranium and other elements from freshly erupted volcanic ash","indexId":"70011897","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"title":"Leachability of uranium and other elements from freshly erupted volcanic ash"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":70011897,"text":"70011897 - 1982 - Leachability of uranium and other elements from freshly erupted volcanic ash","indexId":"70011897","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"title":"Leachability of uranium and other elements from freshly erupted volcanic ash"},"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-14T19:49:48.648787","indexId":"ofr81118","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-118","title":"Leachability of uranium and other elements from freshly erupted volcanic ash","docAbstract":"<p>A study of leaching of freshly erupted basaltic and dacitic air-fall ash and bomb fragment samples, unaffected by rain, shows that glass dissolution is the dominant orocess by which uranium is initially mobilized from air-fall volcanic ash. Si, Li, and V are also Preferentially mobilized by glass dissolution. Gaseous transfer followed by fixation of soluble uranium species on volcanic-ash particles is not an important process affecting uranium mobility. Gaseous transfer, however, may be important in forming water-soluble phases, adsorbed to ash surfaces, enriched in the economically and environmentally important elements Zn, Cu, Cd, Ph, B, F, and Ba. Quick removal of these adsorbed elements by the first exposure of freshly erupted ash to rain and surface water may pose short-term hazards to certain forms of aquatic and terrestrial life. Such rapid release of material may also represent the first step in transportation of economically important elements to environments favorable for precipitation into deposits of commercial interest.</p><p>Ash samples collected from the active Guatemalan volcanoes Fuego and Pacaya (high-Al basalts) and Santiaguito (hornblende-hypersthene dacite); bomb fragments from Augustine volcano (andesite-dacite), Alaska, and Heimaey (basalt), Vestmann Islands, Iceland; and fragments of \"rhyolitic\" pumice from various historic eruptions were subjected to three successive leaches with a constant water-to-ash weight ratio of 4:1. The volcanic material was successively leached by (1) distilled-deionized water (pH = 5.0-5.5) at room temperature for 24 hours, which removes water-soluble cases and salts adsorbed on ash surfaces during eruption; (2) dilute HC1 solution (pH = 3.5-4.0) at room temperature for 24 hours, which continues the attack initiated by the water and also attacks acid-soluble sulfides and oxides; '3) a solution 0.05 M in both Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> and NaHCO<sub>3</sub> (pH = 9.9) at 80°C for one week, which preferentially dissolves volcanic class. The first two leaches mimic interaction of ash with rain produced in the vicinity of an active eruption. The third leach accelerates the effect of prolonged contact of volcanic ash with alkaline ground water present during ash diagenesis.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr81118","usgsCitation":"Smith, D., Zielinski, R.A., and Rose, W.I., 1981, Leachability of uranium and other elements from freshly erupted volcanic ash: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-118, iii, 95 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81118.","productDescription":"iii, 95 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144547,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0118/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":393800,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0118/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8996","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, David B. 0000-0001-8396-9105 dsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8396-9105","contributorId":1274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"David B.","email":"dsmith@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":162750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zielinski, Robert A. 0000-0002-4047-5129 rzielinski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4047-5129","contributorId":1593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zielinski","given":"Robert","email":"rzielinski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":162751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rose, William I. Jr.","contributorId":71556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"William","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":162752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70012532,"text":"70012532 - 1979 - The flow mechanism in the Chalk based on radio-isotope analyses of groundwater in the London Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-10T16:22:10.414366","indexId":"70012532","displayToPublicDate":"1979-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The flow mechanism in the Chalk based on radio-isotope analyses of groundwater in the London Basin","docAbstract":"<p><sup>14</sup>C analyses of groundwaters from the Chalk of the London Basin are re-interpreted and the age of the groundwater is revised. Radio-isotope analyses are used to examine the flow mechanism in the aquifer. The evidence supports the view that a network of micro-fissures and larger intergranular pores in the matrix provides a significant part of the water pumped from Chalk wells and the major fissures distribute the water to the wells. Most of the matrix is fine-grained and contains a very old water. This diffuses into the micro-fissures and larger pores and is carried to the wells by the major fissures.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(79)90088-X","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Downing, R., Pearson, F., and Smith, D.B., 1979, The flow mechanism in the Chalk based on radio-isotope analyses of groundwater in the London Basin: Journal of Hydrology, v. 40, no. 1-2, p. 67-83, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(79)90088-X.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"67","endPage":"83","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221830,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"England","otherGeospatial":"southeast England","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -0.2450492943921745,\n              51.789943291380695\n            ],\n            [\n              -0.2450492943921745,\n              51.5027068477811\n            ],\n            [\n              1.0281677944668104,\n              51.5027068477811\n            ],\n            [\n              1.0281677944668104,\n              51.789943291380695\n            ],\n            [\n              -0.2450492943921745,\n              51.789943291380695\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"40","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bac1ae4b08c986b32328c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Downing, R.A.","contributorId":25293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Downing","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pearson, F.J.","contributorId":58262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearson","given":"F.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, D. B. davidsmith@usgs.gov","contributorId":12840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D.","email":"davidsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70009887,"text":"70009887 - 1977 - The age of groundwater in the Lincolnshire Limestone, England and its relevance to the flow mechanism","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-10T15:58:16.607618","indexId":"70009887","displayToPublicDate":"1977-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The age of groundwater in the Lincolnshire Limestone, England and its relevance to the flow mechanism","docAbstract":"<p><span>Groundwater samples from the Lincolnshire Limestone have been analysed for tritium, radiocarbon, and the stable-isotope ratios&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-1-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><msup><mi></mi><mn>13</mn></msup><mtext>C</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>12</mn></msup><mtext>C</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\"><sup>13</sup>C<sup>12</sup>C</span></span></span><span>,&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-2-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><msup><mi></mi><mn>18</mn></msup><mtext>O</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>16</mn></msup><mtext>O</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\"><sup>18</sup>O<sup>16</sup>O</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;and D/H. The age of the water increases in a downgradient direction below overlying confining deposits and reaches a maximum age greater than 25,000 years within 15 km of the outcrop. The δ&nbsp;</span><sup>13</sup><span>C ratio ultimately attains the unusually low negative values of −2‰ in a downgradient direction; this is approaching that of the aquifer matrix which is +2.35‰. The reason is believed to be exchange of carbon between the groundwater and the matrix by a continuous process of precipitation and further solution of calcium carbonate.</span></p><p><span>The δ&nbsp;<sup>18</sup>O and δ D ratios imply that recharge of the aquifer during the late Pleistocene took place in the spring and autumn rather than the winter as at present. The data are interpreted by assuming that movement of water through the saturated zone is a combination of flow in fissures and “piston flow” through the micro-fissures and pores of the rock. The mechanism of water movement in the saturated zone is dominated by relatively rapid flow in fissures, but the fissure flow includes a contribution of much older water from “intergranular” storage which enters the fissures from the rock matrix by pressure differentials in the fissure distribution system and by diffusion. The distribution of water of different ages in the aquifer is closely related to recent groundwater abstraction patterns.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(77)90035-X","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Downing, R., Smith, D.B., Pearson, F., Monkhouse, R., and Otlet, R., 1977, The age of groundwater in the Lincolnshire Limestone, England and its relevance to the flow mechanism: Journal of Hydrology, v. 33, no. 3-4, p. 201-216, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(77)90035-X.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"201","endPage":"216","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219493,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"England","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -1.569367198611502,\n              55.83344865674502\n            ],\n            [\n              -4.00421712081976,\n              54.53734668289741\n            ],\n            [\n              -2.7970653838435595,\n              51.74310947717444\n            ],\n            [\n              -3.0625949000342825,\n              51.38897089027556\n            ],\n            [\n              -4.598480869790404,\n              51.135281217092206\n            ],\n            [\n              -6.286147946606356,\n              49.94852677318424\n            ],\n            [\n              -3.7972539932850147,\n              50.10098547629013\n            ],\n            [\n              -1.569367198611502,\n              50.64508635165089\n            ],\n            [\n              1.2405774951434125,\n              50.83804783552037\n            ],\n            [\n              2.008712239038232,\n              52.58363962347701\n            ],\n            [\n              0.5593430736501261,\n              54.18134611667105\n            ],\n            [\n              -1.569367198611502,\n              55.83344865674502\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"33","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba9aee4b08c986b322427","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Downing, R.A.","contributorId":25293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Downing","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, D. B. davidsmith@usgs.gov","contributorId":12840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D.","email":"davidsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pearson, F.J.","contributorId":58262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearson","given":"F.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Monkhouse, R.A.","contributorId":15071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monkhouse","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Otlet, R.L.","contributorId":76998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Otlet","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
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