Identification_Information:
  Citation:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator: Page C. Valentine
      Originator: Tanya S. Unger
      Originator: Jessica L. Baker
      Publication_Date: 2005
      Title: ruggedimage.tif: GeoTIFF image of sea floor ruggedness analysis for the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary region.
      Edition: 1.0
      Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: GeoTIFF image of an ESRI grid
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: Scientific Investigations Map
        Issue_Identification: 2840
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Woods Hole Science Center, Woods Hole, MA
        Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program
      Online_Linkage: http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2005/2840/data/rugged/ruggedimage/ruggedimage.zip
      Larger_Work_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: Page C. Valentine
          Publication_Date: 2005
          Title: Sea floor image maps showing topography, sun-illuminated topography, backscatter intensity, ruggedness, slope, and the distribution of boulder ridges and bedrock outcrops in the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary region off Boston, Massachusetts
          Edition: 1.0
          Series_Information:
            Series_Name: Scientific Investigations Map
            Issue_Identification: 2840
          Publication_Information:
            Publication_Place: Woods Hole Science Center, Woods Hole, MA
            Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program
          Other_Citation_Details: scale 1:60,000, 6 maps, 12 sheets
          Online_Linkage: http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2005/2840/
  Description:
    Abstract: The Terrain Ruggedness Index (TRI) calculates the average difference in elevation between a small area (a center pixel of 13 x 13 m) and its surrounding area (eight neighboring pixels).  The TRI was applied to the digital bathymetric grids of the seafloor of the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary region off Boston, Massachusetts to create an analysis of sea floor ruggedness.  This raster data set was then converted to a GeoTIFF image.
    Purpose: The Terrain Ruggedness Index provides an interpretation of the seabed features in the highly variable geomorphology of the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary region. The seabed geometry is variable due to its glacial origin and is important to the region's wide range of habitats and high biodiversity.
  Time_Period_of_Content:
    Time_Period_Information:
      Single_Date/Time:
        Calendar_Date: 2005
    Currentness_Reference: publication date
  Status:
    Progress: Complete
    Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: As needed
  Spatial_Domain:
    Bounding_Coordinates:
      West_Bounding_Coordinate: -70.6
      East_Bounding_Coordinate: -70.0333
      North_Bounding_Coordinate: 42.8
      South_Bounding_Coordinate: 42.0833
  Keywords:
    Theme:
      Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: General
      Theme_Keyword: Geographic Information Systems
      Theme_Keyword: GIS
      Theme_Keyword: U.S. Geological Survey
      Theme_Keyword: USGS
      Theme_Keyword: Coastal and Marine Geology Program
      Theme_Keyword: CMGP
      Theme_Keyword: Woods Hole Science Center
      Theme_Keyword: WHSC
      Theme_Keyword: topographic data
      Theme_Keyword: sea floor topography
      Theme_Keyword: bathymetry
      Theme_Keyword: ruggedness
      Theme_Keyword: terrain index ruggedness
      Theme_Keyword: GeoTIFF image
      Theme_Keyword: TRI
      Theme_Keyword: sea floor features
    Place:
      Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: General
      Place_Keyword: Massachusetts
      Place_Keyword: MA
      Place_Keyword: Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary
      Place_Keyword: SBNMS
      Place_Keyword: Shallow EEZ
      Place_Keyword: EEZ
      Place_Keyword: Gulf of Maine
      Place_Keyword: Atlantic Ocean
      Place_Keyword: Boston
  Access_Constraints: none
  Use_Constraints:
    Public domain data from the U.S. Government are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution.  Please recognize the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) as the source of this information.
    
    Not to be used for navigational purposes.
  Point_of_Contact:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Person_Primary:
        Contact_Person: Page C. Valentine
        Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
      Contact_Position: Research Geologist
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: mailing and physical address
        Address: U.S. Geological Survey
        Address: 384 Woods Hole Rd.
        City: Woods Hole
        State_or_Province: MA
        Postal_Code: 02543-1598
        Country: USA
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: (508) 548-8700 x2239
      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (508) 457-2310
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pvalentine@usgs.gov
  Browse_Graphic:
    Browse_Graphic_File_Name: http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2005/2840/data/rugged/ruggedimage/ruggedimage-thumb.gif
    Browse_Graphic_File_Description: Thumbnail image showing overview of the general seafloor ruggedness in the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary region.
    Browse_Graphic_File_Type: GIF
  Browse_Graphic:
    Browse_Graphic_File_Name: http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2005/2840/data/rugged/ruggedimage/ruggedimage-browse.gif
    Browse_Graphic_File_Description: Image showing overview of the general seafloor ruggedness in the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary region.
    Browse_Graphic_File_Type: GIF
  Native_Data_Set_Environment: Microsoft Windows XP Version 5.1 (Build 2600) Service Pack 2; ESRI ArcCatalog 9.0.0.535
Data_Quality_Information:
  Attribute_Accuracy:
  Positional_Accuracy:
    Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy:
    Vertical_Positional_Accuracy:
  Lineage:
    Process_Step:
      Process_Description: The Terrain Ruggedness Index is based on an elevation index described by Riley and others (1999) where the sum change in elevation between a grid cell and its eight neighboring grid cells is calculated by squaring the eight differences in elevation, summing the squared differences, and taking the square root of the sum. Here, the index has been modified to calculate the average of the absolute values of the eight differences in elevation. The TRI was applied to the bathymetric grids by running a macro in ArcMap's Visual Basic editing environment. Artifacts of data collection were removed by hand editing and applying a mean filter (the Neighborhood Statistics function in Spatial Analyst was used to calculate a mean TRI for a 3x3 pixel template of TRI values centered over each pixel in the image).
    Process_Step:
      Process_Description: ESRI Grid converted to GeoTIFF
Spatial_Data_Organization_Information:
  Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Raster
  Raster_Object_Information:
    Raster_Object_Type: Pixel
    Row_Count: 6201
    Column_Count: 3631
    Vertical_Count: 1
Spatial_Reference_Information:
  Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition:
    Planar:
      Map_Projection:
        Map_Projection_Name: Mercator
        Mercator:
          Standard_Parallel: 41.65
          Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -70.3167
          False_Easting: 0
          False_Northing: 0
      Planar_Coordinate_Information:
        Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: row and column
        Coordinate_Representation:
          Abscissa_Resolution: 13.000000
          Ordinate_Resolution: 13.000000
        Planar_Distance_Units: meters
    Geodetic_Model:
      Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum of 1983
      Ellipsoid_Name: Geodetic Reference System 80
Entity_and_Attribute_Information:
  Overview_Description:
Distribution_Information:
  Distributor:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Person_Primary:
        Contact_Person: Page C. Valentine
        Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
      Contact_Position: Research Geologist
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: mailing and physical address
        Address: U.S. Geological Survey
        Address: 384 Woods Hole Rd.
        City: Woods Hole
        State_or_Province: MA
        Postal_Code: 02543-1598
        Country: USA
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: (508) 548-8700 x2239
      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (508) 457-2310
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pvalentine@usgs.gov
  Resource_Description: Downloadable Data
  Distribution_Liability:
    Although these data have been used by the U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior, no warranty expressed or implied is made by the U.S. Geological Survey as to the accuracy of the data.
    
    Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
  Standard_Order_Process:
    Digital_Form:
      Digital_Transfer_Information:
        Format_Name: TIFF
        Format_Specification: GeoTIFF
        Format_Information_Content: A zip archive containing the GeoTIFF image, associated world file, and metadata.
        File_Decompression_Technique: zip
        Transfer_Size: 64.419
      Digital_Transfer_Option:
        Online_Option:
          Computer_Contact_Information:
            Network_Address:
              Network_Resource_Name: http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2005/2840/data/rugged/ruggedimage/ruggedimage.zip
        Offline_Option:
          Offline_Media: DVD-ROM
          Recording_Capacity:
            Recording_Density: 4.75
            Recording_Density_Units: Gbytes
          Recording_Format: UDF
    Fees: None
  Technical_Prerequisites: This image is available as a GEOTIFF image with an accompanying world file. To utilize this data, the user must have an image viewer, image processing or GIS software package capable of importing a GeoTIFF image.
Metadata_Reference_Information:
  Metadata_Date: 20050926
  Metadata_Review_Date: 20050822
  Metadata_Contact:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Organization_Primary:
        Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
        Contact_Person: Page C. Valentine
      Contact_Position: Research Geologist
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: mailing and physical address
        Address: U.S. Geological Survey
        Address: 384 Woods Hole Rd.
        City: Woods Hole
        State_or_Province: MA
        Postal_Code: 02543
        Country: USA
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: (508) 548-8700 x2239
      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (508) 457-2310
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pvalentine@usgs.gov
  Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata
  Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998
  Metadata_Time_Convention: local time
  Metadata_Access_Constraints: None
  Metadata_Use_Constraints: None
  Metadata_Extensions:
    Online_Linkage: http://www.esri.com/metadata/esriprof80.html
    Profile_Name: ESRI Metadata Profile
