Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Ed DeWitt Originator: Victoria Langenheim Originator: Eric Force Originator: R.K. Vance Originator: P.A. Lindberg Originator: R.L. Driscoll Publication_Date: 2008 Title: Geologic map of Prescott National Forest and the headwaters of the Verde River, Yavapai and Coconino Counties, Arizona Edition: version 1.0 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: map Series_Information: Series_Name: USGS Scientific Investigations Map Issue_Identification: Scientific Investigations Map 2996 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Denver, Colorado, U.S.A. Publisher: United States Geological Survey Online_Linkage: http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2008/2996 Description: Abstract: This 1:000,000-scale digital geologic map details the complex Early Proterozoic metavolcanic and plutonic basement of north-central Arizona; shows the mildly deformed cover of Paleozoic rocks; reveals where Laramide to mid-Tertiary plutonic rocks associated with base- and precious-metals deposits are exposed; subdivides the Tertiary volcanic rocks according to chemically named units; and maps the Pliocene to Miocene fill of major basins. Associated digital files include more than 1,300 geochemical analyses of all rock units; 1,750 logs of water wells deeper than 300 feet; and interpreted logs of 300 wells that define the depth to basement in major basins. Geophysically interpreted buried features include normal faults defining previous unknown basins, mid-Tertiary intrusive rocks, and half-grabens within shallow bains. Purpose: This ARC/INFO dataset was developed to provide a geologic map GIS database of the Prescott National Forest, Arizona for use in spatial analysis by a variety of users. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 2008 Currentness_Reference: publication date Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: none currently planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -113.1 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -111.6 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 35.25 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 34.05 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: none Theme_Keyword: geology Theme_Keyword: mapping Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Board of Geographic Names Place_Keyword: Arizona Place_Keyword: Arizona Place_Keyword: Yavapai county Place_Keyword: Coconino county Place_Keyword: Prescott National Forest Place_Keyword: Verde River Access_Constraints: None Use_Constraints: None. Acknowledgment of the U.S. Geological Survey would be appreciated in products derived from these data. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Ed DeWitt Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: MS 973, Box 25046 DFC City: Denver State_or_Province: CO Postal_Code: 80225-0046 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 303-236-5636 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: edewitt@usgs.gov Browse_Graphic: Browse_Graphic_File_Name: http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2008/2996/sim2996.pdf Browse_Graphic_File_Description: graphic representation of map layout Browse_Graphic_File_Type: PDF Data_Set_Credit: Ed DeWitt, USGS, with help from Victoria Langenheim, USGS, Eric Force, USGS, Kelly Vance, Georgia Southern University, and Paul Lindberg, Sedona, AZ mappped the geology, sampled the rocks, and worked out the geologic history. Rhonda Discoll, USGS, drafted the map and scanned the mylar. Guy Pinhassi, University of Arizona, with help from Doug Hirschberg, USGS, and Stephen Pitts, University of Arizona, digitized the map and created the line and polygon databases. Diane Lane, USGS (retired), designed the Arc/Info point database and Tammy Fancher, USGS, digitized the points into Arc/Info and created the ArcMap files. Nancy Shock, NPS,(former USGS), built the original covers and arcplot AMLs. Diane Lane was in charge of editing. Native_Data_Set_Environment: Microsoft Windows 2000 Professional Version 5.0.2195 Service Pack 4 Build 2195 ESRI ArcWorkstation 9.2 Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: The database consists of newly generated data that were compiled on mylar and then digitized in ARC/INFO. This map was thoroughly reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards and stratigraphic nomenclature. Logical_Consistency_Report: Map elements were checked by the author and editor for overshoots, undershoots, duplicate features, polygon attributes, and other errors. Automated (ARC/INFO) routines were also used to check the databases for polygon label errors and dangling arcs. The coverages were cleaned in ARC/INFO to ensure logical consistency. The map was reviewed by other geologists for consistency with basic geologic principles and general conformity to USGS mapping standards. Completeness_Report: This dataset is complete. Lineage: Process_Step: Process_Description: Ed DeWitt compiled the geology. Nancy Shock created the origial database. Tammy Fancher digitized the point data and created the ArcMap files. Diane Lane did the editing. Process_Date: 2000-2008 Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Vector Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Planar: Grid_Coordinate_System: Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator Universal_Transverse_Mercator: UTM_Zone_Number: 12 Transverse_Mercator: Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 1 Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -111 Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0 False_Easting: 0 False_Northing: 0 Planar_Coordinate_Information: Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: coordinate pair Coordinate_Representation: Abscissa_Resolution: 1 Ordinate_Resolution: 1 Planar_Distance_Units: meters Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum of 1927 Ellipsoid_Name: Clarke 1866 Semi-major_Axis: 6378206.4 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 294.98 Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Overview_Description: Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: The data are supplied in Arc/Info .e00 interchange and ArcView shapefile formats. Attribution of user-defined item FEATURE in point cover decorationpnt.pat: > Circle on quartz vein > Bar and ball (on faults) > Plunge arrow > Anticline arrow > Syncline arrow > Monocline arrow > Monocline, lower flexure arrow > Monocline, upper flexure arrow Attribution of user-defined item FEATURE in point cover pres_pnt.pat: > Bed > Joint > Tectonic foliation > Igneous flow foliation > Sample locality Attribution of user-defined item FEATURE in point cover volcanic.pat: > Volcanic center > Buried volcanic center Attribution of user-defined item FEATURE in point cover water.pat: > Water well Attribution of user-defined item TYPE in secondary cover strain.aat: > high-strain margin, approximate > periphery of mapped units Attribution of user-defined item NAME in secondary cover strain.pat: > Black Canyon high-strain zone > Chapparral high-strain zone > Granite Mountain high-strain zone > Iron Springs high-strain zone > Oro Flame high-strain zone > Shylock high-strain zone Attribution of user-defined item TYPE in pnf.aat: > contact, location approximate > contact, location known > contact, location uncertain > fault, normal, concealed > fault, normal, concealed and uncertain > fault, normal, location approximate > fault, normal, location known > fault, normal, location uncertain > fault, unknown offset, concealed > fault, unknown offset, concealed and uncertain > fault, unknown offset, location approximate > fault, unknown offset, location known > fault, unknown offset, location uncertain > fracture, location approximate > fracture, location known > anticline, horizontal, concealed > anticline, horizontal, location known > anticline, plunging, concealed > anticline, plunging, location known > anticline, plunging, overturned, location known > monocline, bottom of flexure, location known > monocline, horizontal, concealed > monocline, horizontal, location known > monocline, horizontal, location uncertain > monocline, top of flexure, location known > syncline, horizontal, concealed > syncline, horizontal, location known > syncline, plunging, concealed > syncline, plunging, location known > syncline, plunging, overturned, concealed > syncline, plunging, overturned, location known > dike, TKgd, location known > dike, TKr, location known > dike, Tbd, location known > dike, Tbd, location uncertain > dike, Tbd?, location known > dike, Tla, location known > dike, Tr, location known > dike, Xap, location known > dike, Xap, location approximate > dike, Xchd, location known > dike, Ygb, location known > dike, Ygb?, location known > ring dike, location approximate > iron-formation, Xi, location known > quartz vein, location known > quartz vein, location uncertain > landslide scar, location known > marker bed, location known > lineament, location known > sinkhole, location known > collapse structures, location known > periphery of mapped units Attribution of user-defined items LABEL and FORMATION in pnf.pat: > Qa Artificial fill > Qal Alluvium > Qc Colluvium and sedimentary breccia > Qf Fanglomerate (Quaternary) > Qf? Fanglomerate(?) (Quaternary) > Qt Terrace gravel > Qt? Terrace gravel(?) > Qg Gravel (Quaternary) > Qg? Gravel(?) (Quaternary) > Qs Sediment > QTl Landslide deposits > QTf Fanglomerate (Quaternary and Tertiary) > QTg Gravel (Quaternary and Tertiary) > QTs Sedimentary rocks > Tvs Undivided sedimentary rocks of Verde Formation > Tvl Lacustrine rocks of Verde Formation > Tvls Limestone of Verde Formation > Tvg Gravel of Verde Formation > Tvg? Gravel of Verde Formation(?) > Tvt Travertine of Verde Formation > Tve Evaporite beds of Verde Formation > Tve? Evaporite beds of Verde Formation(?) > Tfy Fanglomerate (Tertiary) > Taby Alkali basalt of Younger volcanic and sedimentary rocks > Taby? Alkali basalt of Younger volcanic and sedimentary rocks(?) > Tby Basalt of Younger volcanic and sedimentary rocks > Tby? Basalt of Younger volcanic and sedimentary rocks(?) > Tay Andesite of Younger volcanic and sedimentary rocks > Tay? Andesite of Younger volcanic and sedimentary rocks(?) > Tcy Cinders and cinder cones of Younger volcanic and sedimentary rocks > Tdy Dacite of Younger volcanic and sedimentary rocks > Tbsy Basalt and sedimentary rocks of Younger volcanic and sedimentary rocks > Tsvy Sedimentary and volcanic rocks of Younger volcanic and sedimentary rocks > Tsy Sedimentary rocks of Younger volcanic and sedimentary rocks > Tsy? Sedimentary rocks of Younger volcanic and sedimentary rocks(?) > Tgy Gravel of Younger volcanic and sedimentary rocks > Tabo Alkali basalt of Older volcanic and sedimentary rocks > Tbo Basalt of Older volcanic and sedimentary rocks > Tbo? Basalt of Older volcanic and sedimentary rocks(?) > Tco Cinders and cinder cones of Older volcanic and sedimentary rocks > Tao Andesite of Older volcanic and sedimentary rocks > Tdo Dacite of Older volcanic and sedimentary rocks > Tdo? Dacite of Older volcanic and sedimentary rocks(?) > Trdo Rhyodacite of Older volcanic and sedimentary rocks > Tto Tuff of Older volcanic and sedimentary rocks > Tto? Tuff of Older volcanic and sedimentary rocks(?) > Tmo Volcanic rocks of Older volcanic and sedimentary rocks > Tbso Basalt flows and interbedded sedimentary rocks of Older volcanic and sedimentary rocks > Tso Sedimentary rocks of Older volcanic and sedimentary rocks > Tso? Sedimentary rocks of Older volcanic and sedimentary rocks(?) > Tbu Basalt of Volcanic and sedimentary rocks of undetermined age > Tgbd Gabbro-diorite of Volcanic and sedimentary rocks of undetermined age > Tmu Volcanic rocks of Volcanic and sedimentary rocks of undetermined age > Tmu? Volcanic rocks of Volcanic and sedimentary rocks of undeterminded age(?) > Tsb Sedimentary rocks and basalt of Volcanic and sedimentary rocks of undetermined age > Tsv Sedimentary and volcanic rocks of Volcanic and sedimentary rocks of undetermined age > Tsu Sedimentary rocks of Volcanic and sedimentary rocks of undetermined age > Thab Alkali basalt of Hickey Formation > Thab? Alkali basalt of Hickey Formation(?) > Thb Basalt of Hickey Formation > Thb? Basalt of Hickey Formation(?) > Thc Cinder cones and basalt dikes of Hickey Formation > Tha Trachyandesite of Hickey Formation > Tht Tuff of Hickey Formation > Thbs Basalt and sedimentary rocks of Hickey Formation > Thsb Sedimentary rocks and basalt of Hickey Formation > Ths Sedimentary rocks of Hickey Formation > Ths? Sedimentary rocks of Hickey Formation(?) > Tmcd Dacite of Milk Creek Formation > Tmcl Lati-andesite of Milk Creek Formation > Tmc Sedimentary rocks of Milk Creek Formation > Tmc? Sedimentary rocks of Milk Creek Formation(?) > Tbx Breccia > Tr Rhyolite > Tlau Upper unit of Lati-andesite of Sullivan Buttes and Santa Maria Mountains > Tlau? Upper unit of Lati-andesite of Sullivan Buttes and Santa Maria Mountains(?) > Tlal Lower unit of Lati-andesite of Sullivan Buttes and Santa Maria Mountains > Tla Undivided lati-andesite of Lati-andesite of Sullivan Buttes and Santa Maria Mountains > Tla? Undivided lati-andesite of Lati-andesite of Sullivan Buttes and Santa Maria Mountains(?) > Ta Andesite of Lati-andesite of Sullivan Buttes and Santa Maria Mountains > Td Dacite of Lati-andesite of Sullivan Buttes and Santa Maria Mountains > Td? Dacite of Lati-andesite of Sullivan Buttes and Santa Maria Mountains(?) > Tos Sedimentary rocks > Tos? Sedimentary rocks(?) > TKb Breccia pipes > TKr Rhyolite dikes > TKgd Granodiorite and rhyodacite porphyry dikes > Kt Tonalite > Kt? Tonalite(?) > TRm Moenkopi Formation > Pk Kaibab Limestone > Pt Toroweap Formation > Pkt Kaibab Limestone and Toroweap Formation, undivided > Pc Coconino Sandstone > Pc? Coconino Sandstone(?) > Ptc Toroweap Formation and Coconino Sandstone, undivided > Psh Schnebly Hill Formation > Psh? Schnebly Hill Formation(?) > Ph Hermit Shale > Ph? Hermit Shale(?) > Ps Supai Formation > PPss Schnebly Hill, Hermit, and Supai Formations, undivided > PPss? Schnebly Hill, Hermit, and Supai Formations(?), undivided > Pshh Schnebly Hill and Hermit Formations, undivided > Mr Redwall Limestone > Mr? Redwall Limestone(?) > Dm Martin Formation > Dm? Martin Formation(?) > MDrm Redwall Limestone and Martin Formation, undivided > DCmt Martin Formation and Tapeats Sandstone, undivided > Cb Bright Angel Shale > Ct Tapeats Sandstone > Ct? Tapeats Sandstone(?) > Cbt Bright Angel Shale and Tapeats Sandstone, undivided > Ygb Gabbro > Yg Granite of Granite Basin > Ywcb Breccia in Granite of Walnut Creek > Ykp Granite of Kirkland Peak > Ykp? Granite of Kirkland Peak(?) > Yd Dells Granite > YXgr Granite > Ywc Granite of Walnut Creek > Ywc? Granite of Walnut Creek(?) > Yy Granodiorite of Yava > Yy? Granodiorite of Yava(?) > Xum Ultramafic rocks > Xgb Gabbro > Xgb? Gabbro(?) > Xlgb Leucogabbro > Xdi Diorite > Xchd Dikes of Cherry > Xchg Granophyre of Cherry > Xch Cherry Tonalite > Xch? Cherry Tonalite(?) > Xgc Government Canyon Tonalite > Xcm Tonalite of Cottonwood Mountain > Xbl Bland Tonalite > Xpv Peeples Valley Granodiorite > Xpv? Peeples Valley Granodiorite(?) > Xvr Granodiorite of the Verde River > Xhy Hassayampa Granodiorite > Xmh Minnehaha Granodiorite > Xmh? Minnehaha Granodiotite(?) > Xpr Prescott Granodiorite > Xpr? Prescott Granodiorite(?) > Xbp Bishop Spring Granodiorite > Xbp? Bishop Spring Granodiorite(?) > Xwv Williamson Valley Granodiorite > Xwv? Williamson Valley Granodiorite(?) > Xdf Dillon Field Granodiorite > Xdf? Dillon Field Granodiorite(?) > Xbs Badger Spring Granodiorite > Xbgb Intrusive breccia of Badger Spring Granodiorite > Xsv Granodiorite of Skull Valley > Xrg Granodiorite of Ramsgate > Xrg? Granodiorite of Ramsgate (?) > Xmw Mint Wash Granodiorite > Xbb Brady Butte Granodiorite > Xbb? Brady Butte Granodiorite(?) > Xhc Humbug Creek Granodiorite > Xbg Granodiorite of Big Bug Creek > Xbg? Granodiorite of Big Bug Creek(?) > Xjf Johnson Flat Granodiorite > Xjf? Johnson Flat Granodiorite(?) > Xwg Granite of Wagoner > Xcca Aplite of Crooks Canyon Granite > Xcca? Aplite of Crooks Canyon Granite(?) > Xcc Crooks Canyon Granite > Xjgb Johnson Flat Granodiorite and gabbro migmatite, undivided > Xsb Granite of South Butte > Xsb? Granite of South Butte(?) > Xcb Crazy Basin Granite > Xhm Granite of Horse Mountain > Xhm? Granite of Horse Mountain(?) > Xcf Cornfield Mountain Granite > Xcf? Cornfield Mountain Granite(?) > Xgg Gneissic granite > Xgg? Gneissic granite(?) > Xob Granite of Orejano Basin > Xtc Granite of Tucker Canyon > Xgr Granitic rocks, undivided > Xgr? Granitic rocks, undivided(?) > Xap Aplite-pegmatite of Tonto Mountain > Xkw Alaskite of King Well > Xbn Granite of Bloody Basin > Xlg Leucogranite > Xmp Mazatzal Peak Formation > Xtgr Rhyolitic meta-tuffaceous rocks of Texas Gulch Formation > Xtgs Purple slate of Texas Gulch Formation > Xtgq Quartzose metasedimentary rocks of Texas Gulch Formation > Xtgc Conglomerate of Texas Gulch Formation > Xp Pelitic metasedimentary rocks > Xw Wacke > Xwa Wacke and meta-andesite > Xs Other metasedimentary rocks > Xs? Other metasedimentary rocks(?) > Xwp Wacke and pegmatite > Xpa Pelitic sedimentary rocks and aplite-pegmatite > Xb Basaltic flows of Metavolcanic rocks of known chemical composition > Xb2 Basaltic tuff of Metavolcanic rocks of known chemical composition > Xb4 Basaltic agglomerate of Metavolcanic rocks of known chemical composition > Xab Andesitic basalt flows of Metavolcanic rocks of known chemical composition > Xab1 Andesitic basalt breccia of Metavolcanic rocks of known chemical composition > Xa Andesitic flows of Metavolcanic rocks of known chemical composition > Xa? Andesitic flows(?) of Metavolcanic rocks of known chemical composition > Xa1 Andesitic breccia of Metavolcanic rocks of known chemical composition > Xa3 Andesitic intrusive rocks of Metavolcanic rocks of known chemical composition > Xd Dacitic flows of Metavolcanic rocks of known chemical composition > Xd? Dacitic flows(?) of Metavolcanic rocks of known chemical composition > Xd1 Dacitic breccia of Metavolcanic rocks of known chemical composition > Xd2 Dacitic tuff of Metavolcanic rocks of known chemical composition > Xd2? Dacitic tuff(?) of Metavolcanic rocks of known chemical composition > Xd3 Dacitic intrusive rocks of Metavolcanic rocks of known chemical composition > Xrd Rhyodacitic flows of Metavolcanic rocks of known chemical composition > Xr Rhyolitic flows and pyroclastic rocks of Metavolcanic rocks of known chemical composition > Xr1 Rhyolitic breccia of Metavolcanic rocks of known chemical composition > Xr2 Rhyolitic tuff of Metavolcanic rocks of known chemical composition > Xr3 Rhyolitic intrusive rocks of Metavolcanic rocks of known chemical composition > Xbh Altered basaltic rocks of Hydrothermally altered metavolcanic rocks > Xah Altered andesitic rocks of Hydrothermally altered metavolcanic rocks > Xdh Altered dacitic rocks of Hydrothermally altered metavolcanic rocks > Xd1h Altered dacitic breccia of Hydrothermally altered metavolcanic rocks > Xrh Altered rhyolitic and pyroclastic rocks of Hydrothermally altered metavolcanic rocks > Xr1h Altered rhyolitic breccia of Hydrothermally altered metavolcanic rocks > Xr2h Altered rhyolitic tuff of Hydrothermally altered metavolcanic rocks > Xh Altered rocks of Hydrothermally altered metavolcanic rocks > Xh Altered rocks of Hydrothermally altered metavolcanic rocks > Xmv Mafic rocks of Metavolcanic rocks of approximately known composition > Xam Amphibolite of Metavolcanic rocks of approximately known composition > Xiv Intermediate-composition rocks of Metavolcanic rocks of approximately known composition > Xfv Felsic rocks of Metavolcanic rocks of approximately known composition > Xbpr Bishop Spring Granodiorite and rhyodacite > Xt Tuffaceous metasedimentary rocks of Metatuffaceous, chemically precipitated, and gneissic rocks > Xi Iron-formation, metachert, and siliceous metavolcanic rocks of Metatuffaceous, chemically precipitated, and gneis > Xgn Gneiss of Metatuffaceous, chemically precipitated, and gneissic rocks > Xgn? Gneiss(?)of Metatuffaceous, chemically precipitated, and gneissic rocks > Xm Migmatite of Metatuffaceous, chemically precipitated, and gneissic rocks Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: none Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: Central Publications Group Address: MS 902, Box 25046 Address: Denver Federal Center City: Denver State_or_Province: Colorado Postal_Code: 80225 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (888)ASK-USGS Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: webmaster@geology.cr.usgs.gov Distribution_Liability: The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) provides these geographic data "as is". The USGS makes no guarantee or warranty concerning the accuracy of information contained in the geographic data. The USGS further makes no warranties, either expressed or implied, as to any other matter whatsoever, including, without limitation, the condition of the product, or its fitness for any particular purpose. The burden for determining fitness for use lies entirely with the user. Although these data have been processed successfully on computers at the USGS, no warranty, expressed or implied, is made by the USGS regarding the use of these data on any other system, nor does the fact of distribution constitute or imply any such warranty. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: Arc/INFO export and ArcView shapefile formats Format_Version_Number: ArcInfo version 9.1 File_Decompression_Technique: .tar.gz - UNIX gzip-compressed TAR file - use GNU zip and TAR to extract .ZIP - Windows ZIP archive - use Winzip, PKZip, or similar Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: Fees: None Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S.Geological Survey Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: USGS Information Services Address: Box 25286 City: Denver State_or_Province: CO Postal_Code: 80225 Country: United States Contact_Voice_Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Resource_Description: Scientific Investigations Map 2996 (plot-on-demand) Distribution_Liability: none Standard_Order_Process: Non-digital_Form: Available as one printed sheet. Order from USGS at the address listed above or see for more ordering information. Fees: For current prices please see Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20050418 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Ed DeWitt Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: Denver Federal Center, MS 973 Address: Box 25046 City: Denver State_or_Province: Colorado Postal_Code: 80225 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (303) 236-5636 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: edewitt@usgs.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998 Metadata_Access_Constraints: None Metadata_Use_Constraints: None