Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Christopher J. Cole; Parallel, Incorporated Originator: Suzanne M. Noble; Parallel, Incorporated Originator: Steven L. Blauer Originator: Beverly A. Friesen Originator: Mark A. Bauer; Parallel, Incorporated Publication_Date: 2010 Title: Landsat Thematic Mapper Image Mosaic of Colorado Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image Series_Information: Series_Name: Scientific Investigations Map Issue_Identification: 3101 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Denver, CO Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3101/ Description: Abstract: The USGS Rocky Mountain Geographic Science Center (RMGSC) produced a seamless, cloud-minimized remotely-sensed image spanning the State of Colorado. Multiple orthorectified Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) scenes collected during 2006-2008 were spectrally normalized via reflectance transformation, and linear regression based upon pseudo-invariant features (PIFS) following the removal of clouds. Individual Landsat scenes were then mosaicked to form a six-band image composite spanning the visible to shortwave infrared spectrum. This image mosaic, presented here, will also be used to create a conifer health classification for Colorado in Scientific Investigations Map 3103. An archive of past and current Landsat imagery exists and is available to the scientific community (http://glovis.usgs.gov/), but significant pre-processing was required to produce a statewide mosaic from this information. Much of the data contained perennial cloud cover which complicated analysis and classification efforts. Existing Landsat mosaic products, typically three band image composites, did not include the full suite of multispectral information necessary to produce this assessment, and were derived using data collected in 2001 or earlier. The RMGSC developed methods to use archival Landsat data to produce a seamless, cloud-minimized image mosaic covering the entire State of Colorado. A six-band image mosaic covering Colorado was produced. This mosaic includes blue (band 1), green (band 2), red (band 3), near infrared (band 4), and shortwave infrared information (bands 5 and 7). The image composite shown here displays three of the Landsat bands (7, 4, and 2), which are sensitive to the shortwave infrared, near infrared, and green ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum. Vegetation appears green in this image, while water looks black, and unforested areas appear pink. The explanation shows some generalized land cover features. SIM_CO_Landsat.tif used to produce this map has been modified for publication purposes. IMAGINE software was used to apply a standard deviation stretch to increase scene contrast and enhance image interpretation. The proper way to display this in ArcMap and other programs is as follows: Red - Band 1 Green - Band 2 Blue - Band 3 Purpose: To produce a continuous, cloud-minimized, remotely-sensed image spanning the entire State of Colorado. Supplemental_Information: The USGS Rocky Mountain Geographic Science Center (RMGSC) employed medium-resolution remotely sensed imagery for the assessment of conifer health throughout Colorado. Landsat data, which have been widely utilized in the remote sensing community for landcover mapping and vegetation characterization, were used for this study. While an archive of past and current Landsat imagery exists, and is freely available to the scientific community, significant pre-processing is required to produce a statewide mosaic from this information, and much of the data contains perennial cloud cover which complicates analysis and classification efforts. Existing Landsat mosaic products, typically three band image composites, did not include the full suite of multispectral information necessary to produce this assessment, and were derived using data collected in 2001 or earlier. The RMGSC thus developed methods to harness archival Landsat data to produce a continuous, cloud-minimized image mosaic covering the entire state of Colorado. The six-band image composite shown in the Scientific Investigations Map, entitled "A Landsat Thematic Mapper Image Mosaic of Colorado" displays three of the bands (7, 4, and 2), which are sensitive to the shortwave infrared, near infrared, and green ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum. Vegetation appears green in this image, while water looks black, and unforested areas appear pink. The Explanation Key shows some generalized land cover features. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 2008 Currentness_Reference: ground condition Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: As needed Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -109.281356 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -101.867862 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 41.071868 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 36.921392 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Theme_Keyword: Landsat Thematic Mapper Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: U.S. Board of Geographic Names (BGN) Geographic Names Information System Place_Keyword: Colorado Place_Keyword: USA Place_Keyword: United States of America Access_Constraints: None Use_Constraints: Acknowledgment of the U.S. Geological Survey would be appreciated in products derived from these data. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Elizabeth Lile Contact_Organization: USGS Rocky Mountain Geographic Science Center Contact_Position: Chief, Geographic Technology and Applications Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: Rocky Mountain Geographic Science Center, P.O. Box 25046, MS-520 City: Denver State_or_Province: CO Postal_Code: 80225 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 303-202-4326 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: ellile@usgs.gov Native_Data_Set_Environment: Microsoft Windows XP Version 5.1 (Build 2600) Service Pack 3; ESRI ArcCatalog 9.3.1.1850 Data_Quality_Information: Logical_Consistency_Report: This raster dataset is consistent in both the area and cell size of all input parameter rasters used in the analysis. Completeness_Report: The data are complete for the forested areas of Colorado. Lineage: Process_Step: Process_Description: Thirty orthorectified 30-meter Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) scenes (U.S. Geological Survey, 2009) were used to generate the mosaic for Colorado (fig.1, table 1). Landsat blue (band 1), green (band 2), red (band 3), near infrared (band 4), and shortwave infrared spectral information (bands 5 and 7) were used to produce this mosaic. Thermal infrared (band 6) was excluded from this mosaic, due to its 60-meter spatial resolution. The collection date of the Landsat scenes ranged from 2006-2008, with the majority being collected in 2008 (table 1). All Landsat scenes were converted to at-sensor reflectance, to reduce inter-scene variability which was due to differences in solar elevation angle and acquisition date. Areas affected by clouds in the base imagery were identified as data "gaps." Landsat scenes which were not cloud affected in these areas were then selected and subset to "fill" these data gaps. Whenever possible, the "fill" scenes were collected in 2008. In cases where no such data existed, imagery from 2006-2007 were used. Landsat "fill" data were then normalized to the base imagery via linear regression based upon pseudo-invariant features, which are spectrally consistent, and should not appreciably change by scene date. The normalized, reflectance converted, cloud-filled Landsat scenes were then mosaicked using ERDAS IMAGINEŠ image processing software. Process_Date: 2008 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Elizabeth Lile Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Chief, Geographic Technology and Applications Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: Rocky Mountain Geographic Science Center, P.O. Box 25046, MS-520 City: Denver State_or_Province: CO Postal_Code: 80225 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 303-202-4326 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: ellile@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Metadata imported. Process_Date: 20091103 Process_Time: 07443400 Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Raster Raster_Object_Information: Raster_Object_Type: Pixel Row_Count: 15176 Column_Count: 20678 Vertical_Count: 1 Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Planar: Map_Projection: Map_Projection_Name: Albers Conical Equal Area Albers_Conical_Equal_Area: Standard_Parallel: 33.000000 Standard_Parallel: 45.000000 Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -105.000000 Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 23.000000 False_Easting: 0.000000 False_Northing: 0.000000 Planar_Coordinate_Information: Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: row and column Coordinate_Representation: Abscissa_Resolution: 30.000000 Ordinate_Resolution: 30.000000 Planar_Distance_Units: meters Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum of 1983 Ellipsoid_Name: Geodetic Reference System 80 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.000000 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257222 Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Overview_Description: Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: >SIM3101_CO_Landsat.tif is a >continuous unsigned 8-bit tiff image. Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: none Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: USGS Information Services Address: Box 25286 Address: Denver Federal Center City: Denver State_or_Province: CO Postal_Code: 80225 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 1-(888)-ASK-USGS Resource_Description: Scientific Investigations Map 3101 Distribution_Liability: This database, identified as SIM 3101, has been approved for release and publication by the Director of the USGS. Although this database has been subjected to rigorous review and is substantially complete, the USGS reserves the right to revise the data pursuant to further analysis and review. Furthermore, it is released on condition that neither the USGS nor the United States Government may be held liable for any damages resulting from its authorized or unauthorized use. Although these data have been processed successfully on a computer system at the U.S. Geological Survey, no warranty, expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system, or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute such warranty. The U.S. Geological Survey shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and/or contained herein. Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also contains copyrighted material as noted in the text. Permission to reproduce copyrighted items for other than personal use must be secured from the copyright owner. Any use of trade, product or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey. Standard_Order_Process: Non-digital_Form: Available as one printed sheet. Order from USGS at the address listed above or see for more ordering information. Fees: For current prices of USGS information products, please see http:// store.usgs.gov /mod/order.html. Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: USGS Information Services Address: Box 25286 Address: Denver Federal Center City: Denver State_or_Province: CO Postal_Code: 80225 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 1-(888)-ASK-USGS Resource_Description: Scientific Investigations Map 3101 Distribution_Liability: This database, identified as SIM 3101, has been approved for release and publication by the Director of the USGS. Although this database has been subjected to rigorous review and is substantially complete, the USGS reserves the right to revise the data pursuant to further analysis and review. Furthermore, it is released on condition that neither the USGS nor the United States Government may be held liable for any damages resulting from its authorized or unauthorized use. Although these data have been processed successfully on a computer system at the U.S. Geological Survey, no warranty, expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system, or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute such warranty. The U.S. Geological Survey shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and/or contained herein. Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also contains copyrighted material as noted in the text. Permission to reproduce copyrighted items for other than personal use must be secured from the copyright owner. Any use of trade, product or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: TIFF Transfer_Size: 898.0 MB Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3101/ Fees: none Ordering_Instructions: for more ordering information. Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 2009 Metadata_Review_Date: 2009 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Elizabeth Lile Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: U.S. Geological Survey Address: MS 516, Box 25046 Denver Federal Center City: Denver State_or_Province: CO Postal_Code: 80225-0046 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 303-202-4326 Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998