An approximate maximum likelihood technique employing a widely available (BMD) discriminant analysis program has been developed for resolving the percentage of component terrains within single resolution elements. The method employs all four channels of Landsat data simultaneously and does not require prior knowledge of the percentage of components in mixed pixels. For five test cases, the method proved to be superior to single band weighted average and linear regression techniques and permitted an estimate of the total area occupied by component terrains to within 6 percent of the true area covered. It is believed this accuracy should be sufficient for many geologic applications of Landsat multispectral data.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","usgsCitation":"Marsh, S., Switzer, P., and Kowalik, W.S., 1980, Resolving the percentage of component terrains within single resolution elements: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 46, no. 8, p. 1079-1086.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1079","endPage":"1086","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":298228,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"46","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54f597cce4b02419550d2f4f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marsh, S.E.","contributorId":70922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marsh","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":541710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Switzer, P.","contributorId":66432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Switzer","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":541711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kowalik, William S.","contributorId":11609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kowalik","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":541712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012217,"text":"70012217 - 1980 - Remote sensing of snow and ice","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-22T16:09:47.239752","indexId":"70012217","displayToPublicDate":"1980-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1926,"text":"Hydrological Sciences Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Remote sensing of snow and ice","docAbstract":"Monitoring of snow and ice on the Earth's surface will require increasing use of satellite remote sensing techniques. These techniques are evolving rapidly. Active and passive sensors operating in the visible, near infrared, thermal infrared, and microwave wavelengths are described in regard to general applications and in regard to specific USA or USSR satellites. Meteorological satellites (frequent images of relatively crude resolution) and Earth resources satellites such as Landsat (less frequent images of higher resolution) have been used to monitor the areal extent of seasonal snow, but problems exist with cloud cover or dense forest canopies. Snow mass (water equivalent) can be measured from a low-flying aircraft using natural radioactivity, but cannot yet be measured from satellite altitudes. A combination of active and passive microwave sensors may permit this kind of measurement, but not until more is known about radiation scattering in snow. Satellite observations are very useful in glacier inventories, correcting maps of glacier extent, estimating certain mass balance parameters, and monitoring calving or surging glaciers. Ground ice is virtually impossible to monitor from satellites; ice on rivers and lakes can be monitored only with very high-resolution sensors. Microwave sensors, due to their all-weather capability (the ability to see through clouds) provide exciting data on sea ice distribution. Analysis of digital tapes of satellite data requires the archiving and scanning of huge amounts of data. Simple methods for extracting quantitative data from satellite images are described.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02626668009491937","issn":"03036936","usgsCitation":"Meier, M.F., 1980, Remote sensing of snow and ice: Hydrological Sciences Bulletin, v. 25, no. 3, p. 307-330, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626668009491937.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"307","endPage":"330","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487066,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02626668009491937","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":222466,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-12-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa704e4b0c8380cd8519b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meier, M. 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A double-phase sampling approach is used which consists of first making a total census of wetlands using Landsat data, and then adjusting the Landsat results on the basis of samples derived from high resolution aircraft data. 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Jr.","contributorId":33654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Work","given":"E.A.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Colwell, J.E.","contributorId":79048,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colwell","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rebel, D.L.","contributorId":74700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rebel","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70012291,"text":"70012291 - 1980 - Measurement of irrigated acreage in Western Kansas from LANDSAT images","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:01","indexId":"70012291","displayToPublicDate":"1980-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1539,"text":"Environmental Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Measurement of irrigated acreage in Western Kansas from LANDSAT images","docAbstract":"In the past four decades, irrigated acreage in western Kansas has increased rapidly. Optimum utilization of vital groundwater supplies requires implementation of long-term water-management programs. One important variable in such programs is up-to-date information on acreage under irrigation. Conventional ground survey methods of estimating irrigated acreage are too slow to be of maximum use in water-management programs. Visual interpretation of LANDSAT images permits more rapid measurement of irrigated acreage, but procedures are tedious and still relatively slow. For example, using a LANDSAT false-color composite image in areas of western Kansas with few landmarks, it is impossible to keep track of fields by examination under low-power microscope. Irrigated fields are more easily delineated on a photographically enlarged false-color composite and are traced on an overlay for measurement. Interpretation and measurement required 6 weeks for a four-county (3140 mi2, 8133 km2) test area. Video image-analysis equipment permits rapid measurement of irrigated acreage. Spectral response of irrigated summer crops in western Kansas on MSS band 5 (visible red, 0.6-0.7 ??m) images is low in contrast to high response from harvested and fallow fields and from common soil types. Therefore, irrigated acreage in western Kansas can be uniquely discriminated by video image analysis. The area of irrigated crops in a given area of view is measured directly. Sources of error are small in western Kansas. After preliminary preparation of the images, the time required to measure irrigated acreage was 1 h per county (average area, 876 ml2 or 2269 km2). ?? 1980 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF02473477","issn":"09430105","usgsCitation":"Keene, K., and Conley, C., 1980, Measurement of irrigated acreage in Western Kansas from LANDSAT images: Environmental Geology, v. 3, no. 2, p. 107-116, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02473477.","startPage":"107","endPage":"116","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205265,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02473477"},{"id":222586,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a530be4b0c8380cd6c846","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keene, K.M.","contributorId":63171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keene","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Conley, C.D.","contributorId":51888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conley","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70142594,"text":"70142594 - 1980 - Landsat wildland mapping accuracy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T15:04:13","indexId":"70142594","displayToPublicDate":"1980-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landsat wildland mapping accuracy","docAbstract":"A Landsat-aided classification of ten wildland resource classes was developed for the Shivwits Plateau region of the Lake Mead National Recreation Area. 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Jr.","contributorId":119999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"R.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":851476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5210425,"text":"5210425 - 1979 - Assessment of fire damage within Seney Wildlife Refuge from aerial photography and LANDSAT imagery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:18","indexId":"5210425","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Assessment of fire damage within Seney Wildlife Refuge from aerial photography and LANDSAT imagery","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Color Aerial Photography in the Plant Sciences and Related Fields: Proceedings of the seventh biennial workshop on Color Aerial Photography in the Plant Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Photogrammetry","publisherLocation":"Falls Church, Va.","collaboration":"Held at University of California, Davis, California, May 15-17, 1979. OCLC: 5564812","usgsCitation":"Lachowski, H., and Anderson, S., 1979, Assessment of fire damage within Seney Wildlife Refuge from aerial photography and LANDSAT imagery, chap. of Color Aerial Photography in the Plant Sciences and Related Fields: Proceedings of the seventh biennial workshop on Color Aerial Photography in the Plant Sciences, p. 221-228.","productDescription":"xiv, 254","startPage":"221","endPage":"228","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200445,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db67284d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lachowski, H.M.","contributorId":108227,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lachowski","given":"H.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, S.H.","contributorId":33667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"S.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":8394,"text":"ofr791057 - 1979 - Geometric fidelity of new digitially processed Landsat images","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-08-05T22:59:27.360706","indexId":"ofr791057","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-1057","title":"Geometric fidelity of new digitially processed Landsat images","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr791057","usgsCitation":"Colvocoresses, A.P., 1979, Geometric fidelity of new digitially processed Landsat images: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1057, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr791057.","productDescription":"8 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":432256,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1057/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":142088,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1057/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c592","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colvocoresses, Alden P.","contributorId":72779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colvocoresses","given":"Alden","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":157650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":8389,"text":"ofr79368 - 1979 - Landsat lineaments in parts of West Virginia, Kentucky, Ohio, and Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-15T13:31:10.898046","indexId":"ofr79368","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-368","title":"Landsat lineaments in parts of West Virginia, Kentucky, Ohio, and Virginia","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr79368","usgsCitation":"Colton, G.W., 1979, Landsat lineaments in parts of West Virginia, Kentucky, Ohio, and Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-368, Report: 3 p.; 1 Plate: 16.90 x 21.62 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr79368.","productDescription":"Report: 3 p.; 1 Plate: 16.90 x 21.62 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":141524,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0368/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":35966,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0368/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":35965,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0368/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":420796,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_28390.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky, Ohio, Virginia, West Virginia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.367,\n 39.8\n ],\n [\n -84.367,\n 36.5\n ],\n [\n -79.517,\n 36.5\n ],\n [\n -79.517,\n 39.8\n ],\n [\n -84.367,\n 39.8\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b20e4b07f02db6abb54","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colton, George Willis","contributorId":12015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colton","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"Willis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":8263,"text":"ofr79699 - 1979 - Hydrologic reconnaissance of western Arctic Alaska, 1976 and 1977","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-08T12:27:04","indexId":"ofr79699","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-699","title":"Hydrologic reconnaissance of western Arctic Alaska, 1976 and 1977","docAbstract":"A reconnaissance of the water resources of the western Arctic was conducted during April 1976 and August 1977. Data were collected at 9 springs, 9 lakes and 22 stream sites.
Using slope-conveyance methods based on field evidence, estimates of bankfull and maximum evident flood-peak discharges were made for 20 selected streams. Maximum evident flood peak discharges ranged from 7.0 to 80.8 (ft3/s )/mi2 and averaged 30.1 (ft3/s)/mi2. These estimates bore no obvious relation to either drainage basin physiography or climatalogical characteristics. Both the bankfull and maximum evident flood-peak discharges were generally less than the 50-year flood and greater than the 2-year flood estimates made using regression relations developed from Alaska stream gaging records and drainage basin characteristics.
Springs were found only in the foothills of the Brooks Range. Their discharge ranged from 1.42 ft3/s at the Eli River spring to 13.0 ft3/s at North Fork Squirrel River spring. Water temperatures of springs sampled ranged from 0.00C at the Omikviorok spring to 3.50C at the Kavrorak Springs near Kivalina. The nine springs were found by noting the locations of the associated icings on Landsat imagery of the previous year.
Eleven stream sites were sampled under winter conditions; all were on the Arctic Slope. No winter streamflow was found at any of the streams. It appears that the streamflow on the Arctic Slope ceases in late winter except for limited local zones of ground-water discharge that form icings.
Ice thickness on most lakes was 6 ft except at Teshekpuk Lake where the ice was 8 ft thick. Three of the nine lakes examined were frozen to the bottom.
Winter water quality of the lakes and of standing water at stream sites was characterized by higher specific conductivity values than in summer. At three of the five lakes where specific conductance was measured, it was equal to or greater than 700 micromhos per centimeter at 25°C; at four of the five rivers where standing water was found, it was more than 400 micromhos per centimeter at 25°C.
Biological sampling was done to identify the widest range of benthic invertebrates likely to be present in a representative reach of a stream. A total of nine spring sites was sampled using drift nets in April 1976. Twenty-one stream sites and one spring were sampled in August 1977 by dip nets. Total numbers of organisms collected using drift net sampling in April 1976 ranged from 0 to 480. Total numbers of organisms collected by dip net sampling in August 1977 ranged from 0 to 776.
A hydrologic reconnaissance of the eastern Alaskan Arctic Slope was completed in 1975. The work covered in this report and in the 1975 companion report represents a preliminary hydrologic reconnaissance for the entire Alaskan Arctic Slope and western foothills regions of the Brooks Range.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr79699","usgsCitation":"Childers, J.M., Kernodle, D.R., and Loeffler, R.M., 1979, Hydrologic reconnaissance of western Arctic Alaska, 1976 and 1977: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-699, v, 70 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr79699.","productDescription":"v, 70 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":361897,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0699/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":140083,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0699/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -167,\n 66\n ],\n [\n -150,\n 66\n ],\n [\n -150,\n 71.5\n ],\n [\n -167,\n 71.5\n ],\n [\n -167,\n 66\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e9bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Childers, Joseph M.","contributorId":14379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Childers","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kernodle, Donald R.","contributorId":63003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kernodle","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Loeffler, Robert M.","contributorId":80672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loeffler","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5637,"text":"pp1052 - 1979 - A study of global sand seas","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":8927,"text":"ofr78405 - 1978 - Techniques for the evaluation of surface wind data in terms of eolian sand drift","indexId":"ofr78405","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"title":"Techniques for the evaluation of surface wind data in terms of eolian sand drift"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":5637,"text":"pp1052 - 1979 - A study of global sand seas","indexId":"pp1052","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"title":"A study of global sand seas"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-12T14:20:03","indexId":"pp1052","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1052","title":"A study of global sand seas","docAbstract":"The birth of the idea that led to this publication on \"Global Sand Seas\" dates back to the late 1920's. At that time I was engaged in a study of the Coconino Sandstone of Arizona's Grand Canyon. Considerable controversy existed then as to whether this sandstone was a subaqueous deposit or was composed of wind-formed dunes. It became apparent that definitive literature was sparse or lacking on types of dunes, global distribution of these types, the mechanics of their development, the precise nature of their internal structure of cross-stratificiation, and the relation of wind systems to these sand forms. Especially lacking were data on criteria that could confidently be used in the recognition of ancient dunes.
The common denominator in this publication is eolian sand bodies. Although the book is concerned primarily with desert sand seas, the subject matter is not restricted to deserts; it includes many references to deposits of coastal sand and to sand bodies in humid climates. Nor does the book deal exclusively with dunes, which, according to most definitions, involve mounds or hills. Many references are made to sand sheets, sand stringers, and other types of sand deposits that have no prominent topographic expression. All sand bodies accumulated by the action of wind are discussed.
Chapters A-J of this publication are primarily topical. Chapters cover the grain texture, the color, and the structure of modern dunes and other eolian sands. Special treatment is given to the relation of wind data to dune interpretation, the evolution of form in current-deposited sand bodies as determined from experimental studies, and the discriminant analysis technique for differentiating between coastal and inland desert sands. This topical part of the publication also includes an analysis of criteria used in ancient deposits to interpret their eolian genesis and a consideration of economic application of the principles described, including a discussion of potentials and problems associated with eolian hydrocarbon reservoirs. The final chapters present a discussion of the morphology and distribution of dunes as determined largely from Landsat images.
Chapter K of the publication is devoted to descriptions of major sand seas based largely on thematic maps derived from Landsat (ERTS) mosaics. Although inclusion herein of the actual mosaics proved to be impractical, the maps derived from them do show the distribution and abundance of various dune types and the relations of these types to certain associated features, such as bedrock, water bodies, and juxtaposed dunes. Furthermore, sand roses included with each of these maps enable the user to draw conclusions on the probable relations of wind strength and direction to dune type in a particular area.
Regional studies (chapter K) were a team effort. Analysis of the Landsat (ERTS) mosaics and mapping boundaries of individual dune types were by Carol Breed. Synthesis of the rather voluminous literature and preparation of abstracts covering it was by Camilla MacCauley. Actual preparation of maps was by Franci Lennartz and later by Sarah Andrews. The gathering of data on wind, the calculation of wind roses, and the interpretation of their relations to sand bodies were by Steven Fryberger, assisted by Gary Dean.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp1052","usgsCitation":"1979, A study of global sand seas: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1052, ix, 429 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1052.","productDescription":"ix, 429 p.","numberOfPages":"439","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122640,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1052/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":32135,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1052/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a61c2","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"McKee, Edwin D.","contributorId":60207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"Edwin","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725490,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":6334,"text":"pp1102 - 1979 - Integrated terrain mapping with digital Landsat images in Queensland, Australia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-29T10:59:20","indexId":"pp1102","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1102","title":"Integrated terrain mapping with digital Landsat images in Queensland, Australia","docAbstract":"Mapping with Landsat images usually is done by selecting single types of features, such as soils, vegetation, or rocks, and creating visually interpreted or digitally classified maps of each feature. Individual maps can then be overlaid on or combined with other maps to characterize the terrain. Integrated terrain mapping combines several terrain features into each map unit which, in many cases, is more directly related to uses of the land and to methods of land management than the single features alone. Terrain brightness, as measured by the multispectral scanners in Landsat 1 and 2, represents an integration of reflectance from the terrain features within the scanner's instantaneous field of view and is therefore more correlatable with integrated terrain units than with differentiated ones, such as rocks, soils, and vegetation. \r\n\r\nA test of the feasibilty of the technique of mapping integrated terrain units was conducted in a part of southwestern Queensland, Australia, in cooperation with scientists of the Queensland Department of Primary Industries. The primary purpose was to test the use of digital classification techniques to create a 'land systems map' usable for grazing land management. A recently published map of 'land systems' in the area (made by aerial photograph interpretation and ground surveys), which are integrated terrain units composed of vegetation, soil, topography, and geomorphic features, was used as a basis for comparison with digitally classified Landsat multispectral images. The land systems, in turn, each have a specific grazing capacity for cattle (expressed in beasts per km 2 ) which is estimated following analysis of both research results and property carrying capacities. \r\n\r\nLandsat images, in computer-compatible tape form, were first contrast-stretched to increase their visual interpretability, and digitally classified by the parallelepiped method into distinct spectral classes to determine their correspondence to the land systems classes and to areally smaller, but readily recognizable, 'land units.' \r\n\r\nMany land systems appeared as distinct spectral classes or as acceptably homogeneous combinations of several spectral classes. The digitally classified map corresponded to the general geographic patterns of many of the land systems. Statistical correlation of the digitally classified map and the published map was not possible because the published map showed only land systems whereas the digitally classified map showed some land units as well as systems. \r\n\r\nThe general correspondence of spectral classes to the integrated terrain units means that the digital mapping of the units may precede fieldwork and act as a guide to field sampling and detailed terrain unit description as well as measuring of the location, area, and extent of each unit. \r\n\r\nExtension of the Landsat mapping and classification technique to other arid and semi-arid regions of the world may be feasible.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp1102","usgsCitation":"Robinove, C.J., 1979, Integrated terrain mapping with digital Landsat images in Queensland, Australia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1102, iv, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1102.","productDescription":"iv, 39 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":33675,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1102/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124505,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1102/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d640","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinove, Charles Joseph","contributorId":71153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinove","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"Joseph","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":46251,"text":"ofr78529C - 1979 - Map showing interpretation of Landsat imagery of the Big Delta quadrangle, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:47","indexId":"ofr78529C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-529","chapter":"C","title":"Map showing interpretation of Landsat imagery of the Big Delta quadrangle, Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr78529C","usgsCitation":"Albert, N., and Steele, W., 1979, Map showing interpretation of Landsat imagery of the Big Delta quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-529, 2 maps ;47 x 61 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78529C.","productDescription":"2 maps ;47 x 61 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":171609,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":83224,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0529c/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":83225,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0529c/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4c0f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Albert, Nairn","contributorId":95950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Albert","given":"Nairn","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":232948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steele, William Clinton","contributorId":34890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steele","given":"William Clinton","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":232947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":4228,"text":"cir783 - 1979 - The Alaskan Mineral Resource Assessment Program: Background information to accompany folio of geologic and mineral resource maps of the Big Delta quadrangle, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-28T21:08:43.149578","indexId":"cir783","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"783","title":"The Alaskan Mineral Resource Assessment Program: Background information to accompany folio of geologic and mineral resource maps of the Big Delta quadrangle, Alaska","docAbstract":"The geology, geochemistry, geophysics, and Landsat imagery of the Big Delta quadrangle, 16,335 km 2 in the Yukon-Tanana Upland of east-central Alaska, were investigated, and maps and reports were prepared by an interdisciplinary research team for the purpose of assessing the mineral potential. The quadrangle is dominantly a complex terrane of greenschist- to amphibolitefacies metamorphic rocks that have been intruded by Mesozoic and Tertiary dioritic to granitic rocks and are overlain by Tertiary sedimentary and volcanic rocks. Serpentinized peridotite and associated greenstone, graywacke, and chert crop out in some places. \r\n\r\nThe quadrangle is bisected by the northeastward-trending Shaw Creek fault, which, on the basis of aeromagnetic interpretation and geologic data, is postulated to have left-lateral offset of as much as 48 km. On the northwest side of the Shaw Creek fault, metamorphic rock units have a northwesterly regional trend, and the oldest rocks could be Precambrian in age. Gneiss and schist in the southwestern part of the quadrangle are derived from both igneous and sedimentary protoliths, some of which may be as old as Precambrian. Other rock units, which include calcareous schist and thin-layered marble, black quartzite, semischist, and cataclastic rocks, are considered to be of probable Paleozoic age, although no fossils have yet been found in these rocks. Radiolarians and conodonts in chert associated with greenstone and ultramafic rocks indicate that the chert is of Permian age. \r\n\r\nPotassium-argon ages on igneous rocks of the Big Delta quadrangle fall into two groups: those with biotite, muscovite, hornblende, and sanidine ages between 50 to 69 m.y.; and those with biotite, hornblende, and sanidine ages between 88 to 105 m.y. The younger of these two groups appears to indicate the time of a plutonic event marked by intrusion of mostly small, isolated plutons, including hypabyssal stocks, and the eruption of silicic volcanic rocks. Most of the plutons are quartz monzonite to granite. \r\n\r\nThe older group of ages (88 to 105 m.y.) on igneous rocks includes ages on the largest plutons of the Yukono-Tanana Upland. The rocks range from diorite to quartz monzonite in composition. The potassium-argon ages on the metamorphic rocks of the Big Delta quadrangle, like those obtained elsewhere in the Yukon-Tanana Upland, appear to have been partly or completely reset by subsequent thermal events. \r\n\r\nVein and placer gold deposits have been mined in the Big Delta quadrangle, and although indications of mineralization are widespread, no other mineral deposits have yet been identified. The geologic, geochemical, and geophysical data are compatible with several types of deposits, including porphyry copper, massive sulfide, and skarn deposits. In certain aspects, the geology of the quadrangle is similar to areas in the eastern part of the Yukon-Tanana Upland and Canada where mineral deposits are known.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir783","usgsCitation":"Foster, H.L., Albert, N.R., Griscom, A., Hessin, T., Menzie, W., Turner, D.L., and Wilson, F.H., 1979, The Alaskan Mineral Resource Assessment Program: Background information to accompany folio of geologic and mineral resource maps of the Big Delta quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 783, iii, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir783.","productDescription":"iii, 19 p.","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":31342,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1979/0783/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":139243,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1979/0783/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":391117,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_23992.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Big Delta quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -147,\n 64\n ],\n [\n -144,\n 64\n ],\n [\n -144,\n 65\n ],\n [\n -147,\n 65\n ],\n [\n -147,\n 64\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b06e4b07f02db69a276","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foster, Helen Laura","contributorId":21936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"Helen","email":"","middleInitial":"Laura","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Albert, N. R. D.","contributorId":63789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Albert","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"R. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Griscom, Andrew","contributorId":23520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griscom","given":"Andrew","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hessin, T. D.","contributorId":42181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hessin","given":"T. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Menzie, W. D.","contributorId":52916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Menzie","given":"W. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Turner, D. L.","contributorId":53776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wilson, Frederic H. 0000-0003-1761-6437 fwilson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1761-6437","contributorId":67174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Frederic","email":"fwilson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":148471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":4086,"text":"cir803 - 1979 - Introduction to monitoring dynamic environmental phenomena of the world using satellite data collection systems, 1978","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-27T15:19:29","indexId":"cir803","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"803","title":"Introduction to monitoring dynamic environmental phenomena of the world using satellite data collection systems, 1978","docAbstract":"The rapid development of satellite technology, especially in the area of radio transmission and imaging systems, makes it possible to monitor dynamic surface phenomena of the Earth in considerable detail. The monitoring systems that have been developed are compatible with standard monitoring systems such as snow, stream, and rain gages; wind, temperature and humidity measuring instruments; tiltmeters and seismic event counters. Supported by appropriate power, radios and antennae, remote stations can be left unattended for at least 1 year and consistently relay local information via polar orbiting or geostationary satellites. These data, in conjunction with timely Landsat images, can provide a basis for more accurate estimates on snowfall, water runoff, reservoir level changes, flooding, drought effects, and vegetation trends and may be of help in forecasting volcanic eruptions. These types of information are critical for resource inventory and development, especially in developing countries where remote regions are commonly difficult to access. \r\n\r\nThis paper introduces the reader to the systems available, describes their features and limitations, and provides suggestions on how to employ them. An extensive bibliography is provided for those who wish more information.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir803","usgsCitation":"Carter, W.D., and Paulson, R.W., 1979, Introduction to monitoring dynamic environmental phenomena of the world using satellite data collection systems, 1978: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 803, iii, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir803.","productDescription":"iii, 21 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125129,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1979/0803/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31184,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1979/0803/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cf9c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, William Douglas","contributorId":93892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"Douglas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Paulson, Richard W.","contributorId":106861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paulson","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":3872,"text":"cir775 - 1979 - The Alaskan Mineral Resource Assessment Program: Background information to accompany folio of geologic and mineral resource maps of the Talkeetna quadrangle, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-28T21:12:54.223837","indexId":"cir775","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"775","title":"The Alaskan Mineral Resource Assessment Program: Background information to accompany folio of geologic and mineral resource maps of the Talkeetna quadrangle, Alaska","docAbstract":"The Talkeetna 1° by 3° quadrangle, which consists of about 17,155 km2 in south-central Alaska, was investigated by integrated field and laboratory studies in the disciplines of geology, geochemistry, geophysics, and Landsat data interpretation for the purpose of assessing its mineral resource potential. Past mineral production has been limited to gold from the Yentna district, but the quadrangle contains potentially significant resources of tin and silver and possibly a few other commodities including chromite and copper. The results of the mineral resource assessment are given in a folio of maps which are accompanied by descriptive texts, diagrams, tables, and pertinent references. This Circular provides background information on these investigations and integrates the component maps. A bibliography cites both specific and general references to the geology and mineral deposits of the quadrangle.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir775","usgsCitation":"Reed, B.L., Curtin, G., Griscom, A., Nelson, S., Singer, D., and Steele, W., 1979, The Alaskan Mineral Resource Assessment Program: Background information to accompany folio of geologic and mineral resource maps of the Talkeetna quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 775, iii, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir775.","productDescription":"iii, 17 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":391118,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_23534.htm"},{"id":30963,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1979/0775/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":139360,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1979/0775/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Talkeetna quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -153,\n 62\n ],\n [\n -150,\n 62\n ],\n [\n -150,\n 63\n ],\n [\n -153,\n 63\n ],\n [\n -153,\n 62\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683427","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, Bruce L.","contributorId":19928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Curtin, G.C.","contributorId":89501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curtin","given":"G.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Griscom, Andrew","contributorId":23520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griscom","given":"Andrew","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nelson, S.W.","contributorId":67869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Singer, D.A.","contributorId":69128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Steele, W. C.","contributorId":34117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steele","given":"W. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":59995,"text":"mf879F - 1979 - Map showing interpretation of Landsat imagery of the Philip Smith Mountains Quadrangle, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:22","indexId":"mf879F","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"879","chapter":"F","title":"Map showing interpretation of Landsat imagery of the Philip Smith Mountains Quadrangle, Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/mf879F","usgsCitation":"Le Compte, J., 1979, Map showing interpretation of Landsat imagery of the Philip Smith Mountains Quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 879, 2 maps ;47 x 53 cm. on sheets 97 x 109 cm. and 74 x 97 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/mf879F.","productDescription":"2 maps ;47 x 53 cm. on sheets 97 x 109 cm. and 74 x 97 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":104352,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4091.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4091"},{"id":183021,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"250000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -150,68 ], [ -150,69 ], [ -147,69 ], [ -147,68 ], [ -150,68 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b30e4b07f02db6b40ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Le Compte, J. 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R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":262957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":60879,"text":"mf1099 - 1979 - Map showing turbidity patterns from Landsat imagery on the Texas inner continental shelf","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-03T14:15:09","indexId":"mf1099","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1099","title":"Map showing turbidity patterns from Landsat imagery on the Texas inner continental shelf","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mf1099","usgsCitation":"Shideler, G.L., 1979, Map showing turbidity patterns from Landsat imagery on the Texas inner continental shelf: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 1099, Plate: 44.82 inches x 29.68 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf1099.","productDescription":"Plate: 44.82 inches x 29.68 inches","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":182499,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1099/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":278788,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1099/plate-1.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -98,25 ], [ -98,30 ], [ -96.5,30 ], [ -96.5,25 ], [ -98,25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b11e4b07f02db6a240a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shideler, G. L.","contributorId":63393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shideler","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":264545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":43053,"text":"ofr791470 - 1979 - Preliminary maps of photolineaments along parts of the western Sierra Nevada foothills and eastern Coast Range foothills, California, based on Landsat images and U-2 aircraft photographs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:08","indexId":"ofr791470","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-1470","title":"Preliminary maps of photolineaments along parts of the western Sierra Nevada foothills and eastern Coast Range foothills, California, based on Landsat images and U-2 aircraft photographs","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr791470","usgsCitation":"Hodges, C.A., 1979, Preliminary maps of photolineaments along parts of the western Sierra Nevada foothills and eastern Coast Range foothills, California, based on Landsat images and U-2 aircraft photographs: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1470, 4 maps ;on 3 sheets 190 x 108 cm. and smaller.; 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr791470.","productDescription":"4 maps ;on 3 sheets 190 x 108 cm. and smaller.; 8 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175540,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1470/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":80875,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1470/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":80876,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1470/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":80877,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1470/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":80878,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1470/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66ceef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hodges, Carroll Ann","contributorId":99144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hodges","given":"Carroll","email":"","middleInitial":"Ann","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":227648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":68656,"text":"ha586 - 1979 - Water resources of the St. Louis River watershed, northeastern Minnesota","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":44068,"text":"ofr77608 - 1977 - Water resources of the St. Louis River watershed, northeastern Minnesota","indexId":"ofr77608","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"title":"Water resources of the St. Louis River watershed, northeastern Minnesota"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":68656,"text":"ha586 - 1979 - Water resources of the St. Louis River watershed, northeastern Minnesota","indexId":"ha586","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"title":"Water resources of the St. Louis River watershed, northeastern Minnesota"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T13:15:32","indexId":"ha586","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"586","title":"Water resources of the St. Louis River watershed, northeastern Minnesota","docAbstract":"The St. Louis River is the largest tributary to Lake Superior in Minnesota. It drains a predominantly forested area of about 3,650 mi2 (Minnesota Department of Conservation, 1959) and discharges into the lake at Duluth.
\nThe Mesabi Iron Range, noted for rich deposits of iron ore, parallels much of the northern watershed boundary. Large areas of land were altered by mining activities, as seen on the Landsat-1 MSS 7 images for September 26, 19744 (No. 1795-16203). The northeastward-trending string of water bodies along the northern boundary are flooded mine pits and tailings basins. The northeastern part of the watershed is largely State and National forest, whereas much of the southwestern and central parts are peat-covered wetlands.
\nGeneralized topographic features are shown on the map above. The topographic high along the northern boundary includes the Iron Range and is dissected by post-glacial drainage. The most notable drainage gap is that occupied by the Embarrass River. The series of southwestward-trending elongate hills in the eastern part of the watershed, visible on both the Landsat image and the topographic map, is the Toimi Drumlin Field (Wright, 1972). Topographically low, relatively flat land in the southwestern and central parts is a glacial lake plain. St. Louis River gradients are highly variable, being 9 ft/mi from its headwaters to the mouth of Partridge River, slightly more than 1 ft/mi from Partridge River to Cloquet, and 35 to 40 ft/mi in a 15-mi reach below Cloquest.
\nThe watershed is sparsely settled except for its northern and south-eastern parts. About 80 percent of the urban population lives on the Iron Range. Most of the suburban and rural residents alro live on or near the range or in the southeastern part of the watershed. Total population (1970), exclusive of those in the city of Duluth, which is included in the Lake Superior watershed (Olcott and others, 1976), was about 117,000.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ha586","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Division of Waters","usgsCitation":"Lindholm, G.F., Ericson, D., Broussard, W., and Hult, M.F., 1979, Water resources of the St. Louis River watershed, northeastern Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 586, 3 Plates: 54.0 x 39.5 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ha586.","productDescription":"3 Plates: 54.0 x 39.5 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science 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D.W.","contributorId":80295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ericson","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Broussard, W.L.","contributorId":35334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Broussard","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hult, M. F.","contributorId":29817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hult","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":3557,"text":"cir787 - 1979 - Georgia from space; an explanation of the NASA Landsat 1 satellite image color mosaic of the State of Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:30","indexId":"cir787","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"787","title":"Georgia from space; an explanation of the NASA Landsat 1 satellite image color mosaic of the State of Georgia","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir787","usgsCitation":"Pickering, S.M., and Higgins, M.W., 1979, Georgia from space; an explanation of the NASA Landsat 1 satellite image color mosaic of the State of Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 787, v, 21 p. :ill. ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir787.","productDescription":"v, 21 p. :ill. ;26 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":117480,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1979/0787/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30576,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1979/0787/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67b35f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pickering, Sam M.","contributorId":32141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pickering","given":"Sam","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Higgins, Michael W.","contributorId":12459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Higgins","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":8391,"text":"ofr79726 - 1979 - Depth determination of Colvocoresses Reef, Indian Ocean (EC-68-Landsat)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-11T18:39:35.996105","indexId":"ofr79726","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-726","title":"Depth determination of Colvocoresses Reef, Indian Ocean (EC-68-Landsat)","docAbstract":"The depth to the subject reef has been estimated at a nominal 10 n by three independent analyses based on Landsat and (in two cases) comparisons.: to measured depths of submerged features in the same area. Fathometer readings made in 1979 confirm the 1O-m reading.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr79726","usgsCitation":"Colvocoresses, A.P., 1979, Depth determination of Colvocoresses Reef, Indian Ocean (EC-68-Landsat): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-726, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr79726.","productDescription":"9 p.","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142069,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0726/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":497347,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0726/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"otherGeospatial":"Colvocoresses Reef, Indian Ocean","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab1e4b07f02db66e620","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colvocoresses, Alden P.","contributorId":72779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colvocoresses","given":"Alden","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":157647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":11798,"text":"ofr791507 - 1979 - Landsat feature data of the Gallup-Grants uranium district, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:34","indexId":"ofr791507","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-1507","title":"Landsat feature data of the Gallup-Grants uranium district, New Mexico","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr791507","usgsCitation":"Zech, R.S., and Knepper, D.H., 1979, Landsat feature data of the Gallup-Grants uranium district, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1507, 35 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr791507.","productDescription":"35 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144804,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1507/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":39687,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1507/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b20e4b07f02db6abec6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zech, R. S.","contributorId":51289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zech","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":163750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knepper, Daniel H. dknepper@usgs.gov","contributorId":1242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knepper","given":"Daniel","email":"dknepper@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":163749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":11461,"text":"ofr79765 - 1979 - Discrimination of alteration in the Crooks Gap, Wyoming, uranium district using laboratory and Landsat spectral reflectance data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:33","indexId":"ofr79765","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-765","title":"Discrimination of alteration in the Crooks Gap, Wyoming, uranium district using laboratory and Landsat spectral reflectance data","docAbstract":"The Crooks Gap area is a major uranium producing district in south-central Wyoming. Uranium occurs there as roll-type deposits in Tertiary sandstones. Alteration of the host sandstones related to the formation of the uranium deposits, is marked at the surface by a pronounced red coloration, which has long been used in the area as a prospecting guide. This report presents a characterization of alteration in the Crooks Gap area based upon (1) field observations of the extent and appearance of the alteration at the surface, (2) determination of the mineralogy and spectral reflectance characteristics of representative samples of altered and unaltered material in the laboratory, and (3) analysis of Landsat data of selected areas of altered and unaltered rocks. \r\n\r\nLaboratory spectrophot6metric data show that fresh, red-colored, altered rock has a strong absorption at 0.35 and 0.5 micrometers and a marked rise in reflectivity from 0.7 to 1.6 micrometers; weathered, red-colored, altered rock and Triassic red beds both show strong spectral absorption near 0.35 micrometers but have a relatively flat response from 0.7 to 1.6 micrometers. Landsat radiance values, simulated from the laboratory data, show that both altered rock and Triassic red beds are indicated by a high red-to-green ratio. This is in good agreement with actual satellite data over these rock types. These data indicate that the Landsat system is very sensitive to ferric oxides and can map the distribution of these oxides in semiarid environments for reconnaissance purposes.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr79765","usgsCitation":"Townsend, T.E., 1979, Discrimination of alteration in the Crooks Gap, Wyoming, uranium district using laboratory and Landsat spectral reflectance data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-765, iv, 73 p. :graphs, ill. (1 col.), map ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr79765.","productDescription":"iv, 73 p. :graphs, ill. 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